@article {pmid32323460,
year = {2020},
author = {Ritschl, PV and Nevermann, N and Wiering, L and Wu, HH and Moroder, P and Brandl, A and Hillebrandt, K and Tacke, F and Friedersdorff, F and Schlomm, T and Schöning, W and Öllinger, R and Schmelzle, M and Pratschke, J},
title = {Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID-19 pandemic: A By-proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach.},
journal = {American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons},
volume = {20},
number = {7},
pages = {1826-1836},
pmid = {32323460},
issn = {1600-6143},
mesh = {Humans ; Betacoronavirus ; *Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Critical Care ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Health Policy ; Immunocompromised Host ; Internationality ; Living Donors ; *Organ Transplantation/methods/standards/trends ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment ; *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Resource Allocation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Societies, Medical ; Tissue Donors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Transplant Recipients ; },
abstract = {The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has a drastic impact on national health care systems. Given the overwhelming demand on facility capacity, the impact on all health care sectors has to be addressed. Solid organ transplantation represents a field with a high demand on staff, intensive care units, and follow-up facilities. The great therapeutic value of organ transplantation has to be weighed against mandatory constraints of health care capacities. In addition, the management of immunosuppressed recipients has to be reassessed during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addressing these crucial questions, transplant physicians are facing a total lack of scientific evidence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to offer an approach of consensus-based guidance, derived from individual information of 22 transplant societies. Key recommendations were extracted and the degree of consensus among different organizations was calculated. A high degree of consensus was found for temporarily suspending nonurgent transplant procedures and living donation programs. Systematic polymerase chain reaction-based testing of donors and recipients was broadly recommended. Additionally, more specific aspects (eg, screening of surgical explant teams and restricted use of marginal donor organs) were included in our analysis. This study offers a novel approach to informed guidance for health care management when a priori no scientific evidence is available.},
}

Humans
Betacoronavirus
*Clinical Laboratory Techniques
*Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control
COVID-19
COVID-19 Testing
Critical Care
Evidence-Based Medicine
Health Policy
Immunocompromised Host
Internationality
Living Donors
*Organ Transplantation/methods/standards/trends
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Personal Protective Equipment
*Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Radiography, Thoracic
Resource Allocation
SARS-CoV-2
Societies, Medical
Tissue Donors
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Transplant Recipients

@article {pmid32425235,
year = {2020},
author = {Sawhney, MS and Bilal, M and Pohl, H and Kushnir, VM and Khashab, MA and Schulman, AR and Berzin, TM and Chahal, P and Muthusamy, VR and Varadarajulu, S and Banerjee, S and Ginsberg, GG and Raju, GS and Feuerstein, JD},
title = {Triaging advanced GI endoscopy procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic: consensus recommendations using the Delphi method.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy},
volume = {92},
number = {3},
pages = {535-542},
pmid = {32425235},
issn = {1097-6779},
mesh = {Humans ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; *Betacoronavirus ; *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control ; COVID-19 ; Delphi Technique ; *Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; *Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/surgery ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Patient Selection ; *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Time Factors ; *Triage ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a lack of consensus on which GI endoscopic procedures should be performed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and which procedures could be safely deferred without having a significant impact on outcomes.

METHODS: We selected a panel of 14 expert endoscopists. We identified 41 common indications for advanced endoscopic procedures from the ASGE Appropriate Use of GI Endoscopy guidelines. Using a modified Delphi method, we first achieved consensus on the patient-important outcome for each procedural indication. Panelists prioritized consensus patient-important outcome when categorizing each indication into one of the following 3 procedural time periods: (1) time-sensitive emergent (schedule within 1 week), (2) time-sensitive urgent (schedule within 1 to 8 weeks), and (3) non-time sensitive (defer for >8 weeks and then reassess the timing). Three anonymous rounds of voting were allowed before attempts at consensus were abandoned.

RESULTS: All 14 invited experts agreed to participate in the study. The prespecified consensus threshold of 51% was achieved for assigning patient-important outcome(s) to each advanced endoscopy indication. The prespecified consensus threshold of 66.7% was achieved for 40 of 41 advanced endoscopy indications in stratifying them into 1 of 3 procedural time periods. For 12 of 41 indications, 100% consensus was achieved; for 20 of 41 indications, 75% to 99% consensus was achieved.

CONCLUSIONS: By using a Modified Delphi method that prioritized patient-important outcomes, we developed consensus recommendations on procedural timing for common indications for advanced endoscopy. These recommendations and the structured decision framework provided by our study can inform decision making as endoscopy services are reopened.},
}

Humans
*Attitude of Health Personnel
*Betacoronavirus
*Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control
COVID-19
Delphi Technique
*Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
*Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/surgery
Pandemics/prevention & control
Patient Selection
*Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
Time Factors
*Triage

@article {pmid32779184,
year = {2020},
author = {Goodman, GJ and Liew, S and Callan, P and Hart, S and Somia, N and Sullivan, J and Heydenrych, I},
title = {Re Facial aesthetic injections in clinical practice: Pretreatment and post-treatment consensus recommendations to minimise adverse outcome Region-specific changes in line with the Covid-19 pandemic.},
journal = {The Australasian journal of dermatology},
volume = {61},
number = {4},
pages = {362-366},
doi = {10.1111/ajd.13374},
pmid = {32779184},
issn = {1440-0960},
mesh = {Humans ; Ambulatory Care Facilities/organization & administration ; Botulinum Toxins/administration & dosage ; *Cosmetic Techniques/standards ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/prevention & control ; Dermal Fillers/administration & dosage ; *Dermatology/standards ; *Infection Control/standards ; Mass Screening ; Personal Protective Equipment ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {Despite the recent publication in March 2020 of guidelines for facial injectable treatments, the speed of the COVID-19 pandemic and its safety implications necessitate changes to these guidelines The authors described what would constitute safest practice in the provision of facial injectable treatments and summarised these in table form. Adherence to a high standard of asepsis and infectious disease precautions remain a key patient safety requirement when performing facial aesthetic injections. A revision and update of these guideline summary tables follows. Changes made should enhance both patient and staff safety regarding COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2, a highly infective respiratory pathogen transmitted by respiratory droplets, respiratory/mucosal secretions and contaminated fomites. Some of the additions are COVID-19 specific and are likely to evolve and change, particularly should serological tests determining acquired immunity become available. Other additions represent further tightening of our infection control precautions.},
}

Humans
Ambulatory Care Facilities/organization & administration
Botulinum Toxins/administration & dosage
*Cosmetic Techniques/standards
*COVID-19/diagnosis/prevention & control
Dermal Fillers/administration & dosage
*Dermatology/standards
*Infection Control/standards
Mass Screening
Personal Protective Equipment
*Practice Guidelines as Topic
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine

@article {pmid42203415,
year = {2026},
author = {Naghshtabrizi, N and Robinson, KM},
title = {Respiratory Viral and Bacterial Superinfection.},
journal = {Clinics in chest medicine},
volume = {47},
number = {2},
pages = {225-235},
doi = {10.1016/j.ccm.2025.12.006},
pmid = {42203415},
issn = {1557-8216},
mesh = {Humans ; *Superinfection/immunology ; Coinfection ; *Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology ; COVID-19/complications ; Influenza, Human/complications/immunology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/virology/complications ; Immunity, Innate ; },
abstract = {Respiratory viral infections are major predisposing factors for secondary bacterial pneumonia, a complication associated with increased disease severity, prolonged hospitalizations, and higher mortality. This review discusses the key mechanisms by which viral infections disrupt lung physiology, impair innate and adaptive immune defenses, and dysregulate cytokine signaling, creating a permissive environment for bacterial superinfection. Common pathogenic processes across different respiratory viruses are highlighted to provide a comprehensive understanding of how viral infections alter host susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia.},
}

Humans
*Superinfection/immunology
Coinfection
*Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
COVID-19/complications
Influenza, Human/complications/immunology
*Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/virology/complications
Immunity, Innate

@article {pmid42203428,
year = {2026},
author = {Renzetti, M and Losier, A},
title = {Vaccines Against Pneumonia: Current Updates.},
journal = {Clinics in chest medicine},
volume = {47},
number = {2},
pages = {399-417},
doi = {10.1016/j.ccm.2025.12.019},
pmid = {42203428},
issn = {1557-8216},
mesh = {Humans ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Pertussis Vaccine/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Vaccination ; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/therapeutic use ; *Pneumonia/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Haemophilus Vaccines/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Pneumonia is one of the global leading causes of mortality and impacts all age groups. Both viruses and bacteria can contribute to the development of lower respiratory tract infections and incidences of each vary in different age groups and immune statuses. Vaccines exist to target many of the pathogens associated with pneumonia including influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus, pneumococcal pneumonia, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Vaccinations have demonstrated positive effects at reducing rates of infection and hospitalizations related to pneumonia. However, vaccination rates remain low and barriers including vaccine hesitancy exist among the general population.},
}

Humans
Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use
Pertussis Vaccine/therapeutic use
COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19/prevention & control
Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
Vaccination
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/prevention & control
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/therapeutic use
*Pneumonia/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
Haemophilus Vaccines/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42205352,
year = {2026},
author = {Soriano, JB and Miravitlles, M and López-Campos, JL and García-Río, F and Ancochea, J},
title = {[2027: A new year for a new epidemiological study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Spain].},
journal = {Open respiratory archives},
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {100628},
pmid = {42205352},
issn = {2659-6636},
abstract = {A real opportunity exists to conduct a fourth epidemiological study of COPD in Spain by 2027, continuing the trilogy begun with IBERPOC (1997), EPISCAN (2007), and EPISCAN II (2017). These previous studies have been fundamental to understanding the evolution of COPD, showing a relative reduction in prevalence but a persistently high underdiagnosis rate (around 75%). The need for a new study is justified by six key reasons: 1) Monitoring the secular evolution of the disease. 2) Evaluating the impact of new exposures (pollution, vaping, etc.) and phenotypes (COPD in non-smokers, pre-COPD, etc.). 3) Integrating novel tests such as low-dose CT scans or biomarkers for earlier and more accurate diagnosis. 4) Validating new screening tools. 5) Evaluating the quality of care and the burden of disease in the post-COVID-19 era. 6) Creation of a prospective cohort for translational research. Novel funding models, such as final contributions, should be explored. This review argues that a study in 2027 would not be a mere repetition, but an opportunity to make a qualitative leap toward a multidimensional and precise characterization of COPD in Spain today.},
}

@article {pmid42191274,
year = {2026},
author = {Parikesit, AA and Ansori, ANM and Kharisma, VD and Purnobasuki, H and Nugraha, Y},
title = {Advances in bioinformatics: Integration of biomolecular simulations and virtual reality for revolutionizing disease mechanism elucidation and therapeutic development.},
journal = {International review of cell and molecular biology},
volume = {402},
number = {},
pages = {211-236},
doi = {10.1016/bs.ircmb.2025.11.004},
pmid = {42191274},
issn = {1937-6448},
mesh = {Humans ; *Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Virtual Reality ; *Computational Biology/methods ; COVID-19/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Virtual reality and biomolecular simulations currently lie at the leading edge in dissecting the molecular pathways underlying the disease. This chapter will discuss how the integrations of various technologies will extend knowledge about complex biological processes and their contribution to disease pathophysiology. Advances in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations currently make it possible to record the behavior of proteins and other biomolecules with accurate temporal resolution and full atom detail. Such simulations include information on critical structural changes related to diseases, interactions with possible medication, and functionality of proteins. With recently improved speed, accuracy, and accessibility, MD. has become a basic research and drug development tool. From the researcher's point of view, virtual reality has revolutionized how one can conceptualize and interact with molecular structures. Virtual reality (VR) is a method that uses the three-dimensional presentation of biomolecules as manipulable virtual objects for intuitive insight into molecular interactions and structural connections. In this way, virtual technology can be very helpful in investigating complex chemical systems and creating new theories. It facilitates the Cloud-based co-creation of environments in cloud systems for molecular modeling. The same technologies allow real-time research collaboration by sharing and changing virtual molecules. These cooperative situations reward the generation of new ideas and information, which might provide novel discoveries that more direct approaches could not realize. This chapter will discuss the range of computational methods applied to elucidate molecular recognition mechanisms and will cover improved sampling methods and in silico screening. It will also describe how such techniques may be applied to investigate viral proteins and help develop vaccines and drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The combination of the predictive power of MD. Simulations with intuitive visualization capabilities from VR would allow researchers to achieve an unprecedented understanding of the molecular origin of many diseases. This should inspire innovation in therapeutic intervention and accelerate discovery in molecular biology.},
}

Humans
*Molecular Dynamics Simulation
*Virtual Reality
*Computational Biology/methods
COVID-19/virology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42191709,
year = {2026},
author = {Fleming, D and Smith, E and Ostrowsky, J and Ulrich, A and Leighton, T and Vestin, N and Mehr, AJ and Furst, R and Norton, A and Lackritz, E},
title = {Trends in funding for coronavirus vaccine research and development: implications for preparedness against future coronavirus threats.},
journal = {NPJ vaccines},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41541-026-01493-x},
pmid = {42191709},
issn = {2059-0105},
support = {226543/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 226543/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic triggered unprecedented investment in coronavirus vaccine R&D, but the long-term trajectory of this funding remains unclear. We mapped coronavirus vaccine grant support from 2020 through 2025, and found an early surge focused on ancestral SARS-CoV-2, a pivot toward broadly protective coronavirus vaccines (BPCV), and then a steep decline in publicly available funding overall, especially in the United States. Reduced sustained investment may weaken future preparedness and response globally to emergent coronavirus threats.},
}

@article {pmid42192748,
year = {2026},
author = {Ramos Marichal, AI and Brady, SP and Ho, HH and Tarullo, AR and Gill, SV},
title = {Physical Activity, Sleep, and Cognition in Preschool-Aged Children: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci16050436},
pmid = {42192748},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Early childhood is a critical period for executive function and broader cognitive development. Physical activity and sleep are modifiable health behaviors that support neurobiological processes underlying learning. While each has been widely examined, research investigating their combined or interactive relationships with learning remains fragmented. This scoping review synthesizes the literature on associations among physical activity, sleep, and cognition in preschool-aged children (3-5 years) and identifies gaps in the integration of these domains.

METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published within the past 10 years. Eligible studies included typically developing children aged 3-5 years and examined overlaps between at least two domains: physical activity, sleep, and cognition. Cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies were included; intervention and review studies, and those conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, were excluded.

RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence examining physical activity and sleep was limited and inconsistent. Sleep quality indicators (e.g., sleep efficiency and bedtime regularity) were more often reported to be associated with executive function and broader cognitive outcomes than total sleep duration, which showed variable relationships. Findings linking physical activity and cognition were heterogeneous; however, moderate-intensity and cognitively engaging activities were more often reported in association with executive function than total activity or intensity alone.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that sleep quality and characteristics of physical activity may be relevant for preschool cognitive outcomes. Greater integration of these domains is needed, and future research should examine physical activity, sleep, and cognition within a single integrated framework to clarify potential interactive pathways linking these behaviors within this evidence base and to inform physical activity recommendations for early childhood development.},
}

@article {pmid42193193,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, J and Hwang, H and Hyun, DH},
title = {Plasma Membrane Redox Failure Links COVID-19 Metabolic Stress to Ferroptotic Neurodegeneration.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antiox15050572},
pmid = {42193193},
issn = {2076-3921},
support = {RS-2026-25470627//National Research Foundation (NRF) of the Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT)/ ; },
abstract = {Oxidative stress and redox imbalance are central features of both age-related neurodegenerative disorders and the persistent neurological sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019. Increasing evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection disrupts neuronal redox homeostasis via mitochondrial dysfunction, iron dysregulation, inflammatory signaling, and the depletion of pyridine nucleotide pools. In that context, ferroptosis provides a unifying mechanistic framework linking lipid peroxidation to progressive neuronal injury. This review proposes that neuronal vulnerability might depend not only on the oxidative burden itself but also on the failure of membrane-localized antioxidant defenses. Particular emphasis is placed on the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS), a membrane-associated quinone-reducing network that can support coenzyme Q redox cycling and constrain lipid radical propagation at the plasma membrane. Unlike canonical ferroptosis defense systems that rely predominantly on NADPH, components of the PMRS, particularly cytochrome b5 reductase, can also use NADH, conferring partial metabolic flexibility in conditions of redox stress. We further discuss how SARS-CoV-2-induced NAD[+] depletion might progressively destabilize this membrane-proximal defense architecture, potentially lowering the ferroptotic threshold of vulnerable neurons. Finally, we outline therapeutic strategies that might reinforce PMRS-dependent membrane redox control through NRF2 activation, NAD[+] restoration, coenzyme Q-centered interventions, and modulation of iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation.},
}

@article {pmid42193385,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, WH and Kim, E},
title = {Mucosal Vaccine Development: From Adjuvant Design to Next-Generation Delivery Strategies.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines14051060},
pmid = {42193385},
issn = {2227-9059},
support = {RS-2026-25479119//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2022R1F1A1074797//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {Most infectious pathogens enter the host through mucosal surfaces, yet conventional injectable vaccines primarily induce systemic immunity without eliciting robust secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) responses at mucosal sites. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted this limitation, as intramuscular mRNA vaccines failed to establish durable mucosal immunity in the upper respiratory tract. This review covers recent progress in mucosal vaccine development. We first discuss the organization of the mucosal immune system, focusing on SIgA induction, tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, and resident memory B (BRM) cells. We then examine mucosal adjuvants, from cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin derivatives to stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists and a strategy to enhance alum adjuvanticity through neutrophil elastase inhibition. Delivery routes including intranasal, oral, and sublingual administration are reviewed alongside viral vectors, nanoparticles, mRNA-lipid nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and engineered bacterial platforms. The roles of innate immune cells, T helper cell subsets, and the microbiota in shaping vaccine responses are discussed. Finally, we survey licensed mucosal vaccines and the COVID-19 mucosal vaccine pipeline, analyze persistent barriers to clinical translation including the absence of validated mucosal correlates of protection, and outline future directions for thermostable formulations and systems biology-driven vaccine design.},
}

@article {pmid42193881,
year = {2026},
author = {Chidanand, D and Cheruku, R and Perla, NS and Darapaneni, A and Panguluri, SK},
title = {Impact of Supplemental Oxygen on Cardiovascular Physiology.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells15100871},
pmid = {42193881},
issn = {2073-4409},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oxygen ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Animals ; *Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena/drug effects ; Hyperoxia/physiopathology ; Lung/physiopathology ; *Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/adverse effects ; COVID-19/therapy ; Respiration, Artificial ; },
abstract = {Supplemental oxygen is a cornerstone intervention in modern clinical practice, widely used to correct hypoxemia in emergency, perioperative, and critical care settings. While oxygen therapy is lifesaving, accumulating evidence indicates that excessive oxygen exposure can induce significant pathophysiological disturbances, particularly within the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Hyperoxia (PaO2 > 100 mm Hg) promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the activation of pro-fibrotic pathways. When combined with mechanical ventilation, these effects are further amplified through alterations in intrathoracic pressure, reduced venous return, and increased pulmonary vascular resistance, collectively imposing hemodynamic stress on the myocardium. These mechanical and biochemical perturbations converge to drive structural, functional, and electrical remodeling of the heart, including conduction abnormalities and arrhythmogenesis. Emerging clinical insights, particularly from critically ill and COVID-19 populations, underscore the importance of titrated oxygen strategies that balance adequate tissue oxygenation with minimization of hyperoxic injury. This review synthesizes current evidence on hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress, heart-lung interactions, and mechanisms underlying myocardial remodeling to provide a comprehensive framework for optimizing oxygen therapy.},
}

Humans
*Oxygen
Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Animals
*Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena/drug effects
Hyperoxia/physiopathology
Lung/physiopathology
*Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/adverse effects
COVID-19/therapy
Respiration, Artificial

@article {pmid42193931,
year = {2026},
author = {Farooqui, SA and Santerre, M and Shcherbik, N and Sawaya, BE},
title = {Memory Impairments: Type, Causes, and Molecular Players-Memory Dysfunction Across Neurologic Insults.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells15100923},
pmid = {42193931},
issn = {2073-4409},
mesh = {Humans ; *Memory Disorders/virology/etiology/pathology/metabolism ; Animals ; Hippocampus/virology/pathology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Viral infections of the central nervous system produce memory impairment through mechanisms that extend beyond acute neuronal injury. Herpes simplex virus type 1, human immunodeficiency virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, West Nile virus, and Zika virus each enter or engage the brain through distinct routes, yet converge on four shared molecular pathways that selectively damage hippocampal circuits: mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) dysfunction, chronic neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and impaired CREB-BDNF signaling. These pathways specifically compromise the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 subfields, producing predictable deficits in pattern separation, associative retrieval, and temporal memory binding. Antiretroviral and antiviral therapies suppress viral replication but fail to reverse organelle-level dysfunction, leaving most hippocampal injury unaddressed. Emerging plasma biomarkers, p-tau217, neurofilament light chain, and GFAP, combined with hippocampal subfield MRI, now enable mechanistic stratification before irreversible circuit loss occurs. This review proposes, as a unifying hypothesis, that virus-associated memory impairment represents a convergent hippocampal syndrome driven by shared downstream pathways, and that combination therapies targeting these pathways simultaneously offer greater therapeutic promise than pathogen-specific approaches alone. The evidentiary basis for this framework varies across pathogens and conditions; direct mechanistic evidence, mechanistic analogy, and preclinical data are distinguished throughout.},
}

Humans
*Memory Disorders/virology/etiology/pathology/metabolism
Animals
Hippocampus/virology/pathology/metabolism

