@article {pmid39570367, year = {2024}, author = {Straub, J and Estrada Lobato, E and Paez, D and Langs, G and Prosch, H}, title = {Artificial intelligence in respiratory pandemics-ready for disease X? A scoping review.}, journal = {European radiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39570367}, issn = {1432-1084}, support = {FWF P 35189//Austrian Science Fund/ ; LS20-065//Vienna Science and Technology Fund/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify repeated previous shortcomings in medical imaging data collection, curation, and AI-based analysis during the early phase of respiratory pandemics. Based on the results, it seeks to highlight essential steps for improving future pandemic preparedness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Reviews for articles published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021, using the terms "imaging" or "radiology" or "radiography" or "CT" or "x-ray" combined with "SARS," "MERS," "H1N1," or "COVID-19." WHO and CDC Databases were searched for case definitions.

RESULTS: Over the last 20 years, the world faced several international health emergencies caused by respiratory diseases such as SARS, MERS, H1N1, and COVID-19. During the same period, major technological advances enabled the analysis of vast amounts of imaging data and the continual development of artificial intelligence algorithms to support radiological diagnosis and prognosis. Timely availability of data proved critical, but so far, data collection attempts were initialized only as individual responses to each outbreak, leading to long delays and hampering unified guidelines and data-driven technology to support the management of pandemic outbreaks. Our findings highlight the multifaceted role of imaging in the early stages of SARS, MERS, H1N1, and COVID-19, and outline possible actions for advancing future pandemic preparedness.

CONCLUSIONS: Advancing international cooperation and action on these topics is essential to create a functional, effective, and rapid counteraction system to future respiratory pandemics exploiting state of the art imaging and artificial intelligence.

KEY POINTS: Question What has been the role of radiological data for diagnosis and prognosis in early respiratory pandemics and what challenges were present? Findings International cooperation is essential to developing an effective rapid response system for future respiratory pandemics using advanced imaging and artificial intelligence. Clinical relevance Strengthening global collaboration and leveraging cutting-edge imaging and artificial intelligence are crucial for developing rapid and effective response systems. This approach is essential for improving patient outcomes and managing future respiratory pandemics more effectively.}, } @article {pmid39570098, year = {2024}, author = {Darbandi, A and Koupaei, M and Kiani, P and Ghanavati, R and Najafi, P and Hosseini, J and Shokouhamiri, MR and Asadi, A and Parsapour, R}, title = {Acceptance-Hesitancy of COVID-19 Vaccination and Factors Affecting It in Adults: Systematic Review Study.}, journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e70076}, pmid = {39570098}, issn = {2050-4527}, support = {//This work was supported by the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Grant Number 43006342)./ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/psychology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Vaccination/psychology ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the advent of vaccines against COVID-19, there is considerable variation in the acceptance and hesitancy towards the vaccination program across different countries. The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of hesitancy and acceptance regarding the use of the vaccine against the novel coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, and to identify the factors that influence these attitudes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: All the cross-sectional studies were retrieved from the PubMed databases, the Web of Science ISI, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Papers published in English between 2 November 2019 and 23 May 2023 were subjected to further assessment based on their title, abstract, and main text, with a view to ensuring their relevance to the present study.

RESULTS: Following an exhaustive investigation, 59 studies were selected for screening in this systematic review. The most frequently employed method of data collection was the online survey. The study sample comprised 59.12% women and 40.88% men, with ages ranging from 16 to 78 years. The proportion of individuals accepting the vaccine ranged from 13% to 96%, while the proportion of those exhibiting hesitancy ranged from 0% to 57.5%. The primary reasons for accepting the COIVD-19 vaccine were a heightened perception of risk associated with the virus and a general trust in the healthcare system. The most frequently cited reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the context of the ongoing pandemic include concerns about the potential dangers of the vaccines, the rapid pace of their development, the possibility of adverse effects (such as infertility or death), and the assumption that they have been designed to inject microchips.

DISCUSSION: A variety of socio-demographic factors are implicated in determining the rate of vaccine acceptance. A number of socio-demographic factors have been identified as influencing vaccine acceptance. These include high income, male gender, older age, marriage, the presence of older children who have been vaccinated and do not have chronic diseases, high education, and health insurance coverage.

CONCLUSION: Eliminating vaccine hesitancy or increasing vaccine acceptance is a crucial factor that should be addressed through various means and in collaboration with regulatory and healthcare organizations.}, } @article {pmid39568586, year = {2024}, author = {Mohammadi, D and Ghasemi, M and Manouchehrian, N and Zafarmand, M and Akbari, M and Boroumand, AB}, title = {COVID-19 vaccines: current and future challenges.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1434181}, pmid = {39568586}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {As of December 2020, around 200 vaccine candidates for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are being developed. COVID-19 vaccines have been created on a number of platforms and are still being developed. Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, inactivated vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines are among the COVID-19 vaccine modalities. At this time, at least 52 candidate vaccines are being studied. Spike protein is the primary protein that COVID-19 vaccines are targeting. Therefore, it is critical to determine whether immunizations provide complete or fractional protection, whether this varies with age, whether vaccinated people are protected from reoccurring diseases, and whether they need booster shots if they've already been inoculated. Despite the enormous achievement of bringing several vaccine candidates to market in less than a year, acquiring herd immunity at the national level and much more so at the global level remains a major challenge. Therefore, we gathered information on the mechanism of action of presently available COVID-19 vaccines in this review and essential data on the vaccines' advantages and downsides and their future possibilities.}, } @article {pmid39568152, year = {2024}, author = {Chuku, H and Williams, SJ and Best, S}, title = {Clinical leadership during the Covid-19 pandemic: a scoping review.}, journal = {Journal of health organization and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1108/JHOM-05-2024-0205}, pmid = {39568152}, issn = {1758-7247}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Leadership was a critical component in managing the Covid-19 pandemic. A scoping review of clinical leadership investigates the leadership styles employed by clinicians during times of unprecedented crisis, with the Covid-19 pandemic as a focus.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The scoping review was designed based on a five-stage approach proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). Three key databases were searched: Scopus, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and ProQuest Healthcare Administration between 2020 and 2022.

FINDINGS: Of the 23 papers included in the review, the majority were based on developed countries. Seven leadership approaches were found to be useful in times of crises, with compassionate leadership being particularly effective. Seven key themes relating to the pandemic were also identified.

This review is limited by the search strategy employed and the possibility some publications could have been missed. However, it is clear from the results that there is limited research on healthcare leadership outside of the acute setting and in developing countries. These are important areas of further research that need to be pursued to inform our learning for other times of unprecedented crisis.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Various leadership styles were employed during the pandemic, but compassionate leadership, which fosters a collaborative, caring and kind environment, becomes a necessity when faced with uncertainty and adversity. This review identifies key factors that leaders need to manage during the pandemic. Practically, it sheds light on leadership strategies that may be employed in future unprecedented crises.}, } @article {pmid39567984, year = {2024}, author = {Farahani, MA and Nargesi, S and Saniee, N and Dolatshahi, Z and Heidari Beni, F and Shariatpanahi, S}, title = {Factors affecting nurses retention during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.}, journal = {Human resources for health}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {78}, pmid = {39567984}, issn = {1478-4491}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Personnel Turnover ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Nurses/supply & distribution ; Job Satisfaction ; Pandemics ; Nursing Staff, Hospital ; Workplace ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global nursing shortage was a well-known issue before the Covid-19 pandemic, but the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the current nursing workforce shortage and reduced nursing retention. This systematic review aimed to explore factors affecting retention of nurses.

METHODS: The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Proquest databases were searched for relevant primary studies published on nurses retention during Covid-19 pandemic. Finally, Google Scholar was searched for retrieving more related documents that may not be indexed in other searched databases. Inclusion criteria were research articles and gray literature related to nursing retention in Covid-19 pandemic, articles published in English, access to the full-texts, and without time limitation. Both qualitative and quantitative studies focusing on factors affecting the nurses retention were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used for assessing quality of quantitative and qualitative studies. Qualitative and thematic content analysis methods based on Braun and Clark's model were used to analyze the data.

RESULTS: Eighteen studies were identified through a systematic search of the literature. The results showed that seven factors include personal, interpersonal, organizational, social media, educational, emotional, and protective factors are the factors affect the nurses retention.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that retention of nurse is complex and multi-factorial issue that factors from micro to macro-level affect it. Managers and health policy-makers based on the results obtained from this study can plan appropriate measures to increase the retention of nurses.}, } @article {pmid39567411, year = {2024}, author = {Barac, A and Stjepanovic, M and Krajisnik, S and Stevanovic, G and Paglietti, B and Milosevic, B}, title = {Dermatophytes: Update on Clinical Epidemiology and Treatment.}, journal = {Mycopathologia}, volume = {189}, number = {6}, pages = {101}, pmid = {39567411}, issn = {1573-0832}, mesh = {Humans ; *Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; *Arthrodermataceae/classification/drug effects/isolation & purification/genetics ; *Tinea/epidemiology/drug therapy/microbiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Terbinafine/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; }, abstract = {Dermatophytes represent the largest and most common group of fungal infections, impacting 25% of the global population. Among them, Trichophyton rubrum has emerged as the predominant species, responsible for a range of conditions such as tinea corporis, tinea pedis, onychomycosis, tinea cruris, and tinea manuum. Although dermatophyte incidence varies geographically, there is a noticeable rise in cases caused by T. indotineae, a strain that exhibits resistance to terbinafine. In the past decade zoophilic dermatophyte T. mentagophytes genotype VII (now known as T. interdigitale) gains a growing importance, due to its increasing frequency, the severity of the clinical manifestation and mode of transmission. Tinea infections present with various clinical symptoms and can affect individuals of all ages, from tinea pedis in adults to tinea capitis in children. Among adults globally, tinea unguium (onychomycosis) is the most common form of dermatophytosis, affecting 5.5% of the general population. Tinea unguium is more frequently seen in developed countries, while tinea capitis is more common in developing nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in cases of tinea faciei, likely due to prolonged mask-wearing. Terbinafine remains the preferred treatment for dermatophyte infections worldwide due to its potent fungicidal properties, minimal risk of drug interactions, and fewer side effects compared to other oral antifungals. Itraconazole and terbinafine appear to be equally effective and safe for treating tinea cruris and tinea corporis. However, the rising resistance of dermatophytes to these antifungal drugs, along with frequent recurrences of dermatophytosis in certain regions, is becoming a significant public health concern.}, } @article {pmid39567378, year = {2024}, author = {Gao, P and Morita, N and Shinkura, R}, title = {Role of mucosal IgA antibodies as novel therapies to enhance mucosal barriers.}, journal = {Seminars in immunopathology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {1}, pmid = {39567378}, issn = {1863-2300}, support = {JP223fa727001//AMED/ ; JP223fa727002//AMED/ ; JP17gm1010008//AMED/ ; JP243fa627001//AMED/ ; JP22zf0127009//AMED/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/metabolism ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; *Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology/metabolism ; Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology/metabolism ; Hypersensitivity/immunology/therapy/metabolism ; }, abstract = {To prevent infection, the experience of the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic has led to recognition of the importance of not only vaccines but also the strengthening of mucosal barriers by secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA). Strong mucosal barrier provided by IgA is also possible to prevent allergies and chronic inflammatory conditions in the intestinal tract, since it can protect foreign enemies or antigens at the first line of defense before their invasion. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of IgA antibodies secreted by the mucosa of the body. In this section, we discuss the role of mucosal IgA antibodies in relation to three disease states: control of intestinal microbiota, protection against infection, and allergy. In addition, we provide the evidence in which the quality as well as the quantity of IgA is critical for disease prevention. Therefore, we discuss about novel strategies to enhance mucosal barriers by induction of high-quality IgA.}, } @article {pmid39566344, year = {2024}, author = {Ross, A and Lennard, C and Roux, C}, title = {Forensic science: Where to from Here?.}, journal = {Forensic science international}, volume = {366}, number = {}, pages = {112285}, doi = {10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112285}, pmid = {39566344}, issn = {1872-6283}, abstract = {'Where to from Here' (WTFH) was the theme chosen for the 2023 meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS). This theme reflects the fact that forensic science is evolving rapidly, not only within individual sub-disciplines but, critically, across the whole forensic science landscape. Identifying and predicting evolutionary change will enable a more focused and constructive future for forensic science. The IAFS meeting originally scheduled for 2020 was cancelled due to the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 18 May 2021, an IAFS Virtual Event launched the Sydney Declaration as an integral part of the WTFH initiative. The Sydney Declaration articulates a definition and seven principles for forensic science and provides a much-needed platform for forensic science into the future. It is aspirational, not focused on organisations, techniques or protocols, and provides a shared understanding of forensic science and its principles. The 2023 IAFS meeting built on the Sydney Declaration, with five themes developed as the basis for eliciting information from delegates related to the WTFH concept. The themes were: (i) integration and harmonisation; (ii) digital transformation; (iii) research; (iv) education and training; and (v) technology. Information across these themes was gathered via short, sharply focused panel discussions in the final session of each of the 22 disciplines represented at the meeting. In addition, there was a panel-based seminar on the Sydney Declaration and a panel-based plenary session on the conference theme. Meeting delegates were also able to provide their thoughts during the meeting, and for a two-week post-conference window, via a dedicated meeting app. Information from all of these sources has been collated to provide a consolidated WTFH landscape for forensic science.}, } @article {pmid39565830, year = {2024}, author = {Hannon, PA and Harris, JR and Doody, DR}, title = {Opportunities to Improve Health Equity for Employees in Low-Wage Industries in the United States.}, journal = {Annual review of public health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071723-120104}, pmid = {39565830}, issn = {1545-2093}, abstract = {This review describes employees working in low-wage industries in the United States, their health risks, and their access to health promotion and other health-related resources through their employers. We use publicly available datasets to illustrate how low-wage jobs affect employees' social determinants of health, health risk behaviors, and chronic conditions. We also discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted these employees' and employers' health-related priorities and work settings. We describe employees' access to health supports through federal programs and their employers and the potential ways in which low-wage employers could support employee health and well-being. We close with a brief research and practice agenda to improve health equity for employees in low-wage industries. The goal of this review is to help practitioners and researchers in workplace health promotion, occupational health, and public health reach employees and employers in low-wage industries with interventions that address employees' health risks and employees' and employers' health priorities.}, } @article {pmid39424264, year = {2024}, author = {Almulla, AF and Thipakorn, Y and Zhou, B and Vojdani, A and Paunova, R and Maes, M}, title = {The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in long COVID disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Neuroscience}, volume = {563}, number = {}, pages = {268-277}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.10.021}, pmid = {39424264}, issn = {1873-7544}, mesh = {Humans ; *Kynurenine/metabolism/analogs & derivatives ; *Tryptophan/metabolism ; *COVID-19/metabolism ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent studies confirm the involvement of activated immune-inflammatory responses and increased oxidative and nitrosative stress in Long COVID (LC) disease. However, the influence of these pathways on the metabolism of tryptophan (TRP) through the TRP catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway and their mediating effects on LC pathophysiology, has not been fully explored.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis investigates peripheral TRP and TRYCAT levels and the TRYCAT pathway in patients with LC disease.

METHOD: This review utilized systematic searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and SciFinder, including 14 full-text articles and 1,167 participants, consisting of 480 patients with LC and 687 normal controls.

RESULTS: The results indicated a significant increase in the kynurenine (KYN)/TRP ratio, with a large effect size (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.755; confidence intervals, CI: 0.119;1.392), in LC patients compared to normal controls. Additionally, LC patients exhibited a significant decrease in TRP levels (SMD = -0.520, CI: -0.793; -0.246) and an increase in KYN levels after imputing missing studies (SMD = 1.176, CI: 0.474; 1.877), suggesting activation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme and upregulation of the TRYCAT pathway. No significant elevation in TRYCAT-related neurotoxicity, kynurenic acid (KA)/KYN and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK)/KYN ratios were observed in LC patients compared to normal controls.

CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that an activated TRYCAT pathway, characterized by decreased TRP levels and maybe elevated KYN levels, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of LC.}, } @article {pmid39389332, year = {2024}, author = {Smith, A and Arena, R and Bacon, SL and Faghy, MA and Grazzi, G and Raisi, A and Vermeesch, AL and Ong'wen, M and Popovic, D and Pronk, NP}, title = {Recommendations on the use of artificial intelligence in health promotion.}, journal = {Progress in cardiovascular diseases}, volume = {87}, number = {}, pages = {37-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.pcad.2024.10.003}, pmid = {39389332}, issn = {1873-1740}, mesh = {Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence/ethics ; *Health Promotion ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this perspective is to provide recommendations on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health promotion. To arrive at these recommendations, we followed a 6-step process. The first step was to recruit an international authorship team from the Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL- PIVOT) network. This enabled us to achieve an international perspective with insights from Canada, Great Britain, Kenya, Italy, and the US. A philosophical inquiry was conducted addressing 5 questions. What should the relationship be between humans and AI in health promotion? How can the public and professionals trust AI? How can we ensure AI is aligned with our values? How can we ensure the ethical use of data by AI? How can we control AI? 4 hypothetical scenarios were also developed to provide perspectives on: i) Artificial 'Versus' Human Intelligence; ii) AI Empowerment in Self-Care; iii) Could AI Improve Patient Provider Relationship; and iii) The Kenyan Cancer Patient at the Height of a Pandemic. Based on the philosophical inquiry and the scenarios 11 recommendations are made by the HL-PIVOT on the use of AI in health promotion. The golden thread running through these recommendations is a human centric approach. The recommendations begin by suggesting that workforce planning should take account of AI. They conclude with the statement that any serious incidents involving an AI in Health Promotion should be reported to the relevant regulatory authority.}, } @article {pmid39368636, year = {2024}, author = {Clarke, ADA and Copas, C and Hannon, O and Padgett, C and Knight, JM and Falkenberg, A and Varto, H and Mason, K and Wellington, CL and van Donkelaar, P and Marks, J and Shultz, SR and Symons, GF}, title = {Detecting a hidden pandemic: The current state and future direction of screening and assessment tools for intimate partner violence-related brain injury.}, journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews}, volume = {167}, number = {}, pages = {105912}, doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105912}, pmid = {39368636}, issn = {1873-7528}, mesh = {Humans ; *Intimate Partner Violence ; Brain Injuries/diagnosis/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Mass Screening/methods ; }, abstract = {Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major global concern, and IPV victim-survivors are at an increased risk of brain injury (BI) due to the physical assaults. IPV-BI can encompass both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and non-fatal strangulation (NFS), but IPV-BI often goes undetected and untreated due to a number of complicating factors. Therefore, the clinical care and support of IPV victim-survivors could be enhanced by BI screening and assessment in various settings (e.g., first responders, emergency departments, primary care providers, rehabilitation, shelters, and research). Further, appropriate screening and assessment for IPV-BI will support more accurate identifications, and prevalence estimates, improve understanding of health implications, and have the potential to inform policy decisions. Here we overview the seven available tools that have been used for IPV-BI screening and assessment purposes, including the BISA, BISQ-IPV, BAT-L/IPV, OSU TBI-ID, the HELPS, and the CHATS, and outline the advantages and disadvantages of these screening tools in the clinical, community, and research settings. Recommendations for further research to enhance the validity and utility of these tools are also included.}, } @article {pmid39327498, year = {2024}, author = {Wilson, DM and Zhou, Y and Bolaji-Osagie, S and Bryenton, FM and Dou, Q and Low, G}, title = {Hospital utilization by older and younger patients in Canada: pre-pandemic findings.}, journal = {Journal of public health policy}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {771-785}, pmid = {39327498}, issn = {1745-655X}, support = {0057713//Government of Alberta/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; Canada/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Adolescent ; *Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult ; Child ; Age Factors ; Male ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Aged, 80 and over ; Infant, Newborn ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Many countries are experiencing a post-pandemic surge in hospital utilization along with accelerating population aging. Maximal hospital efficiency is required, with utilization evidence essential for identifying appropriate hospital or broader health system reforms. We offer an investigation of the most recent pre-COVID year (2019-2020) of complete population-based hospital utilization data to describe and compare the use of hospitals by older (65+) and younger (0-64) people admitted for inpatient services in Canada. We found that 35.7% of all 1,888,133 admitted individuals and 39.8% of all 2,543,227 hospital episodes involved people aged 65+, representing 4,963,766 or 17.1% of the study population. This study, as do previous Canadian and other ones, found hospitals admit more younger people than older people. The admission and care patterns of both younger and older patients reveal a need for more community-based services to shorten older patient hospitalizations and prevent avoidable hospitalizations by both younger and older people.}, } @article {pmid39231657, year = {2024}, author = {Ogasawara, N and Matsunaga, K and Isomoto, H and Shimizu, W}, title = {Internal Medicine Year in Review 2023.}, journal = {Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {63}, number = {23}, pages = {3137-3140}, doi = {10.2169/internalmedicine.4396-24}, pmid = {39231657}, issn = {1349-7235}, mesh = {Humans ; *Internal Medicine/trends ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Periodicals as Topic ; Machine Learning ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The year 2023 marked a significant change for Internal Medicine, as the number of submissions related to the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) declined significantly and interest shifted to other disease fields and research areas. Our journal published its first articles on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), and these articles have shown that AI may be useful for the early detection of potential cardiac diseases, while ML can be used to predict the risk of serious illness in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, providing new possibilities for diagnoses and treatment. In addition to touching on the above, the present article also highlights the status of submissions to the journal (including the number of submissions and acceptance rate) in 2023.}, } @article {pmid39198191, year = {2024}, author = {Natsuki, Y and Nagata, Y and Nagasaki, T and Morimoto, M and Toi, N and Kurajoh, M and Morioka, T and Shoji, T and Imanishi, Y and Iwata, N and Fujisawa, H and Suzuki, A and Sugimura, Y and Emoto, M}, title = {A case of central diabetes insipidus after COVID-19 as a probable diagnosis of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis with positive anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies with review of literature.}, journal = {Endocrine journal}, volume = {71}, number = {12}, pages = {1165-1173}, doi = {10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0093}, pmid = {39198191}, issn = {1348-4540}, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic/drug therapy/diagnosis ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; Middle Aged ; *Autoimmune Hypophysitis/drug therapy/immunology/diagnosis/complications ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Autoantibodies/blood ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and various complications have been reported. Furthermore, there have been increasing reports of endocrinopathy related to COVID-19 following the pandemic. We report a 49-year-old healthy woman who developed rapid onset of polydipsia and polyuria three weeks after COVID-19. Laboratory tests indicated low urine osmolarity and increased serum osmolarity, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was undetectable. Urine osmolality remained low with water deprivation. Similarly, plasma ADH responses to hypertonic-saline infusion were blunted and urine osmolality increased in response to desmopressin. There was no clear evidence of anterior pituitary dysfunction. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed pituitary stalk thickening and absence of posterior pituitary bright signal spots, suggesting the presence of hypophysitis. Based on these results, we made a probable diagnosis of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis (LINH) which have caused central diabetes insipidus. Positive findings for serum anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies, reported as a potential diagnostic marker for LINH, were also noted. Following oral desmopressin administration, polydipsia and polyuria were quickly improved, though treatment with desmopressin was still required over four months. This is the first report of a patient with a probable diagnosis of LINH after COVID-19 who tested positive for anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies. Positive findings for those antibodies suggest that pituitary dysfunction associated with COVID-19 is hypophysitis involving an abnormal immune mechanism. The presence of anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies may be useful as a non-invasive diagnostic marker of LINH and potentially serve as a valuable diagnostic aid in cases of LINH associated with COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39115405, year = {2024}, author = {Scarpelli, S and Alfonsi, V and De Gennaro, L}, title = {Exploring the role of dreams: insights from recent studies.}, journal = {Current opinion in pulmonary medicine}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {583-588}, pmid = {39115405}, issn = {1531-6971}, mesh = {*Dreams/physiology/psychology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Brain/physiology ; Hallucinations/physiopathology/psychology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Dreaming has only recently become a topic of scientific research. This review updates current findings on dream studies, emphasizing recent research on the neural mechanisms of dreaming. Additionally, it summarizes new evidence on the functional role of dreams, including insights from studies on dreams and nightmares during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent advances on the neural basis of mental activity during sleep have shifted towards dream-related phenomena, such as dream experiences in relation to parasomnias and hypnagogic hallucinations. Although some findings are consistent with the main models explaining dream recall (i.e., continuity hypothesis; activation hypothesis), some results contrast with the role of parieto-occipital region in dream experience. Moreover, recent findings - related to COVID-19 pandemic - underlined that dream experiences could express emotion regulation processes as well as provide a simulation of reality to prepare for future dangerous or social interactions.

SUMMARY: Overall, we highlighted the intricate interplay between brain regions in dreaming and suggest that dreams serve multiple functions, from reflecting waking-life experiences to simulating adaptive responses to threats. Understanding the neural bases and functions of dreaming can provide valuable insights into human mental health, nevertheless, further research is needed.}, } @article {pmid37545195, year = {2024}, author = {Russo, M and Ismibayli, Z and Antonaci, S and Piccinni, GC}, title = {Eosinophilic myocarditis: from etiology to diagnostics and therapy.}, journal = {Minerva cardiology and angiology}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {656-673}, doi = {10.23736/S2724-5683.23.06297-X}, pmid = {37545195}, issn = {2724-5772}, mesh = {Humans ; *Myocarditis/etiology/diagnosis ; *Eosinophilia/diagnosis/etiology ; COVID-19/complications/diagnosis ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Biopsy ; Echocardiography ; }, abstract = {Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare, potentially life-threatening, form of inflammatory heart disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the myocardium. Different diseases are involved in its etiopathogeneses, such as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (or Churg-Strauss Syndrome), hypereosinophilic syndromes, parasitic infections, drug reactions, paraneoplastic syndromes and primary immunodeficiencies (e.g. Omenn Syndrome). There is a wide spectrum of clinical pictures at presentation ranging from chronic restrictive cardiomyopathy (Loeffler cardiomyopathy) to acute necrotizing myocarditis with cardiogenic shock. The genetic contribution and the environmental interplay, such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and related vaccines, are fields not well studied yet. Many non-invasive tools, mainly echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, along with invasive procedures, such as endomyocardial biopsy, are the crucial steps in the diagnostic workup. The correct diagnosis is a challenge but mandatory for timely and appropriate immunosuppressive therapy.}, } @article {pmid39565778, year = {2024}, author = {Pan, Z and Li, D and Zhang, L}, title = {TMPRSS2 in microbial interactions: Insights from HKU1 and TcsH.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e1012677}, pmid = {39565778}, issn = {1553-7374}, mesh = {Humans ; *Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; Microbial Interactions ; Exotoxins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2), known primarily for its role as a protease, has emerged as a critical receptor for microbial agents such as human coronavirus HKU1 and exotoxin TcsH. HKU1 utilizes both sialoglycan and TMPRSS2 for cellular entry, where sialoglycan primes the spike protein for TMPRSS2 binding. TMPRSS2 undergoes autocleavage to enhance its affinity for the HKU1 spike, facilitating viral membrane fusion postcleavage. Interestingly, TMPRSS2's catalytic function is dispensable for both HKU1 and TcsH interactions, suggesting alternative roles in pathogenesis. Structural insights highlight potential therapeutic targets against viral infections and cancers, leveraging TMPRSS2 interactions for drug development. Understanding the interplay between TMPRSS2 and microbes opens new avenues for targeting TMPRSS2 in developing treatments for infections.}, } @article {pmid39565102, year = {2025}, author = {Walters, J and Bryant, L and Hemsley, B}, title = {A systematic review of evidence relating to the use of telesupervision for speech-language pathology students on clinical placements.}, journal = {International journal of language & communication disorders}, volume = {60}, number = {1}, pages = {e13133}, doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.13133}, pmid = {39565102}, issn = {1460-6984}, support = {//Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship/ ; }, mesh = {*Speech-Language Pathology/education ; Humans ; Remote Consultation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The use of telepractice in delivering speech-language pathology services is increasing and speech-language pathologists are providing supervision to students on clinical placements through telesupervision. The review examined literature on telesupervision for speech-language pathology students on a clinical placement.

AIMS: To systematically review the literature on how, when, and why telesupervision is used by speech-language pathologists supervising students; and the views and experiences of students, practice educators, and clients on telesupervision.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines through searches in six databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Educational Resources Information Center). Quality of the studies was examined using the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs.

MAIN CONTRIBUTION: In total, the eight studies included in the review described the use of telesupervision with speech-language pathology students. The studies revealed that telesupervision is considered an effective supervision model for speech-language pathology students, as an adjunct to in-person supervision. Multiple aspects of telesupervision in the studies related to workplace settings, access to and training of technology, type of caseload, practice educator attributes, and the student-educator supervisory relationship.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Speech-language pathology educators and students consider telesupervision to be a useful and effective model of supervision, when used as an adjunct to in-person supervision. Although there is limited research to date examining the use of telesupervision in speech-language pathology, the findings of this review can be used to guide support of educators and students as well as inform future research in this area.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Telesupervision in speech-language pathology allows for an extension of clinical placement opportunities into a wider variety of locations including rural and remote settings and where a practice educator might not be available in person. Telesupervision can reduce costs and travel time and increase the time in the day available for supervision. What this study adds to existing knowledge Considering the potential for telesupervision to expand placement opportunities, this review provides important insights into educator and student views on its implementation and outcomes. All studies in this review occurred prior to COVID-19 restrictions on placements and so provide a context for any developments since and inform future research on telesupervision. What are the clinical implications of this work? While there is some evidence that practice educators and students alike consider that telesupervision can be effective, no studies were found to report on telesupervision as a standalone supervision method. Review findings could be used by speech-language pathology student placement co-ordinators and practice educators in (a) deciding if telesupervision holds potential for the specific work setting and clinical caseload, (b) determining if they have suitable technology and support in the use of the technology, and (c) identifying ways to support the educator-student relationship when using telesupervision.}, } @article {pmid39564892, year = {2024}, author = {Campisi, SC and Zasowski, C and Bradley-Ridout, G and Schumacher, A and Szatmari, P and Korczak, D}, title = {Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depression in children and adolescents.}, journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {CD014803}, pmid = {39564892}, issn = {1469-493X}, mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; Child ; *Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; *Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy ; *Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Male ; Depression/drug therapy ; COVID-19 ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) are well recognized as major contributors to the global burden of disease among adolescents. The prevalence of adolescent depression is estimated to have increased by at least 25% during the COVID-19 pandemic, compounding the already challenging problem of insufficient mental health service and service accessibility that existed prepandemic. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation is currently recommended as a preventive treatment for depression in high-risk adults as well as a second-line monotherapy for adults with mild to moderate MDD, and adjunctive to antidepressants for adults with moderate to severe MDD. The benefits of omega-3 PUFA intake on depressive illness have been hypothesized to occur as a result of their effect on neurotransmission, maintenance of membrane fluidity, and anti-inflammatory action. A comprehensive synthesis and quantification of the existing evidence on omega-3 PUFA's efficacy in treating depression among children and adolescents is essential for clinicians to provide informed guidance to young people and their families, especially considering the absence of current guidelines for this age group.

OBJECTIVES: Primary objective To determine the impact of omega-3 PUFA supplementation versus a comparator (e.g. placebo, wait list controls, no treatment/supplementation, or standard care) on clinician-diagnosed depression or self-reported depression symptoms in children and adolescents. Secondary objectives To estimate the size of the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on depression symptoms. To estimate the effect of each type of omega-3 PUFA (EPA or DHA), compared with placebo, on depression. To determine if the effect is modified by dosage, format (capsule or liquid), sex, or age. To determine compliance and attrition for omega-3 PUFAs as an intervention for depression in children and adolescents. To determine the safety of omega-3 PUFAs as an intervention for depression in children and adolescents.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases, reference lists of included studies, grey literature, and relevant reviews. The latest search date was 18 May 2023.

SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving males and females aged 19 years or younger with diagnosed depression comparing omega-3 PUFA supplementation to placebo, wait list control, no treatment/supplementation, or standard care.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were self-reported depression symptoms and clinically diagnosed resolution of depression. Our secondary outcomes were attrition, adverse effects, and compliance with the intervention. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for key outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS: We included five trials with 228 participants in our meta-analysis. All trials used a placebo comparator; intervention duration ranged from 10 to 16 weeks (median: 12 weeks). Omega-3 PUFA supplementation compared to placebo may reduce self-reported depression symptoms, but the evidence is very uncertain (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.85 to 0.17; lower SMD means greater improvement in depression due to omega-3 PUFA; 5 trials, 185 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Omega-3 PUFA supplementation may have little to no effect on remission of depression symptoms compared to placebo, but the evidence is very uncertain (omega-3 PUFA versus placebo: 50% versus 48%; odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.75; 4 trials, 127 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Omega-3 PUFA supplementation may result in little to no difference in attrition (dropouts) compared to placebo (omega-3 PUFA versus placebo: 18% versus 19%; OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.90; 5 trials, 228 participants; low-certainty evidence). Omega-3 PUFA supplementation may result in little to no difference in adverse effects, with one study reporting more muscle cramps in the fish oil group (13/27 participants) compared to the placebo group (6/29 participants); one study reported more frequent defecation in the omega-3 group (1/29 participants) and one study identified mild skin rash and unusual/manic behavior in the placebo group (2/27 participants). None of the included studies reported serious adverse effects.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on five small studies, omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce self-reported depression symptoms, but the evidence is very uncertain. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation may have little to no effect on depression remission compared to placebo, but the evidence is very uncertain. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation may result in little to no difference in attrition or adverse effects. The studies observed no serious adverse effects. This review highlights early-stage research on omega-3 PUFA and depression in young people. The evidence on the effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in improving self-reported depression symptoms or achieving depression remission in children and adolescents is very uncertain. While no harms are evident, more data are needed to confirm potential risks. Addressing current limitations in the evidence base through the design and conduct of methodologically rigorous studies - larger sample sizes, varied dosages, eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid ratios, treatment durations, and safety profiles - is crucial to advance our understanding of the role of omega-3 PUFA supplementation for depression in children and adolescents.}, } @article {pmid39563833, year = {2024}, author = {Alamri, HM and Alshagrawi, S}, title = {Factors Influencing Telehealth Adoption in Managing Healthcare in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {5225-5235}, pmid = {39563833}, issn = {1178-2390}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The utilization of telehealth as an effective means to provide quality services is steadily rising across different tiers of the health system. However, advancing telehealth utilization relies on the current healthcare systems' infrastructure, policies, cultural factors, and utilization requirements can influence the utilization of telehealth within Saudi Arabia's healthcare system.

PURPOSE: This study seeks to systematically review the literature related to examining the factors influencing telehealth adoption and identifying the barriers and determinants of the use of telehealth in Saudi's healthcare system.

METHODS: A systematic review methodology was utilized in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodology included an exploratory and narrative design, a dual-phase search strategy, eligibility criteria, and analysis. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was employed to assess the quality of the chosen papers.

RESULTS: The search yielded 3197 articles to which eligibility criteria were applied. Thirteen articles were deemed eligible, screened, and utilized for comprehensive analysis in the present study. Numerous articles indicated that the utilization of telehealth has risen in Saudi Arabia, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The investment strategies have aligned with the demand for telehealth systems. The primary challenges were resource limitations and the absence of cultural frameworks conducive to the utilization of telehealth in the country.

CONCLUSION: Telehealth represents a major technological breakthrough in the healthcare industry. However, there are some drawbacks to its adoption. The limited availability of Telehealth technologies poses a significant challenge. Secondly, relying solely on privatization might not adequately address the issue at hand. Third, there is a lack of knowledge and awareness regarding its associated benefits among healthcare staff. The establishment of telemedicine and telehealth infrastructure necessitates significant financial investment, which serves as a major factor and obstacle to the widespread adoption of telehealth.}, } @article {pmid39563417, year = {2024}, author = {Khazaee-Pool, M and Pashaei, T and Zarghani, M and Ponnet, K}, title = {Role of social innovations in health in the prevention and control of infectious diseases: a scoping review.}, journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {87}, pmid = {39563417}, issn = {2049-9957}, mesh = {Humans ; *Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Community Participation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The implementation of social innovations for addressing societal challenges, particularly in health, leverages community participation and technology to optimally meet social needs compared to traditional approaches. A key feature of these innovations is their ability to utilize existing capacities for contributing to resolving infectious disease outbreaks, which has attracted significant attention from health organizations. Given the potential of these innovations, this study has investigated social innovations in the prevention and control of infectious diseases as one of the major global challenges in the form of a comprehensive literature review.

METHODS: This review study examined the relevant literature from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2022. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 50 documents were retained and fully examined. The documents were analyzed by applying a thematic analysis, and important content related to the application of social innovations for the prevention and control of pandemic infectious diseases was extracted using a data collection form.

RESULTS: Five major themes concerning social innovation in the prevention and control of epidemic diseases were discerned as follows: new products, novel processes and policies, empowerment, innovative practices and behaviors, and community engagement. New products include technological products for control and management of epidemics, preventive products, diagnostic and therapeutic products. Novel processes and policies are related to reorienting and reorganizing care methods, control and monitoring policies, participatory and creative strategies. Empowerment is focused on enhancing the capabilities of health workers, community leaders, and communities. Innovative practices and behaviors involve technology-based participation and support mechanisms. Community engagement is related to awareness, consultation, community mobilization, and participation in production and support.

CONCLUSIONS: During the outbreak of infectious diseases, governments are faced with many challenges, including health, economic and social challenges. To answer these challenges, tools should be used that have the ability to answer the problem from several aspects. Social innovation as an appropriate process in response to health crises has led to new forms of relationships and empowered the communities. And to promote public health, it provides the opportunity for all members of the society to participate in crisis resolution and optimal use of resources.}, } @article {pmid38914144, year = {2025}, author = {Morrissey, PJ and Quinn, M and Mikolasko, B and Fadale, PD}, title = {Optimizing Safe Opioid Prescribing: A Paradigm Shift in Buprenorphine Management for Orthopaedic Surgery.}, journal = {The Journal of arthroplasty}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {8-12}, doi = {10.1016/j.arth.2024.06.052}, pmid = {38914144}, issn = {1532-8406}, mesh = {Humans ; *Buprenorphine/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; *Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects ; *Opioid-Related Disorders/prevention & control ; *Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy ; *Pain Management/methods ; COVID-19 ; Chronic Pain/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {The worsening opioid epidemic in the United States, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitates innovative approaches to pain management. Buprenorphine, a long-acting opioid, has gained popularity due to its safety profile and accessibility. Orthopaedic surgeons, encountering an increasing number of patients on buprenorphine, face challenges in perioperative management. This article will update orthopaedic surgeons on new developments in the understanding of buprenorphine as a pain reliever and share evidence-based practice guidelines for buprenorphine management. For patients on buprenorphine for opioid use disorder or chronic pain, the updated recommendation is to continue their home dose of buprenorphine through the perioperative period. The patient's buprenorphine prescriber should be contacted and notified of any impending surgery. The continuation of buprenorphine should be accompanied by a multimodal approach to analgesia, including a preoperative discussion about expectations of pain and pain control, regional anesthesia, standing acetaminophen, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs when possible, gabapentinoids at night for patients under 65 years, cryotherapy, elevation, and early mobilization. Patients can also be prescribed short-acting, immediate-release opioids for breakthrough pain. Transdermal buprenorphine is emerging as an excellent option for the management of acute perioperative pain in both elective and nonelective orthopaedic patients. A single patch can provide a steady dose of pain medication for up to 1 week during the postoperative period. A patch delivery method can help combat patient nonadherence and ultimately provide better overall pain control. In the future, transdermal buprenorphine patches could be applied in virtually all fracture surgery, spinal surgery, total joint arthroplasty, ligament reconstructions with bony drilling, etc. As the stigma surrounding buprenorphine decreases, further opportunities for perioperative use may develop.}, } @article {pmid39562432, year = {2024}, author = {Ahmed, N and Kumari, A and Murty, RS}, title = {FibroScan's evolution: a critical 20-year review.}, journal = {Journal of ultrasound}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39562432}, issn = {1876-7931}, abstract = {FibroScan, initially designed for assessing cheese maturity, has evolved into a crucial medical tool for liver fibrosis diagnosis. This systematic review explores its development history, functionality, and pros and cons compared to traditional liver biopsy. Precision in various clinical settings is scrutinised, emphasising FibroScan's accuracy in conditions like NAFLD and viral-induced liver disease. The article also delves into its potential in paediatrics, its relevance in monitoring COVID-19-related liver complications, and its role in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma risk, Technical aspects, including transducers, imaging integration, and portability, are examined. Various methods for evaluating liver fibrosis are discussed, highlighting FibroScan's suitability for advanced stages, contrasting with the gold standard of liver biopsy for early stages. The impact of FibroScan on long-term liver conditions is emphasised, focusing on early detection, progression monitoring, reduced invasive biopsies, and hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction. This systematic review underscores FibroScan's transformative potential in liver disease treatment and predicts ongoing research to enhance early detection, disease monitoring, and explore new clinical applications. Anticipated advances include FibroScan-guided liver biopsy, artificial intelligence data analysis, and point-of-care device development, promising a further revolution in liver disease management. The article concludes with optimistic prospects for FibroScan's future.}, } @article {pmid39562265, year = {2024}, author = {D'Onofrio, V and Sékaly, RP}, title = {The immune-endocrine interplay in sex differential responses to viral infection and COVID-19.}, journal = {Trends in immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.it.2024.10.004}, pmid = {39562265}, issn = {1471-4981}, abstract = {Men are at higher risk for developing severe COVID-19 than women, while women are at higher risk for developing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This highlights the impact of sex differences on immune responses and clinical outcomes of acute COVID-19 or PASC. A dynamic immune-endocrine interface plays an important role in the development of effective immune responses impacting the control of viral infections. In this opinion article we discuss mechanisms underlying the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of immune responses by sex hormones during viral infections. We propose that disruption of this delicate immune-endocrine interplay can result in worsened outcomes of viral disease. We also posit that insights into these immune mechanisms can propel the development of novel immunomodulatory interventions that leverage immune-endocrine pathways to treat viral infections.}, } @article {pmid39561303, year = {2024}, author = {Palaska, E and Golia, E and Zacharogianni, E and Bothou, A and Tziriridou-Chatzopoulou, M and Dagla, M and Antoniou, E and Orovou, E}, title = {Risk of Transmission of COVID-19 from the Mother to the Foetus: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of mother and child}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {94-101}, pmid = {39561303}, issn = {2719-535X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/transmission/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Female ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; Infant, Newborn ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Fetus ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: People's lives have been impacted in every way by the COVID-19 pandemic and it had a variety of effects on pregnancy and childbirth, including decreased access to healthcare providers who can attend to the needs of expectant mothers and their foetuses. These effects can be attributed to the infection's effects on the mother and foetus.

AIM: The aim of this research was to investigate the probability of vertical transmission of COVID-19 from the pregnant mother to the foetus.

METHODS: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases to identify original research articles published from 2019 to 2021. The search aimed to locate cohort studies, case series, and reports focusing on pregnant individuals with COVID-19, specifically those containing information on COVID-19 testing for foetuses or newborns.

RESULTS: In this systematic review, studies showed that the possibility of vertical transmission from a COVID-19-infected mother to the foetus or neonate is rare.

CONCLUSION: With regards to the theoretical framework proposed regarding the vertical transmission of COVID-19 from the pregnant woman to the foetus or neonate, there exists a potential risk of transmission. Nevertheless, documented instances of confirmed vertical transmission are limited and inadequately documented in the available literature.}, } @article {pmid39561143, year = {2024}, author = {Yau, T and Chan, J and McIntyre, M and Bhogal, D and Andreoli, A and Leochico, CFD and Bayley, M and Kua, A and Guo, M and Munce, S}, title = {Adverse events associated with the delivery of telerehabilitation across rehabilitation populations: A scoping review.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {e0313440}, pmid = {39561143}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *Telerehabilitation ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Telemedicine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to map existing research on adverse events encountered during telerehabilitation delivery, across rehabilitation populations. This includes identifying characteristics of adverse events (frequency/physical/non-physical, relatedness, severity) and examining adverse events by different modes of telerehabilitation delivery and disease states.

INTRODUCTION: Telerehabilitation, a subset of telemedicine, has gained traction during the COVID-19 pandemic for remote service delivery. However, no prior scoping review, systematic review, or meta-analysis has identified and summarized the current primary research on adverse events in telerehabilitation. Understanding adverse events, such as falls during physiotherapy or aspiration pneumonia during speech therapy, is crucial for identifying limitations and optimizing delivery through risk mitigation and quality indicators. This understanding could also help to improve the uptake of telerehabilitation among clinicians and patients. This review addresses this gap by summarizing published literature on adverse events during telerehabilitation.

METHODS: The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute framework and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The review protocol was registered and published on Open Science Framework. A comprehensive search across multiple databases (MEDLINE ALL/EMBASE/APA PsycINFO/CENTRAL/CINAHL) was conducted. Screening, extraction, and synthesis were performed in duplicate and independently. Data extraction followed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication framework and also involved extraction on authors, publication year (pre- or post-COVID), population, sample size, and modes of telerehabilitation delivery (asynchronous, synchronous, hybrid). For synthesis, data were summarized quantitatively using numerical counts and qualitatively via content analysis. The data were grouped by intervention type and by type of adverse event.

INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review included qualitative and quantitative studies published between 2013-2023, written in English, and conducted in any geographic area. All modes of telerehabilitation delivery were included. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, commentaries, protocols, opinion pieces, conference abstracts, and case series with fewer than five participants were excluded.

RESULTS: The search identified 11,863 references, and 81 studies were included in this review with a total of 3,057 participants (mean age:59.3 years; females:44.6%). Modes of telerehabilitation delivery (whether asynchronous, synchronous or hybrid) used in the studies included videoconferencing (52), phone calls (25), text messaging (4), email (6), mobile apps (10), and internet-based virtual reality systems (3). A total of 295 adverse events occurred during 84,534 sessions (0.3%), with the majority being physical (e.g., falls or musculoskeletal pain), non-serious/non-severe/mild, and unrelated to (i.e., not caused by) to the telerehabilitation provided.

CONCLUSIONS: From the 81 included studies, telerehabilitation was delivered with related adverse events being rare, and mostly characterized as mild/non-severe. A comparable occurrence of adverse events (~30%) was found between asynchronous and synchronous telerehabilitation studies. When categorized by disease type, cardiac telerehabilitation studies had the most frequent adverse events. Detailed reporting of telerehabilitation interventions and adverse event characteristics is recommended for future studies (i.e., use of TIDieR reporting guidelines). Telerehabilitation has the potential to make rehabilitation services more accessible to patients; however, more evidence on the safety of telerehabilitation is needed.}, } @article {pmid39560879, year = {2024}, author = {Pfefferbaum, B and Nitiéma, P and Dave, D and Van Horn, RL and Tucker, P}, title = {Children's Nutrition, Eating Behavior, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Current psychiatry reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39560879}, issn = {1535-1645}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the current review was to detail changes in children's diet, eating behavior, and weight in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RECENT FINDINGS: Global changes in children's diets and eating behavior occurred during the pandemic. Both undernutrition and obesity were prominent concerns. Obese children and those from low socioeconomic status families were particularly vulnerable. The COVID-19 pandemic increased longstanding global concern about child nutrition, both undernutrition and obesity. The pandemic and extended home confinement were associated with changes in children's food consumption, eating behavior, and ultimately weight. These changes were related to factors beyond food intake itself and included decreased physical activity, altered routines and schedules, sleep behaviors, and social concerns, among others. The findings have implications for both public health and clinical practice.}, } @article {pmid38599976, year = {2024}, author = {Freeman, SA and Zéphir, H}, title = {Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis: Rethinking the current treatment strategy.}, journal = {Revue neurologique}, volume = {180}, number = {10}, pages = {1047-1058}, doi = {10.1016/j.neurol.2023.12.013}, pmid = {38599976}, issn = {0035-3787}, mesh = {Humans ; *Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/immunology ; *Antigens, CD20/immunology ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; *Rituximab/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/immunology/complications/prevention & control ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/drug effects ; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are highly-effective B-cell-depleting therapies in multiple sclerosis (MS). These treatments have expanded the arsenal of highly effective disease-modifying therapies, and have changed the landscape in understanding the pathophysiology of MS and the natural course of the disease. Nevertheless, these treatments come at the cost of immunosuppression and risk of serious infections, diminished vaccination response and treatment-related secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. However, the COVID pandemic has given way to a possibility of readapting these therapies, with most notably extended dosing intervals. While these new strategies show efficacy in maintaining inflammatory MS disease control, and although it is tempting to speculate that tailoring CD20 therapies will reduce the negative outcomes of long-term immunosuppression, it is unknown whether they provide meaningful benefit in reducing the risk of treatment-related secondary hypogammaglobulinemia and serious infections. This review highlights the available anti-CD20 therapies that are available for treating MS patients, and sheds light on encouraging data, which propose that tailoring anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies is the next step in rethinking the current treatment strategy.}, } @article {pmid39560821, year = {2024}, author = {Carosi, G and Cremaschi, A and Giavoli, C and Ferrante, E and Mantovani, G}, title = {Hypopituitarism and COVID-19.}, journal = {Pituitary}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39560821}, issn = {1573-7403}, abstract = {PURPOSE: This review aims to collect and examine recent research findings regarding hypopituitarism and COVID-19, focusing on the virus's impact on the pituitary gland and the outcomes for infected patients with hormonal deficiencies.

METHODS: Literature review using PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The search included the following terms: "COVID19" in combination with "Pituitary" and "Hypopituitarism".

RESULTS: Many studies have aimed to evaluate the function of the pituitary gland in infected patients, revealing variable degrees of deficiencies. The results are very heterogenous mostly because many different tests and hormonal cut-off have been adopted. It is unclear whether primary virus damage or the inflammatory response is responsible for these hormonal alterations. Interestingly, pituitary defects may persist long after the initial infection, possibly contributing to the "Long COVID syndrome". However, data on the recovery of pituitary function and long-term follow-up are not yet available. On the other hand, although findings are not consistent, patients with hypopituitarism may be at a higher risk for COVID-19 infection rate, complications, and mortality.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges for endocrinologists. The endocrine system appears to be involved in both the acute phase of infection and the recovery period. Hypopituitarism can be a consequence of SARS-COV-2 infection, and patients with existing hypopituitarism may face higher risks of complications. It is advisable to educate these patients on how to adjust their replacement therapies. Long-term follow-up data on pituitary function after recovery from COVID-19 are needed.}, } @article {pmid39560031, year = {2024}, author = {Yuruker, O and Yılmaz, İ and Güvenir, M}, title = {The Symbiotic Defence: Lung Microbiota and The Local Immune System.}, journal = {The new microbiologica}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {195-200}, pmid = {39560031}, issn = {1121-7138}, mesh = {Humans ; *Lung/microbiology/immunology ; *Microbiota ; *Symbiosis ; Animals ; Immune System ; Bacteria/classification/isolation & purification ; Lung Diseases/microbiology/immunology ; }, abstract = {Microbiota defines all microorganisms that are vital for our immunological, hormonal, and metabolic homeostasis by living symbiotically in different parts of our body. On the other hand, the microbiome is a collection of microorganisms that can be detected together. The lungs are constantly exposed to airborne microorganisms found in the upper respiratory tract. Until recently, the lower respiratory tract was considered sterile, as bacteria were rarely isolated from the lungs by conventional culture methods. Most chronic inflammatory lung diseases are caused by dysregulation of the lung microbiota, which has been discussed in many review papers. However, little is known whether microbiota dysymbiosis is a consequence or a cause of these diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of lung microbiota and lung immunity.}, } @article {pmid39559556, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, YH and Hsieh, YS}, title = {A Narrative Review of Impact of Incentive Spirometer Respiratory Training in Long COVID.}, journal = {International journal of general medicine}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {5233-5246}, pmid = {39559556}, issn = {1178-7074}, abstract = {Long COVID refers to symptoms that appear 3 months after initial infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and last for at least 2 months, not attributable to other diagnoses. This health issue significantly burdens patients' quality of life, the economy, and society. Improving the af-termath of COVID-19 is a crucial global health issue in the post-pandemic era. According to current results, it is evident that developing a simple, low-cost respiratory training method that can be easily used at home by themselves with long Coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms (long COVID) is an important and urgent issue. The incentive spirometer is widely used in physical, speech, and respiratory therapy, as well as in preventing postoperative pulmonary infections and improving sputum clearance. However, to date, the role of incentive spirometer respiratory training in long COVID symptoms is still limited. In this literature review is presented to explore the effectiveness of incentive spirometer respiratory training in alleviating symptoms among individuals recovering from long COVID. We also compile non-invasive assessment methods, with the aim to enable individuals to undergo training and assessments conveniently at home or in the community. In this review, a literature review approach was utilized to explore the effectiveness of incentive spirometer intervention in alleviating long-term COVID symptoms. This study is to synthesize the findings of articles published during January 2019 and December 2023 retrieved from PubMed/CINAHL/MEDLINE/ Google Scholar without re-strictions on study type. We ultimately identified seven articles and have summarized similar past studies. This review could contribute to improving symptoms related to long COVID by incentive spirometer respiratory training and serve as practical reference material for clinical medical staff and provide insights for healthcare policymakers in de-veloping guidelines for future research directions, clinical guidance, and educational strategies in the context of nursing care.}, } @article {pmid39559555, year = {2024}, author = {Heavner, SF and Kumar, VK and Anderson, W and Al-Hakim, T and Dasher, P and Armaignac, DL and Clermont, G and Cobb, JP and Manion, S and Remy, KE and Reuter-Rice, K and Haendel, M}, title = {Critical Data for Critical Care: A Primer on Leveraging Electronic Health Record Data for Research From Society of Critical Care Medicine's Panel on Data Sharing and Harmonization.}, journal = {Critical care explorations}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {e1179}, pmid = {39559555}, issn = {2639-8028}, mesh = {*Electronic Health Records/standards ; *Critical Care/standards ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination/ethics/methods ; Societies, Medical ; }, abstract = {A growing body of critical care research draws on real-world data from electronic health records (EHRs). The bedside clinician has myriad data sources to aid in clinical decision-making, but the lack of data sharing and harmonization standards leaves much of this data out of reach for multi-institution critical care research. The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) Discovery Data Science Campaign convened a panel of critical care and data science experts to explore and document unique advantages and opportunities for leveraging EHR data in critical care research. This article reviews and illustrates six organizing topics (data domains and common data elements; data harmonization; data quality; data interoperability and digital infrastructure; data access, sharing, and governance; and ethics and equity) as a data science primer for critical care researchers, laying a foundation for future publications from the SCCM Discovery Data Harmonization and Sharing Guiding Principles Panel.}, } @article {pmid39558491, year = {2024}, author = {Dos Reis, RS and Selvam, S and Ayyavoo, V}, title = {Neuroinflammation in Post COVID-19 Sequelae: Neuroinvasion and Neuroimmune Crosstalk.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {e70009}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.70009}, pmid = {39558491}, issn = {1099-1654}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology/complications/pathology ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/immunology/virology/pathology/etiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Neuroimmunomodulation ; Inflammation/immunology/virology ; Brain/virology/immunology/pathology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/virology/immunology/etiology ; }, abstract = {The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 triggered a swift global spread, leading to a devastating pandemic. Alarmingly, approximately one in four individuals diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience varying degrees of cognitive impairment, raising concerns about a potential increase in neurological sequelae cases. Neuroinflammation seems to be the key pathophysiological hallmark linking mild respiratory COVID-19 to cognitive impairment, fatigue, and neurological sequelae in COVID-19 patients, highlighting the interaction between the nervous and immune systems following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how the virus disrupts physiological pathways to trigger inflammation within the CNS, potentially leading to neuronal damage. These include neuroinvasion, systemic inflammation, disruption of the lung and gut-brain axes, and reactivation of latent viruses. This review explores the potential origins of neuroinflammation and the underlying neuroimmune cross-talk, highlighting important unanswered questions in the field. Addressing these fundamental issues could enhance our understanding of the virus's impact on the CNS and inform strategies to mitigate its detrimental effects.}, } @article {pmid39557658, year = {2024}, author = {Franke, A and Bieler, D and Achatz, G}, title = {[Crisis treatment in emergency and disaster medicine from the perspective "trauma surgery" : Terminology, scenarios, existing concepts and challenges].}, journal = {Unfallchirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany)}, volume = {127}, number = {12}, pages = {839-848}, pmid = {39557658}, issn = {2731-703X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Disaster Medicine/methods ; *Terminology as Topic ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Disaster Planning/organization & administration ; Emergency Medical Services/organization & administration ; Traumatology/organization & administration ; }, abstract = {The war in Ukraine and the pandemic triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have brought the resilience of our healthcare system and the preparation for disaster medical situations into the focus of a broad and current professional discussion. All measures to improve medical care in disasters can be subsumed under the umbrella term civil health protection. Most damage events that result from the realization of the risks in our daily lives in the sense of a catastrophe or damage situation result in an acute presentation of injured people with an exceedance or a restriction of the treatment capacity of a hospital. Both lead to a shortage situation that endangers patients and that may require applying the principles and concepts of disaster medicine and activating the hospital alarm and deployment plan for structured implementation. As the clinics of the TraumaNetworks DGU® represent an essential pillar of trauma care in the event of a disaster, a prerequisite for dealing with a damage situation is to know the elements of the organization, competences and responsibilities as well as to elucidate the role of the hospitals from the perspective of trauma surgery. This article presents the principles of the nomenclature of medical care in disasters, organization and possible coping strategies and discusses the principles of risk stratification in the preparation. All of this happens with the aim of optimizing the preparation and functioning of one's own hospital in the event of damage or a disaster.}, } @article {pmid39557615, year = {2024}, author = {Lartey, A and Guthiga, P and Tefara, W and Badiane, O and Thiam, A and Fawzi, W and Madzorera, I}, title = {Transforming Africa's food systems: building resilience to deliver healthy diets.}, journal = {The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-26}, doi = {10.1017/S0029665124007481}, pmid = {39557615}, issn = {1475-2719}, abstract = {Food systems in Africa are under pressure from climate change, conflicts, health pandemics such as COVID-19 and rising food prices. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted weaknesses in global food systems and indeed Africa's was not spared. Although COVID-19 mortality and morbidity in Africa were relatively low in comparison to other regions, the containment measures employed by countries amplified a rather dire situation. Disruptions were seen in livelihoods, food value chains, increases in food prices and loss of income. These changes affected access to nutritious foods. A resilient food system that can withstand and recover from disruption and shocks will be important for ensuring access to healthy diets for all. This review paper assesses the state of food insecurity and malnutrition situation pre-COVID-19 and the impact of COVID-19 on Africa's food systems and access to healthy diet. To put Africa on a path to accelerated recovery, a resilient and sustainable food system will be crucial. The following recommendations are made: i) increasing agriculture productivity, with special attention to the foods that contribute to healthy diets- fruits and vegetables, and animal source foods ii) promoting the production and consumption of nutritious African traditional and indigenous foods iii) transforming Africa's food systems to be gender-sensitive iv) investing in well-targeted social protection programs v) supporting food environments that protect healthy diets and vi) employing data and information to monitor food systems transformation.}, } @article {pmid39557538, year = {2024}, author = {Feng, XJ and Liu, XH and Chen, W}, title = {[Research progress on eosinophilic myocarditis associated with COVID-19].}, journal = {Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi}, volume = {52}, number = {11}, pages = {1343-1348}, doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20240903-00508}, pmid = {39557538}, issn = {0253-3758}, mesh = {*Myocarditis/etiology/virology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Eosinophils ; Eosinophilia/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, } @article {pmid39557517, year = {2024}, author = {Davis, MD}, title = {2023 Year in Review: High-Flow Nasal Cannula for COVID-19.}, journal = {Respiratory care}, volume = {69}, number = {12}, pages = {1587-1591}, doi = {10.4187/respcare.12580}, pmid = {39557517}, issn = {1943-3654}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; *Cannula ; *Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods/instrumentation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, led to a pandemic of acute respiratory illness that is ongoing. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a commonly used form of respiratory support during acute respiratory distress and is used to treat patients with COVID-19 in many centers. Due to the novel nature of COVID-19 at the onset of the pandemic, evidence to support the use and best practices of HFNC for treating patients with COVID-19 was lacking. This is a review of key peer-reviewed manuscripts from 2022-2023 discussing the efficacy and best practices for using HFNC for patients with COVID-19. Efficacy of HFNC for COVID-19, the use of the respiratory oxygenation index to guide HFNC for COVID-19, and concerns of generated/fugitive aerosols when using HFNC for COVID-19 are emphasized.}, } @article {pmid39557412, year = {2024}, author = {Konono, KCC and Msusa, K and Mpinganjira, S and Amani, A and Nyagupe, C and Ngigi, M}, title = {Technological Barriers to Routine Genomic Surveillance for Vaccine Development Against SARS-CoV-2 in Africa: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Influenza and other respiratory viruses}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {e70047}, pmid = {39557412}, issn = {1750-2659}, mesh = {Humans ; Africa/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; *Genomics ; Vaccine Development ; Genome, Viral ; }, abstract = {The Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, a public-access database for sharing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomic sequencing data, has received significantly less data from African countries compared to the global total. Furthermore, the contribution of these data was infrequent and, for some countries, non-existent. The primary aim of this review is to identify the technological barriers to routine genomic surveillance in Africa. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant articles, and other eligible articles were identified from the reference list examination according to the PRISMA checklist. Eighty-four full-text articles were analysed for eligibility, and 49 published full-texted articles were included in the final qualitative analysis. The main technological barriers identified were limited genomic surveillance capacity, limited genomic sequencing infrastructure, lack of resources and skilled or trained scientists, and the high cost of importing, establishing, and maintaining a genomic sequencing facility. The Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative aims to improve genomic surveillance capacity across Africa, through resources, training, education, infrastructure, and regional sequencing centres. Furthermore, collaborations between African governments and international partners or national, private, and academic institutions are imperative to sustain genomic surveillance in Africa, and investment in genomic sequencing and research and development is paramount. Longer turnaround times interfere with global viral evolution monitoring and national implementation of effective policies to reduce the burden and disease. Establishing effective genomic surveillance systems guides public health responses and vaccine development for diseases endemic in Africa.}, } @article {pmid38639270, year = {2025}, author = {Kaur, M and Sandhu, R and Aggarwal, A}, title = {Recombinant ACE2 - Opportunities and Challenges in COVID-19 Treatment.}, journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {e180424229061}, pmid = {38639270}, issn = {2212-3989}, mesh = {Humans ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {It was in 2019 that the world experienced the devastation caused by SARS-CoV-2, contributing to a large number of deaths. This contagious virus not only challenged the health care system but has also hit the economy very badly. There has been a lot of research on effective vaccine development, and there has been some success in the same, but no effective antiviral drugs are available in the market. No doubt vaccination can prevent the disease, but it doesn't have the potential to cure an infected person, for which there is a dire need to develop some effective drug. Angiotensin convertase enzyme 2 (ACE2) played a substantial role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and thus has gained much attention during the pandemic. Moreover, it has opened up new avenues for the cure of COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39559520, year = {2023}, author = {Steinberg, RS and Dicken, W and Cutchins, A}, title = {Narrative Review of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Associated Conditions and Management Strategies.}, journal = {US cardiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {e13}, pmid = {39559520}, issn = {1758-390X}, abstract = {Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a heterogeneous disorder that presents with positional tachycardia and a constellation of other symptoms. Peer-reviewed evidence for treatment options is limited. In addition, there are various associated conditions with overlapping symptoms. These factors can make the diagnosis and management of POTS a frustrating experience for both providers and patients. This paper aims to combine available scientific data with anecdotal evidence derived from extensive clinical experience to provide information on recognizing the clinical features of POTS, identifying associated conditions, and understanding treatment strategies to help providers better diagnose and manage patients with this condition.}, } @article {pmid39557407, year = {2024}, author = {Hong, R and Chong, Y and Chae, SW and Lee, SS and Gong, G}, title = {Development of CytoAcademy: a new web- and mobile-based E-learning platform for cytopathologists and cytotechnologists by the Korean Society for Cytopathology in the post-pandemic era.}, journal = {Journal of pathology and translational medicine}, volume = {58}, number = {6}, pages = {261-264}, pmid = {39557407}, issn = {2383-7837}, abstract = {Since the late 1990s, online e-learning has offered unparalleled convenience and affordability, becoming increasingly popular among pathologists. Traditional learning theories have been successfully applied to web/mobile-based learning systems, with mobile technologies even enhancing conventional offline education. In cytopathology, hands-on microscope training has traditionally been paramount, complemented by real-case presentations and lectures. However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted regular academic activities, making online e-learning platforms essential. We designed a web/mobile-based learning platform to enhance continued medical education in cytopathology at various levels, particularly during the era of COVID-19 and beyond. Since 2021, we have integrated curriculum materials, virtual education files, and whole-slide images (WSIs) of cytopathology, submitted from over 200 institutions across Korea, with the support of numerous instructors. We develop a new e-learning platform named "CytoAcademy" composed of a basic session for each organ and level across the range of morphologic findings; on-demand lectures to enhance cytopathologic knowledge; WSI archives that allow users to explore various histologically confirmed cases; and a self-assessment test to help organize diagnostic knowledge acquired through the web/mobile-friendly learning system. The platform provides not just an opportunity to achieve a correct diagnosis, but also a learning experience based on problem-solving point. Members interact, identify their deficiencies, and focus on specific educational materials. In this manner, all participants can actively engage in creating and maintaining knowledge and foster a proactive approach to learning.}, } @article {pmid39557345, year = {2024}, author = {Lee, SJV and FRCOphth, and Goh, YQ and Rojas-Carabali, W and Cifuentes-González, C and Cheung, CY and Arora, A and de-la-Torre, A and Gupta, V and Agrawal, R}, title = {Association between retinal vessels caliber and systemic health: A comprehensive review.}, journal = {Survey of ophthalmology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.009}, pmid = {39557345}, issn = {1879-3304}, abstract = {The unique nature of the retinal microvasculature that permits non-invasive visualization has garnered interest as a potential method for detecting microvascular alterations indicative of systemic diseases. This concept, supported by advancements in imaging technologies, has been increasingly validated by studies linking retinal microvasculature with systemic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease. Structural changes in the retinal microvasculature are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic diseases, and are significant predictors of systemic hypertensive damage and mortality. Given that most systemic diseases present life-long burdens and complications if undetected or untreated, the development of diagnostic tools like retinal vascular imaging becomes important for early detection, monitoring of disease progression, and facilitating timely interventions. Technological advancements have enabled objective and accurate quantification of retinal microvascular characteristics. We consolidate current literature on retinal vascular changes across various systemic health conditions, including metabolic diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, pregnancy complications, systemic inflammatory conditions, leukemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and COVID-19. We also emphasizes the need for dynamic parameters, an understanding of 3-dimensional vascular architecture, and larger-scale longitudinal studies to elucidate the temporal relationship between retinal vascular changes and systemic diseases, helping shape future diagnostic and monitoring approaches.}, } @article {pmid39556587, year = {2024}, author = {Ghezzawi, M and Fahme, S and Naalbandian, S and DeJong, J and , }, title = {Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intra-household gender disparities in the Middle East and North Africa region: A scoping review protocol.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {e0313838}, pmid = {39556587}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Africa, Northern/epidemiology ; Middle East/epidemiology ; Female ; Male ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Family Characteristics ; Sexism ; Health Services Accessibility ; Gender Equity ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is a global outlier both for its low female labor force participation and investment in early childhood development services, and consistently ranks lowest on global rankings of gender parity. While the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global gender inequity has been acknowledged, specific challenges faced by partnered-women in MENA are underexplored. Additionally, with over half of the region affected by conflict and displacement, exploring these impacts sheds light on understudied gender disparities in humanitarian contexts during the pandemic. This scoping review aims to examine intra-household gender disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic, adding to a more comprehensive understanding of this particular public health emergency's worldwide ramifications. The hypothesis is that the pandemic has exacerbated women's pre-existing constraints in the MENA region, worsening gender inequities in economic empowerment, healthcare access, and general well-being.