@article {pmid42193949,
year = {2026},
author = {Abdelhakim, M and Miyata, T},
title = {Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 as a Therapeutic Target for Healthy Longevity, Immunosenescence, and Age-Related Disease: Translational Development of the Small-Molecule Inhibitor TM5614.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells15100941},
pmid = {42193949},
issn = {2073-4409},
mesh = {Humans ; *Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism ; Animals ; *Longevity/drug effects ; *Immunosenescence/drug effects ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; *Aging/drug effects ; *para-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Piperazines ; },
abstract = {Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), encoded by SERPINE1, is the principal physiological inhibitor of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators and a central regulator of fibrinolysis. Beyond its canonical hemostatic role, PAI-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic mediator of tissue remodeling, fibrosis, metabolic dysfunction, cancer progression, cellular senescence, and age-associated immune dysregulation. A central argument of this review is that PAI-1 should be understood not only as a downstream biomarker of aging-associated pathology, but also as an active effector linking senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, impaired immune surveillance, fibrotic extracellular matrix remodeling, and a prothrombotic state. In this framework, PAI-1 may function as an immune-aging checkpoint: a molecular node through which senescent, stromal, malignant, and inflammatory cells reinforce immune evasion and tissue dysfunction. Structure-guided drug discovery has enabled the development of small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitors, including TM5275, TM5441, TM5509, and TM5614. Among these, TM5614 is an orally available investigational compound that has progressed to clinical evaluation. Preclinical studies support anti-thrombotic, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-senescent, and tumor-microenvironment-modulating effects of PAI-1 inhibition, while early clinical studies have evaluated TM5614 in chronic myeloid leukemia, immune-checkpoint-refractory malignant melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and COVID-19-associated pneumonia. This review summarizes the biology of PAI-1, expands the discussion of immunoaging, reviews representative preclinical and clinical data, compares available PAI-1 inhibitors, and discusses the translational opportunities and safety considerations for TM5614 and related compounds.},
}

Humans
*Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism
Animals
*Longevity/drug effects
*Immunosenescence/drug effects
Translational Research, Biomedical
*Aging/drug effects
*para-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Piperazines

@article {pmid42194913,
year = {2026},
author = {Almulhem, MM and Siraj, RA},
title = {Mental Health in Cystic Fibrosis in the Modulator Era: Epidemiology, Prognostic Significance, and Therapeutic Implications.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm15103953},
pmid = {42194913},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) face significant treatment burdens, and as life expectancy has increased, there is growing emphasis on their psychosocial well-being. Prevalence data indicate that approximately one-quarter to one-third of individuals with CF and their caregivers experience clinically significant anxiety or depression. Specifically, pooled global estimates report an anxiety prevalence of 24.9% (95% CI: 20.8-28.9%) and depression prevalence of 13-33% in adults with CF, with caregivers experiencing even higher rates (anxiety: 35-38%; depression: 20-35%). Depression is independently associated with a nearly twofold increase in mortality risk and substantially higher healthcare costs, underscoring its prognostic significance. These mental health comorbidities are consistently associated with reduced treatment adherence, diminished quality of life, increased healthcare utilisation, and decreased survival. Accordingly, psychological well-being has emerged as a key patient outcome that directly shapes engagement with care and the effectiveness of long-term CF management. International CF guidelines now recommend routine mental health screening within multidisciplinary care frameworks. Evidence-based interventions include cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), which is endorsed as a primary treatment, although access remains limited, and stepped-care pharmacotherapy, primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), for moderate to severe symptoms. Telemedicine and other digital health approaches have expanded access to psychological support, with remote CBT and online programmes demonstrating feasibility and symptom improvement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The advent of CFTR modulator therapies has significantly altered clinical outcomes, enabling many patients to achieve improved lung function and daily functioning. Nevertheless, mental health challenges persist, as individuals navigate new identity shifts and anxieties despite enhanced physical health. The implementation of mental healthcare remains inconsistent; while screening rates have increased, timely follow-up and integrated psychosocial support are frequently insufficient across care centres. This narrative review highlights the ongoing need to integrate mental health management into CF care to optimise adherence, patient outcomes, and long-term survival in the current therapeutic landscape.},
}

@article {pmid42195058,
year = {2026},
author = {Groff, P and De Vuono, S},
title = {Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in "De Novo" Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Which Technique Is Best?.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {62},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medicina62050805},
pmid = {42195058},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Humans ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy ; *Hypoxia/therapy ; COVID-19/complications ; *Noninvasive Ventilation/methods ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Acute Disease ; },
abstract = {Background: One of the most debated scientific topics in recent years is the role of non-invasive respiratory support techniques in the treatment of de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Until pre-COVID-19, the most accredited guidelines did not make recommendations for or against the use of these techniques in this clinical condition, and the increased risk of adverse events for patients who failed the non-invasive approach was widely reported in the literature. The most recent guidelines recommend the use of HFNC as a first-line technique in the treatment of de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure to avoid the need for tracheal intubation. However, the strength of these recommendations remains weak, the quality of the underlying evidence is poor, and their usefulness in deciding which technique to apply to an individual patient is questionable. Aim: The aim of this review was to provide the reader with some critical tools to interpret the different indications regarding the choice of the best non-invasive support technique to be used in this setting. Methods: To this end, we analyzed the available literature on this topic, privileging the works that are most useful in correlating the practical indications to the pathophysiological assumptions. Results and Conclusions: The notable heterogeneity of the studies on which the current recommendations are based, as well as the affirmation of the concept of patient self-induced lung injury (P-SILI), highlights the importance of assessing each patient's risk of developing this complication, individualizing treatment to the patient's specific needs, and monitoring the patient during treatment.},
}

Humans
*Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy
*Hypoxia/therapy
COVID-19/complications
*Noninvasive Ventilation/methods
Practice Guidelines as Topic
Acute Disease

@article {pmid42196353,
year = {2026},
author = {Jarończyk, M and Walory, J},
title = {Mortality Assessment in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27104375},
pmid = {42196353},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality/complications/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/mortality/epidemiology/complications ; Comorbidity ; Hypertension/mortality/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus/mortality/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/mortality/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on global health, especially among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the existence of additional conditions such as diabetes (DM), hypertension (HT), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) can have a significant impact on survival rates. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate in patients with CVD and the impact of other comorbidities on the death of patients with COVID-19. This systematic review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases from August 2020 to June 2025. Inclusion criteria were patients with cardiovascular disease and associated comorbidities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Article selection was limited to articles published in English and Polish. Statistical analysis using a random-effects model was performed using STATA software. Heterogeneity between studies was examined, and a funnel plot for publication bias was generated. The higher mortality rates (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 2.06-4.38) for patients with cardiovascular disease were observed. In the group of patients with comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus the risk of death was also determined and for HT was OR = 1.94, 95% CI, 1.50-2.52 and for DM OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.64-2.86. The mortality in the chronic kidney disease group was higher than for HT and DM (OR = 3.91, 95% CI: 2.50-6.10). The risk of death is three times higher for patients with COVID-19 and CVD. High mortality risk is also linked to diabetes and hypertension but for chronic kidney disease patients increased up to four times.},
}

Humans
*Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality/complications/epidemiology
*COVID-19/mortality/epidemiology/complications
Comorbidity
Hypertension/mortality/epidemiology
Diabetes Mellitus/mortality/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/mortality/epidemiology

@article {pmid42196720,
year = {2026},
author = {Norlund, P and Arsanjani, JJ and Paasch, JM},
title = {Spatio-Temporal COVID-19 Modeling: A Global Systematic Review of Data Integration, Equity, and Lessons for Pandemic Preparedness.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {23},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph23050627},
pmid = {42196720},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemic Preparedness ; Humans ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Bayes Theorem ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic generated an unprecedented volume of spatially and temporally resolved data, enabling rapid development of spatio-temporal models for surveillance, forecasting, and policy support. However, the evolution, geographic distribution, and equity implications of these models remain insufficiently synthesized. This study presents a global systematic review of 363 peer-reviewed studies published between January 2020 and August 2025 using publicly available data. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies were classified by geographic scale, modeling approach, data streams, and analytical purpose. The results indicate that Bayesian and compartmental models remained dominant throughout the pandemic, although methodological diversity increased over time with the growing use of machine learning and hybrid frameworks integrating mobility, environmental, and socio-demographic data. Data integration was more common than previously reported. Approximately 30% of studies relied on a single data stream, while 70% incorporated multiple sources, although most multi-source approaches combined only two data types and relatively few studies integrated three or more. Geographic coverage was uneven, with a strong concentration of studies in high-income regions and persistent underrepresentation of low- and middle-income contexts. Models incorporating finer spatial scales and socio-demographic variables more frequently supported geographically targeted interpretation of risk, vulnerability, testing access, and intervention needs. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of multi-source data integration, improved geographic representativeness, and transparent uncertainty communication, alongside the need for FAIR-aligned and equity-aware data infrastructures to strengthen future pandemic preparedness.},
}

*COVID-19/epidemiology
Pandemic Preparedness
Humans
Spatio-Temporal Analysis
Bayes Theorem
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42196842,
year = {2026},
author = {Oksentowicz, MA and Sztachelska, M and Dymicka-Piekarska, V},
title = {Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio-A Real or Fake Bridge Between Inflammation and Coagulation in COVID-19 Patients: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diagnostics16101476},
pmid = {42196842},
issn = {2075-4418},
support = {SUB/1/DN/22/005/2209//Medical University of Białystok/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Patients with COVID-19 often develop COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy (CAC)-an imbalance between procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways resulting from the uncontrolled inflammatory response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aims to investigate the impact of a hematological and inflammatory parameter-the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)-on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed database and yielded 75 articles published in the period of 2020-2025, of which 20 studies that evaluated the prognostic value of PLR on hospital admission in COVID-19 patients were included. The review particularly focuses on ROC analyses and reported AUC values. Results: A total of 20 studies were analyzed, including 13 studies assessing disease severity and 14 studies evaluating mortality. Higher PLR values have been observed in patients with a more severe course of COVID-19 compared to those with milder disease, and in non-survivors compared to survivors. However, the literature shows inconsistency regarding the diagnostic utility of PLR based on ROC curve analysis. The reported AUC values ranged from 0.559 to 0.811 for disease severity differentiation and from 0.474 to 0.758 for mortality, which may be related to the heterogeneity of the study populations included in the analysis. Conclusions: PLR may not serve as a direct bridge between inflammation and coagulation in COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy, but it is indirectly linked to disease severity and mortality, as it reflects changes in both platelet and lymphocyte counts. It is a complementary marker that may assist clinicians in assessing COVID-19 patients but still requires further investigation.},
}

@article {pmid42198337,
year = {2026},
author = {Akkineni, S and Gulani, M and Kouzi, SA and D'Souza, MJ and Uddin, MN},
title = {Delivery of mRNA Therapeutics Beyond Infectious Diseases: Design Innovations and Applications in Oncology, Cardiovascular, and Rare Genetic Diseases.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph19050663},
pmid = {42198337},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Empowered by nanotechnology, messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have shown a rapid evolution post COVID-19 from a conceptual platform to a clinically validated modality, and they diversified into oncology, cardiovascular diseases, and rare disorders. As a template for in situ protein production, it offers several advantages over traditional proteins and DNA drugs. The intrinsic stability of mRNA and its sensitivity to innate immune sensing hinder its capacity for immediate cellular entry, necessitating its need for a delivery system to obtain optimal therapeutic potential. This review explores the innovations in nanocarrier engineering, design principles for lipid nanoparticles-mRNA (LNPs) platforms, and their clinical translation across the prominent indications. It also addresses their safety, immunogenicity, and scalability while addressing the key limitations and manufacturing scalability through comparative platform analysis. Although LNPs usually dominate their delivery through encapsulation and manufacturability, their limitations, like repeat dose reactogenicity and liver tropism, require next-generation designs like SORT lipids, stimuli-responsive hybrids for extrahepatic targeting. In oncology, LNP-mRNA drives the neoantigen vaccines, and rare diseases leverage the transient enzyme replacement. While the safety profiles highlight the innate immune tuning through nucleoside mods and lipid biodegradability, chronic administration risks are still persistent. While there are novel scalability options like microfluidic mixing to support the production gaps in organ selectivity and durability, their adoption is hindered. We outline the future directions to perceive mRNA's full potential as a broader therapeutic class.},
}

@article {pmid42198624,
year = {2026},
author = {Vashishat, I and Han, SE and Assogba, BD},
title = {COVID-19 in Space: Possible Health Risks and Preparedness Guidelines.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15050498},
pmid = {42198624},
issn = {2076-0817},
support = {SRIG104486.//Kwantlen Polytechnic University/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/transmission/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Space Flight ; Weightlessness ; Pandemic Preparedness ; Astronauts ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in over 705 million infections and 7 million deaths, underscoring the importance of understanding disease behavior across diverse environments. As NASA, SpaceX, and ISRO prepare for more frequent missions, managing health risks for astronauts and space tourists is essential.

OBJECTIVE: This study reviews the literature on airborne infections in space, identifies research gaps, and establishes preparedness strategies for potential COVID-19 outbreaks during space missions.

METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies examining airborne infectious diseases in space. To compare these findings with Earth-based data, pathogen safety data sheets were used. A separate systematic review was conducted to explore similarities between COVID-19 and the identified airborne infectious diseases. A comparative approach was used to predict COVID-19's potential behavior in microgravity. Existing guidelines for managing airborne diseases in space and on Earth were reviewed and compared to develop a set of preparedness recommendations for COVID-19 in space.

RESULTS: Nine airborne infectious diseases occurring in space were identified. Six tentative effects of COVID-19 in a microgravity environment were theorized in this study. We propose recommendations to improve current space travel health guidelines and address the identified risks.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study will change the course of human space exploration by assisting in the protection of space travelers and guiding the development of new protocols that include comprehensive safety features.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/transmission/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology
SARS-CoV-2
*Space Flight
Weightlessness
Pandemic Preparedness
Astronauts
Pandemics/prevention & control

@article {pmid42198648,
year = {2026},
author = {Alanazi, A and Ibrahim, MN and Alenezi, MA and Albalawi, WO},
title = {Molecular Mechanisms of Mucormycosis Pathogenesis: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immune Evasion.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15050522},
pmid = {42198648},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mucormycosis/immunology/microbiology/pathology ; *Immune Evasion ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; *Mucorales/pathogenicity/immunology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; COVID-19/immunology/complications ; Animals ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Mucormycosis, triggered by fungi of the order Mucorales, represents a potentially fatal invasive mycosis, with death rates over 50% despite intensive therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic brought a sharp increase in cases, especially in individuals with diabetes mellitus and those undergoing immunosuppressive treatment, emphasizing significant gaps in our comprehension of disease pathogenesis. Emerging molecular studies have highlighted key virulence factors, such as the CotH family of invasins that facilitate endothelial invasion via interaction with glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), complex iron acquisition systems necessary for fungal growth, and the release of mucoricin, a ricin-like toxin that impairs vascular integrity. Host defense depends mainly on innate immunity, with neutrophils and macrophages working as critical effector cells, while adaptive Th1 and Th17 responses aid in the fungal removal. Mucorales use a variety of immune evasion techniques, such as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) masking via cell wall transformations, resistance to phagocytic death, and metabolic utilization of host factors including hyperglycemia and increased free iron in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This review summarizes current evidence of the molecular processes underlying mucormycosis pathogenesis, underscoring host-pathogen interactions at the cellular and molecular levels, immune evasion tactics, and translational potential for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Comprehending these molecular processes is crucial for creating efficient therapies against mucormycosis in an era of growing immunocompromised patients and expanding infectious disease synergies.},
}

Humans
*Mucormycosis/immunology/microbiology/pathology
*Immune Evasion
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
*Mucorales/pathogenicity/immunology
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
COVID-19/immunology/complications
Animals
Virulence Factors/metabolism
Immunity, Innate
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42198669,
year = {2026},
author = {Bahmad, HF and Ghssein, G and Bahmad, M and Elajami, TK and Forghani, I and Tuda, C and Ruiz-Cordero, R},
title = {Paleopathology Meets Public Health: Deep-Time Syndemics and the Ecology of Emerging Infections.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15050543},
pmid = {42198669},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *Public Health ; *Paleopathology/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Why do pandemics keep emerging despite decades of surveillance and response? Paleopathology, the study of disease traces in ancient remains, has been revolutionized by ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Reconstructing pathogen genomes from archaeological material enables the identification of extinct lineages, the refinement of disease chronologies, and the characterization of long-term host-pathogen co-evolution. This provides context for public health challenges, including the emergence of pandemics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Infectious diseases are increasingly understood as complex phenomena arising from biological, ecological, and sociopolitical forces. Integrating paleopathology, aDNA, and paleomicrobiology supports a deep-time syndemic framework, revealing how recurring biosocial drivers have structured infectious disease risk throughout history. Ancient resistome studies demonstrate that AMR predates modern antibiotic use, reframing resistance as an intrinsic ecological feature rather than solely a modern phenomenon. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reaffirmed how infection intersects with chronic disease, health system fragility, and social inequities. This review highlights how integrating evolutionary perspectives into One Health shifts surveillance from a reactive approach to upstream risk mitigation and spillover prevention.},
}

Humans
*Public Health
*Paleopathology/methods
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19/epidemiology
Pandemics
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
DNA, Ancient/analysis
*Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology

@article {pmid42198712,
year = {2026},
author = {Shalaby, L and Al-Haneedi, Y and Abdelhamid, A and Yassine, H and Emara, MM},
title = {Furin as a Novel Pan-Viral Therapeutic Target: Implications for Dengue and SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18050509},
pmid = {42198712},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {ARG01-0521-230249//Qatar Research, Development and Innovation Council, Academic Research/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Furin/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Dengue Virus/drug effects/physiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; *Dengue/drug therapy/virology ; COVID-19/virology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Animals ; Host-Directed Therapy ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Dengue virus (DENV) and SARS-CoV-2 are emerging viral pathogens that share overlapping clinical features, including fever, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms, complicating differential diagnosis in endemic regions. Their co-circulation has increased the risk of co-infections, which may result in unpredictable disease progression, increased morbidity, and mortality. This overlap presents a significant challenge in managing outbreaks, as both viruses pose a major public health threat. Vaccines and direct-acting antivirals may be rendered ineffective by viral mutations, making it difficult to address evolving strains. Host-directed antivirals offer a promising alternative, potentially maintaining efficacy against a multitude of variants. Both DENV and SARS-CoV-2 rely on host proteases for viral maturation and entry, with furin playing a crucial role in viral glycoprotein cleavage. In DENV, furin cleaves the prM protein, facilitating virion maturation, while in SARS-CoV-2, the polybasic furin cleavage site in the spike protein enhances viral entry. This makes furin a compelling pan-viral target, where inhibiting furin could reduce viral fitness without relying on viral mutations. This review highlights the therapeutic rationale for targeting furin and discusses luteolin, a furin inhibitor showing antiviral activity against both viruses. Furin-targeted therapies may offer a durable antiviral strategy effective across DENV serotypes, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and co-infection settings.},
}

Humans
*Furin/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*Dengue Virus/drug effects/physiology
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology
Virus Internalization/drug effects
*Dengue/drug therapy/virology
COVID-19/virology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Animals
Host-Directed Therapy
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism

@article {pmid42198723,
year = {2026},
author = {Griffith, LD and Dervisevic, S and Powell, PP},
title = {Development and Evaluation of Molecular Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 at English NHS Sites Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18050517},
pmid = {42198723},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {MR/R015937/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; Pandemics ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; State Medicine ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; England/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressure on diagnostic services worldwide. The first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the UK were confirmed on 31 January 2020, prompting National Health Service (NHS) laboratories to scale diagnostic procedures. The demand for testing rapidly exceeded historical norms for respiratory virus diagnostics, necessitating substantial government investment in consumables, assay development, and workforce expansion. This review presents a retrospective evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic platforms deployed within the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NNUH) trust and compares them with those implemented by other regional laboratories during the pandemic. It examines the molecular mechanisms, performance, scalability, and specificity of the multiple molecular testing approaches to optimise workflow based on the evolving technology. The integration of complementary platforms through a stratified testing strategy enabled high-throughput population screening while preserving diagnostic resolution for complex respiratory cases, substantially improving laboratory efficiency and resilience. The emerging diagnostic methodologies, RT-LAMP and CRISPR-based assays, are described, and we discuss their potential roles in future outbreaks. We critically evaluate the overall preparedness of UK health services for the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight key priorities for future pandemic preparedness at both local and national levels.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
*COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
Pandemics
Sensitivity and Specificity
United Kingdom/epidemiology
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods
State Medicine
COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods
COVID-19 Testing/methods
Retrospective Studies
England/epidemiology

@article {pmid42198738,
year = {2026},
author = {Skowron, K and Bauza-Kaszewska, J and Budzyńska, A and Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N and Czuba, J and Wałecka-Zacharska, E and Wnuk, K and Zapadka, M and Kasprzyk, K and Grudlewska-Buda, K},
title = {Bat-Borne Viruses and Pandemic Risk: Could Europe Be an Emergence Hotspot?.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18050535},
pmid = {42198738},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Animals ; *Chiroptera/virology ; Humans ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Zoonoses/virology/epidemiology/transmission ; *Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; *Pandemics ; RNA Viruses/isolation & purification ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Virus Diseases/epidemiology/transmission ; },
abstract = {The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic-which had significant worldwide health, economic, and other effects-indicated the need to monitor zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential. The aim of this review is to assess bat-borne viruses as a potential pandemic risk, with a particular focus on Europe. The presence and activity of bats, as well as diseases emerging in humans in various regions of the world, point to their importance in the context of a possible outbreak of future epidemics. The rate of genetic change observed among viruses requires constant scrutiny on all continents, including Europe. Bats are a considerable source of many zoonotic viruses, including coronaviruses, filoviruses and paramyxoviruses. Among viruses associated with bats, RNA viruses are the dominant ones, characterized by high pathogenicity and often leading to interspecies transmission. The majority (about 80%) of RNA viruses were identified in bats from three families: Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae and Pteropodidae. Understanding how viruses are transmitted in the environment and the role of reservoir organisms and intermediate hosts is crucial to determining the level of epidemic risk. This review discuses viruses identified in bats globally, with a special focus on Europe, and evaluates their potential to cause epidemics.},
}

Animals
*Chiroptera/virology
Humans
Europe/epidemiology
*Zoonoses/virology/epidemiology/transmission
*Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission/virology
*Pandemics
RNA Viruses/isolation & purification
*COVID-19/epidemiology/transmission/virology
Disease Reservoirs/virology
SARS-CoV-2
*Virus Diseases/epidemiology/transmission

@article {pmid42198749,
year = {2026},
author = {Hou, S and Shen, X and Sun, D and An, Y and Zhou, Y and Sun, X and Wang, S and Liu, X and Zhu, M and Zhao, S and Liu, Z and Wu, X and Liu, R},
title = {NLR Inflammasomes in Viral Infections: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18050546},
pmid = {42198749},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {No.82272330//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024JC-ZDXM-42//Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program Key Project/ ; },
mesh = {*Inflammasomes/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/virology/drug therapy ; Immune Evasion ; Innate Immunity Recognition ; Animals ; *NLR Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; Pyroptosis ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; },
abstract = {The innate immune system serves as the primary barrier against viral invasion, utilizing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to orchestrate a rapid defense. Among these, the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) containing proteins function as central signaling scaffolds, assembling into multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes. These complexes drive the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and initiate gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis, a lytic cell death pathway that eliminates intracellular replication niches. This comprehensive review synthesizes the diversified landscape of inflammasome activation during viral infections, extending beyond the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome to include specialized sensors such as NLRP6, NLRP9, NLRP1, NLRP12, and NLRC4. We critically evaluate the evolutionary "arms race" between host defenses and viral pathogens, detailing the sophisticated immune evasion strategies employed by viruses-ranging from the expression of decoy proteins and direct proteolytic cleavage of immune sensors to the manipulation of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Furthermore, we discuss the dual nature of inflammasome activation, which balances protective viral clearance against pathological hyperinflammation, and provide an exhaustive analysis of novel therapeutic strategies, including direct NLR inhibitors and downstream cytokine blockers, currently navigating clinical transition.},
}

*Inflammasomes/immunology/metabolism
Humans
*Virus Diseases/immunology/virology/drug therapy
Immune Evasion
Innate Immunity Recognition
Animals
*NLR Proteins/immunology/metabolism
Immunity, Innate
Pyroptosis
Host-Pathogen Interactions

@article {pmid42198768,
year = {2026},
author = {Ambasta, RK and Das, SR},
title = {Viral Comorbidities Remodel Host Transcriptome and Redox Signaling in an NADPH Oxidase Isoform-Specific Manner.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18050565},
pmid = {42198768},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {U24OD035523//National Institutes of Health Clinical Center/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Signal Transduction ; *NADPH Oxidases/metabolism/genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; *Virus Diseases/metabolism/genetics/virology ; MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; },
abstract = {Viral comorbidities elicit complex host responses by activating redox-sensitive signaling pathways, prominently those regulated by NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes. Nox are critical components of host defense, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulate key cellular signaling cascades. Under normal physiological conditions, Nox activity is tightly controlled; however, viral infections frequently disrupt this regulation, leading to aberrant upregulation of specific Nox isoforms. Elevated expression of individual Nox enzymes has been observed in infections such as influenza A and hepatitis C virus, while simultaneous activation of multiple Nox isoforms occurs in HIV and SARS-CoV infections. Similar patterns of dual or multi-isoform Nox activation are also reported in complex disease states, including diabetes, thrombosis, and fibrosis. MicroRNAs play a crucial role in this process by selectively regulating Nox isoform expression during viral infection, thereby remodeling the host redox environment. Nox-derived ROS influence multiple downstream signaling pathways, including SMAD, MAPK, CXCR-mediated signaling, and the JNK/ERK axis, promoting inflammation and fibrosis that worsen viral disease outcomes. Additionally, several FDA-approved drugs, investigational agents, and microRNA-based therapeutics show promise in modulating Nox activity. Therefore, this article substantiates how viral infections reprogram host transcriptomic and redox signaling networks, contributing to viral pathogenesis and offering potential therapeutic intervention strategies.},
}

Humans
Oxidation-Reduction
*Signal Transduction
*NADPH Oxidases/metabolism/genetics
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
*Transcriptome
*Virus Diseases/metabolism/genetics/virology
MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism
Animals
Host-Pathogen Interactions

@article {pmid42199010,
year = {2026},
author = {Kim, YJ and Lee, SJ and Lee, W and Kim, SJ and Ahn, DG},
title = {Modulation of Host Innate Immune Response by Highly Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses during Viral Infection.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {36},
number = {},
pages = {e2602038},
doi = {10.4014/jmb.2602.02038},
pmid = {42199010},
issn = {1738-8872},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology ; Immune Evasion ; COVID-19/immunology ; *Coronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity ; *Betacoronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Pandemics ; Innate Immunity Recognition ; *Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV have emerged as significant public health threats due to their ability to cause widespread outbreaks and pandemics. These viruses induce dysregulated inflammatory responses, typified by cytokine storms that drive extensive tissue damage in pulmonary and extrapulmonary systems, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. These pathological outcomes are driven by sophisticated mechanisms that manipulate host immune pathways and evade innate and adaptive immune surveillance. The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the early detection and control of viral infections through mechanisms such as cytoplasmic RNA sensors, Toll-like receptors, interferon signaling, and inflammasome activation. However, these coronaviruses effectively exploit and subvert these processes, suppressing antiviral defenses while amplifying inflammatory cascades. This review delineates the molecular and cellular strategies employed by these pathogens to evade immune recognition and exacerbate immune-mediated tissue injury. Understanding these processes is fundamental for guiding the development of targeted antiviral interventions, immunomodulatory therapeutics, and robust strategies to mitigate the impact of future coronavirus pandemics.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Innate
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology
Immune Evasion
COVID-19/immunology
*Coronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity
*Betacoronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity
Pandemics
Innate Immunity Recognition
*Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/virology
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid42199422,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, J and Li, C and Wu, Y and Wang, L and Yu, J and Wang, A and Kong, W and Ning, M and Chen, J and Chen, Y},
title = {Fc effector functions in RNA viral infections: mechanisms of antiviral immunity and implications for vaccine design.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1772257},
pmid = {42199422},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology ; *Viral Vaccines/immunology ; *Receptors, Fc/immunology ; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; *Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; *RNA Virus Infections/immunology/prevention & control ; Vaccine Development ; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement ; },
abstract = {Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) have long been the principal correlate of antiviral protection. Evidence now indicates that antibody Fc-mediated effector functions play indispensable and context-dependent roles in antiviral immunity. Through interactions between the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain and Fc receptors (FcRs) or complement components, antibodies mediate a broad spectrum of effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular and neutrophil phagocytosis (ADCP and ADNP), and complement activation, contributing to viral control beyond direct neutralization. In this review, we integrate recent evidence on Fc effector biology across major viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and dengue virus (DENV). We discuss how Fc-FcR interactions shape antiviral immune outcomes, modulate vaccine efficacy, and influence the balance between protective immunity and immunopathology, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). We focus on the experimental strategies used to assess Fc-mediated functions and on the inherent limitations of in vitro assays and animal models in defining their physiological relevance in humans. We explore how different vaccine platforms and immunization strategies shape Fc effector profiles, specifically through antibody subclass selection, Fc glycosylation patterns, and engagement with Fcγ receptors. We also summarize emerging approaches to Fc engineering and glycan modification that aim to enhance antibody efficacy while limiting adverse immune activation. This review summarizes current understanding of Fc effector functions in antiviral immunity and discusses their relevance for the design of next-generation vaccines and antibody-based therapies.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
*Viral Vaccines/immunology
*Receptors, Fc/immunology
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
*Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
*RNA Virus Infections/immunology/prevention & control
Vaccine Development
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

@article {pmid42199444,
year = {2026},
author = {Okezie, CW and Badru, OA and Ibitoye, FA and Edeh, JC and Adeagbo, OA},
title = {Perspective of People Living With HIV and Healthcare Workers on the Uptake, Barriers, and Benefits of Multimonth Dispensing: A Qualitative Systematic Review.},
journal = {AIDS research and treatment},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {1392259},
pmid = {42199444},
issn = {2090-1240},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Multimonth dispensing (MMD) is a strategy in the HIV care continuum for people living with HIV (PLWH), especially for those who are virally suppressed. With the increase in MMD following the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a dearth of data on its impact on HIV care outcomes, such as viral suppression. Therefore, we conducted a qualitative systematic review to explore how PLWH and healthcare workers (HCWs) perceive the uptake, barriers, challenges, and benefits of MMD, as well as its effects on viral suppression.

METHODS: In January 2025, following the PRISMA approach, we searched CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles. Two reviewers independently performed the screen, extraction, and appraisal processes. We descriptively reported the findings in line with our objectives.

RESULTS: Of the 3521 studies found, only 15 were included in this review, and most were from sub-Saharan Africa. HCWs initiated PLWH on MMD because of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly to reduce clinic traffic, even when they did not meet the criteria for MMD. The barriers to PLWH initiating MMD, confirmed by HCWs, include privacy concerns and the stigma associated with having multiple antiretroviral therapy (ART) medication bottles and the stockout of ART medications in clinics. Furthermore, some PLWH refused MMD because plenty of ART bottles can increase the risk of unintended HIV disclosure. Confirmed by HCWs, PLWH share their medication with others and, at times, misuse it. Regarding MMD benefits, PLWH reported job stability as a benefit because of reduced permission from work to refill ART medication and waiting time in the clinics, a decrease in stigma and discrimination, and a generally improved HIV care experience; all confirmed by HCWs. Furthermore, HCWs reported benefits, including reduced workload and burnout. Interestingly, unlike PLWH's claim that MMD improved adherence and viral suppression, HCWs reported the opposite.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic increased MMD rollout to those who met and those who did not meet its criteria, leading to shorter waiting times, job stability, and reduced HCWs' burnout. However, HIV clinics should initiate MMD for PLWH who meet the criteria, which allows for closer monitoring of the unsuppressed PLWH.},
}

@article {pmid42199803,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Y and Yang, M and Liao, Y and Hu, Z},
title = {Global research trends, reporting and handling of missing data in observational studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild cognitive impairment from 2020 to 2025: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1649881},
pmid = {42199803},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/epidemiology ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology/complications ; Humans ; *Observational Studies as Topic ; Bibliometrics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Missing data is common in observational studies, and even more so in type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild cognitive impairment(T2DM-MCI), which limits the completion of assessments. We evaluated the extent, current reporting, and handling of missing data, as well as the prevailing research trends in observational studies related to T2DM-MCI.

METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library was conducted from January 2020 to April 2025 to identify observational studies related to T2DM-MCI. Bibliometrics was performed using VOSviewer and CiteSpace to evaluate publishing trends, authors, journals, and keywords. The reporting and handling of missing data were assessed according to the guidelines recommended by STROBE and Sterne et al., with a focus on the recording, causes, mechanisms, processing methods, and sensitivity analysis of missing data. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26, and visualization was performed using Origin Pro 2024.

RESULTS: Among the 4,471 screened records, 88 studies (78 in English and 10 in Chinese) were included in this analysis. Among the 78 English articles, the annual publication volume exhibited fluctuations, peaking in 2024. Chinese institutions and authors led in research output. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Obesity had the highest publication volume (7, 8.97%). Keyword identified five clusters: 1) resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, 2) metabolic disorders, 3) clinical assessment tools, 4) molecular mechanisms, and 5) emerging fields such as the gut microbiome.

MISSING DATA: Only 22.7% (n = 20) of the studies quantified the missing data, with an average of 9.1%. Among studies with missing data (n = 23), 52.2% (n = 12) provided reasons for missing data, primarily citing poor quality of data collection (41.7%) and loss to follow-up (41.7%). Complete case analysis was the predominant method for addressing missing data (93.3%). No study articulated the hypothesized mechanisms underlying the missing data, and only 4.4% (n = 1) performed a sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSION: In the domain of T2DM-MCI, research outcomes post-COVID-19 pandemic indicate a rebound, with China maintaining a leading position in scientific research output. However, the reporting of missing data remains ambiguous, and the methods employed to handle such data are insufficient, which may potentially introduce bias.

https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EZDXM.},
}

*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/epidemiology
*Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology/complications
Humans
*Observational Studies as Topic
Bibliometrics

@article {pmid42201010,
year = {2026},
author = {Ceasovschih, A and Kounis, NG and Markos, S and Ejubovic, M and Cherska, M and Barkas, F and Ristovski, V and Corlateanu, A and Sivapalan, P and Kotlyarov, S and Sorodoc, V and Sorodoc, L},
title = {Kounis Syndrome Features in Special Populations.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medsci14020218},
pmid = {42201010},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *Kounis Syndrome/epidemiology/diagnosis/immunology/etiology ; Female ; Pregnancy ; },
abstract = {Kounis syndrome (KS) describes the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes precipitated by allergic, hypersensitivity, or anaphylactic reactions and represents a unique intersection between immunologic activation and cardiovascular disease. The epidemiology of KS is likely underestimated due to diagnostic overlap with other cardiac and allergic conditions and limited awareness across medical specialties. This narrative review focuses on the distinctive features of KS in special populations, emphasizing how patients' age, comorbidities, immune status, and vascular substrate modify presentation, diagnosis, and outcomes. In elderly patients, polypharmacy, increased plaque vulnerability, and endothelial dysfunction favor Type II and III KS. Pediatric cases, although rare, are predominantly Type I and strongly associated with food allergies, insect stings, vaccines, and antibiotics, with under-recognition driven by diagnostic bias and ethical concerns surrounding invasive testing. Patients with coronary stents, cardiac devices, chronic kidney disease, and those receiving dialysis exhibit heightened susceptibility due to chronic inflammation, foreign-body hypersensitivity, and prothrombotic states. Pregnancy and the peripartum period represent a unique immuno-hemodynamic milieu in which Th2 immune shift, increased coronary vasoreactivity, and obstetric triggers can compromise both maternal and fetal perfusion. Additional risk modulation is observed in atopic individuals, asthmatics, patients with autoimmune, inflammatory, oncologic, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental conditions, as well as in COVID-19 and post-infectious states. We propose a host-modified framework for KS that complements traditional classification by integrating immune phenotype and vascular substrate, enabling improved risk stratification and personalized preventive strategies.},
}

Humans
*Kounis Syndrome/epidemiology/diagnosis/immunology/etiology
Female
Pregnancy

@article {pmid42201879,
year = {2026},
author = {Oliveira, GM and Ferreira, MCFLA and Filho, SS and Netto, OM and Cade, JR},
title = {Effectiveness of Telemedicine-Based Interventions in Primary Health Care: A Systematic Review in a Universal Health System.},
journal = {Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15305627261453270},
doi = {10.1177/15305627261453270},
pmid = {42201879},
issn = {1556-3669},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Telemedicine has increasingly been adopted as a digital care strategy to support access, continuity, and care coordination in primary health care (PHC). While its use accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence regarding the effectiveness of telemedicine-based interventions in routine primary care remains heterogeneous and highly context-dependent. The objective of this review was to critically assess the effectiveness of telemedicine-based interventions in PHC, focusing on their effects on access, continuity, and care coordination, and to identify implementation-related barriers and facilitators based on empirical evidence from a universal health system context.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251005446). Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and BVS/LILACS for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I. Due to methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized through a structured narrative approach (SWiM), and certainty of evidence was interpreted qualitatively based on study design, risk of bias, and consistency of findings.

RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included, evaluating teleconsultations, telemonitoring, telediagnosis, tele-regulation, and tele-education in PHC settings. Telemedicine-based interventions were associated with improved access, reduced waiting times, and enhanced care coordination, particularly when embedded within primary care teams and integrated with information systems. Telemonitoring showed more consistent benefits for chronic disease management and continuity of care. User and provider acceptability was generally high, although technical limitations, workload concerns, and digital inequities were frequently reported. Certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate.

CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine-based interventions can strengthen core PHC functions when implemented as integrated organizational components of routine care delivery rather than as standalone technologies. Their effectiveness is strongly shaped by implementation context, digital infrastructure, and workforce readiness, highlighting the need for pragmatic and implementation-focused evaluations to inform sustainable telemedicine integration in primary care systems.},
}

@article {pmid42203050,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, X and Wang, Y and Yi, Y and Zhan, H and Chen, H and Song, Q},
title = {Association between adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines and anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.},
journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {121998},
doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2026.121998},
pmid = {42203050},
issn = {1573-2517},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety constitute a global health crisis, with prevalence increasing by 27.6% during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, integrating physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, have been linked to improved mental health, yet no meta-analysis has quantified these associations.

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched through January 1, 2026. Observational studies examining adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and anxiety or depression were included. Cross-sectional and cohort studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools, with the 8-item checklist for cross-sectional studies and the 11-item checklist for cohort studies. Random-effects models generated pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS: Twenty studies (17 cross-sectional, 3 cohort) involving 323,440 participants from seven countries were included, with the majority being adolescents (n = 210,394, 65%). Adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines was significantly associated with lower odds of anxiety and depression symptoms. Meeting one, two, or three guideline components was consistently linked to lower odds of anxiety (ORs = 0.74, 0.59, and 0.43, respectively) and depression (ORs = 0.73, 0.55, and 0.41, respectively). Among individual components, adherence to sleep recommendations demonstrated the strongest associations for both anxiety (OR = 0.72) and depression (OR = 0.69), followed by sedentary behavior and physical activity. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses confirmed robustness.

CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines is significantly associated with lower risks of anxiety and depression, supporting their integration into mental health prevention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42203413,
year = {2026},
author = {Baker, JM and Dickson, RP},
title = {The Role of the Respiratory Microbiome in Pneumonia.},
journal = {Clinics in chest medicine},
volume = {47},
number = {2},
pages = {199-213},
doi = {10.1016/j.ccm.2025.12.004},
pmid = {42203413},
issn = {1557-8216},
mesh = {Humans ; *Microbiota ; COVID-19 ; *Lung/microbiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pneumonia, Viral/microbiology ; Pandemics ; *Pneumonia/microbiology ; Betacoronavirus ; },
abstract = {The lung microbiome field has matured into a promising area of translational research. Emerging evidence from the past decade, including studies of COVID pneumonia, indicates a role for respiratory microbiota in pneumonia pathogenesis. Here, the authors discuss areas of investigation that will be essential to refine an ecology-based conceptual framework of pneumonia pathogenesis, which will ultimately guide the development of microbiome-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics for pneumonia management.},
}

Humans
*Microbiota
COVID-19
*Lung/microbiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Pneumonia, Viral/microbiology
Pandemics
*Pneumonia/microbiology
Betacoronavirus

@article {pmid41710955,
year = {2026},
author = {Anderson, AS},
title = {Vaccines against antimicrobial resistance.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {381},
number = {1944},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2025.0007},
pmid = {41710955},
issn = {1471-2970},
support = {//Pfizer/ ; GAMRIF//UKRI/MRC Wellcome/ ; GAMRIF//UK Department of Health and Social Care/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Bacterial Vaccines/immunology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Viral Vaccines/immunology ; Clostridioides difficile/immunology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global clinical and economic threat due to the impact that it has on how potentially deadly infections can be treated. Without intervention, it is estimated that AMR will be responsible for 10 million deaths a year by 2050, with a cost of 100 trillion USD. Sustainable prevention strategies are urgently needed to control the spread of AMR in communities and healthcare settings. Vaccines play an important role, not only in protection against emerging drug-resistant pathogens, but also in reducing antibiotic consumption by preventing infections before antimicrobial intervention begins. This review provides an overview of several existing bacterial and viral vaccines that have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing this burden and discusses the importance of development of further vaccines to tackle AMR, with a particular focus on Clostridioides difficile and group B streptococcus, for which long-awaited vaccines may be on the horizon. This article is part of the Royal Society Science+ meeting issue 'Vaccines and antimicrobial resistance: from science to policy'.},
}

Humans
*Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
*Viral Vaccines/immunology
Clostridioides difficile/immunology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid42183922,
year = {2026},
author = {Kavak, S},
title = {Biomechanics and Oxidative Stress: An Integrative Review of the Redox-Mechanobiological Axis and the Role of Trace Elements in Disease.},
journal = {Biological trace element research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42183922},
issn = {1559-0720},
abstract = {Oxidative stress and mechanobiological signaling are increasingly recognized as interconnected determinants of cellular and systemic homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), traditionally associated with molecular damage, are now understood to directly regulate cytoskeletal remodeling, membrane viscoelasticity, mitochondrial dynamics, and mechanotransduction pathways including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrins, and Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ). Conversely, biomechanical forces such as extracellular matrix stiffness, cyclic stretch, and disturbed shear stress modulate intracellular redox signaling through mitochondrial dysfunction, NADPH oxidase activation, and inflammatory pathways. This bidirectional interaction forms a self-amplifying "redox-mechanobiological axis" that contributes to endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, thrombosis, tumor progression, and viral pathophysiology.Trace elements, particularly selenium, zinc, and iron, emerge as critical modulators of this axis by influencing antioxidant defense systems, cytoskeletal integrity, membrane stability, ferroptosis, and cellular stiffness. Selenium-dependent selenoproteins regulate mitochondrial redox balance and actin organization; zinc stabilizes membrane architecture and mechanosensitive proteins; and iron-mediated Fenton chemistry promotes oxidative injury, ferroptosis, and biomechanical alterations.This review integrates molecular mechanisms, mechanobiological principles, and recent clinical findings-particularly from cardiovascular disease, cancer biology, and COVID-19-to propose a unified framework linking oxidative stress to biomechanical dysfunction. In addition, current controversies, methodological limitations, and future therapeutic directions targeting the redox-mechanobiological axis are critically discussed.},
}