METHODS: This review will explore intra-household gender disparities in decision-making, household labor division, economic independence, health, and access to resources and services during the COVID-19 pandemic that have been reported to have been affected by COVID-19 globally. Following PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews, a comprehensive search will be conducted in APA PsycINFO, Arab World Research Source: Al Masdar, EconLit, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection, in consultation with an information specialist. Studies in English, French and Arabic from January 2020 to August 2024 will be included. Four independent reviewers will screen studies, and data will be charted, coded, and narratively synthesized.

DISCUSSION: This review is expected to shed light on gender disparities in healthcare accessibility, mobility, and decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic across low- and middle-income countries in the MENA region, adding to the global literature.}, } @article {pmid39554980, year = {2024}, author = {Iong, MT}, title = {Ethical Healthcare During Public Health Emergencies: A Focus on Non-COVID-19 Patients.}, journal = {Risk management and healthcare policy}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {2803-2810}, pmid = {39554980}, issn = {1179-1594}, abstract = {Governments worldwide have made significant efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, measures against the COVID-19 outbreak have raised concerns relating to the measures that can affect health and endanger the lives of patients not related to COVID-19 but needing emergency treatments. For instance, ambulances were sometimes unable to access restricted zones for patients in urgent situations, and emergency departments were closed or refused urgent cases due to healthcare policies during the pandemic. To prevent such issues in future public health emergencies, changes to existing pandemic prevention measures are necessary. This article, through narrative review, intends to find a better healthcare policy during pandemic to protect proportionally public health and simultaneously guarantee the health and lives of non-COVID-19 patients needing emergency care. For this purpose, it provides three suggestions: ensuring ambulance access to confined areas, strengthening emergency department capabilities, and finding a balance between pandemic control and respect for patient rights. These suggestions are paramount to safeguard public health while securing the health and living for those needing urgent medical care.}, } @article {pmid39554832, year = {2024}, author = {Baek, J and Lee, S and Lee, J and Park, J and Choi, E and Kang, SS}, title = {Utilization of Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Postbiotics and Their Role in Mental Health Therapeutics.}, journal = {Food science of animal resources}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {1252-1265}, pmid = {39554832}, issn = {2636-0780}, abstract = {As consumers become more interested in healthier lifestyles, the global functional food market is expanding. Probiotics have gained attention because of their numerous health benefits to the host and may even treat various pathological conditions. Probiotics interact with host cells, and particularly, probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are key factors in the health benefits of probiotics. Additionally, extracellular vesicles are nano-scaled lipid-bilayer particles that carry various biological molecules, indicating potential as new postbiotics that can provide the same health benefits as probiotics while complementing the side effects associated with probiotics. The importance of mental health care is becoming increasingly prominent considering societal conditions, such as the recent aging population and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, the response to mental health issues among modern individuals is insufficient, and there is a need for the development of new personalized treatments to overcome the limitations of current mental health therapies. PEVs have various physiological functions, including mediating cellular communication in the central nervous system, which indicates associations among mental disorders. Therefore, we focused on the beneficial effects of PEVs on the brain and mental health. Recent research has shown that PEVs can adjust the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating antidepressant and cognitive function improvement effects. This suggests that PEVs have potential as therapeutic agents for improving mental health and treating brain disorders. Based on this, we review these findings and present the beneficial effects of PEVs on mental health and the challenges that need to be addressed.}, } @article {pmid37897396, year = {2024}, author = {Laryea, ET and Nichols, JH}, title = {Implementing Individualized quality control plans and managing risk at the point-of-care for molecular diagnostics.}, journal = {Expert review of molecular diagnostics}, volume = {24}, number = {11}, pages = {971-977}, doi = {10.1080/14737159.2023.2277374}, pmid = {37897396}, issn = {1744-8352}, mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/virology ; *Quality Control ; *Point-of-Care Testing/standards ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Risk Management/methods ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods/standards ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Faster turnaround times can lead to rapid patient treatment. Implementing a point-of-care (POC) molecular COVID-19 test requires careful planning. In the POC setting, there are numerous operators and regular monitoring of their activities is key to the successful implementation of a POC molecular test. Test errors can arise from samples, operators, reagents, the testing system, and even from the environment. These sources of error should be considered when implementing a new test.

AREAS COVERED: We outline the importance of establishing well-defined policies for staff to follow at the preanalytic, analytic and postanalytic phases of SARS-CoV-2 testing. As these factors are crucial for the accuracy and reliability of the test results. The key discussion points are from the CLSI EP23-Ed2 document on developing individualized quality control plans and medical literature search engines such as EMBASE, MEDLINE and MedlinePlus.

EXPERT OPINION: The risk management principles applied when implementing nucleic acid POC tests can identify specific control processes to help mitigate common sources of error when conducting molecular testing at the POC.}, } @article {pmid39554695, year = {2024}, author = {Rahim, FO and Fallah, M and Jain, U and Richardson, ET and Ndembi, N and Ngongo, N and Kaseya, J}, title = {Challenges and Ongoing Actions to Address the Mpox Emergency in Africa.}, journal = {Annals of global health}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {68}, pmid = {39554695}, issn = {2214-9996}, mesh = {Humans ; Africa ; *Mpox (monkeypox)/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Emergencies ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {This review examines key events, challenges, and responses to the mpox public health emergency following the Africa CDC's declaration of a Public Health Emergency of Continental Concern on August 13, 2024. In response to the crisis, over 3.6 million vaccine doses and more than $150 million in funding have been mobilized globally, with contributions from the United States, European Union, and Japan. However, challenges persist, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where a humanitarian crisis in Kinshasa has complicated mpox diagnostics and treatment. In response, the Africa CDC has deployed its One Continental Incident Management Support team, with a focus on decentralizing diagnostics and enhancing sample movement through additional PCR equipment, funded by the Pandemic Fund and USAID. To reinforce laboratory diagnostics, surveillance, and case management, the Africa CDC has adopted a comprehensive "One Team, One Plan, One Budget, One M&E" approach and has deployed 72 epidemiologists to improve data integration. Collaborative efforts with WHO, GAVI, and UNICEF aim to expedite vaccine distribution, with a target of 10 million doses by 2025, alongside enhanced vaccine safety monitoring.}, } @article {pmid39554268, year = {2024}, author = {Barker-Haliski, M and DePaula-Silva, AB and Pitsch, J and Sontheimer, H and Hirsch, LJ and Galanopoulou, AS and Kearney, JA}, title = {Brain on Fire: How Brain Infection and Neuroinflammation Drive Worldwide Epilepsy Burden.}, journal = {Epilepsy currents}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {15357597241242238}, pmid = {39554268}, issn = {1535-7597}, abstract = {Roughly 80% of the global burden of epilepsy resides in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; WHO, 2022). Despite numerous new therapies for the treatment of epilepsy, the number of patients who remain resistant to available medications is unchanged. Additionally, no therapy has yet been clinically proven to prevent or attenuate the development of epilepsy in at-risk individuals. Unfortunately, access to next generation therapies in LMICs is low, the stigma associated with epilepsy remains high, and access to adequate resources is unchanged. Thus, the global epilepsy burden disproportionately falls on LMICs such that strategies to conscientiously integrate global epilepsy risk factors into preclinical research may meaningfully advance 21st century epilepsy therapies. Brain infections are one of the main risk factors for epilepsy in resource-poor settings. Further, both infection- and autoimmune-associated encephalitis contribute to worldwide epilepsy risk and remain relatively understudied. For example, clinical SARS CoV-2 infection can induce rare instances of encephalopathy and acute seizures. Among viruses known to cause acute brain infection, enteroviruses increase risk for encephalitis-induced epilepsy, but are not associated with risk for other neurodevelopmental disorders (eg, autism spectrum or attentional deficit hyperactivity disorders). Naturally occurring models of viral infection-induced epilepsy therefore provide an exquisite opportunity to uncover novel contributors to epileptogenesis. Moreover, the convergent neuroinflammatory pathways that are associated with viral infection-induced encephalitis and autoimmune encephalitis reflect an untapped therapeutic opportunity to meaningfully reduce the global burden of epilepsy. This review summarizes the latest advances in translational research integrating encephalitis-induced seizure and epilepsy models, in tandem with progress in clinical diagnosis of inflammation and virally mediated epilepsy. This improved awareness of the shared biological underpinnings of epileptogenesis following brain infection or autoimmune encephalitis is anticipated to beneficially impact the global burden of epilepsy.}, } @article {pmid39553599, year = {2024}, author = {Ngo, N and Nguyen, H and Nguyen, Y and Le, S}, title = {How does the Vietnamese stock market react when the Fed gives an announcement in time at the zero lower bound?.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {e40047}, pmid = {39553599}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {This study analyzes the impact of US's UMP announcements on the Vietnamese stock market during the 2008 GFC and COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing an event study methodology, it examines both market-wide and sectors-specific stock reactions. The findings reveal overall positive market responses to UMP news in both periods, but with notable differences across industries and crises. During the COVID-19 pandemic, real estate, industrials, materials, and finance sectors exhibited significantly stronger positive reactions compared to the GFC. These sectors maintained positive AARs and CAARs with high statistical significance, suggesting heightened sensitivity to UMP during the pandemic-induced economic downturn. Furthermore, the financial and real estate sectors significantly outperformed their GFC responses during COVID-19, indicating a potential shift in investor sentiment and risk appetite towards these sectors amidst the pandemic's unique economic landscape. This research provides valuable insights into the diverse impacts of UMP across different sectors and crisis contexts.}, } @article {pmid39552098, year = {2024}, author = {Salum, GM and Abd El Meguid, M and Fotouh, BE and Dawood, RM}, title = {Impacts of host factors on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression.}, journal = {Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {493-517}, doi = {10.1080/15321819.2024.2429538}, pmid = {39552098}, issn = {1532-4230}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; Disease Progression ; Disease Susceptibility ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; }, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, is the third coronavirus responsible for a global epidemic, following SARS-CoV (2002) and MERS-CoV (2012). Given the recent emergence of COVID-19, comprehensive immunological data are still limited. The susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection are influenced by various host factors, including hormonal changes, genetic variations, inflammatory biomarkers, and behavioral attitudes. Identifying genetic factors contributing to infection severity may accelerate therapeutic development, including drug repurposing, natural extracts, and post-vaccine interventions (Initiative and Covid, 2021). This review discusses the human protein machinery involved in (a) SARS-CoV-2 host receptors, (b) the human immune response, and (c) the impact of demographic and genetic differences on individual risk for COVID-19. This review aims to clarify host factors implicated in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and progression, highlighting potential therapeutic targets and supportive treatment strategies.}, } @article {pmid39551439, year = {2024}, author = {Wurm, J and Ritz, N and Zimmermann, P}, title = {COVID-19 in children: Evolving epidemiology, immunology, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, post covid conditions, prevention strategies, and future directions.}, journal = {The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2024.11.012}, pmid = {39551439}, issn = {1097-6825}, abstract = {The epidemiology of COVID-19 in children has evolved throughout the pandemic, with initially low infection rates rising significantly due to the emergence of the more transmissible Omicron variant. Adolescents, children from ethnic minorities and lower-income households, and those with obesity are at increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The immune response in children leads to milder symptoms compared to adults, with fever and cough being most frequent; tough symptoms vary by SARS-CoV-2 variant and age. Diagnostic methods to confirm current or past infection include RT-PCR, rapid antigen tests and serology. Treatment is mainly supportive, with antivirals and glucocorticoids reserved for severe cases. While serious conditions like MIS-C and other post-COVID-19 conditions are rare, they require careful management. Vaccination has proven effective in reducing severe disease and protecting against post-COVID-19 conditions. Continued surveillance, including wastewater monitoring and universal or pooled testing, remains crucial for controlling community spread. Key questions remain regarding the duration and quality of immunity following re-infection or vaccination, the impact of co-infections, and optimal treatment protocols for different pediatric populations.}, } @article {pmid39551230, year = {2024}, author = {Baskar, A and Madhivanan, K and Atchudan, R and Arya, S and Sundramoorthy, AK}, title = {Nanoparticle electrochemical biosensors for virus detection.}, journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry}, volume = {566}, number = {}, pages = {120054}, doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2024.120054}, pmid = {39551230}, issn = {1873-3492}, abstract = {Viruses pose a significant threat to global public health, underscoring the urgent need for rapid, accurate, and sensitive diagnostic methods for timely detection and intervention. The demand for efficient diagnostics that can detect a wide range of viral pathogens has never been greater. In this context, metal nanoparticle-based biosensors have emerged as a promising solution, offering exceptional sensitivity for detecting various analytes, including nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), proteins, and other biomarkers associated with pathogens. These biosensors are particularly critical for the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools, enabling early detection of infectious agents. This review explores recent advancements in nanoparticle (NP)-based biosensors that utilize noble metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag), and platinum (Pt) for viral pathogen detection, focusing on viruses such as SARS-CoV, HIV, hepatitis, influenza, and Zika. It highlights the role of NP-based electrochemical sensors and compares traditional and contemporary detection techniques. The review also examines key performance metrics such as limits of detection (LOD), linear detection ranges, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, with a special emphasis on their application in POC diagnostics. The aim is to provide researchers with valuable insights into the development of next-generation NP-based biosensors, facilitating the creation of innovative diagnostic technologies for viral diseases.}, } @article {pmid39550783, year = {2024}, author = {Reyes, Z and Stovall, MC and Punyamurthula, S and Longo, M and Maraganore, D and Solch-Ottaiano, RJ}, title = {The impact of gut microbiome and diet on post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences}, volume = {467}, number = {}, pages = {123295}, doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2024.123295}, pmid = {39550783}, issn = {1878-5883}, abstract = {Long COVID, also known as Post COVID-19 condition by the World Health Organization or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is defined as the development of symptoms such as post-exertional malaise, dysgeusia, and partial or full anosmia three months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The multisystem effects of PASC make it difficult to distinguish from its mimickers. Further, a comprehensive evaluation of the gut microbiome, nutrition, and PASC has yet to be studied. The gut-brain axis describes bidirectional immune, neural, endocrine, and humoral modulatory interactions between the gut microbiome and brain function. We explore recent studies that support an association between alterations in gut microbiome diversity and the severity of acute-phase COVID-19, and how these may be affected by diets rich in antioxidants and fiber. The Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) has demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory processes. Further, diets rich in fiber increase gut diversity and increase the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) within the body-both shown to protect from acute COVID-19 complications. Long-term changes to the gut microbiome persist after acute infection and may increase susceptibility to PASC. This study builds on existing knowledge of determinants of PASC and highlights a relationship between nutrition, gut microbiome, acute-phase COVID-19, and, subsequently, PASC susceptibility.}, } @article {pmid39550314, year = {2024}, author = {Ullah, MN and Rowan, NR and Lane, AP}, title = {Neuroimmune interactions in the olfactory epithelium: maintaining a sensory organ at an immune barrier interface.}, journal = {Trends in immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.it.2024.10.005}, pmid = {39550314}, issn = {1471-4981}, abstract = {While primarily a sensory organ, the mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) also plays a critical role as an immune barrier. Mechanisms governing interactions between the immune system and this specialized chemosensory tissue are gaining interest, in part sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Regulated inflammation is intrinsic to normal mucosal healing and homeostasis, but prolonged OE inflammation is associated with persistent loss of smell, belying the intertwining of local mucosal immunology and olfactory function. Evidence supports bidirectional communication between OE cells and the immune system in health and disease. Recent investigations suggest that neuro-immune cross-talk modulates olfactory stem cell behavior and neuronal regeneration dynamics, prioritizing the epithelial-like non-neuronal framework with immune barrier function at the expense of the neurosensory organ in chronic inflammation.}, } @article {pmid39550109, year = {2025}, author = {Smith, ID and Leverenz, DL and Bolster, MB}, title = {Lessons on Telemedicine in Rheumatology: Thinking beyond the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {93-110}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.08.006}, pmid = {39550109}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; *Rheumatic Diseases/therapy ; *Rheumatology/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Telemedicine ; United States ; }, abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine was rapidly deployed to meet the clinical needs of patients with rheumatic diseases worldwide. Rheumatologists were forced to care for patients with all rheumatic diseases, regardless of disease activity, and limited evidence was available to guide provider decision-making regarding telemedicine appropriateness for outpatient rheumatology encounters. As the COVID-19 pandemic progressed, the ongoing provision of rheumatology telemedicine care in the U.S. was made possible by (1) emergency telemedicine waivers that permitted rheumatologists to legally practice across state lines; and (2) increased telemedicine reimbursement rates from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Telemedicine research in rheumatology expanded exponentially, and patterns began to emerge regarding multilevel factors associated with telemedicine appropriateness for patients with rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology practice patterns also evolved to address the unique challenges of providing virtual care, such as the use of patient-reported outcomes and physical examination modifications to remotely assess disease activity. Moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine has the potential to increase access to rheumatology care by utilizing finite rheumatology clinical resources in more efficient and innovative ways. However, barriers to more fully integrating telemedicine into routine rheumatology care remain, including training the rheumatology workforce, suboptimal reimbursement rates for telemedicine services, variability in state telemedicine laws, and the need to build telemedicine support networks of interdisciplinary and interprofessional care team members. As the use of telemedicine in rheumatology continues to evolve, it is vital for rheumatologists to maintain a patient-centered focus in the continued delivery of safe, effective, and equitable rheumatology care.}, } @article {pmid39550108, year = {2025}, author = {Braverman, G and Barbhaiya, M and Nong, M and Mandl, LA}, title = {Flares of Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {75-92}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.08.005}, pmid = {39550108}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *Rheumatic Diseases/immunology/drug therapy ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/etiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Symptom Flare Up ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the risk of systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) flare following coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination. The authors detail key studies in the literature employing diverse methodologies, including cross-sectional surveys, prospective and retrospective cohorts, case-crossover designs, self-controlled case series, and systematic reviews. Data are reassuring, suggesting that vaccination is unlikely to increase the risk of flares across a range of SARD. When postvaccination flares do occur, individuals with high disease activity and frequent flares at baseline may be at higher risk. Rheumatologists may consider discussing these findings with patients during collaborative conversations about risks and benefits of vaccination.}, } @article {pmid39550107, year = {2025}, author = {Ezeh, N and Boadi, T and Danila, MI and Ramsey-Goldman, R and Feldman, CH}, title = {Interventions to Improve COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {61-73}, pmid = {39550107}, issn = {1558-3163}, support = {R01 AR074290/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AR065493/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AR072577/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AR072583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI171491/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AR071091/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI170938/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AR072579/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AR080089/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; OT2 HL161841/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; P50 AR060772/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AG064199/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R03 AR083661/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 MD019235/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI153365/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; Rheumatic Diseases ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine uptake among individuals with rheumatic conditions remains low despite heightened risk for related adverse outcomes. This is especially pronounced among historically marginalized populations who suffered disproportionately from the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the myriad of reasons for low vaccine uptake, mistrust in the healthcare system, misinformation related to the vaccine development process, fear of rheumatic disease flares, and inconsistent physician recommendations, are highlighted. Two randomized controlled trials are underway leveraging multimodal strategies and community partnerships to disseminate COVID-19 vaccine information, reduce hesitancy and hopefully improve vaccine uptake, particularly in marginalized communities.}, } @article {pmid39550106, year = {2025}, author = {Ammitzbøll, C and Thomsen, MK and Erikstrup, C and Troldborg, A}, title = {Considerations for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Among B-Cell-Depleted Patients.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {45-59}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.006}, pmid = {39550106}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/drug therapy ; *B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; *Rheumatic Diseases/drug therapy/immunology ; *Rituximab/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Vaccination ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; }, abstract = {This article provides a comprehensive review of the impact of B-cell-directed therapy on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine immunity, focusing on its implications in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD). Rituximab (RTX) is the primary B-cell-depleting drug that has been studied in AIIRD and is the focus of this review. We review the pivotal role of B cells in vaccine response and propose strategies to manage and predict vaccine responses in B-cell-depleted individuals. We highlight the need to strategize patients into distinct groups when predicting vaccine responses and developing guidelines to ensure optimal outcomes for RTX-treated patients.}, } @article {pmid39550105, year = {2025}, author = {Calabrese, LH and Calabrese, C}, title = {Long COVID for the Rheumatologist: Current Understanding and Approach to Management.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {29-43}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.08.004}, pmid = {39550105}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Rheumatic Diseases/therapy ; Rheumatologists ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Rheumatology/methods ; Fibromyalgia/therapy ; }, abstract = {There are estimated tens of millions of individuals throughout the world suffering from a variety of postinfectious sequela following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 also commonly referred to as long coronavirus disease (COVID). Long COVID is providing an opportunity for the field of rheumatology to explore the relationship between similar syndromes including fibromyalgia seen in patients with underlying inflammatory and noninflammatory rheumatic diseases, as well as other postacute infectious sequela and bring our field's traditional skill sets to bear on improving our understanding of these disorders and the care of such patients.}, } @article {pmid39550104, year = {2025}, author = {Simpson, S and Hershman, M and Nachiappan, AC and Raptis, C and Hammer, MM}, title = {The Short and Long of COVID-19: A Review of Acute and Chronic Radiologic Pulmonary Manifestations of SARS-2-CoV and Their Clinical Significance.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {157-187}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.004}, pmid = {39550104}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/diagnostic imaging ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods ; *Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Chronic Disease ; Clinical Relevance ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia has had catastrophic effects worldwide. Radiology, in particular computed tomography (CT) imaging, has proven to be valuable in the diagnosis, prognostication, and longitudinal assessment of those diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. This article will review acute and chronic pulmonary radiologic manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia with an emphasis on CT and also highlighting histopathology, relevant clinical details, and some notable challenges when interpreting the literature.}, } @article {pmid39550103, year = {2025}, author = {Srivatsan, S and Patel, NJ}, title = {The Burden of Post-Acute Sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Individuals with Rheumatic Diseases.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {15-28}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.08.003}, pmid = {39550103}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; Comorbidity ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/drug therapy/pathology ; *Rheumatic Diseases/complications/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The long-term impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), are especially pertinent for individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, who are at higher risk of developing COVID-19 infection, complications of acute infection, and possibly PASC. Severity of acute COVID-19 infection, female sex, comorbidities, and immunosuppressive medications impact the risk of PASC in this population. The etiology of PASC remains poorly defined, and the diagnosis is clinical, with symptoms that can overlap with those of rheumatic diseases. A better understanding of the physiologic mechanisms could help to more clearly define PASC and to guide the development of targeted treatments.}, } @article {pmid39550102, year = {2025}, author = {Waghmare, A and Hijano, DR}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 in Children.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {139-156}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.003}, pmid = {39550102}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Child ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is common in children, and clinical manifestations can vary depending on age, underlying disease, and vaccination status. Most children will have asymptomatic or mild infection, but certain baseline characteristics can increase the risk of moderate to severe disease. The following article will provide an overview of the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 in children, including the post-infectious phenomenon called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Currently available treatment and prophylaxis strategies will be outlined, with the caveat that new therapeutics and clinical efficacy data are constantly on the horizon.}, } @article {pmid39550101, year = {2025}, author = {Bertini, CD and Khawaja, F and Sheshadri, A}, title = {Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the Immunocompromised Host.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {123-138}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.002}, pmid = {39550101}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *Immunocompromised Host/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {Immunocompromised hosts, which encompass a diverse population of persons with malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus disease, solid organ, and hematologic transplants, autoimmune diseases, and primary immunodeficiencies, bear a significant burden of the morbidity and mortality due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Immunocompromised patients who develop COVID-19 have a more severe illness, higher hospitalization rates, and higher mortality rates than immunocompetent patients. There are no well-defined treatment strategies that are specific to immunocompromised patients and vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and convalescent plasma are variably effective. This review focuses on the specific impact of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients and the gaps in knowledge that require further study.}, } @article {pmid39550100, year = {2025}, author = {Pozdnyakova, V and Weber, B and Cheng, S and Ebinger, JE}, title = {Review of Immunologic Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {111-121}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.001}, pmid = {39550100}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *Myocarditis/immunology/etiology ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/immunology/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Vaccination ; }, abstract = {We herein summarize currently available and clinically relevant information regarding the human immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, in relation to COVID-19 outcomes with a focus on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and myocarditis.}, } @article {pmid39550099, year = {2025}, author = {Kohn, SO and Jagadish, I and McNaughton, J and Young, KJ}, title = {The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Patients Living with Rheumatic Diseases.}, journal = {Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.005}, pmid = {39550099}, issn = {1558-3163}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications ; *Rheumatic Diseases/therapy ; *Telemedicine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Health Services Accessibility ; Healthcare Disparities ; }, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic severely impacted patients with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs), worsening health disparities, disrupting care, and affecting mental health. RMD patients, especially from marginalized communities, faced heightened COVID-19 susceptibility and severe outcomes. Telemedicine emerged as an important tool for maintaining access to care during the early pandemic period but highlighted disparities in access to the necessary technologies. Despite vaccinations providing protection in the general population, they were not effective in some patients with RMDs, especially those using B cell depletion therapies. Tailored management strategies and ongoing support, including mental health resources, are essential as COVID-19 persists.}, } @article {pmid39550082, year = {2025}, author = {Visovatti, SH and Maron, BA}, title = {The Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test: A Practical Guide.}, journal = {Heart failure clinics}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {79-91}, doi = {10.1016/j.hfc.2024.08.002}, pmid = {39550082}, issn = {1551-7136}, mesh = {Humans ; *Exercise Test/methods ; *Exercise Tolerance/physiology ; Heart Failure/physiopathology/diagnosis ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; }, abstract = {The invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test (iCPET) provides a comprehensive, simultaneous evaluation of an individual's cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic response to exercise. The test is uniquely suited for the evaluation of exercise intolerance, as well as the deep phenotyping of disease states including pulmonary arterial hypertension and post-coronavirus disease symptomatology. Despite an expanding list of clinical and research applications, both the complexity of the test and a lack of familiarity with how the test is performed have been barriers to the widespread use of iCPET. The aim of this article is to provide practical insights into how an iCPET is performed.}, } @article {pmid39549298, year = {2024}, author = {Mortaz, E and Dalil Roofchayee, N and Jamaati, H and Varaham, M and Abtahian, Z and Afshar, B and Rekabi, M and Adcock, IM and Tabarsi, P}, title = {Long-standing COVID-19 Disease in Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Patients; Case Reports and Literature Review.}, journal = {Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {457-466}, doi = {10.18502/ijaai.v23i4.16219}, pmid = {39549298}, issn = {1735-5249}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Immunocompromised Host/immunology ; Male ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunocompetence ; }, abstract = {Patients with immunodeficiency are at higher risk of severe disease and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population. Here, we describe humoral and cellular immune responses in 5 patients with immunodeficiency, 2 patients with multiple sclerosis, 1 patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 1 patient with Good's syndrome, and 1Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive with developed Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)- patient. T-cell responses were evaluated using the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay following incubation with the SARS-CoV-2 Ag1, Ag2, and Ag3 viral antigens. Immunophenotyping of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD19+ and CD20+ B cells was determined by flow cytometry. All studied immunocompromised patients or those with acquired immune dysregulation patients showed reduced cellular immune responses (release of interferon (IFN)-g) to SARS-CoV-2 antigens than healthy controls [patients; Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3 and Nil (Median 5-95% percentile) (12 (1-95), 12 (1.5-78), 13.5 (12-95) and 3 (1-98) U/mL)], controls; Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3 and Nil (Median 5-95% percentile) 24.5 (7-89), 65 (31-173), 53.5 (13-71.5) and 3 (1-14) U/mL)]. The frequency of peripheral blood B cells was also reduced in these patients compared to healthy control subjects. T-cell-dependent antibody responses require the activation of B cells by helper T cells. Reduced B cell numbers in immunocompromised patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 indicate the need for these patients to take additional precautions to prevent COVID-19 infection.}, } @article {pmid39549124, year = {2024}, author = {Savoca, G and Gianfredi, A and Bartolini, L}, title = {The Development of Epilepsy Following CNS Viral Infections: Mechanisms.}, journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {39549124}, issn = {1534-6293}, mesh = {Humans ; *Epilepsy/etiology/virology/physiopathology/immunology ; Animals ; *Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/physiopathology/virology ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/etiology/immunology ; COVID-19/complications/immunology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the role of different viral infections in epileptogenesis, with a focus on Herpesviruses such as Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Flaviviruses, Picornaviruses, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Influenzavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

RECENT FINDINGS: A growing literature on animal models, such as the paradigmatic Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model, and clinical investigations in patients with epilepsy have started to elucidate cellular mechanisms implicated in seizure initiation and development of epilepsy following viral infections. A central role of neuroinflammation has emerged, with evidence of activation of the innate and adaptive immunity, dysregulation of microglial and astrocytic activity and production of multiple cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Several chronic downstream effects result in increased blood-brain barrier permeability, direct neuronal damage, and modifications of ion channels ultimately leading to altered neuronal excitability and seizure generation. Key findings underscore the complex interplay between initial viral infection, neuroinflammation, and later development of epilepsy. Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms and develop targeted interventions.}, } @article {pmid39548889, year = {2024}, author = {Lee, I and Lupfer, CR}, title = {Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials of Immunotherapeutics for COVID-19.}, journal = {Immunological reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imr.13422}, pmid = {39548889}, issn = {1600-065X}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was arguably one of the worst public health disasters of the last 100 years. As many infectious disease experts were focused on influenza, MERS, ZIKA, or Ebola as potential pandemic-causing agents, SARS-CoV-2 appeared to come from nowhere and spread rapidly. As with any zoonotic agent, the initial pathogen was able to transmit to a new host (humans), but it was poorly adapted to the immune environment of the new host and resulted in a maladapted immune response. As the host-pathogen interaction evolved, subsequent variants of SARS-CoV-2 became less pathogenic and acquired immunity in the host provided protection, at least partial protection, to new variants. As the host-pathogen interaction has changed since the beginning of the pandemic, it is possible the clinical results discussed here may not be applicable today as they were at the start of the pandemic. With this caveat in mind, we present an overview of the immune response of severe COVID-19 from a clinical research perspective and examine clinical trials utilizing immunomodulating agents to further elucidate the importance of hyperinflammation as a factor contributing to severe COVID-19 disease.}, } @article {pmid39548781, year = {2024}, author = {Lee, HY and Khoo, HY and Yap, PC and Mansor, SM and Abdul Majid, MA}, title = {Review on the seroprevalence of neglected tropical diseases affecting the indigenous community in Malaysia (from 2010-2022).}, journal = {Tropical biomedicine}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {276-282}, doi = {10.47665/tb.41.3.007}, pmid = {39548781}, issn = {2521-9855}, mesh = {Malaysia/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Neglected Diseases/epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; *Indigenous Peoples ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The indigenous community in Malaysia also known as Orang Asli have preserved their unique cultural identity in the face of rapid national development and modernization efforts. Over the years, poverty alleviation has become a central pillar of Malaysia development. In this review, seroprevalence report from the Orang Asli and their health status about neglected tropical diseases were collated and analyzed. The review will show the potential areas of research for future development. Specifically, the review will cover a 12-year period preceding the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, offering critical insights into the community health landscape. In depth discussion on the unique impact of the pandemic covering healthcare access, socioeconomic dynamics and community resilience. Analysis revealed the burden of parasitism is high in the community and the sustainability of certain basic access such as clean water and education remains a challenge. Different approaches to improve future intervention strategies were also discussed. The review can contribute to essential knowledge for policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers interested in enhancing the well-being of the Orang Asli community.}, } @article {pmid39548775, year = {2024}, author = {Balinu, CP and Diam, S and Chua, TH}, title = {Pathogenic viruses associated with bats of Malaysia.}, journal = {Tropical biomedicine}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {230-240}, doi = {10.47665/tb.41.3.001}, pmid = {39548775}, issn = {2521-9855}, mesh = {*Chiroptera/virology ; Animals ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/veterinary/epidemiology/virology ; Humans ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Viruses/isolation & purification/classification ; }, abstract = {Numerous human diseases, including those caused by viruses like Nipah virus and SARS-CoV, can be traced back to bats as their origin. Malaysia, notably Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo Island, is home to a rich diversity of bats that serve as hosts for various viruses. This comprehensive review represents the inaugural exploration of viruses found in Malaysian bats, as documented in scientific journals. It also encompasses documented instances of bat virus-related disease outbreaks in Malaysia up to the present day, along with an analysis of the risk factors associated with virus spillover events. Furthermore, this review offers insights into prospective research areas of significance and suggests potential mitigation strategies.}, } @article {pmid39548532, year = {2024}, author = {Fisman, D and Horton, J and Oliver, M and Ungrin, M and Vipond, J and Wright, JM and Zoutman, D}, title = {Canada needs a national COVID-19 inquiry now.}, journal = {BMC medicine}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {537}, pmid = {39548532}, issn = {1741-7015}, mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Canada/epidemiology ; Public Health/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Health Policy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We are now in the fifth year of an ongoing pandemic, and Canada continues to experience significant surges of COVID-19 infections. In addition to the acute impacts of deaths and hospitalizations, there is growing awareness of an accumulation of organ damage and disability which is building a "health debt" that will affect Canadians for decades to come. Calls in 2023 for an inquiry into the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic went unheeded, despite relevant precedent. Canada urgently needs a comprehensive review of its successes and failures to chart a better response in the near- and long-term.