@article {pmid42184107,
year = {2026},
author = {Khoo, LY and Dhillon, SK},
title = {Comparative review of artificial intelligence for transcriptomic biomarker discovery in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).},
journal = {Briefings in bioinformatics},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {42184107},
issn = {1477-4054},
support = {//Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia/ ; FP019-2022//Fundamental Research Grant Scheme/ ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19/genetics/virology/diagnosis ; Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; *Biomarkers/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; },
abstract = {The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the significance of reliable molecular biomarkers in clinical use. Despite the popularity of traditional statistical approaches, the high dimensionality of transcriptomic data presents challenges for these conventional methods. While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have emerged as highly advantageous for handling these complex datasets, there is a lack of evaluation of these approaches in COVID-19 transcriptomic studies. This review aims to provide an evaluation of these studies employed for transcriptomic biomarker discovery in COVID-19 using AI, assessing their study designs, methodologies, and outcomes. Based on a comprehensive search for literature across five databases including Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and LitCovid from December 2019 to March 2025, this review selected 63 studies for a narrative synthesis of four key sections: (i) The Landscape of AI-Driven COVID-19 Transcriptomics, (ii) Limitations of Studies, (iii) A Proposed AI-Driven Transcriptomics Framework, and (iv) Clinical Translation Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Our analysis revealed limitations in data quality, sample size, and heterogeneity, as well as methodologies regarding validation and interpretability. Thus, we proposed an evidence-informed workflow that addresses these current limitations in study design, while acknowledging real-world constraints. We further discuss the emerging potential of agentic AI systems as a promising solution to current limitations. By bridging methodological gaps with translation considerations, this review can enhance pandemic response strategies for future emerging infectious diseases. Key Points Applications observed in reviewed studies mainly included applications in diagnosis and severity stratification of COVID-19 patients. The limitations of current studies included small sample sizes, the reliance on public datasets lacking detailed metadata, batch effects and data heterogeneity reducing model robustness, the lack of external validation, risks of data leakage and circular validation leading to inflated performance metrics, and challenges in model interpretability. An evidence-informed AI-driven framework is proposed, acknowledging real-world constraints including small pandemic cohort sizes, domain shift from viral evolution, and resource-limited settings, with emerging agentic AI systems offering potential solutions.},
}

*COVID-19/genetics/virology/diagnosis
Humans
*Artificial Intelligence
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics
*Transcriptome
*Biomarkers/metabolism
Gene Expression Profiling

@article {pmid42185895,
year = {2026},
author = {Petakh, P and Ravlo, E and Pan, Q and Bruzzone, R and Oksenych, V and Vähä-Koskela, M and Kamyshnyi, O and Kainov, DE},
title = {Standardizing antiviral response metrics for mono- and combination therapies in acute, chronic and latent viral infections.},
journal = {Virology journal},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42185895},
issn = {1743-422X},
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Animals ; COVID-19/virology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic showed that heterogeneous antiviral assay designs, endpoints and reporting practices can obscure which candidate drugs and combinations are genuinely promising. As antiviral discovery expands from acute infections to chronic and latent viral diseases, the field needs a compact, reproducible and biologically interpretable set of response metrics. In this Personal View, we argue that EC50 and the selectivity index should be retained for pharmacological interpretation but systematically complemented by drug sensitivity scores (DSS), which integrate potency and efficacy across the tested concentration range, and by ΔDSS, calculated as DSS_antiviral minus DSS_toxicity from matched efficacy and viability curves. We propose standardized modules for resistance passaging, sequencing and host-side-effect profiling so that monotherapies are assessed not only for antiviral potency but also for durability and host-cell perturbation. For combinations, we discuss Bliss, ZIP, HSA and Loewe models as complementary tools for identifying additive or synergistic regimens while accounting for toxicity, resistance suppression and drug-drug interactions. Finally, we outline how harmonized metrics can support organoid, animal and clinical prioritization, improve machine-learning datasets and guide pandemic response, including rapid monotherapy testing for some DNA viruses and early combination testing for RNA and reverse-transcribing viruses.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Humans
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Drug Therapy, Combination
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Animals
COVID-19/virology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards
*Virus Diseases/drug therapy

@article {pmid42188759,
year = {2026},
author = {Wiysonge, CS and Adamu, AA and Bwaka, AM and Wiysonge, CN and Ticha, JM and Katsande, R and Bita Fouda, AA and Safdar, N and Teka Bekele, A and Iwu-Jaja, C and Bathondoli, B and Ndiaye, S and Amani, A and Demanou, M and Ainan, S and Gunaratna, MP and Diop, A and Han, Y and Kfutwah, A and Mukaro, R and Doshi, RH and Lukoya, CO and Nyarko, K and Mwenda, JM and Masresha, BG},
title = {Vaccine-Preventable Disease Control in the WHO African Region After the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern: Implications for Recovery, Resilience, and System Transformation.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14050386},
pmid = {42188759},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The end of the COVID-19 public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) in May 2023 marked a transition from disruption to recovery and rebuilding of health systems. The WHO African Region entered this period with declining routine immunization coverage, widening inequities, and fragile surveillance systems. We conducted a critical narrative synthesis of post-PHEIC recovery and the transformation of immunization systems in the region from 2023 to 2025.

METHODS: We thematically analyzed publicly available data from the WHO and other sources using a systems-oriented framework covering immunization coverage, equity, vaccine introductions, disease control, governance, financing, and data systems.

RESULTS: Regional coverage for most antigens was restored to 2019 pre-pandemic levels by 2024, e.g., three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing vaccines at 76%. However, progress remains insufficient to meet the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) target of 90% coverage. In addition, there were 6.7 million zero-dose children in the 2024 birth cohort (6.3% higher than the 6.3 million in 2019), concentrated in a few countries. The IA2030 target is a 50% reduction in the number of zero-dose children by 2030, compared to 2019. Recovery initiatives have restored services, while accelerated introductions (e.g., malaria vaccines introduced in 20 new countries in 2024-2025) signal renewed system momentum. Yet, progress has plateaued at pre-pandemic levels, reflecting structural constraints rather than sustained transformation. Concurrently, recurrent outbreaks of measles, yellow fever, and other vaccine-preventable diseases highlight persistent immunity gaps and surveillance limitations. Structural constraints (including financing fragility, subnational inequities, and system fragmentation) continue to limit sustained progress.

CONCLUSION: This study offers important insights that can inform immunization policymaking in the WHO African Region and beyond. Current post-PHEIC trends reflect recovery without transformation. Achieving IA2030 targets will require a shift from broad coverage expansion to precision delivery approaches that prioritize zero-dose and underserved populations. Immunization must be positioned as a central pillar of primary health care and health security systems.},
}

@article {pmid42188768,
year = {2026},
author = {Xue, H and Haynesworth, K and Hempel, HA and Kemp, TJ and Pinto, LA},
title = {Measuring Humoral Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review of Serological Assays.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14050395},
pmid = {42188768},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {Contract No. 75N91019D00024/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical role of serological assays in understanding antiviral immune responses, monitoring vaccine efficacy, and informing public health strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of commonly used SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection methods, focusing on binding and neutralization assays. Antibody binding assays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs), lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs), and multiplex platforms, enable the rapid and high-throughput detection of immunoglobulin isotypes against various viral antigens. Neutralization assays, including live-virus, pseudovirus (PsV), and surrogate assays, offer functional insights into the ability of antibodies to prevent viral entry, though they often require higher biosafety levels and optimization. Serological assays, primarily antibody binding assays and several surrogate neutralization assays, received Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) during the pandemic, supporting seroprevalence efforts. Antibody binding assays and neutralization assays were also widely used in vaccine immunogenicity studies. Despite many standardization initiatives, assay standardization and data harmonization remain challenging and require further efforts. The choice of assay should be guided by study goals: antibody binding assays are preferred for high-throughput monitoring and epidemiological studies, while neutralization assays are essential for assessing functional immunity and variant-specific neutralization and protection.},
}

@article {pmid42188804,
year = {2026},
author = {Omondi, J and Ambogo, R and Ochieng, C and Farag, M and Mutwiri, G},
title = {Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on HPV Vaccination in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14050432},
pmid = {42188804},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {345526//University of Saskatchewan, OPVPA/ ; },
abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in HPV vaccination and may have severely undermined global cervical cancer prevention, posing long-term risks to controlling cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Objective: We conducted a scoping review to map and synthesize available evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) focusing on changes in vaccine delivery and coverage, determinants of uptake, economic and programmatic consequences and vaccine hesitancy. Methods: Inclusion criteria were limited to studies published in the English language between January 2020 to May 2025, and followed JBI and Arksey & O'Malley's scoping review guidelines. The review proceeded through three stages: database searches, gray literature and citation tracking and used a PRISMA-ScR checklist to guide narrative and tabular synthesis. Results: A total of 1063 records, 57 studies were included in the final analysis, and these were spread out across 37 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Our analysis revealed that HPV vaccination coverage declined substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with reductions of up to 90% reported across the included studies, in the context of school closures, workforce redeployment, and supply-chain disruptions. Recovery efforts also faced major barriers including vaccine hesitancy, misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines, and travel restrictions. Strategies like digital tools, mobile clinics, and community health workers showed promise alongside integrated school- and facility-based approaches, although there is limited evidence on cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability of these strategies. Conclusions: HPV vaccination in LMICs was significantly disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic due to unreliable vaccine supply chains, health-worker shortages, and challenges tied to school-based vaccine delivery. Although recovery methods show potential, longer observation periods are needed to determine their full effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid42188806,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, HM},
title = {Immune Cell Signaling in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection and Implications for Vaccine Design.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14050435},
pmid = {42188806},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {Research Grant, 2024//Chungnam National University/ ; },
abstract = {Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) remains one of the most challenging viral diseases in veterinary medicine, largely owing to the absence of a consistently effective and safe vaccine. Despite widespread feline coronavirus infection, only a subset of infected cats progresses to feline infectious peritonitis, indicating that host immune responses are key determinants of disease outcomes. Accumulating evidence indicates that disease severity is driven not only by viral replication but also by macrophage- and monocyte-centered immune signaling, leading to excessive inflammation and systemic immunopathology in the host. Previous vaccine approaches against FIPV have failed to provide consistent protection and, in some cases, have been associated with enhanced disease. These outcomes suggest that vaccine-induced immune responses that recapitulate pathogenic signaling patterns may exacerbate disease rather than confer protection. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of immune cell signaling pathways implicated in FIPV infection, including innate sensing through Toll-like receptors, downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB signaling, cytokine production profiles, Fc receptor-associated processes, and intracellular pathways such as autophagy, and how these mechanisms shape vaccine-induced immunity. By integrating insights from immune signaling kinetics, antibody functionality, adjuvant-driven pathway engagement, and platform-specific immune signatures, this review emphasizes the need to reframe FIPV vaccine development strategies that actively shape host immune responses. Rather than maximizing immunogenicity, successful vaccine design is likely to depend on limiting sustained macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine amplification while supporting antiviral immune functions, thereby reducing the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement and immunopathology. Beyond feline diseases, these considerations provide broader lessons for vaccine design in settings where immune-mediated pathology contributes to disease severity.},
}

@article {pmid42188810,
year = {2026},
author = {Park, SH and Son, YM},
title = {Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14050440},
pmid = {42188810},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {RS-2024-00438990//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; RS-2025-16066763//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs), encompassing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from Gram-negative bacteria and extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from Gram-positive bacteria, have emerged as promising vaccine platforms owing to their intrinsic immunostimulatory properties and capacity to deliver a wide range of antigens. Although conventional vaccines effectively prevent infectious diseases, their long-term efficacy is often limited by antigenic variation and reliance on a restricted number of licensed adjuvants. BMVs, as self-adjuvanting systems, enable both antigen delivery and innate immune activation. BMVs are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures enriched with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), facilitating their recognition and uptake by antigen-presenting cells. This leads to the activation of pattern recognition receptors and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, and adaptive immune responses, including antibody production and Th1- and Th17-biased cellular immunity. Recent studies highlight the versatility of BMVs as vaccine platforms across bacterial, fungal, and viral infection models. BMVs induce protective immunity by promoting both systemic and mucosal immune responses, thereby reducing bacterial burden and limiting pathogen colonization across diverse infection models. These properties have supported their application in viral vaccine development, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2, with the potential to enhance mucosal immunity. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in standardization, safety, and antigen-loading efficiency. Engineered BMVs incorporating protein or mRNA antigens may further enhance antigen presentation and CD8[+] T cell responses. This review summarizes the biological features, immunological mechanisms, and future potential of BMVs in vaccine development.},
}

@article {pmid42189412,
year = {2026},
author = {Minari, TP},
title = {Modernization of Nutritional Assessment in Population Surveys: Integrating Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Biomarkers in the Digital Era.},
journal = {Current nutrition reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42189412},
issn = {2161-3311},
mesh = {Humans ; *Body Composition ; *Nutrition Assessment ; *Anthropometry/methods ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Nutritional Status ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Digital Health ; *Nutrition Surveys/methods ; Malnutrition/diagnosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Public Health ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This narrative review examines current approaches to nutritional status assessment in population-based surveys, emphasizing the complementary roles of anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and biochemical indicators. It aims to critically analyze methodological advances, operational constraints, and emerging strategies to improve the quality and applicability of nutritional surveillance in public health.

RECENT FINDINGS: Anthropometry remains the most widely used method due to its feasibility and scalability, although its diagnostic capacity is limited. Body composition techniques provide more detailed insights into tissue distribution but are constrained by cost and infrastructure requirements. Biochemical indicators offer high sensitivity for detecting metabolic and micronutrient alterations, yet their use in large-scale surveys is restricted by logistical and ethical challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in data collection systems and highlighted the need for more resilient surveillance approaches. In parallel, digital technologies have expanded possibilities for data integration and analysis, although their implementation remains uneven across settings. A comprehensive approach to nutritional assessment requires the integration of complementary methods to address the multidimensional nature of malnutrition and chronic disease monitoring. Strengthening population-based surveys depends on balancing methodological rigor with operational feasibility, alongside investments in infrastructure, workforce capacity, and data governance. Advances in digital health may enhance surveillance systems, but their impact will depend on equitable implementation and alignment with public health priorities and equity-oriented strategies.},
}

Humans
*Body Composition
*Nutrition Assessment
*Anthropometry/methods
Biomarkers/analysis
Nutritional Status
COVID-19/epidemiology
Digital Health
*Nutrition Surveys/methods
Malnutrition/diagnosis
SARS-CoV-2
Public Health

@article {pmid42178124,
year = {2026},
author = {Saad, MH and Taha, TH and Alhudhaibi, AM and Albatli, SA and El-Sayed, MH and Sidkey, NM and El-Fakharany, EM},
title = {Insights into prospective antiviral activities of algal polysaccharides along with their properties, extraction, and characterization: A review.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {152675},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.152675},
pmid = {42178124},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {The global escalation of viral outbreaks, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, highlights the urgent need for effective antiviral agents against emerging infections. Despite their importance, quarantine and vaccination alone are insufficient, necessitating advanced approaches for effective viral infection control. One such strategy involves investigating efficacious antiviral agents that don't induce toxicity. Algal polysaccharides represent a significant frontier in pharmacological research for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Unlike other sources, marine algae offer an underexploited reservoir of unique metabolites with potent, broad-spectrum antiviral properties. A multitude of studies have recognized numerous algal polysaccharides exhibiting antiviral characteristics, including laminaran, alginate, carrageenan, fucan, and naviculan. Moreover, these polysaccharides exert antiviral effects through diverse mechanisms, including blocking viral attachment and entry into host cells, as well as inhibiting viral genome replication and protein synthesis. The shift towards treatment with polysaccharides derived from marine algae represents a step towards more flexible and resistance-resistant antiviral strategies. By leveraging the gradual evolution of algal metabolites, researchers can develop agents that are not only effective against current threats but also adaptable to changes in the antigenic composition of future viral outbreaks. This review summarizes recent advances in the current understanding of algal polysaccharides, including their production, extraction methods, structural characterization, and applications in gene delivery. It also provides a critical discussion of structure-activity relationships, antiviral mechanisms, and comparative evaluation of different classes of algal polysaccharides to support their advancement as promising natural antiviral agents for future research and therapeutic development.},
}

@article {pmid42178593,
year = {2026},
author = {Esperatti, M and Olmos, M and Fuentes, N},
title = {ARDS and corticosteroids: beyond COVID-19.},
journal = {Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.)},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42178593},
issn = {2200-6133},
}

@article {pmid42179466,
year = {2026},
author = {Von Rekowski, CP and Fonseca, TAH and Araújo, R and Calado, CRC and Bento, L and Pinto, I},
title = {Blood biomarker trajectories in ICU-directed prediction models - A scoping review.},
journal = {The EPMA journal},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {427-455},
pmid = {42179466},
issn = {1878-5077},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite advanced analytical methods and increasing data availability, most intensive care unit (ICU) prediction models rely on static measurements. However, longitudinal monitoring of biomarkers may better capture disease progression and support timely, individualized interventions within the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM). Since the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in both static and dynamic modelling has expanded. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize current evidence on the use of longitudinal blood biomarker data in ICU prediction models, assess how the pandemic shaped this research, and report validation strategies.

METHODS: This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies on blood biomarker trajectory analysis in the ICU published between 2014 and 2025, covering five years before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS: Forty-seven studies were included, mainly from North America (47%), Europe (45%), and Asia (34%). ICU and hospital mortality were the predominant outcomes. Although 53% of studies used pre-pandemic data, 94% were published afterwards. The most frequent biomarker categories were immune response (74.5%) and metabolic/organ function (66.0%). Common biomarkers included platelets and lactate (n = 9), lymphocytes and mHLA-DR (n = 6), and creatinine and interleukin-6 (n = 5). Modelling approaches integrated longitudinal regression-based models (31.9%), latent class-based models (44.7%), and machine-learning/data-driven clustering (27.7%). Trajectory patterns varied depending on both biomarker type and modelling technique. Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier, and logistic regression were commonly applied to assess associations with outcomes. Notably, only 21% of studies reported any form of validation, highlighting a major limitation for clinical applicability.

CONCLUSION: Blood biomarker trajectories have potential to improve dynamic risk prediction and stratification, supporting targeted prevention through early identification of high-risk patterns, and enable more personalized treatment via adaptive, patient-specific approaches. Nevertheless, substantial methodological heterogeneity and the low proportion of validated models limit clinical applicability. Greater standardization and robust validation are essential to facilitate translation into PPPM-oriented intensive care.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-026-00456-5.},
}

@article {pmid42181019,
year = {2026},
author = {Koehler, SM and Ayhan, E},
title = {What's New in Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) Hand Surgery?.},
journal = {Journal of hand surgery global online},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {101033},
pmid = {42181019},
issn = {2589-5141},
abstract = {Wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) has evolved from a novel technique to an increasingly adopted anesthetic strategy in hand surgery. In the post-coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 era, there has been a marked expansion in WALANT-related literature, necessitating synthesis of contemporary evidence to guide clinical practice. This narrative review examines recent WALANT studies organized into six thematic domains: comparative trials versus traditional anesthesia, use in the pediatric population, patient satisfaction and experience, environmental impact, cost comparison and value-based care, and applications beyond the hand and wrist. Comparative studies consistently demonstrate that WALANT provides noninferior functional outcomes and complication rates relative to regional and general anesthesia, with improved intraoperative pain and similar early postoperative pain. Pediatric data support feasibility and high satisfaction in appropriately selected patients, particularly adolescents. Patient satisfaction is uniformly high, with strong willingness to repeat WALANT procedures. WALANT pathways also reduce solid waste and carbon emissions, particularly when procedures are performed outside the main operating room. Cost analyses demonstrate substantial savings driven by decreased anesthesia use and site-of-service optimization. Expanding indications now include proximal upper extremity procedures and select nonupper extremity surgeries, reflecting increasing surgeon experience and confidence. WALANT represents a mature, evidence-supported care pathway that aligns clinical outcomes with patient-centered experience, environmental sustainability, and cost efficiency. Its greatest impact is realized when integrated into procedure room-based workflows with careful patient selection and standardized technique. Future efforts should focus on refining indications, optimizing patient experience, and expanding scalable implementation across diverse practice settings.},
}

@article {pmid42181087,
year = {2026},
author = {Kaushik, R and Re, S},
title = {Artificial intelligence directed computational protein design: lessons from COVID-19 for pandemic-ready vaccines and antibody therapeutics.},
journal = {Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {16146},
pmid = {42181087},
issn = {1482-1826},
mesh = {Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/chemistry ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Drug Design ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) directed computational protein design has emerged as a transformative force in modern therapeutic discovery, reshaping how vaccines and antibody-based interventions are conceived, optimized, and deployed against emerging infectious diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic served as an unprecedented real-world stress test for these technologies, highlighting their potential to accelerate antigen design, guide antibody optimization, and anticipate viral evolution in near real time. AI driven approaches contributed to faster characterization of viral variants, supported vaccine and broadly neutralizing antibodies developments. Despite the significant contributions, the pandemic also revealed important limitations that must be addressed before such approaches can be relied upon as cornerstones of global preparedness. Challenges related to data bias, model interpretability, experimental validation bottlenecks, and integration with existing regulatory frameworks became increasingly apparent. In several cases, the gap between computational promise and translational readiness underscored the need for closer coupling between in silico design, laboratory experimentation, and clinical evaluation. Moreover, the rapid pace of AI innovation often outstripped established regulatory pathways, raising questions about standardization, validation, and long-term safety. This mini review provides a focused overview of recent advances in AI enabled computational protein design, with an emphasis on applications relevant to pandemic response. Drawing on lessons from COVID-19 case studies, it examines translational and regulatory considerations, highlights unresolved controversies, and identifies critical research gaps. Collectively, these insights outline a path toward transitioning AI designed vaccines and antibody therapeutics from reactive emergency tools into proactive, scalable infrastructures for future pandemic preparedness.},
}

Humans
*Artificial Intelligence
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/chemistry
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Drug Design
Pandemics/prevention & control
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Antibodies, Viral/immunology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid42181627,
year = {2026},
author = {Maurya, N and Le, A and Melbourne, G and Chow, JSF},
title = {Long-term cardiovascular impact of COVID-19 among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a narrative synthesis review.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1741293},
pmid = {42181627},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: COVID-19, initially recognised as a respiratory illness, affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. Both hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients may experience persistent cardiac complications; however, the long-term impact across different levels of disease severity remains unclear. This review aims to summarise the existing evidence on the long-term cardiovascular impact of COVID-19, with a particular focus on differences between hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients.