MAIN BODY: While Canada fared better than many comparators in the early years of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clearly still in a public health crisis. Infections are not only affecting Canadians' daily lives but also eroding healthcare capacity. Post-COVID condition is having accumulating and profound individual, social, and economic consequences. An inquiry is needed to understand the current evidence underlying policy choices, identify a better course of action on various fronts, and build resilience. More must be done to reduce transmission, including a serious public education campaign to better inform Canadians about COVID and effective mitigations, especially the benefits of respirator masks. We need a national standard for indoor air quality to make indoor public spaces safer, particularly schools. Data collection must be more robust, especially to understand and mitigate the disproportionate impacts on under-served communities and high-risk populations. General confidence in public health must be rebuilt, with a focus on communication and transparency. In particular, the wide variation in provincial policies has sown mistrust: evidence-based policy should be consistent. Finally, Canada's early success in vaccination has collapsed, and this development needs a careful post-mortem.

CONCLUSIONS: A complete investigation of Canada's response to the pandemic is not yet possible because that response is still ongoing and, while we have learned much, there remain areas of dispute and uncertainty. However, an inquiry is needed to conduct a rapid assessment of the current evidence and policies and provide recommendations on how to improve in 2025 and beyond as well as guidance for future pandemics.}, } @article {pmid39548261, year = {2024}, author = {Snowden, LR and Graaf, G}, title = {COVID-19, social determinants, and African American-White disparities: policy response and pathways forward.}, journal = {Journal of public health policy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39548261}, issn = {1745-655X}, abstract = {COVID-19 translated African Americans' greater social, economic, and health-related risk, reflecting adverse Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), into greater COVID morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality, and it threatened to enlarge the very risks causing greater COVID suffering. However, following a federal policy response injecting trillions of dollars into the US economy, longstanding African American-White disparities in economic well-being, insurance coverage, vaccination rates, and evictions declined. On the other hand, troubling and consequential disparities in k-12 academic achievement and college attendance disparities widened. Continuous monitoring and careful research are needed to document and explain trajectories in social determinant disparities and to offer insight into how policy intervention can decrease continuing disparities in economic well-being, health care, and housing stability.}, } @article {pmid39547912, year = {2024}, author = {Rawson, TM and Zhu, N and Galiwango, R and Cocker, D and Islam, MS and Myall, A and Vasikasin, V and Wilson, R and Shafiq, N and Das, S and Holmes, AH}, title = {Using digital health technologies to optimise antimicrobial use globally.}, journal = {The Lancet. Digital health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00198-5}, pmid = {39547912}, issn = {2589-7500}, abstract = {Digital health technology (DHT) describes tools and devices that generate or process health data. The application of DHTs could improve the diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of bacterial infection and the prevention of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). DHTs to optimise antimicrobial use are rapidly being developed. To support the global adoption of DHTs and the opportunities offered to optimise antimicrobial use consensus is needed on what data are required to support antimicrobial decision making. This Series paper will explore bacterial AMR in humans and the need to optimise antimicrobial use in response to this global threat. It will also describe state-of-the-art DHTs to optimise antimicrobial prescribing in high-income and low-income and middle-income countries, and consider what fundamental data are ideally required for and from such technologies to support optimised antimicrobial use.}, } @article {pmid39547777, year = {2024}, author = {Mata-Lima, A and Paquete, AR and Serrano-Olmedo, JJ}, title = {Remote patient monitoring and management in nephrology: A systematic review.}, journal = {Nefrologia}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {639-667}, doi = {10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.10.011}, pmid = {39547777}, issn = {2013-2514}, mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine ; *Nephrology ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy ; *COVID-19/therapy ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; }, abstract = {Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem, with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and premature death. According to European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA) currently, 1 in 10 Europeans has chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is predicted to be the fifth leading cause of death worldwide by 2040. The COVID-19, pandemic has further worsened the situation, with CKD being the number one risk factor for CKD mortality, ahead of lung and heart disease. In addition to rising mortality figures, treatments for kidney disease have not improved substantially over the past 50 years, leaving too many kidney patients with a poor quality of life and reduced life expectancy. This situation is associated with staggering aggregate annual costs amounting to €140 billion per year in Europe, more than the annual healthcare costs of cancer or diabetes. Many studies confirm that Information and Communication Technology intervention (ICT) in nephrology can be way to tackles this issue. The increased daily use of information and communication technologies (ICT) may lead to the need for healthcare professionals to monitoring patient remotely. Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) have the potential to improve care for patients with kidney disease. RPM may provide a means to overcome some of the aforementioned barriers. RPM is a framework for monitoring patients at home by digital, wireless technology and extends the interactive contact of conventional clinical settings to include the patient's home. The hope is that these technologies would improve clinical outcomes through earlier recognition and correction of problems. Although few studies on telehealth in the dialysis population exist, studies do support its technical feasibility, which patient acceptance of this technology is very high, and that RPM may be able to improve outcomes in other co-morbid states shared by the ESKD population. According to Pan American Health Organization, CKD, also called kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function and is a worldwide public health problem, with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, CVD, and premature death. This study collects the papers concerning RPM and renal patient management using ICT intervention to analyze the results from considering the bioengineer's point of view. Our focus was on technology contribution. The aim of this study was to review and synthesize the available literature on the role of RPM in healthcare in nephrology. This systematic review was conducted to examine the content and results of publications on using RPM to improve the health care of patients with kidney disease, available to health care professionals (HCPs) and/or patients. The literature and our results confirm that in this field, RPM can allow cost reduction, improve the efficiency of healthcare resources, reduce human error, and overall improve the quality of life of kidney patients.}, } @article {pmid39547729, year = {2025}, author = {Vrettou, CS and Jolley, SE and Mantziou, V and Dimopoulou, I}, title = {Clinical Comparison of Post-intensive Care Syndrome and Long Coronavirus Disease.}, journal = {Critical care clinics}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {89-102}, doi = {10.1016/j.ccc.2024.08.009}, pmid = {39547729}, issn = {1557-8232}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Critical Care ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Critical Illness ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) encompasses persistent physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments. The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted parallels between PICS and "long COVID". There is an overlap between the 2 in risk factors, symptoms, and pathophysiology. Physical impairments in both include weakness and fatigue. Cognitive impairments include executive dysfunction in PICS and "brain fog" in long COVID. Mental health issues consist of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder in both disease states. Long COVID and PICS impact families, with multifaceted effects on physical health, mental well-being, and socioeconomic stability. Understanding these syndromes is crucial for comprehensive patient care and family support.}, } @article {pmid39547626, year = {2024}, author = {Adepu, S and Siju, CR and Kaki, S and Bagannagari, S and Khandelwal, M and Bharti, VK}, title = {Review on need for designing sustainable and biodegradable face masks: Opportunities for nanofibrous cellulosic filters.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {283}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {137627}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137627}, pmid = {39547626}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {The surge in microbial illnesses, notably seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to the global use of face masks-cloth, surgical, medical, and respirator types-to curb respiratory pathogen spread. Widely used by the public, patients, and healthcare workers, masks play a key role in reducing airborne transmission. However, synthetic, non-biodegradable materials in these masks have sparked environmental concerns due to disposal issues. Moreover, challenges like limited microbial filtration, poor fit, breathing resistance, and low reusability raise further issues, as does the failure to neutralize trapped microbes. Addressing these issues calls for high-performance, biodegradable masks crafted from renewable nanofibrous materials using advanced technology. Antimicrobial nanomaterial coatings can further reduce contamination risks for users and the environment. Nanofibrous materials, with their high surface area, enhance filtration, allow customization, and improve capture efficiency. Research is progressing on sustainable, biodegradable filters, particularly with cellulose materials. This review outlines mask types and limitations, spotlighting nanofibrous filters for their filtration efficiency, breathability, and sustainability. It also delves into nanofiber manufacturing and assesses bacterial cellulose-a promising renewable nanofibrous material suited for air filtration.}, } @article {pmid39546783, year = {2024}, author = {Owen, D and Lynham, AJ and Smart, SE and Pardiñas, AF and Camacho Collados, J}, title = {AI for Analyzing Mental Health Disorders Among Social Media Users: Quarter-Century Narrative Review of Progress and Challenges.}, journal = {Journal of medical Internet research}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e59225}, doi = {10.2196/59225}, pmid = {39546783}, issn = {1438-8871}, mesh = {*Social Media ; Humans ; *Mental Disorders/psychology ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Natural Language Processing ; Mental Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are currently the main contributor to poor quality of life and years lived with disability. Symptoms common to many mental health disorders lead to impairments or changes in the use of language, which are observable in the routine use of social media. Detection of these linguistic cues has been explored throughout the last quarter century, but interest and methodological development have burgeoned following the COVID-19 pandemic. The next decade may see the development of reliable methods for predicting mental health status using social media data. This might have implications for clinical practice and public health policy, particularly in the context of early intervention in mental health care.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the state of the art in methods for predicting mental health statuses of social media users. Our focus is the development of artificial intelligence-driven methods, particularly natural language processing, for analyzing large volumes of written text. This study details constraints affecting research in this area. These include the dearth of high-quality public datasets for methodological benchmarking and the need to adopt ethical and privacy frameworks acknowledging the stigma experienced by those with a mental illness.

METHODS: A Google Scholar search yielded peer-reviewed articles dated between 1999 and 2024. We manually grouped the articles by 4 primary areas of interest: datasets on social media and mental health, methods for predicting mental health status, longitudinal analyses of mental health, and ethical aspects of the data and analysis of mental health. Selected articles from these groups formed our narrative review.

RESULTS: Larger datasets with precise dates of participants' diagnoses are needed to support the development of methods for predicting mental health status, particularly in severe disorders such as schizophrenia. Inviting users to donate their social media data for research purposes could help overcome widespread ethical and privacy concerns. In any event, multimodal methods for predicting mental health status appear likely to provide advancements that may not be achievable using natural language processing alone.

CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal methods for predicting mental health status from voice, image, and video-based social media data need to be further developed before they may be considered for adoption in health care, medical support, or as consumer-facing products. Such methods are likely to garner greater public confidence in their efficacy than those that rely on text alone. To achieve this, more high-quality social media datasets need to be made available and privacy concerns regarding the use of these data must be formally addressed. A social media platform feature that invites users to share their data upon publication is a possible solution. Finally, a review of literature studying the effects of social media use on a user's depression and anxiety is merited.}, } @article {pmid39546646, year = {2024}, author = {Rehman, S and Bin Tahir, S}, title = {BODY-FOCUSED REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS DURING COVID-19: A MANAGEMENT GUIDE.}, journal = {Psychiatria Danubina}, volume = {Psychiatr Danub}, number = {2}, pages = {185-190}, doi = {10.24869/psyd.2024.185}, pmid = {39546646}, issn = {0353-5053}, mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pandemics ; *Mental Disorders/epidemiology/physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Body-focused repetitive behaviour refers to nonfunctional, destructive and problematic body directed behaviours that emerge to cope with stressful situations like COVID-19. The damages of body-focused repetitive behaviour are devastating and perilous for the physical and mental health of people. No comprehensive study has been carried out to investigate the global level prevalence rate of BFBRs during COVID-19. However, the incidence of BFBRs is reported to be prevalent in a few countries of the world. Furthermore, the management modalities to reduce or overcome the BFBRs are limited in the literature. The current study aimed at highlighting the prevalence, aetiology and management modalities of BFBRs within pre and post pandemic stage. The findings of the study have been discussed in terms of counseling.}, } @article {pmid39546413, year = {2024}, author = {Saif, LJ}, title = {A Passion for Small Things and Staying Primed: My Career in Virology and Immunology.}, journal = {Annual review of animal biosciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-101937}, pmid = {39546413}, issn = {2165-8110}, abstract = {A love of science and animals, perseverance, and happenstance propelled my career in veterinary virology and immunology. I have focused on deadly enteric and respiratory viral infections in neonatal livestock and humans with an aim to understand their prevalence, pathogenesis, interspecies transmission, and immunity and develop vaccines. Research on animal coronaviruses (CoVs), including their broad interspecies transmission, provided a foundation to understand emerging zoonotic fatal human respiratory CoVs [severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)] and reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 to animals. A highlight of my early research was the discovery of the gut-mammary gland-sIgA axis, documenting a common mucosal immune system. The latter remains pivotal to designing maternal vaccines for passive immunity in neonates. Our discovery and innovative cell propagation of fastidious human and animal rotaviruses and caliciviruses and their infectivity in germ-free animals has provided cell-adapted and animal disease models for ongoing virologic and immunologic investigations and vaccines. Nevertheless, besides the research discoveries, my lasting legacy remains the outstanding mentees who have enriched my science and my life.}, } @article {pmid39545965, year = {2024}, author = {Pawlik, MT and Rinneberg, G and Koch, A and Meyringer, H and Loew, TH and Kjellberg, A}, title = {Is there a rationale for hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the patients with Post COVID syndrome? : A critical review.}, journal = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience}, volume = {274}, number = {8}, pages = {1797-1817}, pmid = {39545965}, issn = {1433-8491}, mesh = {Humans ; *Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in 762 million infections worldwide from 2020 to date, of which approximately ten percent are suffering from the effects after infection in 2019 (COVID-19) [1, 40]. In Germany, it is now assumed that at least one million people suffer from post-COVID condition with long-term consequences. These have been previously reported in diseases like Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Symptoms show a changing variability and recent surveys in the COVID context indicate that 10-30 % of outpatients, 50 to 70% of hospitalised patients suffer from sequelae. Recent data suggest that only 13% of all ill people were completely free of symptoms after recovery [3, 9]. Current hypotheses consider chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, latent viral persistence, autoimmunity, changes of the human microbiome or multilocular sequelae in various organ system after infection. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is applied since 1957 for heart surgery, scuba dive accidents, CO intoxication, air embolisms and infections with anaerobic pathogens. Under hyperbaric pressure, oxygen is physically dissolved in the blood in higher concentrations and reaches levels four times higher than under normobaric oxygen application. Moreover, the alternation of hyperoxia and normoxia induces a variety of processes at the cellular level, which improves oxygen supply in areas of locoregional hypoxia. Numerous target gene effects on new vessel formation, anti-inflammatory and anti-oedematous effects have been demonstrated [74]. The provision of intermittently high, local oxygen concentrations increases repair and regeneration processes and normalises the predominance of hyperinflammation. At present time only one prospective, randomized and placebo-controlled study exists with positive effects on global cognitive function, attention and executive function, psychiatric symptoms and pain interference. In conclusion, up to this date HBO is the only scientifically proven treatment in a prospective randomized controlled trial to be effective for cognitive improvement, regeneration of brain network and improvement of cardiac function. HBOT may have not only theoretical but also potential impact on targets of current pathophysiology of Post COVID condition, which warrants further scientific studies in patients.}, } @article {pmid39545729, year = {2024}, author = {Beaudry, MS and Bhuiyan, MIU and Glenn, TC}, title = {Enriching the future of public health microbiology with hybridization bait capture.}, journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0006822}, doi = {10.1128/cmr.00068-22}, pmid = {39545729}, issn = {1098-6618}, abstract = {SUMMARYPublic health microbiology focuses on microorganisms and infectious agents that impact human health. For years, this field has relied on culture or molecular methods to investigate complex samples of public health importance. However, with the increase in accuracy and decrease in sequencing cost over the last decade, there has been a transition to the use of next-generation sequencing in public health microbiology. Nevertheless, many available sequencing methods (e.g., shotgun metagenomics and amplicon sequencing) do not work well in complex sample types, require deep sequencing, or have inherent biases associated with them. Hybridization bait capture, also known as target enrichment, brings in solutions for such limitations. It is an increasingly popular technique to simultaneously characterize many thousands of genetic elements while reducing the amount of sequencing needed (thereby reducing the sequencing costs). Here, we summarize the concept of hybridization bait capture for public health, reviewing a total of 35 bait sets designed in six key topic areas for public health microbiology [i.e., antimicrobial resistance (AMR), bacteria, fungi, parasites, vectors, and viruses], and compare hybridization bait capture to previously relied upon methods. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth comparison of the three most popular bait sets designed for AMR by evaluating each of them against three major AMR databases: Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database, Microbial Ecology Group Antimicrobial Resistance Database, and Pathogenicity Island Database. Thus, this article provides a review of hybridization bait capture for public health microbiologists.}, } @article {pmid39545235, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, L and Fang, Z and Li, J and Huang, Z and Tie, X and Li, H and Li, J and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Chen, K}, title = {Research progress on environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1463056}, pmid = {39545235}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {We reviewed research on SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus detection on surfaces, their persistence under various conditions, and response to disinfectants. Viral contamination in community and healthcare settings was analyzed, emphasizing survival on surfaces influenced by temperature, pH, and material. Findings showed higher concentrations enhance survivability at room temperature, whereas stability increases at 4°C. Both viruses decline in low pH and high heat, with influenza affected by salinity. On various material surfaces, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses demonstrate considerable variations in survival durations, and SARS-CoV-2 is more stable than influenza virus. On the skin, both virus types can persist for ≥2 h. Next, we delineated the virucidal efficacy of disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. In daily life, exposure to ethanol (70%), isopropanol (70%), bleach (10%), or hydrogen peroxide (1-3%) for 15-30 min can effectively inactive various SARS-CoV-2 variants. Povidone-iodine (1 mg/mL, 1 min) or cetylpyridinium chloride (0.1 mg/mL, 2 min) may be used to inactive different SARS-CoV-2 variants in the mouth. Chlorine disinfectants (500 mg/L) or ultraviolet light (222 nm) can effectively inhibit different SARS-CoV-2 variants in public spaces. In conclusion, our study provides a scientific basis and practical guidance for reduction of viral persistence (retention of infectivity) on surfaces and environmental cleanliness.}, } @article {pmid39545135, year = {2024}, author = {Gutiérrez-García, AG and Contreras, CM}, title = {Olfactory Epithelium Infection by SARS-CoV-2: Possible Neuroinflammatory Consequences of COVID-19.}, journal = {Complex psychiatry}, volume = {10}, number = {1-4}, pages = {59-70}, pmid = {39545135}, issn = {2673-3005}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The loss of smell is a typical diagnostic symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This sensorial deprivation may be expressed as quantitative (anosmia or hyposmia) or qualitative (dysosmia) alterations as a consequence of anatomical disturbances of the nasal epithelium structure. The olfactory system sends direct neuronal connections to brain structures that are involved in emotional processing, including deep temporal nuclei. This anatomical and functional feature may be related to the occurrence of emotional disorders among COVID-19 patients.

SUMMARY: We identify a possible sequence of events, from typical olfactory dysfunction that is associated with COVID-19 and caused by olfactory epithelium damage to disturbances in the quality of life and emotional state of infected patients that is attributable to possible neuroinflammatory processes. Sensorial deprivation causes deleterious actions on mood, negatively affecting quality of life. Olfactory dysfunction that is associated with COVID-19 occurs concurrently with psychological distress, symptoms of anxiety, and depressive disorders and impinges on self-perceived quality of life.

KEY MESSAGES: Changes in mood are certainly associated with multiple factors, including the environment and isolation, but the observation that the virus may penetrate the central nervous system through the olfactory bulb and the connection between the olfactory system and prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and the amygdala-hippocampus do not allow one to discard neural factors that are involved in the pathophysiology of emotional symptoms in post-COVID-19 patients. Behavioral symptoms of COVID-19 involve local olfactory actions and the participation of central neuronal systems.}, } @article {pmid39544660, year = {2024}, author = {Maity, K and Lal, P and Jyoti, S and Bali, P and Thakur, UK and Singh, G and Majumdar, V and Patra, S and Arya, J and Anand, A}, title = {Humanistic and Holistic Strategies for Combating Mental Health Sequelae in the Elderly During the Post-COVID Era.}, journal = {Annals of neurosciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {09727531231208292}, pmid = {39544660}, issn = {0972-7531}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The elderly population is rapidly growing worldwide. By the year 2050, the elderly population will increase up to 2.1 billion. Among them, most of the elderly will be from low- to middle-income countries. India and China are the most populated countries in the world, and also they fall in the category of low- to middle-income countries. The elderly population in these two countries is also growing rapidly and creating an economic burden of geriatric care. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected the healthcare system. A higher mortality rate was documented among the elderly due to COVID-19; hence, it was a challenge for them to deal with a high load of the elderly population during the pandemic. These challenges never sublimate even during the post-COVID era. Mental health issues, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, are major drawbacks of COVID-19 among the elderly due to excessive fear of getting reinfection of COVID-19 and fear of social withdrawal. These factors are affecting healthy aging among the elderly. Even though WHO has taken few initiatives for healthy aging, proper interventional strategies are required to prevent mental illness and improve mental health among the elderly during the post-COVID era.

SUMMARY: In this review, we have proposed a few mind-body strategies like Yoga, Exercise, Tai-Chi, and Qigong to improve mental health and holistic patient-centric implementation of those practices in the elderly during the post-COVID era.

KEY MESSAGE: Mind-body interventions can be used in a holistic patient-centric manner to prevent infectious diseases, and post-infection consequences. Further, it enhances immunomodulation along with mental health in the elderly.}, } @article {pmid39544635, year = {2024}, author = {Kc, D and Smith, J and Currie, K and Ness, V}, title = {Theoretical models applied to understand infection prevention and control practices of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of infection prevention}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {17571774241251645}, pmid = {39544635}, issn = {1757-1774}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Effective infection prevention and control (IPC) practices among healthcare workers are crucial to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and other infections in healthcare settings.

AIM: To synthesise evidence on behaviour change theories, models, or frameworks applied to understand healthcare workers' IPC practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: PubMed, EBSCOhost interface, ProQuest interface, MEDLINE (Ovid), and grey literature were searched for primary studies published between December 2019 and May 2023. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool evaluated the methodological quality of the studies. Two reviewers independently completed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment.

RESULTS: The search yielded 2110 studies, of which 19 were included. Seven behaviour change theories, models, and frameworks were identified, with the Health Belief Model and Theoretical Domains Framework being the most employed. Based on these theories, models, and frameworks, the included studies identified cognitive, environmental, and social factors influencing healthcare workers' compliance with COVID-19 IPC practices.

DISCUSSION: This review offers insights into the critical role of behavioural change theories, models, or frameworks in understanding the factors influencing healthcare workers' compliance with IPC practices during COVID-19. It also highlights the potential of these theories in guiding the development of evidence-based interventions to improve healthcare workers' compliance with IPC practices.}, } @article {pmid39544586, year = {2024}, author = {Sharma, S and Sethuraman, G and Kumari, K}, title = {Safety and Efficacy of Chyawanprash as a Prophylaxis Treatment for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e71532}, pmid = {39544586}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Amidst the multifaceted challenges posed by COVID-19, interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has risen. Chyawanprash (CP), an Ayurvedic formulation, is recognized for its multifunctional properties. This systematic review aims to evaluate its safety and effectiveness as a COVID-19 prophylactic. A literature search was conducted for articles published within the past three years from databases such as Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Google Scholar. A total of 1008 articles were identified, and 34 were included for full-text screening, resulting in five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, with results represented in odds ratio (95% confidence intervals (CIs)), and publication bias presented through funnel plots. The five clinical trials conducted in India analyzed 153,343 participants. In the meta-analysis, the odds ratios for COVID-19-positive patients, COVID-19-positive in symptomatic patients, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and adverse events were 0.45 (95% CI 0.06-3.08, p = 0.41), 0.37 (95% CI 0.01-12.86, p = 0.58), 0.95 (95% CI 0.18-5.04, p = 0.95), and 0.94 (95% CI 0.63-1.40, p = 0.75) respectively. Notably, significant heterogeneity was observed among studies including both COVID-19-positive cases (I[2 ]= 80%, p = 0.007) and symptomatic COVID-19 cases (I[2 ]= 83%, p = 0.01), whereas non-significant zero heterogeneity was observed in HCRU (I[2 ]= 0%, p = 0.74) and adverse events (I[2 ]= 0%, p = 1.00). The meta-analysis reveals a trend in the efficacy of CP as prophylaxis for COVID-19 treatments. However, owing to high heterogeneity and bias, further research is recommended.}, } @article {pmid39544551, year = {2024}, author = {Syal, R and Kaur, J and Siddiqui, M and Amatul-Raheem, H and Suarez, C and Bojanki, NLSVA and Kapadia, SD and Yennam, AK and Kunchala, K and Metry, S and Ruma, U}, title = {Long-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Thyroid Health: Insights From Clinical Studies.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e71469}, pmid = {39544551}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 and rapidly became a global pandemic. It has since been associated with the progression of various endocrine disorders, including thyroid disease. The long-term effects of this interplay have yet to be explored. This review explores the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid diseases, emphasizing thyroid gland function and the clinical implications for managing thyroid disorders in infected individuals.

OBJECTIVES: This narrative review intends to provide insight into the scope of research that future clinical studies may aim to address regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on thyroid health.

METHODS: Keywords including "thyroid disease", "COVID-19", and "long-term" were used to search PubMed and Google Scholar for updated and relevant clinical research.

RESULTS: COVID-19 affects the thyroid gland multifacetedly and includes direct viral invasion, immune-mediated damage, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption. Approximately 15% of COVID-19 patients experience thyroid dysfunction, which can present as thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTI). Noteworthy findings include inflammatory thyroiditis. Long-term effects, including those observed in children, include persistent hypothyroidism and exacerbated pre-existing thyroid-autoimmune conditions. Management of thyroid disorders in COVID-19 patients requires consideration: anti-thyroid drug (ATD) therapy used to treat hyperthyroidism in COVID-19 patients may need adjustment to prevent immunosuppression. Radioactive iodine (ROI) alternatives and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonists could offer potential benefits and should be further explored.

CONCLUSION: Longitudinal follow-ups post-COVID-19 for patients with new and pre-existing thyroid disorders can improve disease outcomes. In addition, pathophysiological research on thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 may help develop strategies to prevent and alleviate thyroid gland abnormalities post-COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39543688, year = {2024}, author = {Beks, H and Walsh, S and Clayden, S and Watson, L and Zwar, J and Alston, L}, title = {Financial implications of unpaid clinical placements for allied health, dentistry, medical, and nursing students in Australia: a scoping review with recommendations for policy, research, and practice.}, journal = {BMC health services research}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {1407}, pmid = {39543688}, issn = {1472-6963}, mesh = {Humans ; Australia ; *Students, Nursing/statistics & numerical data ; *COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data ; Allied Health Personnel/education/economics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Investing in allied health, dentistry, medical, and nursing undergraduate and postgraduate qualifying education is critical to meet a growing demand on global health care systems. Clinical placements are an integral component of qualifying training and are conventionally unpaid. Widespread economic challenges, attributed to a post-COVID-19 pandemic recovery era and global unrest, have led to growing economic hardship for populations, even in high-income countries like Australia. Allied health, dentistry, medical, and nursing undergraduate and postgraduate students undertaking unpaid clinical placements are not immune from these stressors, which has implications for education providers, ageing populations, the future health care system, and policy-makers. The purpose of this review was to better understand these stressors by scoping the financial implications of unpaid clinical placements for allied health, dentistry, medical, and nursing students in Australian research.

METHODS: The Joanna Briggs Institute's scoping review methodology was used. This involved a search of academic databases and an extensive search of grey literature sources. Literature published from 1 January 2014 was included. Citations were independently screened by two reviewers.

RESULTS: Thirty-three research studies were included. Most studies focused on allied health students (n = 12), followed by nursing (n = 11), and medical students (n = 5), with an additional five studies focused on multiple disciplines, including dentistry. One study had an interventional component. Findings were grouped around four concepts: reliance on self-reported measures of financial implications, costs of unpaid clinical placements for students, implications of costs for students, and an urgent need for targeted strategies to redress.

CONCLUSIONS: The financial implications of unpaid clinical placements for allied health, dentistry, medical, and nursing students in Australia are well-established in research. Impacts are significant for the future of Australia's health workforce and health system. Research findings have been consistent over the past decade in advocating for greater financial support for students undertaking unpaid clinical placements and flexibility of placement models to mitigate the indirect costs of placements. Collaboration between state and federal government, universities, peak professional bodies, and placement host organisations is imperative to implement a suite of strategies to redress the financial burden experienced by students and secure the future of Australia's health workforce.}, } @article {pmid39543481, year = {2024}, author = {Guarienti, FA and Xavier, FAC and Ferraz, MD and Bartelle, MB and Pasa, R and Angonese, A and Zanirati, GG and Marinowic, DR and Machado, DC}, title = {Identifying COVID-19 variant through symptoms profile: Would it be possible? A rapid review.}, journal = {BMC infectious diseases}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {1306}, pmid = {39543481}, issn = {1471-2334}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/virology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; Mutation ; Severity of Illness Index ; }, abstract = {The first outbreaks of coronavirus CoV, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have occurred in China and Saudi Arabia over the past decade, respectively. From the end of 2019, a great battle began by the world scientific community against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused COVID-19, a pathology that generated devastating consequences on all existing continents. Several mutations have already been detected in the structure of the virus, which have been responsible for the generation of many types of variants since the detection of the first COVID-19 virus identified in China. The worrisome mutations arising from the first genome of SARS-CoV-2 have been intensively studied. Some mutations increase the transmissibility of the disease through Spike, the protein responsible for binding the virus in the human cell. Among the numerous strains, the most discussed are called by the WHO as "variants of concern". This study aims to review if COVID-19 severity may be variant dependent. Our study found tree publications that associate severity of COVI-19 symptoms to different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The most part of publications do not establish which variant is being expressed during studies. More studies with this focus are needed for a better understanding of the disease and respective variants.}, } @article {pmid39542885, year = {2024}, author = {Kotlyar, MJ and Neef, V and Rumpf, F and Meybohm, P and Zacharowski, K and Kranke, P}, title = {[Cell salvage in obstetrics-Background and practical implementation].}, journal = {Die Anaesthesiologie}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39542885}, issn = {2731-6866}, abstract = {Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, with an increasing incidence in western countries over the past decades. During this period the numbers of PPH-related allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusions have also significantly increased. Given the increasing scarcity and risks of allogeneic RBC transfusions, which are also associated with adverse maternal outcomes, optimized blood management strategies are urgently needed in obstetrics. In recent years, patient blood management (PBM) has been increasingly integrated into medical care, resulting in a significant improvement in patient outcomes. Cell salvage (CS) is one of the PBM blood-sparing techniques that enables the collection, processing and retransfusion of the patient's own blood during major bleeding events. Although recent evidence indicates that CS can significantly reduce the demand for allogeneic RBC transfusions and improve patient outcomes, the utilization in obstetrics in German hospitals remains low, with a usage rate of only 0.07% of births with peripartum hemorrhage. It must be assumed that concerns about patient-related complications, such as amniotic fluid embolism and maternal alloimmunization contribute to this hesitancy, alongside a lack of familiarity with the technique. This article provides an overview of the current evidence on the use and safety of CS in obstetrics. To facilitate a practical implementation, fundamental considerations and organizational precautions were prepared based on the experiences of the University Hospitals in Würzburg and Frankfurt and presented in the form of graphics and checklists for the perioperative use of CS during cesarean sections.}, } @article {pmid39542225, year = {2024}, author = {Uttley, L and Weng, Y and Falzon, L}, title = {Yet another problem with systematic reviews: A living review update.}, journal = {Journal of clinical epidemiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {111608}, doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111608}, pmid = {39542225}, issn = {1878-5921}, abstract = {In February 2023, the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology published 'The Problems with Systematic Reviews: A living Systematic Review.' In updating this living review for the first time to incorporate literature from May 2022 to May 2023, a new problem and several themes have emerged from 152 newly included articles relating to research culture This brings the total number of relevant articles up to 637 and the total number of problems with systematic reviews up to 68. This update documents a new problem: the lack of gender diversity of systematic review author teams. It also reveals emerging themes such as: fast science from systematic reviews on COVID-19; the failure of citation of methodological or reporting guidelines to predict high-quality methodological or reporting quality; and the influence of vested interests on systematic review conclusions. These findings coupled with a proliferation of research waste from "me-too" meta-research articles highlighting well-established problems in systematic reviews underscores the need for reforms in research culture to address the incentives for producing and publishing research papers. This update reports where the identified flaws in systematic reviews affect their conclusions drawing on 77 meta-epidemiological studies from the total 637 included articles. These meta-meta-analytic studies begin the important work of examining which problems threaten the reliability and validity of treatment effects or conclusions derived from systematic reviews. We recommend that meta-research endeavours evolve from merely documenting well-established issues to understanding lesser-known problems or consequences to systematic reviews.}, } @article {pmid39541074, year = {2024}, author = {Attia, A and Bertherat, J}, title = {Cushing's syndrome and COVID-19.}, journal = {Pituitary}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39541074}, issn = {1573-7403}, abstract = {PURPOSE: This review aims to present current data on the course of COVID-19 in patients with Cushing syndrome (CS) and discuss treatment for CS during to the pandemic.

METHODS: Literature review using PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The search included the following terms: "COVID19" in combination with "Cushing syndrome", "Hypercortisolism" and "Glucocorticoid".

RESULTS: Chronic hypercortisolism has been reported to increase infectious risk and worsens prognostic of patients with COVID-19 potentially due to its direct impact on the immune system: lymphopenia, impairment of monocytes and neutrophils activity, diminution of complement activation. Main metabolic complications of CS - i.e. diabetes, hypertension and obesity - have been recognized as COVID-19 complications risk factors. Patients with CS treated with steroidogenesis inhibitors might experience adrenal insufficiency during COVID-19. Special attention should be paid to patients with CS and COVID-19. The pandemic has impacted - and delayed - care of chronic illnesses including CS. Specific recommendations had been provided during the pandemic: favor telemedicine consultations, limit in-hospital explorations and postpone surgery when feasible.

CONCLUSION: There are enough evidence for an increased prevalence and severity of COVID-19 to recommend a specific attention and caution in patients with CS.}, } @article {pmid39541070, year = {2024}, author = {Harris, NA and Weitzman, ER}, title = {Intensifying Substance Use Trends among Youth: A Narrative Review of Recent Trends and Implications.}, journal = {Current psychiatry reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39541070}, issn = {1535-1645}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Substance use among adolescents and young adults remains a critical public health concern, with patterns shifting dramatically in recent years. This narrative review examines trends in substance use behaviors during and following the COVID-19 pandemic.

RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiologic evidence shows declines in the proportion of youth who are using most substances but intensified consumption patterns with rising levels of disorder among adolescents who use substances. This picture may reflect the greater potency, availability and accessibility of substances, vulnerabilities related to poor mental health, minoritization, as well as social factors including pandemic stressors, commercial and regulatory forces - in short, features of the agent (substance), host (person), and environment (context), consistent with a public health formulation. Understanding trends in youth substance use and related problems, especially in the context of contributing factors, is critical for informing clinical care strategies and public health interventions to improve outcomes for youth across diverse populations.}, } @article {pmid39540854, year = {2024}, author = {Reynard, C and Campling, J and Gordon, AL and Kassianos, G and Liu, HH and Richter, A and Vyse, A and Wiseman, DJ and Wright, H and Ellsbury, G}, title = {Adult risk groups for vaccine preventable respiratory infections: an overview of the UK environment.}, journal = {Expert review of vaccines}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {1052-1067}, doi = {10.1080/14760584.2024.2428243}, pmid = {39540854}, issn = {1744-8395}, mesh = {Humans ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/epidemiology ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Adult ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Immunization Programs ; Vaccination/methods ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Vaccine-preventable respiratory infections (VPRI) including those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pose substantial challenges to health and social care systems. In the UK, routine adult respiratory vaccination programs are in place. The objective of this article is to review the current evidence on the impact of four seasonal VPRIs in adults risk group definitions and to explore the strengths and limitations of current recommendations, and to identify evidence gaps for further research.

AREAS COVERED: Relevant evidence on UK data from surveillance systems, observational studies and publicly available government documents is collated and reviewed, as well as selected global data.

EXPERT OPINION: Disparities exist between adult risk group categories for different respiratory vaccination programs as defined in the current vaccination guidance. The burden of multiple respiratory pathogens signifies importance of routine multi-pathogen testing with the need for a resilient and large-scale national surveillance system. Further understanding of epidemiological trends and disease burden will help guide decision-making and planning of targeted strategies for disease prevention and control. Addressing inequalities in disease burden and vaccine coverage particularly in clinical risk groups, and promoting equitable vaccine access remain a priority.}, } @article {pmid39452893, year = {2024}, author = {Shaw, JLV and Bannuru, RR and Beach, L and ElSayed, NA and Freckmann, G and Füzéry, AK and Fung, AWS and Gilbert, J and Huang, Y and Korpi-Steiner, N and Logan, S and Longo, R and MacKay, D and Maks, L and Pleus, S and Rogers, K and Seley, JJ and Taxin, Z and Thompson-Hutchison, F and Tolan, NV and Tran, NK and Umpierrez, GE and Venner, AA}, title = {Consensus Considerations and Good Practice Points for Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems in Hospital Settings.}, journal = {Diabetes care}, volume = {47}, number = {12}, pages = {2062-2075}, doi = {10.2337/dci24-0073}, pmid = {39452893}, issn = {1935-5548}, support = {//Diabetes Canada/ ; //American Diabetes Association/ ; //Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists/ ; //Association for Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Consensus ; *Blood Glucose/analysis ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/instrumentation/methods ; Hospitals ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Continuous Glucose Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide frequent glucose measurements in interstitial fluid and have been used widely in ambulatory settings for diabetes management. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, regulators in the U.S. and Canada temporarily allowed for CGM systems to be used in hospitals with the aim of reducing health care professional COVID-19 exposure and limiting use of personal protective equipment. As such, studies on hospital CGM system use have been possible. With improved sensor accuracy, there is increased interest in CGM usage for diabetes management in hospitals. Laboratorians and health care professionals must determine how to integrate CGM usage into practice. The aim of this consensus guidance document is to provide an update on the application of CGM systems in hospital, with insights and opinions from laboratory medicine, endocrinology, and nursing.}, } @article {pmid39087951, year = {2024}, author = {Soares, VC and Dias, SSG and Santos, JC and Bozza, PT}, title = {Unlocking secrets: lipid metabolism and lipid droplet crucial roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune response.}, journal = {Journal of leukocyte biology}, volume = {116}, number = {6}, pages = {1254-1268}, doi = {10.1093/jleuko/qiae170}, pmid = {39087951}, issn = {1938-3673}, support = {//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; //Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/metabolism/virology ; *Lipid Droplets/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Virus Replication ; Animals ; Immunity, Innate ; }, abstract = {Lipid droplets (LDs) are crucial for maintaining lipid and energy homeostasis within cells. LDs are highly dynamic organelles that present a phospholipid monolayer rich in neutral lipids. Additionally, LDs are associated with structural and nonstructural proteins, rapidly mobilizing lipids for various biological processes. Lipids play a pivotal role during viral infection, participating during viral membrane fusion, viral replication, and assembly, endocytosis, and exocytosis. SARS-CoV-2 infection often induces LD accumulation, which is used as a source of energy for the replicative process. These findings suggest that LDs are a hallmark of viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, LDs participate in the inflammatory process and cell signaling, activating pathways related to innate immunity and cell death. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that LD induction by SARS-CoV-2 is a highly coordinated process, aiding replication and evading the immune system, and may contribute to the different cell death process observed in various studies. Nevertheless, recent research in the field of LDs suggests these organelles according to the pathogen and infection conditions may also play roles in immune and inflammatory responses, protecting the host against viral infection. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 influences LD biogenesis is crucial for developing novel drugs or repurposing existing ones. By targeting host lipid metabolic pathways exploited by the virus, it is possible to impact viral replication and inflammatory responses. This review seeks to discuss and analyze the role of LDs during SARS-CoV-2 infection, specifically emphasizing their involvement in viral replication and the inflammatory response.}, } @article {pmid38631952, year = {2024}, author = {Gee, J and Shimabukuro, TT and Su, JR and Shay, D and Ryan, M and Basavaraju, SV and Broder, KR and Clark, M and Buddy Creech, C and Cunningham, F and Goddard, K and Guy, H and Edwards, KM and Forshee, R and Hamburger, T and Hause, AM and Klein, NP and Kracalik, I and Lamer, C and Loran, DA and McNeil, MM and Montgomery, J and Moro, P and Myers, TR and Olson, C and Oster, ME and Sharma, AJ and Schupbach, R and Weintraub, E and Whitehead, B and Anderson, S}, title = {Overview of U.S. COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance systems.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {42 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {125748}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.065}, pmid = {38631952}, issn = {1873-2518}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; United States ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems/statistics & numerical data ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; Immunization Programs ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; }, abstract = {The U.S. COVID-19 vaccination program, which commenced in December 2020, has been instrumental in preventing morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 disease. Safety monitoring has been an essential component of the program. The federal government undertook a comprehensive and coordinated approach to implement complementary safety monitoring systems and to communicate findings in a timely and transparent way to healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public. Monitoring involved both well-established and newly developed systems that relied on both spontaneous (passive) and active surveillance methods. Clinical consultation for individual cases of adverse events following vaccination was performed, and monitoring of special populations, such as pregnant persons, was conducted. This report describes the U.S. government's COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring systems and programs used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Indian Health Service. Using the adverse event of myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination as a model, we demonstrate how the multiple, complementary monitoring systems worked to rapidly detect, assess, and verify a vaccine safety signal. In addition, longer-term follow-up was conducted to evaluate the recovery status of myocarditis cases following vaccination. Finally, the process for timely and transparent communication and dissemination of COVID-19 vaccine safety data is described, highlighting the responsiveness and robustness of the U.S. vaccine safety monitoring infrastructure during the national COVID-19 vaccination program.}, } @article {pmid38429152, year = {2024}, author = {Chatham-Stephens, K and Carter, RJ and Duggar, C and Woodworth, KR and Carnes, CA and Bhatt, A and Ottis, C and Voegeli, C and Stokley, S and Vogt, T}, title = {An overview of the COVID-19 pediatric vaccine program - The U.S. experience vaccinating children ages 6 months through 17 years.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {42 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {125702}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.019}, pmid = {38429152}, issn = {1873-2518}, mesh = {Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; United States/epidemiology ; Infant ; *Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; *Immunization Programs ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 vaccination decreases risk for COVID-19 illness and severe disease in children, including multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) and death. On December 13, 2020, CDC recommended COVID-19 vaccination for persons ages ≥16 years, with expansion on May 12, 2021, to adolescents ages 12-15 years; to children ages 5-11 years on November 2, 2021; and to children ages 6 months-4 years on June 18, 2022. Following each age-specific recommendation, the U.S. government collaborated with state and local governments, vaccine manufacturers, and numerous other public and private entities, to ensure rapid, broad, and equitable COVID-19 vaccine distribution to strategic locations across the country to maximize access. However, vaccination coverage among children has been lower than among adults and lower among younger children than adolescents. As of May 10, 2023, COVID-19 primary series vaccination coverage was 61.8% among U.S. children ages 12-17 years, 32.9% among those ages 5-11 years, and 5.5% among those ages 6 months-4 years. This manuscript describes the planning and implementation of the U.S. COVID-19 pediatric vaccine program, including successes (e.g., the availability of pharmacy vaccination to extend access beyond more traditional pediatric vaccine providers) and challenges (e.g., multi-dose vaccine vials instead of single-dose vials, leading to concerns about wastage) to provide a historical record of the program and to help inform planning and implementation of future routine or pandemic-related pediatric vaccination campaigns.}, } @article {pmid38129285, year = {2024}, author = {Link-Gelles, R and Britton, A and Fleming-Dutra, KE and , }, title = {Building the U.S. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness program: Past successes and future directions.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {42 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {125492}, pmid = {38129285}, issn = {1873-2518}, support = {CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Humans ; United States ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Vaccine Efficacy ; Vaccination ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; Immunization Programs ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 vaccines were originally authorized in the United States in December 2020 on the basis of safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) data are necessary to provide information on how the vaccines work in populations not included in the RCTs (e.g., nursing home residents), against new SARS-CoV-2 variants, with increasing time since vaccination, and in populations with increasing levels of prior infection. The goal of CDC's COVID-19 VE program is to provide timely and robust data to support ongoing policy decisions and implementation of vaccination and includes VE platforms to study the spectrum of illness, from infection to critical illness. Challenges to estimating VE include accurate ascertainment of vaccination history, outcome status, changing rates of prior infection, emergence of new variants, and appropriate interpretation of absolute and relative VE measures. CDC COVID-19 VE platforms have played a pivotal role in numerous vaccine policy decisions since 2021 and will continue to play a key role in future decisions as the vaccine program moves from an emergency response to a routine schedule.}, } @article {pmid39540274, year = {2024}, author = {Arcimowicz, M}, title = {Rational treatment of acute rhinosinusitis in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance.}, journal = {Otolaryngologia polska = The Polish otolaryngology}, volume = {78}, number = {6}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.5604/01.3001.0054.7506}, pmid = {39540274}, issn = {2300-8423}, mesh = {Humans ; *Sinusitis/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Rhinitis/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Acute Disease ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Adult ; COVID-19 ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Rhinosinusitis ; }, abstract = {Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most common diseases in the population, both in primary and specialist otolaryngological care. It is also responsible for a disturbingly high percentage of prescribed antibiotic therapy, regardless of the etiology of the disease. Despite the fact that acute viral and acute postviral rhinosinusitis dominate among the phenotypes of acute rhinosinusitis, and the development of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis occurs in only 0.5-2% of all cases in adults and 5-10% in children, antibiotics still remain an important element of treatment, despite alarming data on the growing antibiotic resistance and the adverse effect of antibiotics on the human microbiome, leading to dysbiosis. The discovery of antibiotics was one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine, but their inappropriate use leads to the gradual increase in the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, considered one of the most serious public health problems, recognized by the WHO as one of the 10 greatest threats to human health in the 21[st] century. The unjustified use of antibiotics in outpatient care is the key to the growth of this problem, in parallel with the lack of patient compliance. The COVID pandemic has intensified this unfavourable trend. That is why the knowledge of antibiotic stewardship is so important. According to the guidelines, in the therapy of acute rhinosinusitis, symptomatic and anti-inflammatory treatment dominates, and antibiotic therapy has very strictly defined and limited indications. The latest guidelines also recommend herbal medicines, including BNO 1016, in the treatment of acute viral and postviral rhinosinusitis. Available studies indicate that it has a beneficial effect not only on shortening the duration of the disease and reducing symptoms, but also reduces the need for antibiotic treatment in acute rhinosinusitis. Complications of acute rhinosinusitis are relatively rare and are not related to taking antibiotics.}, } @article {pmid39540176, year = {2024}, author = {Reddy, KR and Faridi, KF and Aggarwal, M and Tirumalai, AA and Singh, T and Tejtel, KS and Williams, K and Litwin, SE and Dastmalchi, LN and White, BA and Barnard, N and Ornish, D and Batts, T and Ajene, G and Aspry, K and Kris Etherton, P and Hull, SC and Freeman, AM}, title = {Proposed Mechanisms and Associations of COVID-19 with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.}, journal = {American journal of lifestyle medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {15598276241269532}, pmid = {39540176}, issn = {1559-8284}, abstract = {Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) are highly prevalent globally. The interplay between CVD/CMR and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality has been intensely studied over the last three years and has yielded some important discoveries and warnings for public health. Despite many advances in cardiovascular medicine, CVD continues to be the global leading cause of death. Much of this disease burden results from high CMR imposed by behaviors centered around poor nutrition related to lifestyle choices and systemic constraints. Increased CVD/CMR contributed to the COVID-19 pandemic's unprecedented wave of disability and death, and the current state of cardiovascular health been equated to a "Population Code Blue." There is an urgent and unmet need to reorient our priorities towards health promotion and disease prevention. This manuscript will review how nutrition and lifestyle affect outcomes in COVID-19 and how some interventions and healthy lifestyle choices can markedly reduce disease burden, morbidity, and mortality.}, } @article {pmid39540114, year = {2024}, author = {Keshtkar-Jahromi, M and Adam, SJ and Brar, I and Chung, LK and Currier, JS and Daar, ES and Davey, VJ and Denning, ET and Gelijns, AC and Higgs, ES and Jagannathan, P and Javan, AC and Jensen, TO and Jilg, N and Kalomenidis, I and Kim, P and Nayak, SU and Newell, M and Taiwo, BO and Yokum, T and Delph, Y}, title = {ACTIV trials: cross-trial lessons learned for master protocol implementation.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and translational science}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e152}, pmid = {39540114}, issn = {2059-8661}, abstract = {The United States Government (USG) public-private partnership "Accelerating COVID-19 Treatment Interventions and Vaccines" (ACTIV) was launched to identify safe, effective therapeutics to treat patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prevent hospitalization, progression of disease, and death. Eleven original master protocols were developed by ACTIV, and thirty-seven therapeutic agents entered evaluation for treatment benefit. Challenges encountered during trial implementation led to innovations enabling initiation and enrollment of over 26,000 participants in the trials. While only two ACTIV trials continue to enroll, the recommendations here reflect information from all the trials as of May 2023. We review clinical trial implementation challenges and corresponding lessons learned to inform future therapeutic clinical trials implemented in response to a public health emergency and the conduct of complex clinical trials during "peacetime," as well.}, } @article {pmid39540112, year = {2024}, author = {Wohl, DA and Adam, SJ and Gibbs, KW and Moskowitz, AL and Ortel, TL and Singh, U and Jilg, N and Evering, TH and Fischer, WA and Taiwo, BO and Daar, ES and Lindsell, CJ and Naggie, S and Rothman, RL and Dunsmore, SE and McAdams, MP and Vail, J and Jayaweera, D}, title = {Engaging communities in therapeutics clinical research during pandemics: Experiences and lessons from the ACTIV COVID-19 therapeutics research initiative.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and translational science}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e156}, pmid = {39540112}, issn = {2059-8661}, abstract = {This manuscript addresses a critical topic: navigating complexities of conducting clinical trials during a pandemic. Central to this discussion is engaging communities to ensure diverse participation. The manuscript elucidates deliberate strategies employed to recruit minority communities with poor social drivers of health for participation in COVID-19 trials. The paper adopts a descriptive approach, eschewing analysis of data-driven efficacy of these efforts, and instead provides a comprehensive account of strategies utilized. The Accelerate COVID-19 Treatment Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) public-private partnership launched early in the COVID-19 pandemic to develop clinical trials to advance SARS-CoV-2 treatments. In this paper, ACTIV investigators share challenges in conducting research during an evolving pandemic and approaches selected to engage communities when traditional strategies were infeasible. Lessons from this experience include importance of community representatives' involvement early in study design and implementation and integration of well-developed public outreach and communication strategies with trial launch. Centralization and coordination of outreach will allow for efficient use of resources and the sharing of best practices. Insights gleaned from the ACTIV program, as outlined in this paper, shed light on effective strategies for involving communities in treatment trials amidst rapidly evolving public health emergencies. This underscores critical importance of community engagement initiatives well in advance of the pandemic.}, } @article {pmid39540039, year = {2024}, author = {Agampodi, S and Tadesse, BT and Sahastrabuddhe, S and Excler, JL and Kim, JH}, title = {Biases in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies using cohort design.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1474045}, pmid = {39540039}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {Observational studies on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) have provided critical real-world data, informing public health policy globally. These studies, primarily using pre-existing data sources, have been indispensable in assessing VE across diverse populations and developing sustainable vaccination strategies. Cohort design is frequently employed in VE research. The rapid implementation of vaccination campaigns during the COVID-19 pandemic introduced differential vaccination influenced by sociodemographic disparities, public policies, perceived risks, health-promoting behaviors, and health status, potentially resulting in biases such as healthy user bias, healthy vaccinee effect, frailty bias, differential depletion of susceptibility bias, and confounding by indication. The overwhelming burden on healthcare systems has escalated the risk of data inaccuracies, leading to outcome misclassifications. Additionally, the extensive array of diagnostic tests used during the pandemic has also contributed to misclassification biases. The urgency to publish quickly may have further influenced these biases or led to their oversight, affecting the validity of the findings. These biases in studies vary considerably depending on the setting, data sources, and analytical methods and are likely more pronounced in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings due to inadequate data infrastructure. Addressing and mitigating these biases is essential for accurate VE estimates, guiding public health strategies, and sustaining public trust in vaccination programs. Transparent communication about these biases and rigorous improvement in the design of future observational studies are essential.}, } @article {pmid39539719, year = {2024}, author = {Parvez, A and Saleem, J and Bhatti, MA and Hasan, A and Mahmood, A and Ali, Z and Tauqeer, T}, title = {Aligning practitioner's perception: Empowering MAST framework for evaluating telemedicine services.}, journal = {Digital health}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {20552076241297317}, pmid = {39539719}, issn = {2055-2076}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Telemedicine is a digital substitute for in-person healthcare service delivery systems that has gained popularity amid the global COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to evaluate telemedicine compatibility from the perspective of healthcare practitioners to enhance the effectiveness and spectrum of the Model for Assessment of Telemedicine.

METHOD: Primary and Secondary Healthcare and King Edward Medical University extended their respective telemedicine services in 2020 where 24,516 patients were benefited from the telemedicine services provided by 1273 doctors from different specializations. A cross-sectional survey via online questionnaire was conducted among purposively sampled 248 healthcare practitioners designated at telemedicine portals in the public sector; further analysed by descriptive analysis and Monte Carlo Feature Selection.

RESULTS: Healthcare practitioner perception was analysed explicitly and found significant in addition to the existing domains under multidisciplinary assessment in the Model for Assessment of Telemedicine model. The variables of subdomains integration with healthcare system, patient facilitation, technology ease, capacity building, ethical integrity, outcome assessment and communication gap under proposed healthcare practitioner perception domain were found interdependent. The variables of patient satisfaction, resource preservation, healthcare practitioner satisfaction, digital connectivity, user-friendliness, and patient safety were found to be of higher importance (RI values). However, the compatibility of telemedicine with the healthcare system was also influenced by interdependencies (RI plot) and multifaceted interactions of variables derived from the healthcare practitioner perception.

CONCLUSION: The variables of healthcare practitioner perception were exhibiting various weightages of importance and interdependencies in determining the compatibility of telemedicine within the healthcare system and recommended to be considered in the Model for Assessment of Telemedicine framework.}, } @article {pmid39539151, year = {2024}, author = {Elhassan Taha, MM and Abdelwahab, SI and Moni, SS and Farasani, A and Aljahdali, IA and Oraibi, B and Alfaifi, HA and Alzahrani, AH and Ali Jerah, A}, title = {Nano-enhanced immunity: A bibliometric analysis of nanoparticles in vaccine adjuvant research.}, journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {2427464}, pmid = {39539151}, issn = {2164-554X}, mesh = {*Nanoparticles ; Humans ; *Bibliometrics ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; Adjuvants, Vaccine ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Biomedical Research ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; }, abstract = {This study analyzed the growth, collaboration, citation trends, and emerging topics in nanoparticle-based vaccine and adjuvant research (NVAR) from 1977 to 2023, using data from the Scopus database. The field showed a steady growth rate of 7.53% per year. Leading researchers Jaafari, M.R. and Alving, C.R. contributed significantly to the field, with 24.22% of publications and 38.92% of total citations coming from the United States. International collaboration was very strong, particularly between the US, UK, Germany, China, and France. Key research topics include nanoparticles, immunotherapy, COVID-19, and vaccines with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 and malaria. Emerging topics include vaccine adjuvants, mRNA, and neutralizing antibodies. This study emphasizes the importance of ongoing collaboration and interdisciplinary efforts to advance the field of NVAR.}, } @article {pmid39538298, year = {2024}, author = {Niayesh-Mehr, R and Kalantar, M and Bontempi, G and Montaldo, C and Ebrahimi, S and Allameh, A and Babaei, G and Seif, F and Strippoli, R}, title = {The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis: lessons from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19.}, journal = {Cell communication and signaling : CCS}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {542}, pmid = {39538298}, issn = {1478-811X}, support = {Ministero della Salute, Ricerca corrente linea 1 I.N.M.I. L. Spallanzani IRCCS//Ministero della Salute/ ; P2022XZKBM//European Union/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/pathology/virology/complications ; *Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; *Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology/virology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Despite the tremendous advancements in the knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, still many issues remain unanswered, especially in the long-term effects. Mounting evidence suggests that pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is one of the most severe complications associated with COVID-19. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind its development is helpful to develop successful therapeutic strategies. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its cell specific variants endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT) are physio-pathologic cellular reprogramming processes induced by several infectious, inflammatory and biomechanical stimuli. Cells undergoing EMT acquire invasive, profibrogenic and proinflammatory activities by secreting several extracellular mediators. Their activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PF in a variety of lung disorders, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and COVID-19. Aim of this article is to provide an updated survey of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, with emphasis on EMT-related processes, implicated in the genesis of PF in IFP and COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39538233, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, CC and Lin, YA and Liu, KT and Huang, CY and Shih, CM and Lee, YT and Pan, JL and Lee, AW}, title = {Navigating SARS-CoV-2-related immunopathology in Crohn's disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic challenges.}, journal = {Virology journal}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {288}, pmid = {39538233}, issn = {1743-422X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Crohn Disease/immunology/drug therapy ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/drug therapy ; Lymphopenia/immunology ; }, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) not only posed major health and economic burdens to international societies but also threatens patients with comorbidities and underlying autoimmune disorders, including Crohn's disease (CD) patients. As the vaccinated population is gradually relieved from the stress of the latest omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 due to competent immune responses, the anxiety of CD patients, especially those on immunosuppressive treatment, has not subsided. Whether the use of immunosuppressants for remission of CD outweighs the potential risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has long been discussed. Thus, for the best benefit of CD patients, our primary goal in this study was to navigate the clinical management of CD during the COVID pandemic. Herein, we summarized COVID-19 outcomes of CD patients treated with immunosuppressive agents from multiple cohort studies and also investigated possible mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 impacts the host immunity with special consideration of CD patients. We first looked into the SARS-CoV-2-related immunopathology, including lymphocytopenia, T-cell exhaustion, cytokine storms, and their possible molecular interactions, and then focused on mechanistic actions of gastrointestinal systems, including interruption of tryptophan absorption, development of dysbiosis, and consequent local and systemic inflammation. Given challenges in managing CD, we summarized up-to-date clinical and molecular evidence to help physicians adjust therapeutic strategies to achieve the best clinical outcomes for CD patients.}, } @article {pmid39538186, year = {2024}, author = {Majekodunmi, P and Tulli-Shah, M and Kemei, J and Kayode, I and Maduforo, AN and Salami, B}, title = {Interventions employed to address vaccine hesitancy among Black populations outside of African and Caribbean countries: a scoping review.}, journal = {BMC public health}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {3147}, pmid = {39538186}, issn = {1471-2458}, support = {460913/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Black People/psychology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Black people are disproportionately affected by structural and social determinants of health, resulting in greater risks of exposure to and deaths from COVID-19. Structural and social determinants of health feed vaccine hesitancy and worsen health disparities.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review explored interventions that have been employed to address vaccine hesitancy among Black population outside of African and Caribbean countries. This review provides several strategies for addressing this deep-rooted public health problem.

METHODS: The scoping review followed the five-step framework outlined by Arksey and O'Malley. It complies with reporting guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Research studies that examined interventions utilized to promote vaccine confidence within Black populations living outside of African and Caribbean countries were reviewed.

FINDINGS: A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria for this study: 17 were quantitative studies and three were mixed-method studies. This scoping review highlighted six themes: educational advancement, messaging, multi-component approaches, outreach efforts, enhancing healthcare access, and healthcare provider leadership.