METHOD: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Embase databases were searched for studies published between December 2019 and January 2024 that investigated cardiovascular outcomes in long COVID. Studies were screened for eligibility, and data were extracted using a standardised form. Due to heterogeneity across the included studies, a narrative synthesis was performed.

RESULTS: Seventy-one studies were included, most of which were observational and conducted in Europe and Asia, with follow-up periods ranging from <1 to >24 months. Hospitalised patients reported more frequent cardiovascular symptoms; however, echocardiographic abnormalities were observed across all groups. Reporting of symptom severity was inconsistent. Common cardiovascular manifestations included palpitations, chest pain, fatigue, and arrhythmias. Persistent cardiac dysfunction and dysautonomia were observed regardless of hospitalisation status.

CONCLUSION: Hospitalised patients are at higher risk of long-term cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, arrhythmias, and heart failure, while non-hospitalised individuals may experience subclinical cardiac changes. Vaccination appears to have a protective effect. Standardised, prospective studies are needed to clarify long-term cardiovascular risks and to guide follow-up care.},
}

@article {pmid42173648,
year = {2026},
author = {Sweeney, DA and Wittebole, X and Kalil, AC},
title = {The Respiratory Triple Pandemic in the Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Management of COVID-19, Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.},
journal = {Critical care clinics},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {651-667},
doi = {10.1016/j.ccc.2026.01.007},
pmid = {42173648},
issn = {1557-8232},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis ; *Influenza, Human/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis ; *Intensive Care Units ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {The anticipated "tripledemic" during the 2023-2024 season-in which simultaneous epidemics of SARS‑CoV‑2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus were projected-ultimately fell short of early forecasts. Nevertheless, each virus remains a significant public health concern in its own right. This article reviews the microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these three pathogens (including the role of immunomodulatory therapies), as well as key considerations for hospital infection prevention in the care of critically ill patients. The piece highlights the clinical indistinguishability of these viral infections and acknowledges the evolving public health discourse surrounding the role of vaccination in preventing disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis
*Influenza, Human/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis
*Intensive Care Units
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42174645,
year = {2026},
author = {Plaut, S},
title = {A systematic scoping review and conceptual analysis of new-onset fibromyalgia manifestations after non-hospitalized COVID-19: empirics, definitions, methodologies, pathophysiology, mapping of literature, and knowledge gaps.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12967-026-08145-7},
pmid = {42174645},
issn = {1479-5876},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global coronavirus pandemic has led to a quiet wave of a chronic illness referred to as 'Long/Post Covid-19 syndrome' (LC) which bears a notable resemblance to functional-somatic or 'fibromyalgia-type' syndromes, and whose pathophysiology is undetermined. The lack of effective therapies for LC is straining healthcare systems worldwide and causing widespread public health and socioeconomic concerns. "Fibromyalgia" is a controversial chronic pain condition of unknown etiology largely attributed to generalized sensory hypersensitivity due to dysregulated central pain processing pathways (i.e. neuroplasting central sensitization). Despite intense research and growing attention in the scientific community, the clinical overlap of fibromyalgia, somatic symptom disorder, and post-viral chronic fatigue, is a medical puzzle yet to be solved, especially when occurring in non-severe infections and previously healthy individuals.

METHODS: This systematic scoping review covers the empirical findings on new-onset fibromyalgia manifestations after non-hospitalized covid-19. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and APA PsycINFO were searched in a systematic scoping approach for empirical studies on new-onset fibromyalgia after non-severe non-hospitalized covid-19, charting study characteristics and outcome data. A total of 228 records were included.

FINDINGS: Various types of methods, tools, and study designs are being used for LC research, with inconsistency in key concepts and definitions. This leads to a fragmented understanding of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and LC. Prevalence studies of post-Covid fibromyalgia are ongoing and susceptible to bias. The empirical evidence supports an overlap between LC, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia but the molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. There are conflicting findings regarding presence of viral particles, central sensitization, autoantibodies, and more.

DISCUSSION: This review highlights the need for standardized definitions and rigorous methodologies in research on LC. Future research should focus on epidemiological population-based studies with representative sampling and improving methodology, refining evolving definitions, harmonization of research, elucidating neurological mechanisms in hypothesis driven studies, and developing effective therapeutic strategies. The discussion synthesizes findings and offers an integrative mechanism for the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and multisystem medically unexplained manifestations of LC as a non-autoimmune connective tissue disease. It helps explain neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic manifestations and is used to make testable theory-based predictions for future hypothesis-driven investigations.},
}

@article {pmid42175870,
year = {2026},
author = {Allgoewer, K and Lavenia, A and Secco, L and Schaller, T and Fitzek, A and Kriebel, C and Azeke, AT and Kondo, T and Tse, R and Chui, P and Schmiedel, S and Ondruschka, B},
title = {Autopsy practices for high-consequence infectious diseases: Global guidelines, alternatives, and the BSL-4 gap.},
journal = {Emerging microbes & infections},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2678656},
doi = {10.1080/22221751.2026.2678656},
pmid = {42175870},
issn = {2222-1751},
abstract = {Autopsies play a critical role in elucidating the pathogenesis of emerging infectious diseases, particularly in cases involving high-consequence pathogens such as viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). While biosafety concerns have restricted postmortem examinations in such contexts, the COVID-19 pandemic has renewed interest in autopsy-based research and highlighted both the potential and the gaps in current biosafety protocols. This narrative review outlines autopsy practices in the context of high-consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs) with a focus on VHFs, summarizes reported autopsy cases, explores alternative postmortem methods and examines the evolution of legal and institutional frameworks in response to the pandemic. A comparison of official international guidelines shows that while detailed autopsy protocols have been published for pathogens requiring BSL-3 containment - particularly in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) - no official procedural guidance seem to be available for performing autopsies under BSL-4 conditions. Instead, current recommendations at this level are limited to postmortem handling and disposal of the deceased. This regulatory and procedural gap underscores the urgent need for harmonized, high-containment autopsy protocols that balance biosafety with scientific value. Developing such frameworks will be essential to improve outbreak preparedness and enabling evidence-based responses to future pandemics globally. Accordingly, we propose a structured, system-based approach to BSL-4 autopsy practice as a foundation for discussion and future guideline development.},
}

@article {pmid42176005,
year = {2026},
author = {Walia, HK and Choudhary, K and Kumar, N},
title = {Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles: emerging nano-enabled platforms for rapid and sensitive detection of viral infections.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42176005},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry ; Humans ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Biosensing Techniques/methods ; *Virus Diseases/diagnosis/virology ; Nanotechnology/methods ; },
abstract = {During the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the global healthcare system experienced firsthand the importance of accurate and rapid detection techniques in the containment of pandemic situations. Conventional viral detection techniques, although highly specific, often suffer from slow, labour-intensive workflows that limit their applicability for rapid diagnosis. Moreover, their reliability can be compromised by factors such as inadequate technical expertise and improper sample handling, potentially leading to erroneous results. When the global public health system is continuously struggling to control viral diseases like dengue, influenza, hepatitis B, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cutting-edge nanotechnology and biosensor-enabled next-generation diagnostic platforms have shown improved analytical performances. Among these, aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) have emerged as a promising nanosystem that integrates the high molecular recognition capability of aptamers with the unique physicochemical and optical properties of nanoparticles. Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA, RNA, or peptide sequences that offer remarkable affinity and selectivity toward diverse viral biomarkers, including proteins, nucleic acids, and intact virions. Their conjugation with nanoparticles imparts superior stability, signal amplification, and biofunctional versatility under physiological conditions. These hybrid systems demonstrate substantial potential in biosensing, bioimaging, and providing enhanced diagnostic precision. This review aims to present the fundamental design principles of ACNP-based detection strategies and to highlight recent advances in viral diagnostics. Additionally, it underscores the underlying sensing mechanisms and analytical advantages, and discusses the current challenges associated with ACNP-enabled diagnostic platforms.},
}

*Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry
Humans
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*COVID-19/diagnosis/virology
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Biosensing Techniques/methods
*Virus Diseases/diagnosis/virology
Nanotechnology/methods

@article {pmid42176257,
year = {2026},
author = {Abdelhady, E and Abdo Khalafallah, M and Alkajah, HA and Reda Elmahadi, R and Willer, BL and Tobias, JD},
title = {Telemedicine-Enabled Surgical Outreach across the Surgical Continuum to Bridge the Gap in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Lessons from the COVID-19 Era and Applications Beyond.},
journal = {Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15305627261453274},
doi = {10.1177/15305627261453274},
pmid = {42176257},
issn = {1556-3669},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Telemedicine has revolutionized health care delivery globally, reducing health care costs, increasing patient satisfaction, and improving surgical outcomes. Innovation is often born out of necessity, and during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a surge of telemedicine initiatives both in surgical education and surgical care delivery. This has been well documented in high-income countries, but there has been less evaluation of the use and potential application of telemedicine in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to support surgical outreach efforts. This review seeks to describe telemedicine-enabled surgical outreach across the surgical continuum that emerged from the COVID-19 era in LMICs and provide recommendations for future practices.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Identified studies on telemedicine indexed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase from January 2020 to February 2025 were aggregated. The search terms included "telemedicine," "surgery," "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "e-learning," "remote," "tele-simulation," and "LMICs." Of 713 papers, 15 eligible studies were found. Data were summarized by study type, intervention type, and outcomes. Themes of accessibility, efficacy, and user satisfaction were analyzed. Key implementation challenges were reviewed. Summary recommendations for future directions are provided.

RESULTS: The 15 studies identified provide evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of a variety of surgical teleinterventions within LMICs. The majority of the qualifying research consisted of prospective cohort studies that involved physicians, surgical residents, and patients. The primary findings include improvements in surgical skills, positive perception by participants, and high satisfaction with tele-simulation and e-learning. Key implementation challenges identified were technical issues, insufficient infrastructure, and unreliable internet.

CONCLUSION: Preliminary experience suggests that telemedicine applications during the COVID-19 pandemic proved to be effective tools for both surgical education and patient care. These initiatives may hold promise for augmenting surgical outreach efforts in a more sustainable fashion to facilitate both surgeon training and improved care delivery for underserved communities in LMICs. However, numerous challenges must be addressed to ensure long-term effectiveness and sustainability.},
}

@article {pmid42176585,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Q and Wang, XN and Liu, XQ and Zhao, LG and Jing, ZT and Tian, T and Zhang, JT and Zhao, YX and Li, JM and Diao, NC and Shi, K and Du, R},
title = {Prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle, 2020-2025: A systematic review and meta-analysis of available literature.},
journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine},
volume = {254},
number = {},
pages = {106920},
doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2026.106920},
pmid = {42176585},
issn = {1873-1716},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), with Mycobacterium bovis being the primary agent responsible for infections in cattle, posing a significant threat to the global dairy industry. Although the COVID-19 pandemic during the 2020-2025 period may have disrupted its epidemiology, a comprehensive global meta-analysis of bTB prevalence and risk factors in dairy cattle for this period is currently lacking.

METHODS: We conducted an extensive literature search across multiple databases, including CNKI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, VIP, and Wan Fang. A total of 4783 records were initially identified, of which 45 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 468,769 dairy cattle across 10 countries.

RESULTS: The global pooled bTB prevalence was 6.9% (95% CI: 4.4-9.9). Africa had the highest regional prevalence (12.4%, 95% CI: 6.6-19.7), and Ethiopia the highest among countries (16.6%, 95% CI: 7.8-27.9). Low-income countries showed higher prevalence (16.7%, 95% CI: 8.9-26.3) than others. Rapid antibody tests yielded significantly higher infection rates (24.8%, 95% CI: 9.7-44.1) than other diagnostic methods. Prevalence differed significantly between lactating and non-lactating cows (p < 0.05). Other risk factors assessed included breed, sex, age, farming mode, sampling time, sample type, and tuberculin type.

CONCLUSIONS: bTB remains a significant challenge in dairy production, demanding tailored control strategies adapted to regional contexts. However, the geographic distribution of available studies was heavily skewed, with the majority originating from China and Africa, while regions with advanced control programs were underrepresented. This geographic limitation should be carefully considered when interpreting the global estimates. Surveillance efforts should prioritize high-risk populations, particularly hybrid cattle, aging animals, and lactating cows, through the combined use of interferon‑γ release assays and tuberculin tests. Effective control hinges on integrated approaches including veterinary capacity building, genetic selection for disease resistance, and management at the wildlife-livestock interface. Sustainable prevalence reduction requires evidence-based measures designed for local production systems.},
}

@article {pmid42176717,
year = {2026},
author = {Farsiu, N and Charostad, J and Mahani, FK and Mir, Y and Rukerd, MRZ and Nezhad, NZ and Shahpar, A and Pardeshenas, M and Nakhaie, M},
title = {An extensive overview on MicroRNAs and pandemic-prone viral diseases: The next frontier in predicting and mitigating pandemics.},
journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105963},
doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2026.105963},
pmid = {42176717},
issn = {1567-7257},
abstract = {MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and play important roles in host-virus interactions. Increasing evidence indicates that viral infections can alter host miRNA expression profiles, influencing viral replication, immune responses, and disease severity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on miRNA dysregulation in major pandemic-prone viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, (middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus) MERS-CoV, and influenza viruses. We also discuss how specific miRNAs may function as antiviral or proviral regulators by targeting viral genomes or key host signaling pathways involved in immune responses and inflammation. Particular attention is given to the potential role of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, as well as the emerging concept of miRNA-based therapeutics. While numerous studies report associations between altered miRNA expression and infection outcomes, most findings are derived from relatively small and heterogeneous cohorts and require further validation. Consequently, many proposed miRNA applications remain at an exploratory stage. Nevertheless, advances in high-throughput sequencing, integrative omics approaches, and functional validation studies are expected to improve our understanding of miRNA-mediated regulatory networks during viral infections. These developments may ultimately support the development of host-response biomarkers and therapeutic strategies that contribute to improved surveillance and preparedness for future viral outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid42176857,
year = {2026},
author = {Shaban, RZ and Curtis, K and Fry, M and McCormack, B and Parker, D and Macbeth, D and Mitchell, BG and Russo, PL and Friedman, ND and Bennett, N and Thompson, L and Dalton, JA and Dempsey, K and Henderson, B and Considine, J and Bowes, R and Powell, M and Battaglini, E and Dodson, N and El-Assad, K and Mckay, K and Viengkham, C},
title = {Professional practice requirements and competency standards for infection prevention and control professionals in residential aged care: A scoping review.},
journal = {American journal of infection control},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajic.2026.05.013},
pmid = {42176857},
issn = {1527-3296},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections are a major health issue for older adults in residential aged care homes (RACHs). Events like the COVID-19 pandemic have increased focus on the practice of infection prevention and control professionals (ICPs) in RACHs.

AIM: To synthesise evidence on practice requirements and competency standards for ICPs in RACHs globally.

METHODS: This scoping review examined literature from electronic bibliographic databases and grey literature via citation chaining and manual searching limited to English, from 1980-2025. Studies were screened against eligibility criteria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and framework analysis.

RESULTS: 49 articles were included. Key practice requirements in the white literature included surveillance, staff education, resident care, and employee health; and directing IPC activities, standard precautions, and resident care in the grey literature. Training and credentialing featured less frequently, identifying a need for specialised training. Only two formal competency certifications were noted as a requirement or expectation for ICPs.

CONCLUSION: Several key elements of practice have been identified, but there is limited detail and consistency regarding qualifications, competency standards and credentialling.

IMPACT: This work reviewed the literature regarding ICP practice requirements, qualifications and credentialling. Gaps in this literature indicate a need for formal, evidence-based guidelines for ICPs in RACHs.},
}

@article {pmid42177562,
year = {2026},
author = {Bagaforo, RJ and Dupas, MC and Abrams, S and Dellicour, S and Hens, N},
title = {A scoping review of COVID-19 modelling studies in Belgium 2020-2024: incorporation of behaviour and lessons learned.},
journal = {Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s13690-026-01959-3},
pmid = {42177562},
issn = {0778-7367},
support = {G0A4624N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; G0A4624N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; G0A4624N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; TD/231/BE-PIN//Belgian Federal Science Policy Office/ ; TD/231/BE-PIN//Belgian Federal Science Policy Office/ ; TD/231/BE-PIN//Belgian Federal Science Policy Office/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of integrating human behaviour in infectious disease modelling approaches, yet an in-depth assessment of how behavioural components are incorporated remains limited. We conducted a scoping review of COVID-19 models applied to Belgian data to examine how behavioural dynamics, both voluntary and policy-driven, were represented within model structures. Our aim was to identify current practices, highlight methodological gaps, and provide recommendations for the development of behaviourally integrated epidemiological models.

METHODS: Using Scopus and PubMed, we identified 98 studies published between March 2020 and October 2024, describing 105 models in total. Models were classified by model class (mathematical, statistical, or ensemble), objectives, approaches used to incorporate behavioural factors, and types of behaviour data employed.

RESULTS: Behavioural integration was confined to specific modelling contexts, with only half of the 105 models incorporating behavioural components. Mechanistic models, particularly compartmental models, were the most likely to include behavioural features, especially in studies assessing non-pharmaceutical interventions or conducting long-term forecasts and scenario analyses. Behavioural change was most commonly represented through modifications to transmission parameters or contact matrices. These adjustments were frequently informed by social contact surveys or mobility data derived from various sources.

CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to previous reviews that focused exclusively on behavioural models, this study evaluates the full landscape of Belgian COVID-19 models, offering a comprehensive perspective on how behavioural representation varies across modelling approaches. Our findings recommend that effective behavioural integration relies on timely, routine, and disaggregated surveillance and behaviour data, alongside the use of flexible mechanistic models.},
}

@article {pmid40841273,
year = {2026},
author = {Ugolini, V and Petitpain, N and Menzies, D and Swiegot, D and Fresse, A and Garcia, IF and Vuillemin, AC},
title = {Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of pregnant women: Luxembourg's cohort study and literature review.},
journal = {Therapie},
volume = {81},
number = {3},
pages = {244-255},
doi = {10.1016/j.therap.2025.07.001},
pmid = {40841273},
issn = {1958-5578},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Luxembourg/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; Adult ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Prospective Studies ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; Cohort Studies ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Young Adult ; Pharmacovigilance ; Pregnancy Outcome ; },
abstract = {AIMS OF THE STUDY: European countries rapidly advised coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination during pregnancy based on the evidence of first and reassuring data, especially with mRNA vaccines. Besides the close European pharmacovigilance monitoring, Luxembourg set up a prospective study cohort of women vaccinated during pregnancy to collect maternal and embryofetal outcomes.

METHODS: The study was conducted between June 2021 and October 2023, based on the national vaccination registry. Women were contacted by email and all reported events were retrospectively reviewed by an expert group.

RESULTS: The cohort involved 2335 vaccinated pregnant women of which 476 (20.4%) provided an answer, with 383 (80.5%) reporting no adverse events, 88 (18.5%) reporting a total of 90 adverse events (five reports not assessable). Vaccines were almost exclusively messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Between the women who reported an adverse event and those who did not, no significant difference was identified for vaccine rank and pregnancy trimester. Among the 90 reported events, 73 (81,9%) were considered as without link with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. Among the 17 adverse events having a non-excluded link with the vaccine, 16 (94%) had a favorable outcome and/or no pathophysiological explanation in regard to the vaccine. Rates of congenital anomalies and miscarriages were reassuringly lower than in the general population.

CONCLUSION: Our Luxembourgish cohort study provided results consistent with other European pharmacovigilance surveys and literature data, in agreement with the overall safety of the vaccination against SARS-Cov-2 with mRNA vaccine during pregnancy.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
Luxembourg/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage
Adult
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Prospective Studies
*Vaccination/adverse effects
Cohort Studies
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
Retrospective Studies
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Young Adult
Pharmacovigilance
Pregnancy Outcome

@article {pmid42172606,
year = {2026},
author = {Vagg, T and Doherty, R and Ranganathan, SC and Plant, BJ},
title = {Reporting of Telehealth Implementation in Cystic Fibrosis: Scoping Review Using a Novel Theory-Based Evaluation Lens.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e86194},
doi = {10.2196/86194},
pmid = {42172606},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {*Cystic Fibrosis/therapy ; Humans ; *Telemedicine ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many inductive reviews exploring telehealth and its application in health care have identified missing or inconsistently reported implementation data, calling for a standardized approach to telehealth research.

OBJECTIVE: Using cystic fibrosis (CF) as a case exemplar, this study evaluated the adherence of telehealth research to standardized reporting frameworks through a theory-based evaluation lens to assess implementation reporting quality and identify knowledge gaps and strengths across the literature.

METHODS: We conducted an updated systematic review of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using a novel deductive approach to identify relevant scientific papers available in English and focusing on the delivery of telehealth interventions to CF populations as part of or alongside routine CF care. Two relevant reporting checklists were identified in the Equator Network database (Guidelines and Checklist for the Reporting on Digital Health Implementations [iCHECK-DH] and Template for Intervention Description and Replication for Telehealth [TIDiER-telehealth]) to extract data from the papers. Each checklist category was described as being "fully reported" (score=2), "partially reported" (score=1), and "did not report" (score=0) for each paper. An overall score was calculated for adherence to the checklists.

RESULTS: In total, 98 studies published between 2006 and May 2025 were included in this review, with the majority appearing during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022). Most studies were conducted in a single country, predominantly the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, and were published in medical journals. Telehealth was variably described, with video call-based models in combination with remote monitoring being most common. The median score was 22/40 (range 11-29, 55.0% adherent) for iCHECK and 15/24 (range 6-23, 62.5% adherent) for TIDiER, demonstrating moderate overall reporting quality. For iCHECK, ≥50% of studies fully reported 6/20 categories, partially reported 9/20 categories, and did not report 3/20 categories. For TIDiER, ≥50% of studies fully reported 4/12 categories, partially reported 6/12 categories, and did not report 1/12 categories, indicating persistent gaps in intervention description despite improved partial reporting.

CONCLUSIONS: Key areas, such as justification for telehealth, target populations, and outcomes, are well documented, offering valuable insights into the rationale for and outcomes associated with telehealth. However, implementation processes remain underreported, partly due to the more recent adoption of frameworks like iCHECK and TIDiER. The clinical implications of the current evidence limit the implementation of telehealth in terms of the ability to assess feasibility and readiness for adoption; understand financial implications and plan sustainably; ensure patient safety, data protection, and equity; interpret outcome data in context; and share, replicate, or scale evidence-based models of care. Strengthening the commitment to standardized telehealth reporting will ultimately support clinical decision-making and improve the effective and equitable integration of telehealth into care.},
}

*Cystic Fibrosis/therapy
Humans
*Telemedicine
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42172709,
year = {2026},
author = {Jing, W and Zheng, M and Yang, X and He, B and Zhang, X and Cui, W},
title = {Micro- and nanoplastics in the central nervous system: Transport pathways, neurotoxicity, and implications for brain disorders.},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
volume = {319},
number = {},
pages = {120278},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120278},
pmid = {42172709},
issn = {1090-2414},
abstract = {Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are widely distributed across global ecosystems and have been extensively detected in human tissues, including the brain. The levels of MNPs are highly correlated with the occurrence of various brain disorders, suggesting the potential central nervous system (CNS) toxicity of MNPs. In this review, we summarize the major circuits by which MNPs may transport into and out of the CNS, including blood-brain barrier crossing, nasal-to-brain routes, and glymphatic system transport. Small-sized MNPs are difficult to eliminate from the brain, which may explain why MNPs may accumulate in the brain. We further discuss the potential neurotoxic effects of MNPs, such as inducing synaptic and neuronal injury, promoting neuroinflammation, dysregulating the neuroendocrine system, and modulating the gut-brain axis. MNP-induced CNS toxicity follows a pattern in which increased susceptibility occurs before direct toxicity. We also review evidence that MNPs, together with environmental and genetic factors, may synergistically contribute to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease, motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Prenatal exposure to MNPs might induce autism spectrum disorder-related phenotypes in offspring. MNPs could also obstruct cerebral vessels and trigger acute cerebrovascular diseases, as well as promote the entry of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 into the CNS, thereby increasing the occurrence of neurological symptoms. Finally, this review discusses physical, pharmacological, and plastics substitution interventions designed to regulate MNPs transport in the brain and enhance neuroprotection, thereby reducing CNS toxicity of MNPs.},
}

@article {pmid42173631,
year = {2026},
author = {Vaidya, H and Kumar, M},
title = {AI in multi-omics analysis in viral diseases.},
journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
volume = {222},
number = {},
pages = {229-240},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pmbts.2026.02.005},
pmid = {42173631},
issn = {1878-0814},
mesh = {Humans ; *Virus Diseases/genetics/metabolism/virology ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Genomics/methods ; Proteomics/methods ; Metabolomics/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Machine Learning ; Multiomics ; },
abstract = {Viral diseases are a serious threat to human health worldwide, and are known to cause long-term health complications as well as epidemics and pandemics. Yet it is difficult to understand how they spread, persist, and damage the body, which requires advanced methods. Multi-omics datasets, including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics provide a complete view of virus-host interactions. However, the integration and interpretation of these high dimensional datasets remain a major challenge. To overcome this, artificial Intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and network-based approaches, has proven to be a powerful tool to analyze, integrate, and interpret multi-omics data. This chapter discusses examples from studies on SARS-CoV-2, HIV, influenza, EBV and others, where AI has been applied to multi-omics research. These studies show how AI-assisted multi-omics approaches are helping in the advancement of viral disease research by providing better understanding of virus induced cellular changes, identifying biomarkers, designing targeted therapies etc. Therefore, integrating multi-omics with AI enables improved diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases. We have also discussed challenges faced in combining multi-omics with AI and highlighted future directions that would help in enhancing AI assisted multi-omics research.},
}

Humans
*Virus Diseases/genetics/metabolism/virology
*Artificial Intelligence
*Genomics/methods
Proteomics/methods
Metabolomics/methods
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Machine Learning
Multiomics

@article {pmid42173633,
year = {2026},
author = {Agrawal, P},
title = {AI in multi-omics analysis of COVID-19 patient data.},
journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
volume = {222},
number = {},
pages = {261-293},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pmbts.2026.01.017},
pmid = {42173633},
issn = {1878-0814},
mesh = {*COVID-19/genetics/metabolism/virology ; Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Genomics/methods ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Metabolomics ; Proteomics ; Machine Learning ; Epigenomics ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Multiomics ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented increase in the volume of biological data generation, demonstrating the importance of developing an integrative and intelligent analytical framework. In the last few years, advancements in the artificial intelligence (AI) approaches have completely transformed the biological research landscape. Researchers have integrated the AI approaches with the multi-omics data generated from the COVID-19 patients to have a systems-level understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, predicting new variants and their spread rate, disease severity, immune response, and therapeutic opportunities. In this chapter, we have explored the utility of AI on multi-omics data. We started with an introduction to different kinds of omics data, such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Next, we elaborated on what AI is and discussed its types, which include conventional machine learning methods (supervised and unsupervised), deep learning methods (autoencoders and convolutional neural networks), and network-based methods (graph neural networks, network propagation, and knowledge graphs). Next, we discussed different types of integration methods (early, intermediate, and late) used for integrating AI and multi-omics data. Moving ahead, we mentioned several applications of AI, such as biomarker discovery, host-pathogen interaction, drug repurposing, and predicting long COVID. Lastly, we mentioned several important projects and consortia and discussed several important case studies highlighting the usefulness of integrating AI with multi-omics data for personalized medicine.},
}

*COVID-19/genetics/metabolism/virology
Humans
*Artificial Intelligence
*Genomics/methods
*SARS-CoV-2
Metabolomics
Proteomics
Machine Learning
Epigenomics
Neural Networks, Computer
Multiomics

@article {pmid42173646,
year = {2026},
author = {Decker, BK and O'Donnell, M},
title = {Infection Prevention and Control in the Intensive Care Unit.},
journal = {Critical care clinics},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {611-634},
doi = {10.1016/j.ccc.2025.12.010},
pmid = {42173646},
issn = {1557-8232},
mesh = {Humans ; *Intensive Care Units ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Infection Control/methods/standards ; *Cross Infection/prevention & control/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Health care-associated infections are common and burdensome in intensive care units, contributing to increased costs, morbidity, and mortality. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to an increase in the incidence of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention strategies. This article summarizes core infection prevention practices in the ICU, examines risk factors, reviews approaches to limit the spread of MDROs and explores innovations in infection prevention.},
}

Humans
*Intensive Care Units
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Infection Control/methods/standards
*Cross Infection/prevention & control/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Risk Factors

@article {pmid42011141,
year = {2026},
author = {Lloyd-Jones, G and Santamarina, MG and Alcock, R and Oudkerk, M},
title = {Acute COVID-19 lung disease and long COVID vascular pathophysiology modelling: the relevance of medical imaging in building multidisciplinary understanding.},
journal = {The British journal of radiology},
volume = {99},
number = {1182},
pages = {1009-1023},
doi = {10.1093/bjr/tqag056},
pmid = {42011141},
issn = {1748-880X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Lung/diagnostic imaging/blood supply ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Acute Disease ; },
abstract = {Radiologists have a central role in building understanding of many diseases. In multidisciplinary settings, medical imaging has a role in diagnosing, assessing severity, monitoring progress and delineating anatomical structures involved in diseases. Imaging also helps to elucidate models of disease pathogenesis. In this review, imaging features of COVID-19 lung disease are analysed in the context of pathophysiological processes in different phases of the disease. Radiological evidence is presented for the central role of vasculopathic phenomena in both the acute and post-acute phases of COVID-19. From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a lack of formal collaborative interdisciplinary systems to build models of pathophysiology led to widespread misunderstanding of the lung disease. Specifically, the lack of a systematic multidisciplinary approach to share concepts relating to radiological evidence with collaborators from other medical and scientific fields led to the use of terminology which was, and remains, potentially inappropriate or misleading. In conclusion, imaging is essential to multidisciplinary understanding of COVID-19 vascular pathophysiology. Current evidence should lead to adapted diagnostic guidelines for long COVID. Formation of collaborative systems to build interdisciplinary understanding of disease pathogenesis across all medical and scientific specialties should be a priority at the outset of any future pandemic.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Lung/diagnostic imaging/blood supply
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Acute Disease

@article {pmid42167688,
year = {2026},
author = {Valenzuela-Fuenzalida, JJ and Velarezco, LM and Silva, V and Delgado, F and Nazar-Izquierdo, D and Bruna-Mejias, A and Nova-Baeza, P and Donoso, MO and Amaro, GO and Cifuentes-Suazo, G and Moya, MP and Gimeno, JS and Konschake, M and Loaiza-Giraldo, JP},
title = {Occurrence of Myocarditis in Patients Immunized with Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Virus research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {199748},
doi = {10.1016/j.virusres.2026.199748},
pmid = {42167688},
issn = {1872-7492},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Myocarditis has emerged as a rare but clinically relevant adverse event reported after COVID-19 vaccination, particularly following widespread use of vaccines based on novel molecular platforms. Given variability in vaccine technologies, population characteristics, and surveillance methodologies, a comprehensive quantitative synthesis is required to better characterize the occurrence of post-vaccination myocarditis. This study aimed to characterize the distribution of reported myocarditis cases among individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA, viral vector, and protein-subunit platforms, and to synthesize available evidence on reported post-vaccination myocarditis across different demographic and geographic subgroups.

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251118332). MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and LILACS were searched from inception to January 2024 for observational studies reporting myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, and case series were eligible. Study quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Random-effects models were applied to estimate pooled proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical heterogeneity was quantified using the I² statistic, and prespecified subgroup analyses were performed by sex, age, geographic region, and vaccine platform. Publication bias was explored using funnel plot analysis.

RESULTS: Fifty-nine studies comprising 196,478,861 vaccinated individuals and 13,348 reported myocarditis cases were included. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study designs and denominators, pooled estimates represent the proportion of myocarditis cases within reported samples rather than population-level incidence or risk. Across all included studies, the pooled proportion of myocarditis cases within reported study samples was 34% (95% CI: 19-50%), with considerable heterogeneity (I² = 100%). These estimates should not be interpreted as population-level incidence or risk. Reported myocarditis cases were more frequently observed among males (72%, 95% CI: 58-86%) than females (56%, 95% CI: 35-77%) and were predominantly identified in individuals younger than 40 years. Subgroup analyses by region and vaccine platform should be interpreted cautiously due to methodological variability and potential selection bias. Funnel plot asymmetry suggested possible small-study effects.

CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to characterize the distribution of reported myocarditis cases following COVID-19 vaccination rather than to estimate population-level incidence or risk. Although pooled proportions within reported samples were substantial, these estimates do not reflect population-level incidence. Available evidence suggests that myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination remains uncommon at the population level, predominantly affecting younger males and more commonly reported after mRNA-based vaccines. Most reported cases appear to follow a benign and self-limited clinical course. These findings support the overall favorable benefit-risk profile of COVID-19 vaccines while underscoring the need for continued pharmacovigilance and more robust epidemiological studies to better characterize the epidemiology of vaccine-associated myocarditis.},
}

@article {pmid42168400,
year = {2026},
author = {Si, Y and Zhu, X and Zhang, Y and Zhou, Z and Liu, Y and Ma, H},
title = {PANoptosis as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {42168400},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {No.2023-CX-TD-66//the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi/ ; 82202367//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology/pathology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *Necroptosis/drug effects ; Pyroptosis/drug effects ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sparked a global pandemic with extensive spread, posing a severe threat to public health due to its high mortality rate in severe cases. The continuous emergence of variants with enhanced immune evasion capabilities, coupled with the prolonged and debilitating symptoms of Long Coronavirus Disease (Long COVID) such as intermittent dyspnea, persistent fatigue, and cognitive impairment (brain fog), has become a major global concern. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is a complex interplay of direct viral cytotoxicity and an overwhelming secondary inflammatory response in the host, with the latter being a key driver of immune homeostasis disruption. Accumulating evidence indicates that PANoptosis, an integrated programmed cell death process involving the crosstalk and coordinated activation of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, is closely linked to the cytokine storm syndrome triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a critical mediator of various infectious diseases, PANoptosis plays a pivotal role in regulating the balance between viral clearance and pathological inflammation. This review specifically targets SARS-CoV-2, adopting a "basic mechanism-molecular regulation-therapeutic target-clinical translation" framework. We elaborate on SARS-CoV-2-induced PANoptosis mechanisms, including its constituent cell death pathways and contributions to cytokine storms. By dissecting the intricate regulatory networks between PANoptosis and interferon (IFN) signaling during viral infection, this work aims to identify potential therapeutic targets and provide novel insights for the development of effective strategies to mitigate severe COVID-19 and its long-term sequelae.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*COVID-19/immunology/virology/pathology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Apoptosis/drug effects
*Necroptosis/drug effects
Pyroptosis/drug effects
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Cytokine Release Syndrome
Animals

@article {pmid42168956,
year = {2026},
author = {Ottiger, M and Poppele, I and Seefen Soliman, AS and Schlesinger, T and Müller, K},
title = {Factors influencing work ability and return-to-work in individuals affected by post-COVID: a systematic review.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12889-026-27839-7},
pmid = {42168956},
issn = {1471-2458},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-COVID is associated with prolonged impairments in work ability and return-to-work (RTW). The heterogeneity and complexity of post-COVID symptoms present major obstacles to a sustainable RTW. This systematic review aims to identify facilitators and obstacles affecting work ability and RTW.

METHODS: Eligible studies examined factors affecting work ability or RTW in post-COVID patients. Systematic search of literature was performed up to March 2025 using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Statement. Risk of bias was evaluated with the "Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools".

RESULTS: 31 studies published between 2021 and 2025 were included in the analysis. Most originated from Europe and North America with sample sizes reaching from small qualitative studies to large registry-based cohort studies. The identified factors (N = 59; facilitators: n = 25, obstacles: n = 34) could be grouped into four domains: Disease-related factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 8), Individual biopsychosocial factors (n = 35), Contextual workplace factors (n = 10), Healthcare system and service-related factors (n = 6). The most frequently reported obstacles were fatigue and neurocognitive impairments, stigmatization, lack of managerial support, and rigid RTW policies. Adequate workplace adjustments, interprofessional therapeutic interventions, and self-management strategies facilitate work ability and RTW.

CONCLUSIONS: Work ability and RTW with post-COVID is determined by complex multilevel interactions of biopsychosocial, workplace-related, and systemic factors. Findings suggest that coordinated care and workplace adaptations may help to bridge the gap between medical recovery and occupational participation. Future research should aim to better understand how multiple factors interact in individual cases to develop targeted, evidence-based interventions and policy frameworks.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD420251010826.},
}

@article {pmid42168998,
year = {2026},
author = {Meshref, M and Hussein, AS and Allam, SA and Moghib, K and Younis, H and Shalaby, N},
title = {Viral associations in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.},
journal = {Virology journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12985-026-03143-z},
pmid = {42168998},
issn = {1743-422X},
abstract = {Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological inflammatory disease with a complex etiology involving the dysregulated immune system, chronic inflammation, and genetic susceptibility. Although the precise cause of MS is unknown, previous studies have found a strong link between MS and certain viral infections, leading researchers to speculate that viruses may play a role in MS pathogenesis by acting as environmental triggers. We present a comprehensive review of viral associations with MS, focusing on viruses with strong evidence for involvement in disease development, including members of the Herpesviridae family-such as Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus 1, cytomegalovirus, and SARS-CoV-2. Those viruses appear to modulate the neuro-immunological system in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to immune-mediated demyelination. Viral exposure is thought to represent an early initiating or permissive event that triggers downstream immune dysregulation, ultimately leading to MS onset in predisposed hosts. Additionally, they can cause latent infections with episodes of reactivation, which might be associated with relapsing presentation of MS. Several theories have been proposed to explain the viral etiology of MS, including molecular mimicry, virus-induced inflammatory response, autoreactive T- and B-cell activation, and increased susceptibility to antigenic exposure. Besides addressing the current knowledge gap, we also highlight future research directions for effective MS management, including developing experimental models and conducting clinical trials, identifying specific biomarkers, and investigating novel antiviral agents. An improved understanding of MS etiology and the role of viruses in its physiopathology may enable more targeted interventions and better treatment outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42169206,
year = {2026},
author = {Ropeter, J and Overhageböck, N and Dreier, M and Meyerdierks, D and Imran, A and Heinsohn, T and Steinmann, M and Kuhlmann, A and Jahn, B and Lange, B and Klett-Tammen, CJ and Harries, M},
title = {Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diagnosis, and healthcare utilization, among patients with cancer (lung, breast, and pancreas) and cardiovascular diseases (HF, AF, hypertensive, and chronic ischemic heart disease) in Germany: two systematic reviews.},
journal = {Systematic reviews},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42169206},
issn = {2046-4053},
support = {031L0299H//Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Germany/epidemiology ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology ; *Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics ; Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy ; Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis ; Hypertension/diagnosis/therapy ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Heart Failure/diagnosis ; Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic and related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) (e.g., lockdowns and contact restrictions) disrupted routine healthcare delivery. In Germany, these measures affected diagnostic and treatment services for people with cancer and cardiovascular diseases, potentially delaying diagnosis and adversely influencing outcomes. We assessed whether and to what extent diagnosis, health utilization and health outcome among patients with selected cancer and cardiovascular conditions changed in Germany during the pandemic.

METHODS: We conducted two systematic reviews of studies from Germany on selected cancers (breast, lung and pancreatic) and cardiovascular conditions (atrial fibrillation/flutter, heart failure, hypertensive and chronic ischemic heart disease). Protocols were registered in PROSPERO and the reviews were reported in accordance with PRISMA. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase and screened grey literature. Outcomes included changes in new diagnoses, healthcare utilization, treatment, and disease-specific mortality during the pandemic (2020-2023) compared with the pre-pandemic period (2018-2019). Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using an adapted ROBINS-E tool. Owing to heterogeneity, we synthesized findings narratively.

RESULTS: We screened 1991 records for cancer and 4,981 records for cardiovascular diseases, and included 9 cancer studies and 10 cardiovascular studies. For cancer, several studies reported a relative reduction in new breast and lung cancer diagnoses of up to 25% during lockdown periods; hospital admissions decreased by up to 9%. For cardiovascular conditions, hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation/flutter and heart failure decreased by up to 20%, particularly during pandemic peaks. Evidence on treatment delays, changes in treatment, and mortality was limited, and outcomes for other included diagnoses were often not reported.

DISCUSSION: The available evidence indicates substantial reductions in hospital admissions and new diagnoses among patients with cancer and cardiovascular disease in Germany during the pandemic, suggesting major disruptions to care delivery. However, heterogeneity and gaps in the evidence base limit a comprehensive assessment of downstream outcomes. More comprehensive, linked data and further research are needed to quantify the full pandemic's impact and to strengthen health-system resilience for future crises.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Germany/epidemiology
*Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology
*Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy
SARS-CoV-2
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data
Pandemics
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy
Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis
Hypertension/diagnosis/therapy
Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
Heart Failure/diagnosis
Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis

@article {pmid42169472,
year = {2026},
author = {Das, HK and Amudhan, S and Bhaskarapillai, B and Sasi, S and Sridhar, R and Prasad, NN and Kanmani, TR},
title = {Prevalence of Common Mental Health Problems Among Transgender and Non-Binary Individuals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {The International journal of social psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {207640261453025},
doi = {10.1177/00207640261453025},
pmid = {42169472},
issn = {1741-2854},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the mental health challenges globally and adversely affected the marginalised populations, including transgender and non-binary (TNB) individuals. Despite evidence, there is a lacuna of a systematic synthesis explicitly focussing on the prevalence of screen-positive common mental health problems, as prior reviews either examined sexual and gender minority populations as a whole or overlooked the full scope of pandemic-related mental health challenges, which the current review seeks to address through systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODOLOGY: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, applying the PRISMA 2020 guidelines between March and August 2025. Eligible studies reporting the mental health outcomes of TNB individuals during the pandemic were screened, extracted, and critically appraised with the help of the COVIDENCE and JBI checklists for analytical cross-sectional studies. Meta-analyses were performed using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman (HKSJ) adjustment to estimate pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was quantified with I[2] statistics.

RESULTS: For depression (n = 4,832), the screen-positive pooled prevalence was estimated as 0.59 (95% CI [0.47, 0.70]; I[2] = 98.23%). The pooled prevalence for screen-positive anxiety (n = 2,833) and substance (n = 1,632) use was 0.50(95% CI [0.37, 0.63]; I[2] = 94.04%) and 0.47 (95% CI [0.16, 0.79]; I[2] = 98.58%), respectively. It is identified that the pandemic reinforced existing healthcare disparities, with disrupted gender-affirming care (e.g. hormone therapy, surgeries) significantly associated with increased psychological distress and gender dysphoria among transgender and gender diverse individuals.