CONCLUSION: The review identified effective interventions for addressing vaccine hesitancy among Black populations outside Africa and the Caribbean, emphasizing education, multidimensional approaches, and healthcare provider recommendations. It calls for more qualitative research and interventions in countries like Canada and the UK to enhance vaccine confidence and reduce mistrust.}, } @article {pmid39538081, year = {2024}, author = {Corriol-Rohou, S and Fürst-Recktenwald, SI and Davies, EH and Dehlinger-Kremer, M and Turner, MA}, title = {Better Medicines for Children: Lessons Learnt and Share Learnings at the EFGCP Annual Paediatric Conferences.}, journal = {Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s43441-024-00710-w}, pmid = {39538081}, issn = {2168-4804}, abstract = {For many years, the European Forum for Good Clinical Practice (EFGCP) Children Medicines Working Party has organised a Paediatric conference annually. In the past, this event was organised jointly with the European Medicines Agency who was used to host it, along with the Drug Information Association (DIA). This conference is the opportunity for all involved in paediatric drug development, i.e., regulators, HTA bodies, patients' representatives, academia and industry, to share learnings and raise awareness about new regulatory requirements of interest to optimise paediatric drug development. The theme of the 2021 conference was "Challenges and Solutions - the path forward" while in 2022 it focused on "Progress made and Continuing Challenges". Because of the COVID-19 pandemic these two conferences were organised virtually. However, this has not impacted the attendance and value of the conference, since because of a broad and attractive agenda there was a wide stakeholder participation, which provided a compendious overview of the leading issues to improve children's access to innovative medicines.}, } @article {pmid39537445, year = {2024}, author = {Obraitis, D and Li, D}, title = {Blood virome research in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: challenges and opportunities.}, journal = {Current opinion in virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101437}, doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101437}, pmid = {39537445}, issn = {1879-6265}, abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease with a complex clinical presentation and an unknown etiology. Various viral infections have been proposed as potential triggers of ME/CFS onset, but no specific pathogen has been identified in all cases of postinfectious ME/CFS. The symptomatology of the postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, or long COVID, mirrors that of ME/CFS, with nearly half of long COVID patients meeting ME/CFS diagnostic criteria. The influx of newly diagnosed patients has reinvigorated interest in ME/CFS pathogenesis research, with an emphasis on viral triggers. This review summarizes the current understanding of ME/CFS research on viral triggers, including blood virome screening studies. To further elucidate the molecular basis of ME/CFS, there is a need to develop innovative bioinformatics tools capable of analyzing complex virome data and integrating multiomics information.}, } @article {pmid39537384, year = {2024}, author = {Guo, Y and Zhou, G and Feng, Y and Zhang, J and Liu, Y and Yang, X and Liu, P and Feng, Y and Xia, X}, title = {The Association Between Male Viral Infections and Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {e70002}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.70002}, pmid = {39537384}, issn = {1099-1654}, support = {2020-04-05-112//Health Research Project of Kunming Municipal Health Commission/ ; 2022YJZX-FC16//Open project of Clinical Medical Research Center of the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province/ ; 202101AY070001-207//Joint Funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province and Kunming Medical University/ ; 202302AA310044//Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Projects/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Infertility, Male/virology/epidemiology ; *Virus Diseases/virology/epidemiology/complications ; Semen Analysis ; COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/complications/pathology ; Papillomavirus Infections/virology/complications/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; DNA Fragmentation ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Female ; }, abstract = {Infertility affects approximately one-sixth of couples worldwide, with male factors contributing to half of all cases. However, infections, particularly those of reproductive tract, are increasingly recognized as important contributors to male infertility. Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we focused on the impact of various viral infections on male infertility. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library on 20 October 2023. And included 135 studies involving 30,298 men of reproductive age. We found that the human papilloma virus (HPV)-infected group had a significantly higher DNA fragmentation index (DFI) than the non-infected group, with a mean difference (MD) of 5.64 (95% CI: 3.74-7.54). Conversely, the HPV-infected group had significantly lower sperm count, concentration, viability and normal morphology. Other viruses that affect semen quality include hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). HBV significantly decreased fertilization rate, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.99). HPV associated with lower clinical pregnancy rate (OR: 0.31 [95% CI: 0.16-0.62]) and higher miscarriage rate (OR: 5.28 [95% CI: 2.02-13.78]). Additionally, the fertility treatment group had a significantly higher rate of HPV infection (OR: 1.85 [95% CI: 1.10-3.12]) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection (OR: 8.49 [95% CI: 2.66-27.10]) than the fertility group. Conclusively, most viral infections affect semen quality, while HBV and HPV may affect assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. HPV and AAV are risk factors for infertility.}, } @article {pmid39537215, year = {2024}, author = {Carvalho, HMB and Fidalgo, TAS and Acúrcio, RC and Matos, AI and Satchi-Fainaro, R and Florindo, HF}, title = {Better, Faster, Stronger: Accelerating mRNA-Based Immunotherapies With Nanocarriers.}, journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {e2017}, doi = {10.1002/wnan.2017}, pmid = {39537215}, issn = {1939-0041}, support = {3706/24//Israel Science Foundation/ ; PROF-18-682//Israel Cancer Research Fund/ ; LCF/PR/HR22/52420016//"la Caixa" Foundation/ ; LCF/PR/HR24/00968//"la Caixa" Foundation/ ; LCF/TR/CD20/52700005//"la Caixa" Foundation/ ; LCF/PR/HR19/52160021//"la Caixa" Foundation/ ; 615808/MRA/Melanoma Research Alliance/United States ; 591187//H2020 European Research Council/ ; 835227//H2020 European Research Council/ ; //Morris Kahn Foundation/ ; UIDB/04138/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia-Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT-MCTES)/ ; UIDP/04138/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia-Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT-MCTES)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Immunotherapy ; *RNA, Messenger/genetics ; *Neoplasms/therapy/immunology ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Animals ; Cancer Vaccines/immunology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Tumor Microenvironment ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics are attracting attention as promising tools in cancer immunotherapy due to their ability to leverage the in vivo expression of all known protein sequences. Even small amounts of mRNA can have a powerful effect on cancer vaccines by promoting the synthesis of tumor-specific antigens (TSA) or tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by antigen-presenting cells (APC). These antigens are then presented to T cells, eliciting strong antitumor immune stimulation. The potential of mRNA can be further enhanced by expressing immunomodulatory agents, such as cytokines, antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), enhancing tumor immunity. Recent research also explores mRNA-encoded tumor death inducers or tumor microenvironment (TME) modulators. Despite its promise, the clinical translation of mRNA-based anticancer strategies faces challenges, including inefficient targeted delivery in vivo, failure of endosomal escape, and inadequate intracellular mRNA release, resulting in poor transfection efficiencies. Inspired by the approval of lipid nanoparticle-loaded mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the encouraging outcomes of mRNA-based cancer therapies in trials, innovative nonviral nanotechnology delivery systems have been engineered. These aim to advance mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies from research to clinical application. This review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical progress in lipid and polymeric nanomedicines for delivering mRNA-encoded antitumor therapeutics, including cytokines and antibody-based immunotherapies, cancer vaccines, and CAR therapies. It also addresses advanced delivery systems for direct oncolysis or TME reprogramming and highlights key challenges in translating these therapies to clinical use, exploring future perspectives, including the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in their development.}, } @article {pmid39536645, year = {2024}, author = {Sultana, R and Stahelin, RV}, title = {Strengths and limitations of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle systems.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {601}, number = {}, pages = {110285}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2024.110285}, pmid = {39536645}, issn = {1096-0341}, abstract = {Virus-like particles (VLPs) resemble the parent virus but lack the viral genome, providing a safe and efficient platform for the analysis of virus assembly and budding as well as the development of vaccines and drugs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the formation of SARS-CoV-2 VLPs was investigated as an alternative to authentic virions because the latter requires biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facilities. This allowed researchers to model its assembly and budding processes, examine the role of mutations in variants of concern, and determine how the structural proteins interact with each other. Also, the absence of viral genome in VLPs circumvents worries of gains in infectivity via mutagenesis. This review summarizes the strengths and limitations of several SARS-CoV-2 VLP systems and details some of the strides that have been made in using these systems to study virus assembly and budding, viral entry, and antibody and vaccine development.}, } @article {pmid39536463, year = {2024}, author = {Avery, K and Chen, X}, title = {Integration of bioprinting advances and biomechanical strategies forin vitrolung modelling.}, journal = {Biofabrication}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1088/1758-5090/ad91e2}, pmid = {39536463}, issn = {1758-5090}, mesh = {Humans ; *Bioprinting/methods ; *Lung/physiology ; *Tissue Engineering/methods ; COVID-19 ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Animals ; Biomimetics/methods ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Models, Biological ; Organoids/cytology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry ; }, abstract = {The recent occurrence of the Covid-19 pandemic and frequent wildfires have worsened pulmonary diseases and raised the urgent need for investigating host-pathogen interactions and advancing drug and vaccine therapies. Historically, research and experimental studies have relied on two-dimensional cell culture dishes and/or animal models, which suffer from physiological differences from the human lung. More recently, there has been investigation into the use of lung-on-a-chip models and organoids, while the use of bioprinting technologies has also emerged to fabricate three-dimensional constructs or lung models with enhanced physiological relevance. Concurrently, achievements have also been made to develop biomimetic strategies for simulating thein vivobiomechanical conditions induced by lung breathing, though challenges remain with incorporating these strategies with bioprinted models. Bioprinted models combined with advanced biomimetic strategies would represent a promising approach to advance disease discovery and therapeutic development. As inspired, this article briefly reviews the recent progress of both bioprintedin vitrolung models and biomechanical strategies, with a focus on native lung tissue microstructure and biomechanical properties, bioprinted constructs, and biomimetic strategies to mimic the native environment. This article also urges that the integration of bioprinting advances and biomimetic strategies would be essential to achieve synergistic effects forin vitrolung modelling. Key issues and challenges are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for future research.}, } @article {pmid39536423, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, Y and Wang, X and Chen, Y and Zhou, L and Wang, Y and Li, L and Wang, Z and Yang, L}, title = {Pharmacological mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine against acute lung injury: From active ingredients to herbal formulae.}, journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology}, volume = {135}, number = {}, pages = {155562}, doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155562}, pmid = {39536423}, issn = {1618-095X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the leading causes of acute respiratory failure in many critical diseases and are among the main respiratory diseases with high clinical mortality. The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause severe ARDS, resulting in a steep rise in the number of patient deaths. Therefore, it is important to explore the pathogenesis of ALI and find effective therapeutic agents. In recent years, thanks to modern biomedical tools, some progress has been made in the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment principles based on syndromic differentiation and holistic concepts in clinical and experimental studies of ALI. More and more TCM effective components and formulae have been verified to have significant curative effects, which have a certain guiding significance for clinical practice.

PURPOSE: It is hoped to provide reference for the clinical research of ALI/ARDS and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the scientific application of TCM in respiratory related diseases.

METHODS: We performed a literature survey using traditional books of Chinese medicine and online scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and others up to January 2023.

RESULTS: In recent years, thanks to modern biomedical tools, some progress has been made in the application of TCM treatment principles based on syndromic differentiation and holistic concepts in clinical and experimental studies of ALI. This paper mainly reviews the research progress of ALI/ARDS mechanism, the understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis by TCM, and the therapeutic effects of TCM formulae and active ingredients of Chinese medicine. A large number of studies have shown that the effective components and formulae of TCM can prevent or treat ALI/ARDS in vivo and in vitro experiments.

CONCLUSION: TCM effective components and formulae play an important role in the prevention and treatment of ALI/ARDS through multiple approaches and multiple targets, and provide necessary theoretical support for the further development and utilization of TCM resources.}, } @article {pmid39536122, year = {2024}, author = {Saydah, SH and Campbell, AP and Randolph, AG}, title = {Consequences beyond acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {773}, pages = {eado2099}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2099}, pmid = {39536122}, issn = {1946-6242}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology/complications ; Child ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; }, abstract = {Although most children are spared from developing complications from SARS-CoV-2 infection, some may suffer consequences including Long Covid and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Although the occurrence of these conditions has decreased over time, they can still occur, and recognition of symptoms and prompt diagnosis is imperative for early intervention.}, } @article {pmid39536121, year = {2024}, author = {Peluso, MJ and Hanson, MR and Deeks, SG}, title = {Infection-associated chronic conditions: Why Long Covid is our best chance to untangle Osler's web.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {773}, pages = {eado2101}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2101}, pmid = {39536121}, issn = {1946-6242}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology/epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; }, abstract = {The recognition of Long Covid has renewed efforts to understand other infection-associated chronic conditions (IACCs). Here, we describe how studies of Long Covid and other IACCs might inform one another. We argue for the importance of a coordinated research agenda addressing these debilitating illnesses.}, } @article {pmid39536120, year = {2024}, author = {Silva, J and Iwasaki, A}, title = {Sex differences in postacute infection syndromes.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {773}, pages = {eado2102}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2102}, pmid = {39536120}, issn = {1946-6242}, mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Male ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {Postacute infection syndromes like Long Covid disproportionately affect females, differing in prevalence, symptoms, and potential causes from males. This Viewpoint highlights these sex differences, gaps in current understanding, and the critical need for sex-based research.}, } @article {pmid39536118, year = {2024}, author = {Schäfer, A and Leist, SR and Powers, JM and Baric, RS}, title = {Animal models of Long Covid: A hit-and-run disease.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {773}, pages = {eado2104}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2104}, pmid = {39536118}, issn = {1946-6242}, mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Humans ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; }, abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) pandemic has caused more than 7 million deaths globally. Despite the presence of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity, SARS-CoV-2 infections remain a major global health concern because of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that can cause severe acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or enhance Long Covid disease phenotypes. About 5 to 10% of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals develop Long Covid, which, similar to acute COVID 19, often affects the lung. However, Long Covid can also affect other peripheral organs, especially the brain. The causal relationships between acute disease phenotypes, long-term symptoms, and involvement of multiple organ systems remain elusive, and animal model systems mimicking both acute and post-acute phases are imperative. Here, we review the current state of Long Covid animal models, including current and possible future applications.}, } @article {pmid39536116, year = {2024}, author = {Antar, AAR and Cox, AL}, title = {Translating insights into therapies for Long Covid.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {773}, pages = {eado2106}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2106}, pmid = {39536116}, issn = {1946-6242}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/immunology/virology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; }, abstract = {Long Covid is defined by a wide range of symptoms that persist after the acute phase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, weakness, postexertional malaise, and cognitive dysfunction, with many other symptoms reported. Symptom range, duration, and severity are highly variable and partially overlap with symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and other post-acute infectious syndromes, highlighting opportunities to define shared mechanisms of pathogenesis. Potential mechanisms of Long Covid are diverse, including persistence of viral reservoirs, dysregulated immune responses, direct viral damage of tissues targeted by SARS-CoV-2, inflammation driven by reactivation of latent viral infections, vascular endothelium activation or dysfunction, and subsequent thromboinflammation, autoimmunity, metabolic derangements, microglial activation, and microbiota dysbiosis. The heterogeneity of symptoms and baseline characteristics of people with Long Covid, as well as the varying states of immunity and therapies given at the time of acute infection, have made etiologies of Long Covid difficult to determine. Here, we examine progress on preclinical models for Long Covid and review progress being made in clinical trials, highlighting the need for large human studies and further development of models to better understand Long Covid. Such studies will inform clinical trials that will define treatments to benefit those living with this condition.}, } @article {pmid39535990, year = {2024}, author = {Garzon Diaz, K and Villamil Duarte, A and Velasco Forero, S and Herrera Jacobo, S}, title = {Post-pandemic face-to-face learning environments for undergraduate students: A scoping review protocol.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {e0309932}, pmid = {39535990}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Students/psychology ; Universities ; *Pandemics ; Education, Distance/methods ; Learning ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This scoping review explores the existing literature related to post-pandemic face-to-face learning environments for undergraduate students following their participation in virtual classes during the Covid-19 pandemic. The secondary objectives are focused to identify the cognitive; emotional, or communicative demands that characterize students; changes in pedagogical strategies; and primary recommendations regarding post-pandemic face-to-face education in the context of Covid-19.

INTRODUCTION: The global emergency created by the presence of COVID-19 has led to significant change in the daily lives of people worldwide, ranging from lockdowns to the proliferation of virtual channels for social interaction and learning. Interest in its effects remains relevant in various fields including social, economic, health, technological, and educational studies. The transition back to face-to-face studies in university settings requires new adjustment processes for both students and teachers, necessitating pedagogical transformations and addressing cognitive, emotional, communicative, and habituation demands. Studies on the return to face-to-face studies in university settings are relatively scarce and warrant in-depth research.

INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will include studies completed and published in calendar years 2022 and 2024 that involve post-pandemic face-to-face learning environments for undergraduate students from any geographical area.

METHODOLOGY: This scoping review will follow the JBI methodology for conducting scoping reviews. The following databases will be used: Academic Search Complete, Inter-American Development Bank, CLACSO, and The UNESCO Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC), Dimensions, DOAB, DOAJ, ERIC, LILACS, Psicodoc, Redalyc, Redib, Scielo, Scopus, Dialnet, Web Of Science, Latindex, Google Scholar, SocArXiv. The search will aim to locate publications without language restrictions from any geographic location, including peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, preprints, technical notes, and policy reports. Three independent reviewers will screen, retrieve and review full-text studies and extract data. Consensus will be sought in the event of disagreement. The search results will be presented in the PRISMA-ScR flowchart. A narrative summary will also be included (Tricco AC 2018).

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration of systematic reviews: Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6P9QB).}, } @article {pmid39535687, year = {2024}, author = {Stokes, C and Good, P}, title = {Community Palliative Care: What are the Best Models?.}, journal = {Current treatment options in oncology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39535687}, issn = {1534-6277}, abstract = {Palliative care seeks to address the physical, psychosocial and spiritual concerns of patients with a life limiting illness and their caregivers. Early referral to palliative care improves symptoms and is the standard of care. This paper evaluates the evidence for different models of community palliative care and looks at the effects of homecare, hospice programs and residential aged care facility (RACF) interventions on symptom management, home death rate and acute health service utilization. It also examines the impact of COVID-19, telehealth, integration and staffing models on the efficacy of community palliative care. Evidence suggests that community palliative care increases the rate of death at home and may improve satisfaction with care, but effect on symptoms and acute health care utilization are less certain. Enrolment in a hospice program may decrease hospitalizations and improve satisfaction. RACF staff training interventions to improve the quality of palliative care provided to residents show mixed results across all indicators. COVID-19 saw a relative increase in the demand for community palliative care, as people opted out of the hospital system. Models of community palliative care that facilitate integration, support primary health providers, and promote technological innovation are worthy of further research.}, } @article {pmid39535127, year = {2024}, author = {Omidi, Y and Pourseif, MM and Ansari, RA and Barar, J}, title = {Design and development of mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA vaccine nanoformulations.}, journal = {Nanomedicine (London, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-27}, doi = {10.1080/17435889.2024.2419815}, pmid = {39535127}, issn = {1748-6963}, abstract = {The rapid evolution of mRNA vaccines, highlighted by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines, has transformed vaccine development and therapeutic approaches. Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccines, a groundbreaking advancement in RNA-based vaccines, offer promising possibilities for disease prevention and treatment, including potential applications in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores the complex design and development of these innovative vaccines, with a focus on their nanoscale formulations that utilize nanotechnology to improve their delivery and effectiveness. It articulates the fundamental principles of mRNA and saRNA vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and the role of synthetic mRNA in eliciting immune responses. The review further elaborates on various nanoscale delivery systems (e.g., lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and other nanocarriers), emphasizing their advantages in enhancing mRNA stability and cellular uptake. It addresses advanced nanoscale delivery techniques such as microfluidics and discusses the challenges in formulating mRNA and saRNA vaccines. By incorporating the latest technologies and current research, this review provides a thorough overview of recent mRNA and saRNA nanovaccines advancements, highlighting their potential to revolutionize vaccine technology and broaden clinical applications.}, } @article {pmid39302733, year = {2024}, author = {Escobar, PA and Sobol, Z and Miller, RR and Ferry-Martin, S and Stermer, A and Jacob, B and Muniappa, N and Sanchez, RI and Blanchard, KT and Galijatovic-Idrizbegovic, A and Amin, RP and Troth, SP}, title = {Comprehensive genotoxicity and carcinogenicity assessment of molnupiravir.}, journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology}, volume = {202}, number = {2}, pages = {278-290}, doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfae112}, pmid = {39302733}, issn = {1096-0929}, support = {//Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC/ ; //Merck & Co., Inc./ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/toxicity ; *Mutagenicity Tests ; Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/toxicity ; *Carcinogenicity Tests ; Mice ; DNA Damage ; Hydroxylamines/toxicity ; Mutagens/toxicity ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; }, abstract = {Molnupiravir is registered or authorized in several countries as a 5-d oral coronavirus disease 2019 treatment for adults. Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the antiviral ribonucleoside β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) that distributes into cells, where it is phosphorylated to its pharmacologically active ribonucleoside triphosphate (NHC-TP) form. NHC-TP incorporates into severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, resulting in an accumulation of errors in the viral genome, leading to inhibition of viral replication and loss of infectivity. The potential of molnupiravir to induce genomic mutations and DNA damage was comprehensively assessed in several in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays and a carcinogenicity study, in accordance with international guideline recommendations and expert opinion. Molnupiravir and NHC induced mutations in vitro in bacteria and mammalian cells but did not induce chromosome damage in in vitro or in vivo assays. The in vivo mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of molnupiravir was tested in a series of in vivo mutagenicity studies in somatic and germ cells (Pig-a Assay and Big Blue® TGR Mutation Assay) and in a carcinogenicity study (transgenic rasH2-Tg mouse), using durations of exposure and doses exceeding those used in clinical therapy. In vitro genotoxicity results are superseded by robustly conducted in vivo studies. Molnupiravir did not increase mutations in somatic or germ cells in the in vivo animal studies and was negative in the carcinogenicity study. The interpretation criteria for each study followed established regulatory guidelines. Taken together, these data indicate that molnupiravir use does not present a genotoxicity or carcinogenicity risk for patients.}, } @article {pmid39534827, year = {2024}, author = {Manongi, NJ and Rajapandian, R and Moti Wala, S and AlEdani, EM and Samuel, EA and Ahmad, K and Arcia Franchini, AP}, title = {A Systematic Review of the Impact of Energy Insecurity on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e71370}, pmid = {39534827}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Energy is an increasingly important social and public health concern. It is essential for good health and a prerequisite for basic needs in the household. Public health emergencies like COVID-19 have been known to be associated with mental health crises such as increased levels of loneliness, depression, and anxiety. A systematic search of the PubMed, Semantic Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases was conducted. After duplicate removal, title, abstract, and content screening, retrieval, and quality assessment, 11 studies met the criteria for this systematic review of articles. This study highlighted that the COVID-19 pandemic created a mental health crisis associated with various factors, particularly energy insecurity. The social implications for this study show that it is important for individuals and the public health community to recognize the impact that energy insecurity has on the population more specifically recognizing how energy insecurity affects mental health. Public health measures should focus on getting direct help to households that are struggling to keep the home at a safe temperature and pay their energy bills.}, } @article {pmid39534798, year = {2024}, author = {Mathew, PC and Joseph, D and Zacharia, A and Thomas, AC and Elizabeth Oommen, S and Joseph, J}, title = {Visualizing Scholarly Trends in Electronic Health (eHealth) Business Models: A Bibliometric Analysis.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e71337}, pmid = {39534798}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {The integration of digital health technologies with innovative business models became a crucial driver in the transformation of healthcare service delivery and management worldwide. As the adoption of electronic health (eHealth) solutions grows, there is increasing scholarly interest in understanding and optimizing these models. This paper reviewed the literature on eHealth business models from 1991 to 2024 through a bibliometric analysis of 1,118 documents published across 711 sources. The analysis primarily focused on journal articles and conference papers, utilizing VOSviewer (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, NLD) and Biblioshiny (Bibliometrix, Naples, ITA) to explore emerging trends, influential authors, and prominent sources. The results revealed a significant rise in research output, especially post-2007, with a peak during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key emerging themes included telemedicine, digital health, and information management, with a strong emphasis on international collaborations, particularly among countries in Europe, North America, and Asia. This study provided valuable insights into the evolution of eHealth business models, highlighting the importance of international and multidisciplinary approaches in this rapidly evolving field.}, } @article {pmid39534454, year = {2024}, author = {Lee, J and Kwon, KH}, title = {Future challenges of direct-to-consumer genetic testing for sustainable safety in the Republic of Korea's skin care market: a systematic review.}, journal = {mHealth}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {33}, pmid = {39534454}, issn = {2306-9740}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social distancing due to the pandemic is accelerating the fragmentation of Korean society in the megatrend of continuous individualization after industrialization. In this context, consumers are turning to direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing for tailored skin healthcare strategies. However, there are still concerns about the safety of personal information in DTC genetic testing. The purpose of this review article is to examine the sustainable safety of DTC genetic testing for customized dermatology products, focusing on skin healthcare market after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS: A systematic review approach was used in this study. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow chart, a total of 920 references were selected from PubMed, Medline, and Scopus. The composition of a total of 59 references from professional papers was finally reviewed. To this end, the most relevant recent literature was added, and the reference period was limited to 2018 to 2023 based on a 6-year period.

RESULTS: With the practice of mask wearing since COVID-19, various methods are being used to strengthen the skin's immune system, and maintain and promote skin health. There is a need to have a method to increase the safety of DTC genetic testing for sustainable skin healthcare market.

CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there is a need to continue to develop more sustainable and safer security applications (apps) in the field of customized dermatology cosmetics to address the privacy issues and improve the accuracy of DTC genetic testing.}, } @article {pmid39534138, year = {2024}, author = {Aghababaei, S and Masoumi, Z and Tahmasebi, R and Jenabi, E and Toosi, Z and Ghelichkhani, S}, title = {Violence against women during pregnancy and its dimensions in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Industrial psychiatry journal}, volume = {33}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S8-S18}, pmid = {39534138}, issn = {0972-6748}, abstract = {This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of violence against pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic based on the available evidence. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. All published observational articles from December 2019 to December 2022 were assessed by two independent authors using the "violence, pregnancy, COVID-19" keywords. The quality appraisal of primary studies conducted using the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale checklist and 10 eligible articles were included in this review. After reviewing the articles, the prevalence of violence among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic was estimated to be 23% [95% confidence interval (CI) =18 to 29%] using the random effect model. Of them, 59% (95% CI = 13 to 105%) was attributed to verbal-behavioral violence, 30% (95% CI = 17 to 42%) emotional violence, 14% (95% CI = 8 to 20%) sexual violence, and 11% physical violence (95% CI = 6 to 17%). The results indicated that the violence prevalence among pregnant women was not different during and before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the behavioral-verbal, emotional, physical, and sexual violence were the most common forms of violence.}, } @article {pmid39529898, year = {2024}, author = {Zhu, L and Zhu, P and Wang, J and Yan, K and Zhao, S and Jiang, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {A bibliometric and visual analysis of Parkinson's disease sleep disorders: articles from 2008 to 2023.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1468568}, pmid = {39529898}, issn = {1664-0640}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Sleep disorder is a common non-motor symptom (NMS) of Parkinson's disease. However, the global research focus on Parkinson's sleep-related disorders (PDSDs) and future trends remains unclear. Currently, there is no bibliometric analysis of PDSDs. We aim to fill this gap, determine the status of current research, and predict future research hotspots.

METHODS: We selected 1490 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2008 to 2023. Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer, the analysis was performed from the perspectives of the trend in the number of annual publications, countries, institutions, authors, journals, and co-citations.

RESULTS: A total of 1490 publications from 590 authors from 409 institutions in 77 countries are included. The United States, China, and the United Kingdom are the leading countries. University College London (UCL) is the most prolific institution. Harvard University is the key for cooperation among institutions. Chaudhuri Kallol Ray is a leader in this field. "Movement Disorders" is the most influential journal. "A systematic review of the literature on disorders of sleep and wakefulness in Parkinson's disease from 2005 to 2015" is the publication with the highest co-citation intensity.

CONCLUSION: The total volume of publications on PDSDs is on the rise, entering a relatively high-yield stage in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new keywords may be the reasons behind this phenomenon. "quality of life" and "circadian rhythm" are the mainstream topics of PDSD research. Daytime sleepiness is the PDSD subtype that has received the most attention. Sleep quality, biomarkers, and neurodegeneration are likely to become future research hotspots.}, } @article {pmid39529813, year = {2024}, author = {de Ruijter, A and Hervey, T and Prainsack, B}, title = {Solidarity and trust in European Union health governance: three ways forward.}, journal = {The Lancet regional health. Europe}, volume = {46}, number = {}, pages = {101047}, pmid = {39529813}, issn = {2666-7762}, abstract = {Trust and solidarity are centrally important to the functioning of healthcare systems, and for societal resilience and stability more broadly. The European Union is increasingly shaping governance and norms that affect trust and solidarity in health-a process that has intensified with the announcement of the 'European Health Union' in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, how can the EU ensure solidarity in health while generating public trust as a pre-condition for solidaristic institutions? We propose three strategies to reach this goal. First, both at national and European levels, institutions and mechanisms of solidarity should be strengthened. Second, the Union should boost the resilience and stability of national healthcare systems through mechanisms of risk-sharing. Third, the Union should mandate or encourage its member countries to enhance prevention and other public health policies to strengthen pre-distribution, aimed to ensure a more equal baseline of public health before inequalities arise.}, } @article {pmid39534596, year = {2024}, author = {Stefan, K and Gordon, R and Rolig, A and Honkala, A and Tailor, D and Davis, LE and Modi, RI and Joshipura, M and Khamar, B and Malhotra, SV}, title = {Mycobacterium w - a promising immunotherapeutic intervention for diseases.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1450118}, pmid = {39534596}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Immunotherapy/methods ; Animals ; Mycobacterium/immunology ; Bacterial Vaccines ; }, abstract = {Immunomodulating agents interact with the immune system and alter the outcome of specific immune processes. As our understanding of the immune system continues to evolve, there is a growing effort to identify agents with immunomodulating applications to use therapeutically to treat various diseases. Mycobacterium w (Mw), a heat-killed mycobacterium, is an atypical mycobacterial species that possesses strong immunomodulatory properties. Mw was initially evaluated as an immune-therapeutic against leprosy, but since then Mw has generated a lot of interest and been studied for therapeutic applications across a host of diseases, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous pericarditis, sepsis, lung cancer, and more. This article summarizes a large body of work published in the past five decades, describing various aspects of Mw and its potential for further therapeutic development.}, } @article {pmid39533045, year = {2024}, author = {Hickman, HD and Moutsopoulos, NM}, title = {Viral infection and antiviral immunity in the oral cavity.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39533045}, issn = {1474-1741}, abstract = {Individual tissues have distinct antiviral properties garnered through various mechanisms, including physical characteristics, tissue-resident immune cells and commensal organisms. Although the oral mucosa has long been appreciated as a critical barrier tissue that is exposed to a continuous barrage of pathogens, many fundamental aspects of the antiviral immune response in this tissue remain unknown. Several viral pathogens, such as herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses, have been acknowledged both historically and at present for infections in the oral cavity that result in substantial clinical burden. However, recent viral outbreaks, including those with SARS-CoV-2 and mpox, featured oral symptoms even though these viruses are not generally considered oral pathogens. Ensuing studies have shown that the oral cavity is an important locale for viral infection and potential transmission of newly emergent or re-emergent pathogens, highlighting the need for an increased understanding of the mechanisms of antiviral immunity at this site. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of antiviral immune responses in the oral cavity and discuss common viral infections and their manifestations in the oral mucosa. In addition, we present current mouse models for the study of oral viral infections.}, } @article {pmid39531642, year = {2024}, author = {Jefferies, M and Graham, R and Tracy, M and Read, S and Eslam, M and Douglas, MW and George, J}, title = {Telehealth Use and Legal Considerations in Drug Health Services During Pandemics: Systematic Scoping Review.}, journal = {Journal of medical Internet research}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e46394}, doi = {10.2196/46394}, pmid = {39531642}, issn = {1438-8871}, mesh = {*Telemedicine/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Confidentiality/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Pandemics ; *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Liability, Legal ; Computer Security/legislation & jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted patients with substance use disorder (SUD) more than the general population and resulted in substantially increased emergency department admissions. Routine care of patients attending drug health services during the pandemic transitioned, with telehealth being important in delivering appropriate care. However, telehealth introduces unique risks such as privacy, confidentiality, and data safety. Providing health care through telehealth may fail if the legal impacts are not fully identified and acted on by health professionals. It also poses unintended risks for patients and can result in ineffectiveness, damages, medical negligence, and detracts from the best intentions of governments and health professionals. Understanding the legal framework ensures that medical professionals operate health care through telehealth within the law. Providing health care successfully through telehealth depends on the balance between innovation and legal compliance. By considering these aspects, clinicians and practitioners can provide effective and safe telehealth services during pandemics or any other natural disaster.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the legal impact of autonomy consent, confidentiality, privacy, data security, professional indemnity, and liability when delivering telehealth to patients with SUD. The scoping review also aimed to provide legal, ethical, and clinical considerations to minimize legal risks with using telehealth in drug health service outpatient settings.

METHODS: We performed a scoping review to provide an overview of existing research, statutes, and case laws for the incorporation of clinical, ethical, and legal considerations into telehealth use. Six databases for medical and 6 databases for legal publications were searched, as well as Australian national and selected international regulatory standards. Medical articles published up to June 2022 were included in this review. Our search yielded 1436 publications, 614 abstracts were reviewed, and 80 published studies met the inclusion criteria from 614 legal and medical search results. Current regulations related to technology use in drug health services, relevant cases, and international regulatory standards are discussed.

RESULTS: In total, 43 legal documents including 15 statutes, 4 case laws, and 37 medical publications were reviewed. The themes arising from the literature were consent and autonomy (20/80, 25%), confidentiality (8/80, 10%), privacy (8/80, 10%), data security (7/80, 9%), and professional indemnity issues (3/80, 4%) in telehealth use. Further, 24 studies identified legal issues associated with telehealth use in patients with SUD.