CONCLUSION: Mental health problems among TNB individuals were markedly elevated during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the urgent need for tailored mental health interventions, uninterrupted gender-affirming care, and policies that address systemic social stigma and discrimination. Strengthening telehealth, community-based supports, and inclusive public health strategies are essential to mitigate disparities and promote resilience in this population.},
}

@article {pmid42170674,
year = {2026},
author = {Wan, Y},
title = {A hypothesized mechanism by which inhaled low-concentration ethanol vapor may bias early entry dynamics of enveloped respiratory viruses.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1789516},
pmid = {42170674},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Ethanol/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Virus Internalization/drug effects ; *Viral Envelope/drug effects/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Enveloped respiratory viruses rely on conserved biophysical properties of their lipid envelopes for successful host-cell entry, including membrane fluidity, spike conformational mobility, and coordinated fusion activation. These properties impose variation-independent constraints that may serve as potential targets for sequence-agnostic antiviral modulation. Here, a mechanistic hypothesis is proposed in which, under physiologically humid respiratory system conditions, inhalation of low-concentration ethanol vapor may generate a transient, ethanol-enriched microenvironment at airway surface liquid (ASL) and alveolar lining fluid (ALF) interfaces. Rapid vapor-liquid partitioning is hypothesized to permit short-lived interactions between ethanol molecules and viral lipid envelopes during airborne transit or early epithelial contact. Such interactions may transiently increase envelope rigidity, reduce membrane fluidity, constrain spike conformational dynamics, and raise the energetic barrier for membrane fusion, thereby biasing early entry processes against successful infection. This mechanistic framework is grounded in established principles of membrane biophysics, amphiphile-lipid interactions, and diffusion kinetics. It focuses on localized physicochemical modulation at gas-liquid interfaces and does not invoke systemic ethanol exposure, therapeutic dosing, or clinical intervention. In addition, delayed viral entry kinetics arising from altered envelope mechanics may, in principle, modulate the timing of host immune activation, potentially attenuating excessive inflammatory responses. By targeting conserved envelope mechanics rather than sequence-specific viral components, this hypothesis introduces physical microenvironmental modulation as a complementary conceptual domain in antiviral research and provides a foundation for future experimental and computational evaluation of enveloped virus entry dynamics.},
}

*Ethanol/administration & dosage/pharmacology
Humans
*Virus Internalization/drug effects
*Viral Envelope/drug effects/chemistry
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid42170790,
year = {2026},
author = {Carretero Rey, M},
title = {[Epidemiological surveillance of Andes virus: have we really learned anything after COVID-19?].},
journal = {Revista espanola de salud publica},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42170790},
issn = {2173-9110},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Hantavirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission/diagnosis/prevention & control ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; Animals ; *Orthohantavirus/isolation & purification ; Pandemics ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Recent Andes virus outbreaks have reignited international debate regarding Public Health preparedness for hantaviruses with documented interpersonal transmission capacity. Unlike other orthohantaviruses, Andes virus has demonstrated person-to-person transmission in specific epidemiological settings, including household and nosocomial environments. The recent emergence of cases linked to multinational outbreaks has prompted renewed assessments and recommendations from international public health organizations. This manuscript presents an epidemiological reflection on current surveillance challenges associated with emerging hantaviruses following the experience gained during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also reviews aspects related to zoonotic surveillance, molecular monitoring, early detection, and integrated One Health approaches applied to preparedness against future emerging threats. Available evidence highlights the need to strengthen multidisciplinary surveillance systems capable of integrating human, environmental, and zoonotic information in order to improve responses to complex epidemiological scenarios associated with emerging hantaviruses.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Hantavirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission/diagnosis/prevention & control
*Epidemiological Monitoring
Animals
*Orthohantavirus/isolation & purification
Pandemics
Zoonoses/epidemiology
Disease Outbreaks
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42171504,
year = {2026},
author = {Brüssow, H},
title = {Extending the Targets for Coronavirus Antivirals Beyond That of Approved Drugs: Insights From Preclinical Research.},
journal = {Microbial biotechnology},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {e70376},
doi = {10.1111/1751-7915.70376},
pmid = {42171504},
issn = {1751-7915},
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; COVID-19 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Betacoronavirus/drug effects ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Pandemics ; *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/virology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; },
abstract = {Antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19. However, they present pharmacological limitations, a mixed efficacy profile and target just two coronavirus proteins. To extend the range of druggable coronavirus proteins, researchers explored small molecule N-glycan binders as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with the cell receptor. Other groups investigated lipopeptides as inhibitors of cell fusion by viral spikes. High throughput screening of chemical libraries yielded viral maturation inhibitors that targeted the viral M protein. Massive screening led to inhibitors of the non-structural coronavirus protein NSP14, a methyltransferase involved in viral mRNA cap synthesis. Machine learning-driven scans of chemical space revealed inhibitors of non-structural coronavirus protein NSP3, a papain-like protease subverting innate immune response to viral infection. A chimera of a nucleotide analogue coupled to an RNase L attractor bound the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NSP12 and mediated degradation of the viral RNA. Several of these compounds showed comparable or even superior antiviral efficacy as approved COVID-19 drugs in preclinical animal tests. Parallel efforts were made to develop chemical compounds targeting host proteins needed for viral multiplication. Peptidomimetic tetrapeptides acted as inhibitors of the host protease TMPRSS2 involved in cell fusion by the viral spike protein. A repurposed TMPRSS2 inhibitor was tested in COVID-19 patients without demonstrating efficacy. A genetic screen demonstrated an enzyme involved in sphingomyelin synthesis and its inhibitor which impaired SARS-CoV-2 replication. A viral-cell protein interactome study showed 332 cellular proteins interacting with 26 coronaviral proteins. A chemoinformatic search found inhibitors for the interaction of NSP9 with host elongation factor eIF4A and for NSP13 with elongation factor eEF1A. Plitidepsin, a clinically used eEF1A inhibitor, was tested in human clinical trials with COVID-19 patients demonstrating in vivo antiviral activity and a trend for clinical amelioration in an underpowered phase 3 clinical trial.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Humans
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
COVID-19
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
*Betacoronavirus/drug effects
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
Pandemics
*Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/virology
Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors

@article {pmid42171849,
year = {2026},
author = {Simon, MR and Nussbaum, JM and Goodson, K and Allen, BL and Smith, M and Yalif, IU and Cohen, AK},
title = {Industrial Pollution and Health in Louisiana: A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies.},
journal = {Current environmental health reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42171849},
issn = {2196-5412},
support = {P30-ES030284/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; 2318237, 2318238, 2318239//National Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Louisiana/epidemiology ; *Air Pollution/adverse effects ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; *Health Status ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Louisiana has one of the largest concentrations of petrochemical industry in the USA. Many studies have assessed patterns of industrial pollution and health in Louisiana; we aim to systematically review this evidence. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, APA PsycInfo, and GreenFILE for peer-reviewed papers published 1999-2024 that reported geographical variation in health or industrial pollution, and/or tested for an association between the two in Louisiana. We used Covidence to support standardized review and extraction.

RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 2485 non-duplicate papers in our search; 53 met the inclusion criteria. Most reported quantitative findings. All studies of industrial pollution described air pollution (some also described other pollution). Studies described various health outcomes, including cancer, respiratory health, mortality, and COVID-19. Overall, people who lived closer to industrial activity had higher pollution exposure and worse health. Black and lower-income residents were exposed to more industrial activity than white and higher-income residents. Twenty-one studies assessed statistical associations between industrial pollution and health; many found an association. Twenty-one studies were quantitative and adjusted for confounding, 29 studies did not adjust for confounding (including qualitative studies), and three studies did not adjust for confounding and had authors with industry ties. Evidence suggests that there is a higher burden of air pollution and worse health outcomes in industrialized areas of Louisiana. While there was some evidence of significant associations between industrial pollution and health outcomes, research with larger sample sizes and improved pollution exposure measurements could be informative.},
}

Humans
Louisiana/epidemiology
*Air Pollution/adverse effects
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
*Health Status

@article {pmid42172568,
year = {2026},
author = {Santos, C and Da Ponte, G},
title = {Moral Distress, Work Engagement, and Meaningful Work in Healthcare: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Acta medica portuguesa},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.20344/amp.24197},
pmid = {42172568},
issn = {1646-0758},
abstract = {The psychological well-being of healthcare professionals is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of patient safety, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. Among the constructs most relevant to this domain are moral distress, work engagement, and meaningful work. This narrative review aimed to synthesize conceptual and empirical evidence on these three constructs and to examine their interrelations and implications for healthcare practice. A selective narrative review of the literature was conducted, integrating theoretical frameworks, systematic and integrative reviews, and empirical studies, resulting in a final synthesis of 41 articles. Moral distress arises when clinicians are prevented from acting in accordance with their ethical convictions, often due to institutional or systemic constraints, and has been consistently associated with burnout, turnover, and compromised quality of care. In contrast, work engagement - characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption - and meaningful work - reflecting the perception that professional activities have meaning and purpose - function as protective factors that enhance resilience and sustain intrinsic motivation. Evidence highlights the central role of organizational climate, leadership, resource availability, and ethical culture in shaping experiences of distress, engagement, and meaningfulness, a dynamic further intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. The synthesis emphasizes that organizational and systemic interventions, including ethics consultation, supportive leadership, workflow redesign, and resilience-building programs, are essential to mitigate moral distress and promote engagement and meaningful work. The integration of these constructs aligns with the Quadruple Aim, reinforcing the premise that caring for healthcare professionals is indispensable to caring for patients.},
}

@article {pmid41563155,
year = {2026},
author = {Schor, S and Baez, J and Hill, J},
title = {Boarding and Crowding Are Facts of Life. It's Time We Adapt Resident Education to Them.},
journal = {Annals of emergency medicine},
volume = {87},
number = {6},
pages = {757-762},
doi = {10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.12.011},
pmid = {41563155},
issn = {1097-6760},
mesh = {Humans ; *Internship and Residency/organization & administration ; *Crowding ; *Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration ; *Emergency Medicine/education ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Triage ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Although the COVID pandemic and its aftermath may have shone a light on the issues of emergency department (ED) crowding and boarding, these are not new problems. Much has been written on ED crowding for the past 35 years, analyzing its causes and effects on both patient care and resident education. However, relatively little has been done to explore how to adapt resident education models or leverage physician-in-triage models and other by-products of overfilled waiting rooms to prepare residents for the inevitability of boarding in their future careers. In this article, we examine how the understanding of ED boarding has evolved over time with particular reference to resident education. We then review strategies that have been proposed to improve resident education in times of ED crowding. Ultimately, we propose shifting the paradigm to one in which ED boarding is accepted as an inevitability such that residency training programs can focus on ways to prepare future emergency medicine attendings for this reality.},
}

Humans
*Internship and Residency/organization & administration
*Crowding
*Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration
*Emergency Medicine/education
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Triage
Education, Medical, Graduate
Pandemics

@article {pmid41862360,
year = {2026},
author = {Sinha, D and Coquant, G and Yuan, X and Paul, S and Longet, S},
title = {Postpandemic adjuvants to tailor vaccine-induced immunity.},
journal = {Trends in immunology},
volume = {47},
number = {5},
pages = {423-435},
doi = {10.1016/j.it.2026.01.001},
pmid = {41862360},
issn = {1471-4981},
mesh = {Humans ; *Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Animals ; *Adjuvants, Vaccine ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Vaccines/immunology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunity, Cellular ; },
abstract = {Adjuvants are critical to improving the magnitude, breadth, functionality, and durability of vaccine immunogenicity. Despite advances in vaccinology, long-term immunity, variant cross-protection, and robust mucosal responses remain unmet goals. These challenges underscore the need for novel, safe, and effective adjuvants. This review explores emerging adjuvants targeting specific immune pathways. We highlight clinical and preclinical studies focusing on adjuvants that enhance durable and persistent humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity. Current trends are discussed alongside tailored approaches for children and the elderly. Finally, the aim of this review is to highlight novel vaccine adjuvants currently in preclinical and clinical development, with the potential to generate a vaccine platform fit for the necessary yet unmet needs of public health in a postpandemic era.},
}

Humans
*Adjuvants, Immunologic
Animals
*Adjuvants, Vaccine
Immunity, Mucosal
Immunogenicity, Vaccine
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Vaccines/immunology
Pandemics/prevention & control
Immunity, Humoral
Immunity, Cellular

@article {pmid41905519,
year = {2026},
author = {Oudhini, A and Elghali, M and Zanina, Y and Changuel, M and Sakly, N},
title = {Autoimmunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: Systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)},
volume = {285},
number = {},
pages = {110702},
doi = {10.1016/j.clim.2026.110702},
pmid = {41905519},
issn = {1521-7035},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology ; *Autoimmunity/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/etiology/epidemiology ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {AIM: To systematically review and meta-analyze the available evidence on the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, and the development of new autoimmune conditions (AIC).

METHODS: This study followed the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched until December 31, 2024, for studies reporting new-onset autoimmunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Meta-analyses using random-effects models calculated pooled odds ratios using RStudio 4.3.

RESULTS: Of the 2544 records identified, 39 studies were included in the systematic review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. A significant association was found between SARS-CoV-2 infection and new AIC (p = 0.0054) and particularly type 1 diabetes (p = 0.0229), blistering diseases (p = 0.0452), systemic sclerosis (p = 0.0153), and vitiligo (p = 0.0122). Regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced autoimmunity, no association between COVID-19 vaccines and new AIC was observed.

CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection may strongly induce autoimmunity.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology
*Autoimmunity/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/etiology/epidemiology
*Vaccination/adverse effects

@article {pmid41912702,
year = {2026},
author = {Candel-Pau, J and Maya-Enero, S and García-García, J and Valle-Del Barrio, B and Muñoz-Molinero, J and López-Vílchez, MÁ},
title = {Factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 placental antibody transfer and neonatal transmission. A prospective, cohort study and review of available literature.},
journal = {Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association},
volume = {46},
number = {5},
pages = {717-725},
pmid = {41912702},
issn = {1476-5543},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; *COVID-19/transmission/immunology ; *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data ; Prospective Studies ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/virology ; *Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology ; *Placenta/immunology ; Adult ; *Immunity, Maternally-Acquired ; Male ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe SARS-CoV-2 serologic status, associated factors, and neonatal transmission following gestational COVID-19.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study including neonates born to mothers with gestational COVID-19 at Hospital del Mar (Barcelona) between March 2020 and May 2022.

RESULTS: A total of 263 infants and 261 mothers were included. High seropositivity was observed in infected mothers (88.9%) and their newborns (82.8%), particularly following early gestational and mild-to-moderate infections and among vaccinated mothers. Higher placental antibody transfer ratios were observed in earlier maternal infections. However, a longer infection-to-delivery interval increased transfer ratios only for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Neonatal antibodies persisted for at least six months. Only 6.1% of neonates born to mothers with active infection tested positive, with no evidence of congenital transmission.

CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 antibody placental transfer is frequent and efficient, conferring passive immunity during the first six months of life. Neonatal infection rate was low and attributable to horizontal transmission.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
Infant, Newborn
*COVID-19/transmission/immunology
*Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data
Prospective Studies
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/virology
*Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology
*Placenta/immunology
Adult
*Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
Male

@article {pmid41973776,
year = {2026},
author = {Fam, JY and Männikkö, N},
title = {Can the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale be adapted across contexts? Evidence from a COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments systematic review.},
journal = {Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {484-497},
doi = {10.1037/adb0001149},
pmid = {41973776},
issn = {1939-1501},
mesh = {Humans ; *Psychometrics/standards/instrumentation ; *Social Media ; COVID-19 ; *Internet Addiction Disorder/diagnosis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Consensus ; *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards ; *Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) has served as a foundation for a series of adapted measures designed to assess social media-related behavioral addictions. Despite widespread application of these instruments, a systematic evaluation of their psychometric properties is lacking. This review aimed to evaluate the measurement properties of the BFAS and its adaptations using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology.

METHOD: A systematic search was conducted to identify psychometric studies of the BFAS and its adapted versions, including the BFAS-18, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Bergen Mukbang Addiction Scale, Social Media Addiction during COVID-19 Pandemic scale, and Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms. Eligible studies were assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, and the quality of evidence was graded according to the COSMIN-Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

RESULTS: A total of 55 studies were included. The BFAS and BSMAS demonstrated strong evidence for structural validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance, and hypothesis testing, with high-quality evidence across multiple domains. The BFAS-18 and Bergen Mukbang Addiction Scale received more limited and inconsistent support, while the Social Media Addiction during COVID-19 Pandemic scale and Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms remain underexplored with very low-quality evidence. Across all scales, evidence for content validity, reliability, measurement error, and responsiveness was sparse, highlighting important gaps.

CONCLUSIONS: The BFAS and BSMAS currently represent the most robust instruments for assessing Facebook and social media addiction, respectively. However, additional research is required to strengthen evidence for other adaptations, particularly in relation to content validity, measurement error, and responsiveness, as well as to evaluate linguistic and cultural invariance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).},
}

Humans
*Psychometrics/standards/instrumentation
*Social Media
COVID-19
*Internet Addiction Disorder/diagnosis
Reproducibility of Results
Consensus
*Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards
*Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis

@article {pmid42159817,
year = {2026},
author = {Ali, S and Shafiq, M and Aziz, A and Rahman, NU and Bakky, MAH},
title = {The Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical Settings of Pakistan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of epidemiology and global health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s44197-026-00587-y},
pmid = {42159817},
issn = {2210-6014},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a significant and growing public health challenge in Pakistan, due to antibiotic misuse, weak infection control measures and rapid bacterial evolution. Determining the overall prevalence of MRSA in the country is crucial for informing targeted treatment protocols and effective management strategies. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish the pooled prevalence of MRSA in Pakistan.

METHODS: We searched electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase) for studies published between 2015 and 2025. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct this systematic review. Meta-analyses were performed using R Studio software, applying both fixed- and random-effects models to calculate pooled prevalence. The heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistics. Publication bias was assessed using Begg's and Egger's tests. Most studies used cefoxitin disk diffusion to characterize MRSA, while some studies used PCR to detect the mecA gene.

RESULTS: Sixty-eight studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The overall pooled MRSA prevalence was estimated at 50% (95% CI: 45-54%), with I² = 98.9). Year-wise subgroup analysis revealed significant variation from 2015 to 2025, with estimates ranging from 64% (95% CI: 26-90%), with I² = 96.68 in 2022 to a low of 34% (95% CI: 17-56%), with I² = 99.16 in 2020, which may be due to reduced healthcare access and infection control measures implemented during the COVID-19 lockdowns. The pooled estimate among general patients and healthcare personnel was 50% (95% CI: 44-57%), with I² = 98.5 and 44% (95% CI: 30-60%), with I² = 95.4, respectively. The subgroup differences test (p = 0.54) for population type revealed no statistically significant difference. The Begg's test (p = 0.2378) and Egger's test (p = 0.8893) showed no significant evidence of bias. The significant variation between the two diagnostic methods (p = 0.03) showed that the observed heterogeneity may be due to diagnostic methods used across the studies.

CONCLUSION: The high pooled prevalence of MRSA in Pakistan highlights an urgent need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, standardized surveillance systems, and integrated infection prevention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42160264,
year = {2026},
author = {Romoff, M and Chandekar, A and Beyer, R and Kim, MS and Baz, S and Mills, ES and Park, DY and Lee, YP and Bhatia, N and Hashmi, S and Wu, HH},
title = {Evaluating Virtual and Hybrid Mentorship in Orthopaedic Surgery: Perceived Benefits, Challenges, and Impacts in the Post-COVID Era.},
journal = {JBJS reviews},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {42160264},
issn = {2329-9185},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Mentors ; *Orthopedics/education ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; *Mentoring/methods ; *Orthopedic Procedures/education ; },
abstract = {» Virtual and hybrid mentorship models have transitioned from temporary coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic responses to durable, scalable components of the orthopaedic training curriculum. » Despite high trainee satisfaction, most orthopaedic virtual mentorship programs rely on short-term, self-reported metrics and lack the objective, longitudinal tracking of research productivity or career advancement seen in other specialties. » While virtual pipelines demonstrate the potential to broaden access for underrepresented groups, inconsistent collection of detailed demographic and socioeconomic data limits the assessment of their true impact on diversity. » Neurosurgery and plastic surgery provide instructive models for virtual collaboratives that successfully use standardized expectations and longitudinal outcome tracking to measure success. » To ensure these programs drive equitable change rather than just broader participation, future orthopaedic virtual mentorship programs should incorporate standardized outcome frameworks, mentor perspectives, and longitudinal, multi-institutional follow-up.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Mentors
*Orthopedics/education
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
*Mentoring/methods
*Orthopedic Procedures/education

@article {pmid42161577,
year = {2026},
author = {O'Donovan, CJ and Ramanan, AV},
title = {Infection, inflammation and immune dysregulation: evolving perspectives on the host response.},
journal = {Archives of disease in childhood},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2025-330158},
pmid = {42161577},
issn = {1468-2044},
abstract = {Host inflammatory responses contribute substantially to infection-related morbidity, and in severe cases such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, immune-mediated tissue injury may exceed the direct effects of pathogens themselves. Although traditional wisdom has considered immunosuppression risky when antimicrobial therapy is required, modern insights into immune biology reveal a more nuanced landscape in which targeted immunomodulators can attenuate harmful inflammation without broadly compromising host defence. This evolution is particularly relevant in paediatrics, influenced by developmental stage, distinct exposure history and patterns of host response. The COVID-19 pandemic catalysed wider acceptance of immunomodulation in infection management, including corticosteroids in children and highlighted safe use of agents such as baricitinib. Platform trials of the hyperinflammatory syndrome (paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2) also identified benefits of methylprednisolone and tocilizumab in select groups. For other paediatric infections, including dengue, influenza and Epstein-Barr virus, the evidence remains sparse, with emerging mechanistic and early-phase clinical studies exploring interleukin (IL)-1 blockade, corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and anticytokine biologics. In paediatric sepsis, immunophenotype-guided trials represent a major conceptual advance. Adaptive studies, such as TRIPS and GRACE-2, aim to tailor immunomodulation to hyperinflammation or immunoparalysis, though definitive efficacy data are awaited. Parallel efforts in ARDS explore statins, IL-6 blockade and cell-based therapies, but robust paediatric evidence is still lacking. Collectively, evolving insights and trial designs offer renewed opportunities to use targeted immunomodulation in the management of paediatric infection. Large-scale, collaborative paediatric research networks will be essential to translate these advances and better integrate infection research into everyday paediatric practice.},
}

@article {pmid42162612,
year = {2026},
author = {Stiefel, P and Muñoz-García, J and Pino-Mejías, R},
title = {Blood pressure variability: a growing but still overlooked topic.},
journal = {Revista clinica espanola},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {502580},
doi = {10.1016/j.rceng.2026.502580},
pmid = {42162612},
issn = {2254-8874},
abstract = {The importance of blood pressure variability has grown exponentially over the past two to three years. In this review, we aim to discuss the reasons underlying this increasing interest. First, we describe the different methods used to assess blood pressure variability, including very short-term (beat-to-beat), short-term (24 -h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring), mid-term (home self-measurements), and long-term (visit-to-visit measurements), as well as the mathematical indices used to quantify it. We then address the clinical relevance of blood pressure variability. First, increased variability is more prevalent in several health conditions not necessarily related to vascular disease, such as mental illness, severity of COVID-19 infection, bone fractures, and various forms of cognitive impairment. Second, blood pressure variability appears to be involved in the progression from prehypertensive states to established hypertension and, once hypertension is present, in the development of target organ damage. It has also been associated with an increased risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and adverse neonatal outcomes. Furthermore, blood pressure variability, even independently of mean arterial blood pressure, influences the development, prognosis, and complications of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that blood pressure variability is associated with both vascular and all-cause mortality.},
}

@article {pmid42163819,
year = {2026},
author = {McDonnell, R and Chauhan, A and Adams, C and Cardenas, A and Moscova, M and Walsan, R and Sina, M and Munro, A and Manias, E and Mitchell, R and Gust, A and Sabesan, S and Harrison, R},
title = {Applying Change Models and Methods During a Period of Vast Digital Transformation: A Systematic Review of Practice in Healthcare.},
journal = {The International journal of health planning and management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/hpm.70092},
pmid = {42163819},
issn = {1099-1751},
support = {//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; //Western Sydney Local Health District/ ; //University of New South Wales/ ; //Western Health Foundation/ ; //Townsville Hospital and Health Service/ ; //Monash University/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Reflection and learning about the use of virtual care in healthcare delivery has become a central goal for health systems internationally. Insights drawn in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to vast changes to embed virtual care in health care delivery. This study explored the methodologies used to manage change that encompasses virtual care and factors contributing to success.

METHODS: A systematic review and narrative synthesis was undertaken. Eligible articles were those reporting structured change management processes in the context of virtual care published between 1st January 2019-31st December 2023, identified by searching four electronic databases (Scopus, MedLine, PsycInfo and Business Source Premier). Data were extracted and synthesised from the eligible studies.

RESULTS: Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria describing changes occurring within hospital settings or in community health centres. Kotter's 8-Step Model was the most frequently applied change framework, often combined with other approaches. Commonly enablers included high quality communication among all parties involved and strong leadership. Common barriers included overemphasis on technology at the expense of people and processes, linear application of models, and lack of mechanisms to monitor change progress.

DISCUSSION: Structured change methodologies were often integrated in a strategic change framework with process improvement methods utilised to support the change process. Managing change relating to the technology with attention to the clinical and people aspects of change was considered a key gap and challenge in the context of virtual care change. Change leadership and the integration of technical and clinical teams were identified as key enablers.},
}

@article {pmid42163826,
year = {2026},
author = {Guan, Z and Li, X and Zhu, X},
title = {Emerging Insights of Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer.},
journal = {Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis},
volume = {32},
number = {},
pages = {10760296261454788},
doi = {10.1177/10760296261454788},
pmid = {42163826},
issn = {1938-2723},
mesh = {Humans ; *Venous Thromboembolism/etiology/drug therapy/prevention & control ; *Neoplasms/complications/blood ; *Anticoagulants/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Hemorrhage/chemically induced ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Cancer -associated thrombosis (CAT), particularly venous thromboembolism (VTE), is a major contributor to mortality in cancer patients and is widely recognized as a leading cause of death after the direct effects of cancer progression. Cancer patients have significantly higher VTE risk than the general population, due to hypercoagulable states and anticancer therapies, with those with advanced malignancies carrying the highest risk. Primary thromboprophylaxis and anticoagulation are pivotal for CAT management. Despite advances, key challenges include different thrombotic and bleeding risks across cancers and how recurrent VTE affects anticoagulation duration. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has largely replaced warfarin, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are challenging LMWH's first-line role with proven efficacy. However, the key dilemma is balancing thromboprophylaxis and treatment against anticoagulant-induced bleeding, particularly in the context of recurrent VTE. Current CAT guidelines show discrepancies and gaps in clinical coverage; some conclusions derived from meta-analyses need validation via more randomized controlled trials. This review synthesizes recent CAT research (focused on VTE) across epidemiology, pathophysiology, laboratory assessments, and management. It analyzes how cancer type, patient conditions, and drug-drug interactions influence anticoagulant selection, supported by a review of the corresponding experimental evidence. Additionally, the article addresses key clinical scenarios (e.g., intracerebral hemorrhage, pregnancy, pediatric and adolescent patients, and COVID-19) to aid clinical decision-making, delineates unresolved clinical controversies, and integrates high-quality cohort/subgroup data to guide meta-analysis validation. By summarizing risk-benefit consideration, this article provides a framework for complex cases and informs future RCT design.},
}

Humans
*Venous Thromboembolism/etiology/drug therapy/prevention & control
*Neoplasms/complications/blood
*Anticoagulants/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Hemorrhage/chemically induced
Risk Factors

@article {pmid42163969,
year = {2026},
author = {Hendriks, S and Grady, C and Fitzgerald, ML and Gross, RS and Maughan, C and Peluso, MJ and Varma, S and Nath, A and Rid, A},
title = {The next phase in Long COVID research: addressing the ethical challenges in trials of disease-modifying treatments.},
journal = {EClinicalMedicine},
volume = {95},
number = {},
pages = {103918},
pmid = {42163969},
issn = {2589-5370},
abstract = {Almost five years after COVID-19 emerged, multiple scientific uncertainties remain about why some people experience ongoing symptoms long after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID). The pathophysiology underlying Long COVID and its potential to represent several endotypes are still under investigation. These scientific uncertainties around Long COVID have been cited as a reason to delay treatment trials until the disease is better understood. In this paper, a group of bioethicists, clinician-scientists and people with lived experience with Long COVID argue that it is ethically imperative to conduct trials of disease-modifying treatments for Long COVID now. Furthermore, we argue that although conducting such trials can pose ethical challenges, these challenges can be overcome through careful research priority-setting, rigorous trial design, fair participant selection, and ensuring that the risk-benefit profile is favorable.},
}

@article {pmid42164546,
year = {2026},
author = {Petrovan, A and Puiu, L and Pop, CM},
title = {COVID-19, the disease that changed the world.},
journal = {Medicine and pharmacy reports},
volume = {99},
number = {2},
pages = {91-105},
pmid = {42164546},
issn = {2668-0572},
abstract = {Five years ago, the COVID-19 coronavirus emerged as an invisible threat that profoundly disrupted the world, becoming a public health challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown us how important it is to have health systems that can quickly find and track new viruses as they spread and has ushered in a new era of genomic surveillance, allowing scientists to track the evolution of the coronavirus, providing public health strategies. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been associated with very important global morbidity and mortality. The discovery of SARS-CoV-2 in bats and pangolins in South Asian countries indicates that SARS-CoV-2 likely originated from wildlife being the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus. The increased contagiousness of SARS-CoV-2 virus was due to the spike glycoprotein (S) that favors the attachment of the virus to the cell surface. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a damaging triad of oxidative stress, intense inflammation with cytokine storm, and endothelial dysfunction, leading to widespread cellular damage, blood clotting with thrombosis, and organ failure by overwhelming the body's antioxidant defenses, damaging blood vessel linings, and promoting hyperinflammation, all crucial factors in severe COVID disease. The purpose of the review is to make a synthesis of the data known so far about SARS-CoV-2 virus etiology, the complex interactions between the virus and the host, imbalanced immune response and cytokine storm, molecular mechanisms by which the spike protein drives endothelial dysfunction and, multisystemic pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological, renal involvement.},
}

@article {pmid42164657,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, K and Cao, R and Li, M and Tian, Z and Fan, H and Hong, B and Liu, X},
title = {Organoids: From Bench to Bedside Applications.},
journal = {MedComm},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e70768},
pmid = {42164657},
issn = {2688-2663},
abstract = {Organoids are three-dimensiona(3D) models derived from stem cells that closely replicate the structure and cellular complexity of human tissues, providing physiologically relevant platforms for biomedical research. This technology addresses the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) cultures, reduces species-specific discrepancies, and is particularly valuable for investigating virus-host interactions and pathogenic mechanisms under near-physiological conditions. This review systematically outlines key advancements in organoid-based virology, including the propagation of hard-to-culture pathogens such as human rhinovirus C (HRV-C) and norovirus (NoV), as well as novel insights into viral pathogenesis, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, and the translational utility of organoids for antiviral drug screening and preclinical assessment. It further examines the use of organoids in modeling cancer and neurological diseases, compares the strengths and limitations of different cellular sources, and discusses their potential integration with emerging technologies such as CRISPR gene editing and 3D bioprinting. In addition, it maps a translational pathway from molecular mechanisms to clinical practice to facilitate the study of disease mechanisms and accelerate drug and vaccine development. Finally, holistic strategies are proposed to address existing challenges, such as the lack of immune components and inadequate vascularization. Together, these efforts aim to promote the broader adoption of organoid technology across the life sciences and translational medicine.},
}

@article {pmid42165098,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, S and Qiu, L and Li, Y and Liu, X and Luo, Z and Liu, J and Ma, X},
title = {Global prevalence of prolonged grief disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic under standardized diagnostic frameworks: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Psychological medicine},
volume = {56},
number = {},
pages = {e160},
doi = {10.1017/S0033291726104541},
pmid = {42165098},
issn = {1469-8978},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; *Grief ; International Classification of Diseases ; Global Health ; },
abstract = {Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), recently classified in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, is characterized by persistent and functionally impairing grief lasting beyond 6-12 months. The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by widespread mortality, social isolation, disrupted mourning rituals, and social disconnection, raising concerns about a potentially high burden of PGD during the pandemic period. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO registration (CRD42023463720), to estimate PGD prevalence under standardized ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR diagnostic frameworks and to examine potential moderators during the COVID-19 pandemic. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 2024. Eligible studies included adults who experienced bereavement during the pandemic and were assessed using validated PGD instruments (PG-13-R, ICG, BGQ). Random-effects models were applied to pool prevalence estimates, with subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Thirteen studies comprising 5,766 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of PGD during the pandemic period was 24% (95% CI: 13%-36%), with the highest estimates observed in China (43%, 95% CI: 33%-54%). In the overall pooled analysis, studies applying DSM-5-TR criteria yielded lower prevalence estimates than those using ICD-11 criteria (18% vs.26%, p = 0.41). Digital interventions showed no statistically significant pooled effects (Hedges' g = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.90 to 0.14). The high and geographically heterogeneous prevalence of PGD observed during the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need to strengthen mental health surveillance, standardized assessment, and service accessibility in large-scale public health emergencies, and provides important evidence to inform population-level interventions and resource allocation strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
Prevalence
*Grief
International Classification of Diseases
Global Health

@article {pmid42165724,
year = {2026},
author = {Dhar, RR and Reshmi, B and Holla, R},
title = {Barriers to help-seeking for cancer in India: A scoping review.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {163},
number = {4},
pages = {534-540},
doi = {10.25259/IJMR_1676_2025},
pmid = {42165724},
issn = {0971-5916},
mesh = {Humans ; India/epidemiology ; *Neoplasms/therapy/epidemiology/diagnosis/psychology ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Health Services Accessibility ; *Help-Seeking Behavior ; Social Stigma ; Delayed Diagnosis ; },
abstract = {Background and objectives Cancer is a leading cause of death in India, with delays in diagnosis and treatment contributing to poor outcomes. Although several studies document these delays, most focus on single cancer types or specific regions. This review aimed to synthesise evidence across cancers to identify barriers to help-seeking and their implications for cancer control in India. Methods A scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley and Levac frameworks, guided by the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework. Systematic searches were carried out in PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus for studies published in English between January 2010 and December 2024. Eligible studies included empirical research on barriers to help-seeking among individuals with cancer in India. Titles and abstracts were screened using Rayyan, followed by full-text review. Data were charted and synthesised thematically. Results Of 349 records screened, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Barriers were categorised as: financial and economic, lack of awareness/knowledge, cultural stigma and embarrassment, reliance on alternative medicine, systemic and health system inefficiencies, psychological fear and distrust, family and gender bias, and COVID-19-related disruptions. These factors collectively led to delays in presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer in India. Interpretation and conclusions Delays in cancer care in India arise from intersecting socio-economic, cultural, systemic, and gendered barriers. Strengthening insurance coverage, patient navigation, awareness initiatives, gender-sensitive services, and long-term investments in rural infrastructure and psychosocial support are critical to improving timely cancer care.},
}

Humans
India/epidemiology
*Neoplasms/therapy/epidemiology/diagnosis/psychology
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
SARS-CoV-2
Health Services Accessibility
*Help-Seeking Behavior
Social Stigma
Delayed Diagnosis

@article {pmid42166076,
year = {2026},
author = {Haimi, M},
title = {Addressing the silent epidemic: a narrative review and evidence synthesis of digital health and telehealth interventions for loneliness in older adults.},
journal = {Aging clinical and experimental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s40520-026-03411-6},
pmid = {42166076},
issn = {1720-8319},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Loneliness and social isolation represent major threats to the health and well-being of older adults, conferring elevated risks for depression, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. The rapid proliferation of digital health technologies and telehealth services-accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic-has opened new pathways for addressing these challenges at scale.

OBJECTIVE: This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence on the effectiveness of digital health and telehealth interventions in reducing loneliness and social isolation among older adults, examines the diverse modalities employed, identifies barriers to equitable adoption, and proposes directions for future research.

METHODS: A narrative synthesis was conducted drawing on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies identified through PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, primarily spanning 2020-2025. Interventions examined include telehealth video visits, empathy-focused telephone programs, group videoconferencing, digital mental health platforms, mobile health applications, social robots, and AI-enabled companions.

RESULTS: Telehealth video visits, empathy-focused telephone programs, and group-based videoconferencing demonstrate meaningful reductions in loneliness, depression, and anxiety in several RCTs and pilot studies. Digital mental health platforms incorporating cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness show promise, as do AI-enabled social robots in institutional and community settings. However, meta-analytic evidence reveals considerable heterogeneity: some pooled analyses report modest to null overall effects, while others find medium effect sizes (d = - 0.47). Intervention effectiveness appears contingent on design features, population characteristics, training support, and integration with existing social networks. The digital divide-limited digital literacy, technology access, usability challenges, and preference for in-person care-remains a challenging barrier to equitable implementation.

CONCLUSIONS: Digital health and telehealth interventions hold considerable promise for mitigating loneliness among older adults. However, their benefits cannot be realized without systematically addressing the digital divide. Large-scale, well-powered RCTs with standardized outcome measures and longer follow-up periods are urgently needed, alongside implementation science research to translate evidence into scalable practice.},
}

@article {pmid42166945,
year = {2026},
author = {Duy, NBP},
title = {What are the intellectual foundations and thematic structures shaping flow experience research in tourism?.},
journal = {Acta psychologica},
volume = {267},
number = {},
pages = {107104},
doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107104},
pmid = {42166945},
issn = {1873-6297},
abstract = {This study addresses the fragmented state of research on flow experience in the tourism sector, an increasingly important concept in the modern experience economy. The main objective was to systematize and map the intellectual structure, development, and future trajectory of this field. Applying a hybrid bibliometric-systematic literature review method, the paper analyzed 118 articles from the Scopus database (2011-2025) using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix. The study's conclusions were further reinforced and validated through a comparative analysis with data extracted from the Web of Science database. Key findings revealed two distinct research phases, with a significant boom after 2020 driven by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of virtual reality (VR) tourism. Thematic analysis revealed a clear knowledge structure, with basic themes serving as the theoretical basis, while motor themes (authenticity and tourism live streaming) drove the current research. This landscape was divided into a psychological core, focused on exploring the nature of the experience, and a managerial core, centered on applying the flow experience for strategic goals. This study contributes a new conceptual framework that organizes the research field into antecedents, flow state, and outcomes, while also providing practical guidance for managers to design engaging experiences.},
}

@article {pmid42167127,
year = {2026},
author = {Boamah, SA and Sedzro, MT and Alexander, A and Ramirez, K and Shams, S and Rugole, D and Zhou, F and Belita, E},
title = {Harnessing leadership experiences for improved healthcare delivery: A scoping review of the experiences of healthcare leaders in navigating crisis.},
journal = {International journal of nursing studies},
volume = {181},
number = {},
pages = {105577},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2026.105577},
pmid = {42167127},
issn = {1873-491X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented strain on health care systems worldwide, exposing and amplifying longstanding vulnerabilities in leadership and management structures. Although the roles of frontline healthcare workers have been widely documented, the experiences of healthcare leaders remain understudied.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically synthesize global evidence on healthcare leaders' experiences in navigating crises, with a particular focus on the pandemic; and to derive actionable strategies to strengthen crisis preparedness, response capacity, and health system resilience.

DESIGN: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. The reporting of the review adhered to the recommendations outlined in the PRISMA-ScR checklist.

METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles published in English from 2020 to 2026 that reported on the experiences of healthcare leaders were included. Gray literature, review articles, and studies that did not explicitly focus on managerial experiences were excluded. Databases including EMBASE, Emcare, CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science were searched. A total of 20,107 records were identified, of which 10,203 were screened after deduplication. After full-text review, 277 articles were extracted for analysis. Data extraction followed a structured approach, capturing study characteristics, healthcare settings, and key findings. Thematic analysis was conducted using Delve software, with systematic coding applied to ensure analytical rigor.

RESULTS: Three interrelated themes with 16 sub-themes emerged: (1) navigating leadership challenges during crisis, (2) leadership strategies and adaptive responses, and (3) implications for future crisis leadership and resilient health systems. The findings illuminate how adaptive leadership, judicious resource allocation, transparent communication, digital transformation, and attention to workforce mental health function as critical mechanisms for navigating complex health crises.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that effective healthcare crisis leadership extends beyond operational competence to require adaptability, clear communication, and sustained commitment to workforce well-being. Strengthening leadership capacity, investing in interoperable digital infrastructure, and embedding mental health supports within crisis preparedness frameworks will be critical to enhancing health system responsiveness and sustaining resilient care delivery during future global disruptions.

SOCIAL MEDIA ABSTRACT: Healthcare leaders showed great adaptability during COVID-19, but lasting system resilience requires more than individual effort. It demands investment in equitable, well-resourced systems, ethical leadership, integrated digital infrastructure, and cultures that support leader and staff well-being. [A scoping review | @SABoamah].},
}

@article {pmid42156133,
year = {2026},
author = {Richter, ML and Ditmore, MH and de Vries, J},
title = {Demanding solidarity, not salvation: sex work and global health.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2025-022050},
pmid = {42156133},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {Humans ; *Global Health ; *Human Rights ; *Sex Work/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Sex Workers ; },
abstract = {There is increasing attention paid to solidarity in global health, but its substance and definitions remain contested. We explore the tensions between global health institutions' historic approaches to sex work, their commitment to health and human rights and how these are connected to or disconnected from solidarity. We foreground the protracted and incomplete evolution from international health approaches to sex workers as spreaders of pathogens that should be punished, to sex work health programmes that are situated within human rights principles. Thus, substantial resources and material changes to laws, policies and programmes are required to action claims of 'standing in solidarity' with sex workers. We argue that the drastic cuts to global health funding initiated by the Trump Administration in January 2025 require careful consideration of what 'solidarity' with the most marginalised entails and bold action.},
}

Humans
*Global Health
*Human Rights
*Sex Work/legislation & jurisprudence
*Sex Workers

@article {pmid42157493,
year = {2026},
author = {Portillo-Ledesma, S and Lee, S and Laederach, A and Schlick, T},
title = {Open Questions on Viral Frameshifting: Exploiting Structural Plasticity of the Frameshifting Element for Therapeutic Intervention.},
journal = {Biophysical journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2026.05.025},
pmid = {42157493},
issn = {1542-0086},
abstract = {Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting (PRF) is a specialized controlled-slippage genetic mechanism that viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 use to shift the reading frame during translation. This process is used in compact viral genomes to enhance their protein repertoire, maintain a precise balance of viral proteins necessary for successful replication, and enhance survival within a host. Because this mechanism is vital to the viral life cycle and remains consistent across strains, frameshifting has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for new antiviral therapeutic strategies. However, the complexity of the frameshifting process has posed many challenges that need to be addressed so that the relationship between cellular mechanisms and viral replication can be exploited for novel therapeutics. In this mini review, we introduce frameshifting mechanisms, define open questions being explored by many modeling and experimental studies, and illustrate how coarse-grained graphs have been used in our lab to study frameshifting mechanisms. Specifically, we describe how conformational landscapes, mutation designs of frameshifting elements, all-atom molecular dynamics and enhanced sampling simulations have been combined with chemical mapping and functional experiments to advance studies on three viral systems employing -1 PRF: SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, and Chikungunya.},
}