CONCLUSIONS: Our review identified potential legal issues associated with telehealth use in patients with SUD. Several legal and medical research articles provide frameworks, codes of conduct, or suggestions for clinicians to consider, but there was little discussion or evidence of how legal considerations are being applied when providing telehealth consultations at drug health services. Clinicians should be aware of the medicolegal implications when providing health care via telehealth at drug health services.}, } @article {pmid39530855, year = {2024}, author = {Muehleman, D and Gruner, B and Hogan, V and Fanning, P and Garrett, C and Meyer, J and Lanter, K and Purves, S and DeMarcus, L and Thervil, J and Kwaah, B and Sjoberg, P and Macias, E and Fries, A}, title = {Using SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Data to Identify Reinfection Cases in the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Program, United States.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {30}, number = {14}, pages = {53-61}, pmid = {39530855}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; United States/epidemiology ; *Reinfection/epidemiology/virology ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Whole Genome Sequencing ; Young Adult ; Military Personnel ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology ; Genome, Viral ; }, abstract = {The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines SARS-CoV-2 reinfection as a positive COVID-19 test result >90 days after the collection date for the initial positive test or if sequencing confirms a different lineage is causing the reinfection. Reinfection dynamics have been examined by using PCR or antigen surveillance data. We identified patients in the US Military Health System who had >1 positive SARS-CoV-2 test during March 2020-July 2022 by using whole-genome sequencing data to identify reinfection cases, then compared those data with patient demographics, symptoms, and vaccination status. We identified 267 reinfections, of which 90% were caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Reinfection symptom severity correlated with initial symptom severity and time since first infection. Furthermore, we found intrahost mutation rates varied greatly in 72 cases of continuing infections with the same variant. Continued investigations of reinfections caused by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is needed to maintain US military readiness.}, } @article {pmid39530771, year = {2024}, author = {Creppage, KE and Gallaway, MS and Russell, DA and Early, JM and Smith, HJ and Mooney, AC and Hydrick, AM and Kasper, MR}, title = {Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Program Contributions to Pandemic Preparedness and Response.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {30}, number = {14}, pages = {9-12}, pmid = {39530771}, issn = {1080-6059}, mesh = {Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; United States Department of Defense ; Population Surveillance ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Global Health ; Pandemic Preparedness ; }, abstract = {Since its establishment in 1997, the US Department of Defense (DoD) Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) program has provided support for infectious disease pandemic preparedness and response. The GEIS program has shown the value of having a central hub responsible for coordinating a global network of DoD laboratories that conduct surveillance for militarily relevant infectious disease threats. The program has supported the establishment and maintenance of capabilities for collecting, characterizing, and reporting on major infectious disease events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and mpox outbreak. The GEIS program enables the US government to mitigate infectious disease threats to DoD mission readiness and to effectively respond to pathogens worldwide. Continued investment in maintaining the GEIS program and its network is critical for timely detection and response to future emerging infectious disease threats in various populations within locations where gaps in US government or host-nation surveillance might exist.}, } @article {pmid39530689, year = {2024}, author = {Neilsen, G and Mathew, AM and Castro, JM and McFadden, WM and Wen, X and Ong, YT and Tedbury, PR and Lan, S and Sarafianos, SG}, title = {Dimming the corona: studying SARS-coronavirus-2 at reduced biocontainment level using replicons and virus-like particles.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0336823}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03368-23}, pmid = {39530689}, issn = {2150-7511}, support = {F31 AI174951/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The coronavirus-induced disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, has had a devastating impact on millions of lives globally, with severe mortality rates and catastrophic social implications. Developing tools for effective vaccine strategies and platforms is essential for controlling and preventing the recurrence of such pandemics. Moreover, molecular virology tools that facilitate the study of viral pathogens, impact of viral mutations, and interactions with various host proteins are essential. Viral replicon- and virus-like particle (VLP)-based systems are excellent examples of such tools. This review outlines the importance, advantages, and disadvantages of both the replicon- and VLP-based systems that have been developed for SARS-CoV-2 and have helped the scientific community in dimming the intensity of the COVID-19 pandemic.}, } @article {pmid39529596, year = {2024}, author = {Gandini, S and Conly, J and Spencer, EA and Evans, D and Rosca, EC and Brassey, J and Maltoni, S and Onakpoya, I and Plüddemann, A and Jefferson, T and Heneghan, C}, title = {Oro-faecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of studies employing viral culture from gastrointestinal and other potential oro-faecal sources and evidence for transmission to humans.}, journal = {Epidemiology and infection}, volume = {152}, number = {}, pages = {e138}, pmid = {39529596}, issn = {1469-4409}, support = {101046016//HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme/ ; }, mesh = {*COVID-19/transmission/virology ; Humans ; *Feces/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Virus Cultivation ; }, abstract = {The extent to which the oro-faecal route contributes to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is not established.We systematically reviewed the evidence on the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and other gastrointestinal sources by examining studies that used viral culture to investigate the presence of replication-competent virus in these samples. We conducted searches in the WHO COVID-19 Database, LitCovid, medRxiv, and Google Scholar for SARS-CoV-2 using keywords and associated synonyms, with a search date up to 28 November 2023.We included 13 studies involving 229 COVID-19 subjects - providing 308 faecal or rectal swab SARS-CoV2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive samples tested with viral culture. The methods used for viral culture across the studies were heterogeneous. Three studies (two cohorts and one case series) reported observing replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) and whole-genome sequencing, and qPCR including appropriate cycle threshold changes. Overall, six (1.9%) of 308 faecal samples subjected to cell culture showed replication-competent virus. One study found replication-competent samples from one immunocompromised patient. No studies were identified demonstrating direct evidence of oro-faecal transmission to humans.Our review found a relatively low frequency of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in faecal and other gastrointestinal sources. Although it is biologically plausible, more research is needed using standardized cell culture methods, control groups, adequate follow-up, and robust epidemiologic methods, including whether secondary infections occurred, to determine the role of the oro-faecal route in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.}, } @article {pmid39529245, year = {2024}, author = {Kafle, U and Truong, HQ and Nguyen, CTG and Meng, F}, title = {Development of Thermally Stable mRNA-LNP Delivery Systems: Current Progress and Future Prospects.}, journal = {Molecular pharmaceutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00826}, pmid = {39529245}, issn = {1543-8392}, abstract = {The success of mRNA-LNP-based COVID-19 vaccines opens a new era for mRNA-LNP-based therapy. This breakthrough is expected to catalyze the development of more mRNA-LNP-based medicines, not only for preventive vaccines but also for therapeutic purposes. Despite the promising outlook, there are fundamental challenges impeding the progress and widespread application of mRNA-LNP formulations. One of the significant challenges is their thermal instability, requiring these products to be stored at ultralow temperatures for long-term stability. The specific requirements present significant challenges for the storage, transportation, and distribution of mRNA-LNP formulations. To effectively prepare for future infectious disease outbreaks and broaden the application of mRNA-LNP-based therapies for other illnesses, improving the thermostability of mRNA-LNP formulations is critical. In this review, we discuss the potential factors contributing to the thermal instability of mRNA-LNP formulations and examine the roles of key components such as ionizable lipids, cholesterol, pH, buffers, and stabilizing agents like sugars in maintaining their thermal stability, with the goal of providing insights that can guide the future development of thermally stable mRNA-LNP formulations.}, } @article {pmid39171604, year = {2024}, author = {Odell, ID}, title = {Cross-tissue organization of myeloid cells in scleroderma and related fibrotic diseases.}, journal = {Current opinion in rheumatology}, volume = {36}, number = {6}, pages = {379-386}, pmid = {39171604}, issn = {1531-6963}, support = {K08 AR077689/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology/pathology ; *Myeloid Cells/immunology ; *Fibrosis ; Skin/pathology/immunology ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods ; Liver Cirrhosis/immunology/pathology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Scleroderma and other fibrotic diseases have been investigated using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq), which has demonstrated enrichment in myeloid cell populations in multiple tissues. However, scRNA-Seq studies are inconsistent in their nomenclature of myeloid cell types, including dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Using cell type-defining gene signatures, I propose a unified nomenclature through analysis of myeloid cell enrichment across fibrotic tissues.

RECENT FINDINGS: scRNA-Seq of human blood and skin identified a new subset of dendritic cells called DC3. DC3 express similar inflammatory genes to monocytes, including FCN1 , IL1B, VCAN, S100A8, S100A9 , and S100A12 . DC3 can be distinguished from monocytes by expression of EREG and Fc receptor genes such as FCER1A and FCGR2B . scRNA-Seq analyses of scleroderma skin and lung, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), COVID-19 lung fibrosis, myelofibrosis, and liver, kidney, and cardiac fibrosis all showed enrichment in myeloid cell types. Although they were called different names, studies of scleroderma skin and lung as well as liver cirrhosis datasets demonstrated enrichment in DC3. By contrast, lung, heart, and kidney fibrosis were enriched in SPP1 macrophages. High numbers of DC3 in the skin was associated with worse SSc skin and lung fibrosis severity.

SUMMARY: scRNA-Seq of multiple diseases showed enrichment of DC3 in fibrotic skin, lung, and liver, whereas SPP1 macrophages occurred in fibrotic lung, heart, and kidney. Because DC3 and SPP1 macrophages showed organ-specific enrichment, understanding their signaling mechanisms across tissues will be important for future investigation.}, } @article {pmid38953561, year = {2024}, author = {Yamazaki, S}, title = {Diverse roles of dendritic cell and regulatory T cell crosstalk in controlling health and disease.}, journal = {International immunology}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {5-14}, doi = {10.1093/intimm/dxae042}, pmid = {38953561}, issn = {1460-2377}, support = {17H05798//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; //MEXT/ ; //Ichihara International Scholarship Foundation/ ; //Minstry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; //Daiko Foundation/ ; //Kobayashi Cancer Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; *Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Animals ; *Cell Communication/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology ; }, abstract = {Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells for lymphocytes, including regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells expressing CD25 and Foxp3, a transcription factor. Treg cells maintain immunological self-tolerance in mice and humans, and suppress autoimmunity and other various immune responses such as tumor immunity, transplant rejection, allergy, responses to microbes, and inflammation. Treg-cell proliferation is controlled by antigen-presenting DCs. On the other hand, Treg cells suppress the function of DCs by restraining DC maturation. Therefore, the interaction between DCs and Treg cells, DC-Treg crosstalk, could contribute to controlling health and disease. We recently found that unique DC-Treg crosstalk plays a role in several conditions. First, Treg cells are expanded in ultraviolet B (UVB)-exposed skin by interacting with DCs, and the UVB-expanded Treg cells have a healing function. Second, manipulating DC-Treg crosstalk can induce effective acquired immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens without adjuvants. Third, Treg cells with a special feature interact with DCs in the tumor microenvironment of human head and neck cancer, which may contribute to the prognosis. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of DC-Treg crosstalk may provide a novel strategy to control health and disease.}, } @article {pmid39461172, year = {2025}, author = {Park, S and Choi, MY}, title = {Resilience of nursing students: A concept analysis study.}, journal = {Nurse education today}, volume = {144}, number = {}, pages = {106463}, doi = {10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106463}, pmid = {39461172}, issn = {1532-2793}, mesh = {Humans ; *Students, Nursing/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *COVID-19/psychology ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Self Efficacy ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/methods ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify attributes of resilience among nursing students.

DESIGN: The concept analysis method was used.

DATA SOURCES: Literature reviews from the past 10 years were searched in Science Direct, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, and the Wiley online library. The literature search database and review period were determined after verification of validity by five experts (nursing professors). The inclusion criteria for the literature review were that the paper must be written in English, and the abstract or title of the paper should have included attributes of nursing students' resilience. Exclusion criteria were papers written in languages other than English, papers that did not include the attributes of resilience of nursing students, and duplicate papers. Seventeen studies were included in the analysis.

RESULTS: Resilience among nursing students comprised three attributes and 28 sub-attributes. The three attributes were individual, educational, and situational. Individual attributes included personal competency characteristics (e.g., self-confidence and self-efficacy) and consisted of 15 sub-attributes. Educational attributes included characteristics related to academic and clinical practicum (e.g., coping with academic work pressure) and consisted of seven sub-attributes. Situational attributes comprised characteristics that changed according to circumstances (e.g., coping with increased levels of patient acuity during the crisis), such as the COVID-19 pandemic and social support from significant others, and consisted of six sub-attributes.

CONCLUSIONS: This study identified resilience attributes reflecting the characteristics of nursing students and recent situational changes. Consequently, tools to assess resilience should be developed based on study findings and utilized in various studies aimed at enhancing the resilience of nursing students.}, } @article {pmid39527992, year = {2024}, author = {Pinte, L and Dima, A and Draghici, A and Caraghiulea, M and Zamfir-Gradinaru, IA and Baicus, C}, title = {Autoimmunity, a relevant exclusion criterion in the development of mRNA-based compounds: A systematic review of clinical trials registries.}, journal = {Autoimmunity reviews}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, pages = {103670}, doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103670}, pmid = {39527992}, issn = {1873-0183}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Messenger RNA (mRNA) -based compounds have been lately developed as one of the most promising treatment alternatives in a wide range of pathologies, especially cancers and infectious diseases.

AIM: To review the current research landscape on mRNA-based compounds, with a focus on the inclusion criteria used for participants with autoimmune diseases and/or under immunosuppressive treatments.

METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search based on PICO framework specifically formulated, throughout the most important clinical trial registries: WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) portal, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), as well as in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna official websites. Data extraction followed the CONSORT checklist, focusing on identifying the specific exclusion criteria for individuals with autoimmune diseases and those undergoing various immunosuppressive treatments, including daily dosages, treatment length, and required cessation periods before enrollment. We performed descriptive and comparative analyses using statistical tests where applicable. This review followed PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024544811).

RESULTS: Out of 2818 study protocols identified, 608 met the eligibility criteria, the vast majority (96.9 %) focusing on non-replicating RNA. Most targeted were infectious diseases (66.6 %), primarily COVID-19 (51.3 %), followed by cancers (29.1 %), and other conditions (4.3 %). Having an autoimmune disease was used as an exclusion criterion in 60.8 % of trials; higher exclusion rates were observed in studies designed for cancers when compared to those assessing infections or other pathologies (79.1 % vs. 55.3 % vs. 23.1 %, p < 0.001), as well as in those using cell-based when compared to non-cell delivery systems (79.2 % vs. 57.2 %, p < 0.001). Further, participants under immunosuppressive treatments were excluded from 77.5 % of the trials, primarily due to corticosteroid use. There is considerable variability in exclusion criteria related to immunosuppressive treatment length and cessation time prior enrollment, as well as in the daily corticosteroid dosage.

CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to document the ongoing research designed for mRNA-based compounds. This work highlights the underrepresentation of patients with autoimmune diseases and those on immunosuppressive treatments in clinical trials assessing mRNA-based compounds.}, } @article {pmid39526116, year = {2024}, author = {Kyriakopoulos, AM and Nigh, G and McCullough, PA and Seneff, S}, title = {Clinical rationale for dietary lutein supplementation in long COVID and mRNA vaccine injury syndromes.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {191}, pmid = {39526116}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; *Dietary Supplements ; *Lutein/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; mRNA Vaccines ; Olive Oil ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; }, abstract = {Lutein, a plant-derived xanthophyl-carotenoid, is an exceptional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituent found in food. High dietary intake of lutein is beneficial against eye disease, improves cardiometabolic health, protects from neurodegenerative diseases, and is beneficial for liver, kidney, and respiratory health. Lutein protects against oxidative and nitrosative stress, both of which play a major role in long COVID and mRNA vaccination injury syndromes. Lutein is an important natural agent for therapeutic use against oxidative and nitrosative stress in chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. It can also potentially inhibit spike protein-induced inflammation. Rich dietary supplementation of lutein, naturally derived in non-biodegradable Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO), can most optimally be used against oxidative and nitrosative stress during post-COVID and mRNA vaccination injury syndromes. Due to its high oleic acid (OA) content, EVOO supports optimal absorption of dietary lutein. The main molecular pathways by which the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces pathology, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B cells (NF-κB) and activated protein (AP)-1, can be suppressed by lutein. Synergy with other natural compounds for spike protein detoxification is likely.}, } @article {pmid39526061, year = {2024}, author = {Mangoura, SA and Ahmed, MA and Zaka, AZ}, title = {New Insights into the Pleiotropic Actions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Beyond Glycaemic Control.}, journal = {TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {19-29}, pmid = {39526061}, issn = {2752-5457}, abstract = {Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a multifunctional serine ectopeptidase that cleaves and modifies a plethora of substrates, including regulatory peptides, cytokines and chemokines. DPP-4 is implicated in the regulation of immune response, viral entry, cellular adhesion, metastasis and chemotaxis. Regarding its numerous substrates and extensive expression inside the body, multitasking DPP-4 has been assumed to participate in different pathophysiological mechanisms. DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins are increasingly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several reports from experimental and clinical studies have clarified that DPP-4 inhibitors exert many beneficial pleiotropic effects beyond glycaemic control, which are mediated by anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic actions. The present review will highlight the most recent findings in the literature about these pleiotropic effects and the potential mechanisms underlying these benefits, with a specific focus on the potential effectiveness of DPP-4 inhibitors in coronavirus disease-19 and diabetic kidney disease.}, } @article {pmid39527764, year = {2024}, author = {Ohlopkova, OV and Kononova, YV and Tyumentseva, MA and Tyumentsev, AI and Shestopalov, AM and Akimkin, VG}, title = {Plain-nosed bats (family Vespertilionidae) as a possible reservoir of lyssaviruses and coronaviruses in Western Siberia and the south of European Russia.}, journal = {Voprosy virusologii}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, pages = {415-428}, doi = {10.36233/0507-4088-267}, pmid = {39527764}, issn = {2411-2097}, mesh = {*Chiroptera/virology ; Animals ; Siberia/epidemiology ; *Coronavirus/genetics/isolation & purification/classification ; *Lyssavirus/genetics/isolation & purification/classification ; *Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Russia/epidemiology ; *Rhabdoviridae Infections/virology/epidemiology/veterinary ; Humans ; Coronavirus Infections/virology/epidemiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The review presents current data on the chiropterofauna inhabiting Western Siberia and the south of the European part of Russia. A general description of the genus of lyssaviruses and the family of coronaviruses is given. The potential for virus carriage in relation to lyssaviruses and coronaviruses in bat populations of two geographically distant regions is considered.}, } @article {pmid39526430, year = {2024}, author = {Ramírez Berrío, LS and Vanegas Duarte, EO and Velásquez Morales, A and Niño Cruz, GI and Salas Zapata, L and Ramírez Varela, A}, title = {COVID-19 Pandemic Preparedness and Response in Latin American Countries: Scoping Review and Analysis Based on World Health Organization Standards.}, journal = {Disaster medicine and public health preparedness}, volume = {18}, number = {}, pages = {e264}, doi = {10.1017/dmp.2024.142}, pmid = {39526430}, issn = {1938-744X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Latin America/epidemiology ; *World Health Organization/organization & administration ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Civil Defense/standards/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemic Preparedness ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe COVID-19 pandemic preparedness and response in 6 countries during 2020 and 2021.

METHODS: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Epistemonikos, LILACS, and Google Scholar regarding the measures adopted to face the COVID-19 pandemic; the checklist of the international World Healths Organization's (WHO) guide "COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan" was applied.

RESULTS: Most countries coordinated their response at the central level with the establishment of management teams and the activation of emergency operations centers for the coordination of the response to the pandemic. The capacity to perform epidemiological surveillance activities such as early case detection, contact tracing, and real-time monitoring of data was exceeded. There was low capacity in laboratory infrastructure, specialized human talent, and deployment of molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first review that addresses the importance of documenting how well-prepared countries in the region were to face a pandemic such as COVID-19 taking into account WHO standards and guidelines. In Latin America, the literature showed reports of heterogeneous responses to the pandemic, a gap in the literature on laboratory and diagnostic pillar activities, and a lack of literature reporting on epidemiological surveillance pillar activities in Argentina, Chile, and Ecuador.}, } @article {pmid39526027, year = {2024}, author = {Meng, Y and Sun, N and Liang, L and Yu, B and Chang, J}, title = {2'-Fluorinated nucleoside chemistry for new drug discovery: achievements and prospects.}, journal = {National science review}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {nwae331}, pmid = {39526027}, issn = {2053-714X}, abstract = {Fluorinated nucleosides are an important class of modified nucleosides that have demonstrated therapeutic potential for treating various human diseases, especially viral infections and cancer. Many fluorinated nucleosides have advanced into clinical trials or have been approved by the FDA for use in patients. Among these fluorinated nucleosides, azvudine, developed by us, has been officially approved by the National Medical Products Administration for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and human immunodeficiency virus, indicating the therapeutic promise of fluorinated nucleosides. In view of the therapeutic promise of fluorinated nucleosides for antiviral and anticancer therapy, in this Review we will provide a comprehensive overview of well-established 2'-fluorinated nucleosides approved for use in the market or those in clinical stages for antiviral and antitumor therapies, highlighting the drug discovery strategies, structure-activity relationship studies, mechanisms of action, and preclinical/clinical studies and also discuss the challenges and future directions for nucleoside-based new drug discovery.}, } @article {pmid39525458, year = {2024}, author = {Nikooyeh, B and Ghodsi, D and Amini, M and Rabiei, S and Rasekhi, H and Motlagh, ME and Neyestani, TR}, title = {Dietary changes during the COVID-19 lockdown in Iranian households: are we witnessing a secular trend? A narrative review.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1485423}, pmid = {39525458}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Iran/epidemiology ; *Diet/statistics & numerical data ; *Family Characteristics ; *Feeding Behavior ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Quarantine/statistics & numerical data ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in late 2019, influenced nearly all aspects of human life, including food choices and dietary habits.

METHODOLOGY: A web-based search was conducted from March to April 2024 in MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for published reports of large-scale surveys of dietary changes during or shortly after the coronavirus pandemic lockdown in Iran. The keywords used were coronavirus OR COVID-19, diet OR nutrition, household, and Iran. Studies that focused on specific areas, subgroups (such as students), or just one city or province were not included. To monitor dietary changes from the years before the lockdown, we used and plotted data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), as provided by the Statistical Center of Iran.

RESULTS: The overall results of the nationwide studies conducted during the lockdown period in Iran revealed that a significant proportion of the households reduced their consumption of milk, yogurt, cheese, red meat, white meat, eggs, and rice/bread. In approximately 47% of the households where weekly consumption of animal protein sources decreased, the consumption of rice and bread increased. Accordingly, 35 and 44% of households reported a decrease in the consumption frequency of fruits and snacks, respectively. Additionally, 21% of those who reduced their fruit consumption completely removed fruits from their food basket. Meanwhile, the use of dietary supplements, especially vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and multivitamins, had increased in households, particularly among those with higher incomes. Decreased income was a common reason for all of these dietary changes, which can have major health consequences in the long term.

CONCLUSION: This review provides evidence that the observed changes had already begun years before the pandemic and presumably have not yet returned to the pre-pandemic situation. Finally, we suggest some strategies for policymakers to overcome the crisis and enhance community the nutrition and health of general population.}, } @article {pmid39525953, year = {2024}, author = {Cai, J and Qiu, Z and Chi-Shing Cho, W and Liu, Z and Chen, S and Li, H and Chen, K and Li, Y and Zuo, C and Qiu, M}, title = {Synthetic circRNA therapeutics: innovations, strategies, and future horizons.}, journal = {MedComm}, volume = {5}, number = {11}, pages = {e720}, pmid = {39525953}, issn = {2688-2663}, abstract = {Small molecule drugs are increasingly emerging as innovative and effective treatments for various diseases, with mRNA therapeutics being a notable representative. The success of COVID-19 vaccines has underscored the transformative potential of mRNA in RNA therapeutics. Within the RNA family, there is another unique type known as circRNA. This single-stranded closed-loop RNA molecule offers notable advantages over mRNA, including enhanced stability and prolonged protein expression, which may significantly impact therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, circRNA plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancers, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, making it a promising clinical intervention target. Despite these benefits, the application of circRNA in clinical settings remains underexplored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of synthetic circRNA therapeutics, focusing on its synthesis, optimization, delivery, and diverse applications. It also addresses the challenges impeding the advancement of circRNA therapeutics from bench to bedside. By summarizing these aspects, the review aims to equip researchers with insights into the ongoing developments and future directions in circRNA therapeutics. Highlighting both the progress and the existing gaps in circRNA research, this review offers valuable perspectives for advancing the field and guiding future investigations.}, } @article {pmid39525674, year = {2024}, author = {Iqbal, S and Qudah, T and Ali, I and Abid, J and Ahmad, AMR}, title = {COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students, health professionals, and health care workers: an umbrella review.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental vaccine research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {263-270}, pmid = {39525674}, issn = {2287-3651}, abstract = {Vaccination provides great protection against several infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the endeavor faces multiple context-specific problems that affect its uptake, leading to vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is a focal barrier to the success of COVID-19 vaccination programs. This umbrella review aimed to present a summary of global data regarding vaccine hesitancy and acceptance rates among medical students, health professionals, and health care workers. In this regard, two databases, PubMed and Scopus, were selected for data retrieval and analysis. A search term and an inclusion/exclusion criterion were applied to summarize the findings of existing systematic reviews. A pooled prevalence of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy with 95% confidence interval (CI) was taken as a prerequisite for this review. The results found a high percentage of COVID-19 vaccination ranging from 13.1% (95% CI, 6.9%-20.9%) to 46% (95% CI, 0.38%-0.54%), while the percentage of acceptance varied from 46% (95% CI, 37%-54%) to 83.0% (95% CI, 71%-96%) among medical students, health professionals, and health care workers. This umbrella review found a high percentage of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students, health professionals, and health care workers. Further studies analyzing the determinants of vaccine hesitancy are important predictors for successful vaccination programs at the global level.}, } @article {pmid39523687, year = {2024}, author = {Pei, L and Sheng, L and Ye, Y and Sun, J and Wang, JS and Sun, X}, title = {Microplastics from face masks: Unraveling combined toxicity with environmental hazards and their impacts on food safety.}, journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {e70042}, doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70042}, pmid = {39523687}, issn = {1541-4337}, support = {//Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University/ ; JUSRP222001//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; KJ2023042//Science and Technology Plan Project of Jiangsu Provincial Market Supervision Administration/ ; 2021YFA0910200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Microplastics/toxicity/chemistry ; Humans ; *Food Safety ; *Masks/adverse effects ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) refer to tiny plastic particles, typically smaller than 5 mm in size. Due to increased mask usage during COVID-19, improper disposal has led to masks entering the environment and releasing MPs into the surroundings. MPs can absorb environmental hazards and transfer them to humans and animals via the food chain, yet their impacts on food safety and human health are largely neglected. This review summarizes the release process of MPs from face masks, influencing factors, and impacts on food safety. Highlights are given to the prevalence of MPs and their combined toxicities with other environmental hazards. Control strategies are also explored. The release of MPs from face masks is affected by environmental factors like pH, UV light, temperature, ionic strength, and weathering. Due to the chemical active surface and large surface area, MPs can act as vectors for heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, and foodborne pathogens through different mechanisms, such as electrostatic interaction, precipitation, and bioaccumulation. After being adsorbed by MPs, the toxicity of these environmental hazards, such as oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and disruption of metabolic energy levels, can be magnified. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on both the combined toxicities of MPs and environmental hazards, as well as their corresponding control strategies. Future research should prioritize understanding the interaction of MPs with other hazards in the food chain, their combined toxicity, and integrating MPs detection and degradation methods with other hazards.}, } @article {pmid39523250, year = {2024}, author = {Al-Hroub, A and Al-Hroub, R}, title = {Empowering the Vulnerable: The Impact of SEL on Traumatized Children's Academic and Social Outcomes in Crises.}, journal = {Current psychiatry reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39523250}, issn = {1535-1645}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article critically reviews the impact of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) on traumatized children's academic and social outcomes, focusing on studies from the past three years across diverse contexts. It emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive, trauma-informed programs that cater to various settings, while also exploring the critical roles of parents and educators in SEL implementation. Additionally, the paper highlights challenges in deploying SEL in crisis-affected regions and offers strategies to address systemic barriers.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies show that SEL interventions significantly foster emotional regulation, resilience, empathy, and social integration, vital for personal well-being and successful social adaptation. However, the effect of SEL on academic performance, particularly in literacy and numeracy, remains inconsistent. Cultural adaptation of SEL programs is critical to their success, especially in non-Western settings, with a growing focus on trauma-informed approaches to address the needs of children affected by crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these benefits, challenges such as resource limitations, lack of policy support, and the need for educator training continue to impede effective SEL implementation. SEL offers a vital framework for supporting traumatized children, particularly in crisis-affected regions. This review explores five key themes: the enhancement of emotional regulation and social integration, the necessity of cultural adaptation, the involvement of parents and educators, the challenges of implementing SEL in crisis contexts, and the importance of developing trauma-informed policies. The article also identifies future research directions, emphasizing the need for systemic reforms and culturally adapted SEL models.}, } @article {pmid39522445, year = {2024}, author = {Madi, M and Heise, M and Rieder, L and Mattern, E and Ronellenfitsch, U and Steckelberg, A}, title = {Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the providers of oncological abdominal surgery services- a scoping review.}, journal = {American journal of surgery}, volume = {241}, number = {}, pages = {116068}, doi = {10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.116068}, pmid = {39522445}, issn = {1879-1883}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic, led to significant global health challenges. Medical services worldwide had to reconfigure to manage the surge in COVID-19 cases, including oncological abdominal surgery (OAS). This study investigates the impact of the pandemic on the OAS workforce and aims to enhance future healthcare preparedness to potential pandemics.

METHODS: This scoping review followed the methodologies from Arksey & O'Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search included the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, with backward citation tracking using Google Scholar™. The results were reported narratively and divided in categories and sub-categories. The reporting followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included in this scoping review. Seven studies were conducted in the United Kingdom and eight in the European Union. Key findings include treatment plan alterations such as postponing or cancelling surgeries, referring patients to alternative treatments, and changes in surgical techniques. Organizational challenges included patient and healthcare professionals' reallocation, resource shortages, and cold site availability. Measures to handle COVID-19 included adherence to guidelines, patient prioritization, and nursing roles. Testing and contamination prevention involved routine testing and the use of protective equipment. Communication shifted to virtual formats, with the introduction of telemedicine and video conferences. The pandemic induced significant psychological stress among surgical teams and highlighted lessons for future pandemics.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic required substantial adjustments in oncological surgery. Keeping up with rapidly changing recommendations was challenging, yet provided valuable lessons for future healthcare management and crisis response. Future pandemic preparedness strategies should include innovative solutions that unburden healthcare professionals.}, } @article {pmid39521792, year = {2024}, author = {Reszetnik, G and Hammond, K and Mahshid, S and AbdElFatah, T and Nguyen, D and Corsini, R and Caya, C and Papenburg, J and Cheng, MP and Yansouni, CP}, title = {Next-generation rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {9719}, pmid = {39521792}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/genetics ; *Phenotype ; Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Slow progress towards implementation of conventional clinical bacteriology in low resource settings and strong interest in greater speed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) more generally has focused attention on next-generation rapid AST technologies. In this Review, we systematically synthesize publications and submissions to regulatory agencies describing technologies that provide phenotypic AST faster than conventional methods. We characterize over ninety technologies in terms of underlying technical innovations, technology readiness level, extent of clinical validation, and time-to-results. This work provides a guide for technology developers and clinical microbiologists to understand the rapid phenotypic AST technology landscape, current development pipeline, and AST-specific validation milestones.}, } @article {pmid39521330, year = {2024}, author = {Shukla, P and Azad, CS and Deswal, D and Narula, AK}, title = {Revisiting the GBB reaction and redefining its relevance in medicinal chemistry: A review.}, journal = {Drug discovery today}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104237}, doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104237}, pmid = {39521330}, issn = {1878-5832}, abstract = {Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have significant relevance in the field of synthetic chemistry, and in recent times one of the MCR variants, named the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé (GBB) reaction, has attracted massive attention for the synthesis of biologically important scaffolds. The present review elaborates on the chemical advancement reported for the GBB reaction with an emphasis on the role of various catalytic systems. Further, the role of the GBB reaction has been redefined as a standard protocol for the synthesis of an array of potential bioactive compounds.}, } @article {pmid39520946, year = {2024}, author = {Amiral, J and Ferol, R and Busch, MH and Timmermans, SAMEG and Reutelingsperger, C and van Paassen, P}, title = {Laboratory measurement of autoantibodies to Annexin A1: Review and measurements in health and COVID-19.}, journal = {Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, pages = {104027}, doi = {10.1016/j.transci.2024.104027}, pmid = {39520946}, issn = {1473-0502}, abstract = {Annexin A1, a protein released by neutrophils, is a potent regulator of inflammation in the intact form, but loses this activity when cleaved. The presence of autoantibodies to this protein can impact its function. An immunoassay, developed to measure autoantibodies to Annexin A1 in plasma or serum, has been developed and performances are reported. The cut-off for the positive range is determined from the mean value and standard deviations measured in a healthy group. Anti-Annexin A1 autoantibodies were then tested in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, at baseline or at any time during hospitalization. Sixty-one out of 379 patients tested positive for at least one isotype, IgG, IgA, or IgM. Few patients presented with only 1 isotype (2 G, 12 A, 16 M), but the combination of 2 isotypes was observed in many of them, and 3 expressed the 3 isotypes all together. Some association was noted between the presence of these autoantibodies and the development of thrombosis or admission in Intensive Care Units. The specific clinical complication risk associated to each isotype is yet to be established as our study was mainly transversal. Complementary studies are required to better evaluate the diagnostic or prognostic values of the anti-Annexin A1 autoantibodies, which have already been reported in various clinical situations. They could potentially reduce the anti-inflammatory regulation potential of Annexin A1, a mechanism which could contribute to disease evolution and worsening.}, } @article {pmid39520513, year = {2024}, author = {Dos Santos, BRC and Dos Santos, LKC and Ferreira, JM and Dos Santos, ACM and Sortica, VA and de Souza Figueiredo, EVM}, title = {Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39520513}, issn = {1573-4919}, support = {001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It became a health problem affecting the lives of millions of people. Toll-like receptors are responsible for recognizing viral particles and activating the innate immune system. The genetic factors associated with COVID-19 remain unclear. Thus, this study aims to assess the association between the polymorphism in Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to COVID-19. We searched the electronic databases (Science Direct, PUBMED, Web of Science, and Scopus) for studies assessing the association between Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to COVID-19. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Q-Genie tool. Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review. The studies analyzed polymorphisms in TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9. We used SNP2TFBS bioinformatic analysis to identify the variants influencing transcription factor binding sites. The Ensembl Genome Browser was used to assess the allele and genotype frequencies in different populations. The bioinformatic analysis revealed that the variant rs5743836 of TLR9 affects the transcription factor binding sites NFKB1 and RELA. The genotype frequency of the variants rs3775291, rs3853839, rs3764880 were higher in East Asian population compared to the other populations. The frequency of the rs3775290 variant was higher in East and South Asian populations. The rs179008 variant was higher in the European population, and the rs5743836 was higher in the African population. Toll-like receptors play an important role in COVID-19 susceptibility. Further studies in different populations are necessary to elucidate the role of Toll-like receptors polymorphisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, } @article {pmid39519743, year = {2024}, author = {Kiriyama, Y and Tokumaru, H and Sadamoto, H and Kobayashi, S and Nochi, H}, title = {Effects of Phenolic Acids Produced from Food-Derived Flavonoids and Amino Acids by the Gut Microbiota on Health and Disease.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {29}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39519743}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Humans ; *Hydroxybenzoates/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Flavonoids/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; COVID-19/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiota metabolizes flavonoids, amino acids, dietary fiber, and other components of foods to produce a variety of gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, and approximately 7000 flavonoids have been identified. A variety of phenolic acids are produced from flavonoids and amino acids through metabolic processes by the gut microbiota. Furthermore, these phenolic acids are easily absorbed. Phenolic acids generally represent phenolic compounds with one carboxylic acid group. Gut microbiota-derived phenolic acids have antiviral effects against several viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Furthermore, phenolic acids influence the immune system by inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. In the nervous systems, phenolic acids may have protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Moreover, phenolic acids can improve levels of blood glucose, cholesterols, and triglycerides. Phenolic acids also improve cardiovascular functions, such as blood pressure and atherosclerotic lesions. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the effects of phenolic acids produced from food-derived flavonoids and amino acids by the gut microbiota on health and disease.}, } @article {pmid39519314, year = {2024}, author = {Wu, H and Fujioka, Y and Sakaguchi, S and Suzuki, Y and Nakano, T}, title = {Electron Tomography as a Tool to Study SARS-CoV-2 Morphology.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39519314}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/ultrastructure/physiology ; Humans ; *Electron Microscope Tomography/methods ; *COVID-19/virology ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods ; Virion/ultrastructure ; Virus Replication ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel betacoronavirus, is the causative agent of COVID-19, which has caused economic and social disruption worldwide. To date, many drugs and vaccines have been developed for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 and have effectively controlled the global epidemic of SARS-CoV-2. However, SARS-CoV-2 is highly mutable, leading to the emergence of new variants that may counteract current therapeutic measures. Electron microscopy (EM) is a valuable technique for obtaining ultrastructural information about the intracellular process of virus replication. In particular, EM allows us to visualize the morphological and subcellular changes during virion formation, which would provide a promising avenue for the development of antiviral agents effective against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this review, we present our recent findings using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with electron tomography (ET) to reveal the morphologically distinct types of SARS-CoV-2 particles, demonstrating that TEM and ET are valuable tools for visually understanding the maturation status of SARS-CoV-2 in infected cells. This review also discusses the application of EM analysis to the evaluation of genetically engineered RNA viruses.}, } @article {pmid39519178, year = {2024}, author = {García, AH and De Sanctis, JB}, title = {Exploring the Contrasts and Similarities of Dengue and SARS-CoV-2 Infections During the COVID-19 Era.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39519178}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {LX22NPO5103//Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic/ ; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000868, IMTM #869/V19//Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic/ ; 22/2024//National Fund for Science, Technology, and Innovation/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Dengue/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Dengue Virus/immunology ; *Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Coinfection/immunology/virology ; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement/immunology ; }, abstract = {Extensive research has been conducted on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in association with various infectious diseases to understand the pathophysiology of the infection and potential co-infections. In tropical countries, exposure to local viruses may alter the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and coinfection. Notably, only a portion of the antibodies produced against SARS-CoV-2 proteins demonstrate neutralizing properties, and the immune response following natural infection tends to be temporary. In contrast, long-lasting IgG antibodies are common after dengue virus infections. In cases where preexisting antibodies from an initial dengue virus infection bind to a different dengue serotype during a subsequent infection, there is a potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and the formation of immune complexes associated with disease severity. Both SARS-CoV-2 and dengue infections can result in immunodeficiency. Viral proteins of both viruses interfere with the host's IFN-I signaling. Additionally, a cytokine storm can occur after viral infection, impairing a proper response, and autoantibodies against a wide array of proteins can appear during convalescence. Most of the reported autoantibodies are typically short-lived. Vaccines against both viruses alter the immune response, affecting the course of viral infection and enhancing clearance. A comprehensive analysis of both viral infections and pathogenicity is revisited to prevent infection, severity, and mortality.}, } @article {pmid39519059, year = {2024}, author = {Gomes Torres, ACMB and Mathias, C and Baal, SCS and Kohler, AF and Cunha, ML and Blanes, L}, title = {Advancements in LAMP-Based Diagnostics: Emerging Techniques and Applications in Viral Detection with a Focus on Herpesviruses in Transplant Patient Management.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39519059}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {VPPIS-004-FIO-22-2-4//FIOTEC (Brazilian Foundation for the Scientific and Technological Development in Health Grants)/ ; 440387/2022-1//CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Herpesviridae/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; *Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; COVID-19/diagnosis/virology ; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; Immunocompromised Host ; Transplant Recipients ; }, abstract = {Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a highly effective molecular diagnostic technique, particularly advantageous for point-of-care (POC) settings. In recent years, LAMP has expanded to include various adaptations such as DARQ-LAMP, QUASR, FLOS-LAMP, displacement probes and molecular beacons. These methods enable multiplex detection of multiple targets in a single reaction, enhancing cost-effectiveness and diagnostic efficiency. Consequently, LAMP has gained significant traction in diagnosing diverse viruses, notably during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, its application for detecting Herpesviridae remains relatively unexplored. This group of viruses is of particular interest due to their latency and potential reactivation, crucial for immunocompromised patients, including organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. This review highlights recent advancements in LAMP for virus diagnosis and explores current research trends and future prospects, emphasizing the detection challenges posed by Herpesviridae.}, } @article {pmid39519000, year = {2024}, author = {Schulman, S and Makatsariya, A and Khizroeva, J and Bitsadze, V and Kapanadze, D}, title = {The Basic Principles of Pathophysiology of Venous Thrombosis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39519000}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Humans ; *Venous Thrombosis/etiology/physiopathology ; *COVID-19/complications ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Extracellular Traps/metabolism ; Blood Platelets/metabolism ; Blood Coagulation ; }, abstract = {The past few decades have brought tremendous insight into the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for thrombus generation. For a clinician, it is usually sufficient to explain the incident of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with provoking factors such as trauma with vascular injury, immobilization, hormonal factors, or inherited or acquired coagulation defects. About half of DVTs are, however, lacking such triggers and are called unprovoked. Venous stasis and hypoxia at the valve sinus level may start a chain of reactions. The concept of immunothrombosis has added a new dimension to the old etiological triad of venous stasis, vessel wall injury, and changes in blood components. This is particularly important in COVID-19, where hyperinflammation, cytokines, and neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with the formation of microthrombi in the lungs. To better understand the mechanisms behind DVT and reach beyond the above-mentioned simplifications, animal models and clinical epidemiological studies have brought insight into the complex interplay between leukocytes, platelets, endothelium, cytokines, complements, and coagulation factors and inhibitors. These pathways and the interplay will be reviewed here, as well as the roles of cancer, anticancer drugs, and congenital thrombophilic defects on the molecular level in hypercoagulability and venous thromboembolism.}, } @article {pmid39518964, year = {2024}, author = {Paranga, TG and Mitu, I and Pavel-Tanasa, M and Rosu, MF and Miftode, IL and Constantinescu, D and Obreja, M and Plesca, CE and Miftode, E}, title = {Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Exploring IL-6 Signaling and Cytokine-Microbiome Interactions as Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39518964}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {158/2022//Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi/ ; POC/448/1/1/127606 CENEMED project no. 367/390043/2021//Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/drug therapy ; *Interleukin-6/metabolism/immunology ; *Signal Transduction ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; }, abstract = {IL-6 remains a key molecule of the cytokine storms characterizing COVID-19, exerting both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Emerging research underscores the significance of IL-6 trans-signaling over classical signaling pathways, which has shifted the focus of therapeutic strategies. Additionally, the synergistic action of TNF-α and IFN-γ has been found to induce inflammatory cell death through PANoptosis, further amplifying the severity of cytokine storms. Long COVID-19 patients, as well as those with cytokine storms triggered by other conditions, exhibit distinct laboratory profiles, indicating the need for targeted approaches to diagnosis and management. Growing evidence also highlights the gut microbiota's crucial role in modulating the immune response during COVID-19 by affecting cytokine production, adding further complexity to the disease's immunological landscape. Targeted intervention strategies should focus on specific cytokine cutoffs, though accurate cytokine quantification remains a clinical challenge. Current treatment strategies are increasingly focused on inhibiting IL-6 trans-signaling, which offers promise for more precise therapeutic approaches to manage hyperinflammatory responses in COVID-19. In light of recent discoveries, this review summarizes key research findings on cytokine storms, particularly their role in COVID-19 and other inflammatory conditions. It explores emerging therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, while also addressing open questions, such as the need for better biomarkers to detect and manage cytokine storms. Additionally, the review highlights ongoing challenges in developing targeted treatments that mitigate hyperinflammation without compromising immune function, emphasizing the importance of continued research in this field.}, } @article {pmid39518632, year = {2024}, author = {Pietranis, KA and Kostro, AM and Dzięcioł-Anikiej, Z and Moskal-Jasińska, D and Kuryliszyn-Moskal, A}, title = {Impact of COVID-19 on Diaphragmatic Function: Understanding Multiorgan Involvement and Long-Term Consequences.}, journal = {Journal of clinical medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39518632}, issn = {2077-0383}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant attention to the respiratory system, with much focus on lung-related disorders. However, the diaphragm, a crucial component of respiratory physiology, has not been adequately studied, especially in the context of long COVID. This review explores the multipotential role of the diaphragm in both respiratory health and disease, emphasizing its involvement in long-term complications following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The diaphragm's fundamental role in respiratory physiology and its impact on balance and posture control, breathing patterns, and autonomic nervous system regulation are discussed. This review examines complications arising from COVID-19, highlighting the diaphragm's involvement in neurological, musculoskeletal, and inflammatory responses. Particular attention is given to the neuroinvasive impact of SARS-CoV-2, the inflammatory response, and the direct viral effects on the diaphragm. The diaphragm's role in long COVID is explored, with a focus on specific symptoms such as voice disorders, pelvic floor dysfunction, and sleep disturbances. Diagnostic challenges, current methods for assessing diaphragmatic dysfunction, and the complexities of differentiating it from other conditions are also explored. This article is the first to comprehensively address diaphragmatic dysfunction resulting from COVID-19 and long COVID across various physiological and pathological aspects, offering a new perspective on its diagnosis and treatment within a multisystem context.}, } @article {pmid39518410, year = {2024}, author = {Stolojanu, C and Doros, G and Bratu, ML and Ciobanu, I and Munteanu, K and Iacob, ER and Ghenciu, LA and Stoicescu, ER and Dima, M}, title = {COVID-19 and Its Potential Impact on Children Born to Mothers Infected During Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review.}, journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39518410}, issn = {2075-4418}, support = {//Please add: The APC was funded by "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara./ ; }, abstract = {Pregnancy is a vulnerable period of time during which pregnant people are prone to infections like COVID-19, which can increase risks for both the mother and fetus. These infections may lead to complications such as preterm birth, developmental delays, and congenital abnormalities. While COVID-19 poses additional risks like placental dysfunction and neonatal infections, studies on long-term effects remain limited. Ongoing research and monitoring are essential to understand and mitigate potential cognitive and developmental challenges in children born to mothers infected with COVID-19. This review aims to guide clinicians in managing these risks throughout childhood. Maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy can have significant implications for fetal development, even if the newborn is not infected at birth. The release of inflammatory cytokines may cross the placental barrier, potentially disrupting fetal brain development and increasing the risk of long-term cognitive and behavioral issues, such as ADHD or autism. Placental dysfunction, caused by inflammation or thrombosis, can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth, or hypoxia, affecting both neurological and respiratory health in newborns. Furthermore, a compromised fetal immune system can increase susceptibility to autoimmune conditions and infections. The early diagnosis and management of infections during pregnancy are crucial in mitigating risks to both the mother and fetus. Swift intervention can prevent complications like preterm birth and long-term developmental challenges, ensuring better health outcomes for both the mother and child. Long-term monitoring of children born to mothers infected with COVID-19 is necessary to understand the full extent of the virus's impact. This review evaluates the long-term systemic effects of maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy on fetuses, newborns, and children, focusing beyond vertical transmission. It highlights the broader impacts on fetal development, offering insights to help clinicians manage potential issues that may arise later in life.}, } @article {pmid39518141, year = {2024}, author = {Dzierżyński, E and Gawlik, PJ and Puźniak, D and Flieger, W and Jóźwik, K and Teresiński, G and Forma, A and Wdowiak, P and Baj, J and Flieger, J}, title = {Microplastics in the Human Body: Exposure, Detection, and Risk of Carcinogenesis: A State-of-the-Art Review.}, journal = {Cancers}, volume = {16}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39518141}, issn = {2072-6694}, abstract = {Background: Humans cannot avoid plastic exposure due to its ubiquitous presence in the natural environment. The waste generated is poorly biodegradable and exists in the form of MPs, which can enter the human body primarily through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, or damaged skin and accumulate in various tissues by crossing biological membrane barriers. There is an increasing amount of research on the health effects of MPs. Most literature reports focus on the impact of plastics on the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, hormonal, nervous, and immune systems, as well as the metabolic effects of MPs accumulation leading to epidemics of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. MPs, as xenobiotics, undergo ADMET processes in the body, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which are not fully understood. Of particular concern are the carcinogenic chemicals added to plastics during manufacturing or adsorbed from the environment, such as chlorinated paraffins, phthalates, phenols, and bisphenols, which can be released when absorbed by the body. The continuous increase in NMP exposure has accelerated during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic when there was a need to use single-use plastic products in daily life. Therefore, there is an urgent need to diagnose problems related to the health effects of MP exposure and detection. Methods: We collected eligible publications mainly from PubMed published between 2017 and 2024. Results: In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on potential sources and routes of exposure, translocation pathways, identification methods, and carcinogenic potential confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of studies such as contamination during sample preparation and instrumental limitations constraints affecting imaging quality and MPs detection sensitivity. Conclusions: The assessment of MP content in samples should be performed according to the appropriate procedure and analytical technique to ensure Quality and Control (QA/QC). It was confirmed that MPs can be absorbed and accumulated in distant tissues, leading to an inflammatory response and initiation of signaling pathways responsible for malignant transformation.}, } @article {pmid38743960, year = {2024}, author = {Xie, T and Qin, C and Savas, AC and Yeh, WW and Feng, P}, title = {The emerging roles of glutamine amidotransferases in metabolism and immune defense.}, journal = {Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {783-797}, pmid = {38743960}, issn = {1532-2335}, support = {R01 AG070904/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA285192/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/metabolism ; COVID-19/immunology/virology ; Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism ; Dihydroorotase/metabolism/genetics ; Nitrogenous Group Transferases/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Glutamine amidotransferases (GATs) catalyze the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, glycoproteins and an enzyme cofactor, thus serving as key metabolic enzymes for cell proliferation. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, Aspartate transcarbamoylase, and Dihydroorotase (CAD) is a multifunctional enzyme of the GAT family and catalyzes the first three steps of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Following our findings that cellular GATs are involved in immune evasion during herpesvirus infection, we discovered that CAD reprograms cellular metabolism to fuel aerobic glycolysis and nucleotide synthesis via deamidating RelA. Deamidated RelA activates the expression of key glycolytic enzymes, rather than that of the inflammatory NF-κB-responsive genes. As such, cancer cells prime RelA for deamidation via up-regulating CAD activity or accumulating RelA mutations. Interestingly, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 also activates CAD to couple evasion of inflammatory response to activated nucleotide synthesis. A small molecule inhibitor of CAD depletes nucleotide supply and boosts antiviral inflammatory response, thus greatly reducing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Additionally, we also found that CTP synthase 1 (CTPS1) deamidates interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to mute IFN induction. Our previous studies have implicated phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS) and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT) in deamidating retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and evading dsRNA-induced innate immune defense in herpesvirus infection. Overall, these studies have uncovered an unconventional enzymatic activity of cellular GATs in metabolism and immune defense, offering a molecular link intimately coupling these fundamental biological processes.}, } @article {pmid38472729, year = {2024}, author = {Greenmyer, JR}, title = {"Follow the Science" in COVID-19 Policy: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {HEC forum : an interdisciplinary journal on hospitals' ethical and legal issues}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {571-589}, pmid = {38472729}, issn = {1572-8498}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Health Policy ; Policy Making ; }, abstract = {"Follow the science" was commonly repeated during debates on COVID-19-related policy. The phrase "follow the science" raises questions that are central to our theories of knowledge and the application of scientific knowledge to maximize the wellbeing of our society. The purpose of this study was to (1) perform a scoping review of literature discussing "follow the science" and COVID-19, and (2) consider "follow the science" in the context of pediatric health. A comprehensive search of 14 databases was performed on May 23, 2023. Articles were included if they used terms such as "follow the science", "follow the scientists", "listen to science" or "listen to scientists", and discussed COVID-19. There were 24 articles included in the final review. Existing literature on "follow the science" (1) differentiates between scientific knowledge and policy decisions; (2) emphasizes the importance of social sciences in policy making; (3) calls for more transparency in the knowledge synthesis and policy generating process; and (4) finds that scientific advisors see their role as advising on science rather than policy decision making. There was no definitional, epistemological, or philosophical intellectual defense of "follow the science" in the peer reviewed literature. Policy requires (1) reliable data and (2) agreement on what to do considering those empirical facts by appealing to values, ethics, morality, and law. A review of school shutdowns is used as an example of the inadequacy of "follow the science" as a guiding principle for public policy.}, } @article {pmid39517914, year = {2024}, author = {Feghali, JM and Feng, C and Majumdar, A and Ochieng, WY}, title = {Comprehensive Review: High-Performance Positioning Systems for Navigation and Wayfinding for Visually Impaired People.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {24}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39517914}, issn = {1424-8220}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; *Visually Impaired Persons ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Geographic Information Systems ; Spatial Navigation/physiology ; }, abstract = {The global increase in the population of Visually Impaired People (VIPs) underscores the rapidly growing demand for a robust navigation system to provide safe navigation in diverse environments. State-of-the-art VIP navigation systems cannot achieve the required performance (accuracy, integrity, availability, and integrity) because of insufficient positioning capabilities and unreliable investigations of transition areas and complex environments (indoor, outdoor, and urban). The primary reason for these challenges lies in the segregation of Visual Impairment (VI) research within medical and engineering disciplines, impeding technology developers' access to comprehensive user requirements. To bridge this gap, this paper conducts a comprehensive review covering global classifications of VI, international and regional standards for VIP navigation, fundamental VIP requirements, experimentation on VIP behavior, an evaluation of state-of-the-art positioning systems for VIP navigation and wayfinding, and ways to overcome difficulties during exceptional times such as COVID-19. This review identifies current research gaps, offering insights into areas requiring advancements. Future work and recommendations are presented to enhance VIP mobility, enable daily activities, and promote societal integration. This paper addresses the urgent need for high-performance navigation systems for the growing population of VIPs, highlighting the limitations of current technologies in complex environments. Through a comprehensive review of VI classifications, VIPs' navigation standards, user requirements, and positioning systems, this paper identifies research gaps and offers recommendations to improve VIP mobility and societal integration.}, } @article {pmid39516860, year = {2024}, author = {Ren, ZF and Xiong, RC and Wang, LL and Chen, ZH and Chen, R and Liu, ZF}, title = {The well-defined antiphospholipid syndrome induced by COVID-19: a rare case report and review of the literature.}, journal = {Thrombosis journal}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {99}, pmid = {39516860}, issn = {1477-9560}, support = {NO.202201AT070244//The Basic Research Project of the Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province/ ; NO.202401AY070001-226//The Basic Research Program of the Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province/ ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 may induce a state of hypercoagulability, particularly in critically ill patients, for reasons that remain unknown. Numerous studies have identified the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19; however, the definitive diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome continues to pose challenges. Here, we present the case of a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 who developed life-threatening severe thrombocytopenia, profound anaemia, acute pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular failure, and renal insufficiency. Laboratory investigations revealed significantly elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies. We conducted a one-year follow-up study with blood sampling performed every 12 weeks. The patient exhibited persistent high titres of antiphospholipid antibodies and ongoing renal dysfunction necessitating daily oral warfarin antithrombotic therapy. Antiphospholipid syndrome is a complex clinical condition that poses challenges for clinicians, particularly in critically ill patients, and is often associated with delayed and inaccurate diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, we extensively reviewed the literature and international guidelines to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies of APS. We hope this work will provide a valuable reference for health care professionals.}, } @article {pmid39516812, year = {2024}, author = {Davanzo, R and Bettinelli, ME and Baldassarre, M and Mondello, I and Soldi, A and Perugi, S and Giannì, ML and Colombo, L and Salvatori, G and Travan, L and Giordano, G and , }, title = {Tele-support in breastfeeding: position statement of the Italian society of Neonatology.}, journal = {Italian journal of pediatrics}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {240}, pmid = {39516812}, issn = {1824-7288}, mesh = {Humans ; *Breast Feeding ; Italy ; *Telemedicine ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Neonatology ; Female ; Societies, Medical ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; }, abstract = {Tele-support in breastfeeding can be defined as any support provided by a service that connects health workers and/or lactation consultants with breastfeeding parents through video visits, although a telephone contact with the breastfeeding mother remains the first method of remote breastfeeding support. The tele-support in breastfeeding has increased significantly during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic worldwide and, given its effectiveness, may be maintained also after the pandemic. The Italian Society of Neonatology on the basis of: 1) two focus group studies on the tele-support in breastfeeding conducted in Italy with 11 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit nurses and 10 neonatologists, respectively, 2) a national survey on tele-support in breastfeeding addressing the Italian Neonatal Intensive Care Units, and 3) a review of the available experiences and literature, has provided a Position Statement, limitedly to the individual tele-support in breastfeeding. The Italian Society of Neonatology states that: 1) the tele-support in breastfeeding can be used when a consultation in person is not shortly available and may allow to select those situations that require an in-person visit; 2) the organization of a tele-support in breastfeeding session requires the use of a competent, dedicated healthcare staff (specifically trained and/or with adequate experience) and an appropriate methodology while preparing, running and concluding the support session. According to Italian Society of Neonatology the tele-support in breastfeeding may be an effective intervention to promote breastfeeding as a complementary method to the in-person assistance and should be possibly provided in an integrated manner by the Community Health Services and the Maternity Hospital.}, } @article {pmid39516736, year = {2024}, author = {Xie, J and Yuan, C and Yang, S and Ma, Z and Li, W and Mao, L and Jiao, P and Liu, W}, title = {The role of reactive oxygen species in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection-induced cell death.}, journal = {Cellular & molecular biology letters}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {138}, pmid = {39516736}, issn = {1689-1392}, support = {31802164//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *COVID-19/metabolism/virology/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; *Cell Death ; *Oxidative Stress ; Extracellular Traps/metabolism ; Autophagy ; Apoptosis ; Signal Transduction ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents the novel respiratory infectious disorder caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by rapid spread throughout the world. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) account for cellular metabolic by-products, and excessive ROS accumulation can induce oxidative stress due to insufficient endogenous antioxidant ability. In the case of oxidative stress, ROS production exceeds the cellular antioxidant capacity, thus leading to cell death. SARS-CoV-2 can activate different cell death pathways in the context of infection in host cells, such as neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)osis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis and autophagy, which are closely related to ROS signalling and control. In this review, we comprehensively elucidated the relationship between ROS generation and the death of host cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which leads to the development of COVID-19, aiming to provide a reasonable basis for the existing interventions and further development of novel therapies against SARS-CoV-2.}, } @article {pmid39516425, year = {2024}, author = {Narayanan, SN and Padiyath, S and Chandrababu, K and Raj, L and P S, BC and Ninan, GA and Sivadasan, A and Jacobs, AR and Li, YW and Bhaskar, A}, title = {Neurological, psychological, psychosocial complications of long-COVID and their management.}, journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39516425}, issn = {1590-3478}, abstract = {Since it first appeared, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a significant and lasting negative impact on the health and economies of millions of individuals all over the globe. At the level of individual health too, many patients are not recovering fully and experiencing a long-term condition now commonly termed 'long-COVID'. Long-COVID is a collection of symptoms which must last more than 12 weeks following initial COVID infection, and which cannot be adequately explained by alternate diagnoses. The neurological and psychosocial impact of long-COVID is itself now a global health crisis and therefore preventing, diagnosing, and managing these patients is of paramount importance. This review focuses primarily on: neurological functioning deficits; mental health impacts; long-term mood problems; and associated psychosocial issues, among patients suffering from long-COVID with an eye towards the neurological basis of these symptoms. A concise account of the clinical relevance of the neurological and psychosocial impacts of long-COVID, the effects on long-term morbidity, and varied approaches in managing patients with significant chronic neurological symptoms and conditions was extracted from the literature, analysed and reported. A comprehensive account of plausible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of long-COVID, its management, and future research needs have been discussed.}, } @article {pmid39516124, year = {2024}, author = {Angelopoulos, N and Staines, J and Chamberlin, M and Bates, S and McGain, F}, title = {A narrative review of personal protective equipment gowns: lessons from COVID-19.}, journal = {British journal of anaesthesia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.bja.2024.09.014}, pmid = {39516124}, issn = {1471-6771}, abstract = {This narrative review evaluates the evidence regarding the protection offered by isolation gowns, approaches to imparting antimicrobial activity to gowns, and the environmental impacts of gown use, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a search of the Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases for articles published between January 1, 2019 to February 20, 2024. We found that current standards pertaining to isolation gowns might be irrelevant to the protection of healthcare workers from pathogen transmission, as they focus primarily on fluid barrier resistance values that are not reflective of all transmission conditions in hospitals. Although most available isolation gowns are disposable, reusable gowns could offer greater barrier protection and are more environmentally sustainable. Several techniques have been studied for their ability to impart antimicrobial properties to isolation gowns, extending their lifespan and reducing environmental impacts. However, evidence of the effectiveness of such techniques in clinical settings is scarce. We advocate for standardised guidelines inclusive of common pathogen survival tests, comfort, and durability, which reflect the actual infection risks encountered by healthcare workers, to improve the safety and efficacy of isolation gowns in hospital settings. Further research into the clinical effectiveness of antimicrobial gowns and their long-term implications on the environment is also warranted.}, } @article {pmid39307118, year = {2024}, author = {Sankova, M and Nikolenko, V and Oganesyan, M and Vinnik, Y and Gavryushova, L and Redina, S and Rizaeva, N and Sankov, A and Bulygin, K and Vovkogon, A and Pontes-Silva, A and Zharikov, Y}, title = {Zinc pathogenic importance in correcting immunity and restoring public health in the post-COVID period: An overview.}, journal = {Cytokine}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {156761}, doi = {10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156761}, pmid = {39307118}, issn = {1096-0023}, mesh = {Humans ; *Zinc/therapeutic use/metabolism ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Public Health ; Homeostasis ; Immune System ; Trace Elements/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {CONTEXT: The problem of correcting immune system function and compensating for co-morbidities becomes particularly clinically significant in the post-COVID period. There is evidence that certain trace elements in the human body, particularly zinc ions, play a critical role in restoring the function of the immune system and internal organs.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mechanisms of zinc action maintaining the body homeostasis in order to justify pathogenetically the inclusion of zinc drugs in the therapy of patients in the post-COVID period.

METHODS: Data from Elsevier, Global Health, PubMed-NCBI, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, Research gate, RSCI Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Academy, e-LIBRARY.RU and CyberLeninka were used.

RESULTS: This review showed that the importance of zinc in maintaining body homeostasis in the post-COVID period is determined by its multifaceted effect on all parts of the immune system, its anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial properties and participation in the restoration of internal organ function. Elimination of zinc deficiency in the post-COVID period is essential to support immunity, compensate for comorbidities and reduce the risk of complications. The impossibility of synthesizing zinc in the body requires its constant intake in sufficient quantities. Zinc levels are significantly reduced after infectious diseases, as this element is specifically distributed to organs and tissues to maintain immunological and metabolic functions. The degree of zinc deficiency is associated with the severity of COVID-19 and the post-COVID period. It is pathogenetically justified to prescribe zinc drugs in the post-COVID period, the choice of which should take into account comorbidities and severity of hypozincemia.

CONCLUSION: Regularly administered therapy with zinc drugs in the post-COVID period will help correct the population immunity and restore public health.}, } @article {pmid39253910, year = {2024}, author = {Rashid, MH and Singha, S and Arshad, F and Sen, P}, title = {Exploring the Potential Long-term Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Protein Misfolding and Amyloid-related Conditions.}, journal = {Protein and peptide letters}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {602-610}, pmid = {39253910}, issn = {1875-5305}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; *Amyloidosis/metabolism/etiology ; *Protein Folding ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Proteostasis Deficiencies/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic concerns risk to human health, particularly its potential association with protein misfolding and amyloidosis. This review article explores the causality relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection, and protein misfolding, leading to amyloid-related conditions. It delves into the mechanisms by which viral proteins may accelerate amyloid formation, exacerbating post-infection complications, including neurological sequelae. Drawing from interdisciplinary research and clinical observations, the potential links between COVID-19, vaccination, and amyloidosis, emphasize the importance of understanding the longterm effect of post-COVID symptoms. This review examines the potential role of COVID-19-related proteins in the formation of amyloid in other related proteins of amyloidosis.}, } @article {pmid39030700, year = {2024}, author = {Abdul-Fatah, A and Bezanson, M and Lopez Steven, S and Tippins, E and Jones, S and MacDonald, H and Ysseldyk, R}, title = {COVID-19 Public Health Restrictions and New Mothers' Mental Health: A Qualitative Scoping Review.}, journal = {Qualitative health research}, volume = {34}, number = {14}, pages = {1456-1471}, doi = {10.1177/10497323241251984}, pmid = {39030700}, issn = {1049-7323}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Female ; *Mothers/psychology ; *Mental Health ; Pregnancy ; *Qualitative Research ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Public Health ; Postpartum Period/psychology ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {Public health restrictions to protect physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic had unintended effects on mental health, which may have disproportionately affected some potentially vulnerable groups. This scoping review of qualitative research provides a narrative synthesis of new mothers' perspectives on their mental health during COVID-19 pandemic restrictions through pregnancy to the postpartum period. Database searches in PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO sought primary research studies published until February 2023, which focused on new mothers' self-perceived mental health during the pandemic (N = 55). Our synthesis found that new mothers' mental health was impacted by general public health restrictions resulting in isolation from family and friends, a lack of community support, and impacts on the immediate family. However, public health restrictions specific to maternal and infant healthcare were most often found to negatively impact maternal mental health, namely, hospital policies prohibiting the presence of birthing partners and in-person care for their infants. This review of qualitative research adds depth to previous reviews that have solely examined the quantitative associations between COVID-19 public health restrictions and new mothers' mental health. Here, our review demonstrates the array of adverse impacts of COVID-19 public health restrictions on new mothers' mental health throughout pregnancy into the postpartum period, as reported by new mothers. These findings may be beneficial for policy makers in future public health emergency planning when evaluating the impacts and unintended consequences of public health restrictions on new mothers.}, } @article {pmid38353167, year = {2024}, author = {Macpherson, I and Roqué, MV and Echarte, L and Segarra, I}, title = {Ethical challenges during critical phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: An interpretive synthesis.}, journal = {Nursing ethics}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {1646-1660}, doi = {10.1177/09697330241230684}, pmid = {38353167}, issn = {1477-0989}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; *Ethics, Nursing ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the most critical phases of COVID-19 pandemic, dramatic situations were experienced in hospitals and care centers that nurses could hardly verbalize. Especially relevant were deep challenges related to terminal illness, situations of extreme sacrifice, as well as reflections on protective measures mixed with beliefs. We intend to analyze which problems had the greatest impact on professionals.

AIM: The aim is to explore the ultimate basis for action when making decisions and the orientation of their behavior in the face of moral conflicts.

METHOD: The methodological strategy is an interpretive synthesis. Narrative review of academic articles that analyzed ethical dilemmas during the pandemic was carried out by searching five databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Psycinfo, CINHAL, and WOS) between January 2020 and December 2022. Finally, 43 articles were selected.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Ethical requirements were respected in all study phases.

RESULTS: The reading and review of the 43 articles initiated the first phase of inductive coding which resulted in 14 initial sub-themes. Based on this structure, a second phase of coding was carried out, giving rise to six categories or emerging themes. To facilitate the process of identifying the central category, the authors agreed to carry out a phase of synthesis, grouping the six themes into three meta-themes: the identification and acceptance of human vulnerability; the discovery of positive paradigms in traumatic situations in society; the prevalence of the common good over the particular interest, as the core structure of any society.

CONCLUSION: The study has shown the need to consider healthcare benevolence as a new dimension of health care upon global vulnerability. Responsibility is required to ensure the well-being of a global society, prioritizing the common good over particular interests and building solutions on solid moral structures. A new ethical landscape is essential, starting with a humanistic curricular training of all healthcare professionals.}, } @article {pmid38205969, year = {2024}, author = {Soklaridis, S and Chowdhury, M and Turco, MG and Tremblay, M and Mazmanian, P and Williams, B and Besa, R and Sockalingam, S}, title = {Pivoting Continuing Professional Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Scoping Review of Adaptations and Innovations.}, journal = {The Journal of continuing education in the health professions}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {e22-e35}, doi = {10.1097/CEH.0000000000000539}, pmid = {38205969}, issn = {1554-558X}, support = {//Society for Academic Continuing Medical Education/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Staff Development/methods ; Education, Distance/methods/organization & administration ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Most formal continuing professional development (CPD) opportunities were offered in person until March 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted traditional structures of CPD offerings. The authors explored the adaptations and innovations in CPD that were strengthened or newly created during the first 16 months of the pandemic.

METHODS: The objectives of the narrative review were to answer the following questions: (1) what types of adaptations to CPD innovations are described? and (2) what may shape future innovations in CPD? The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and ERIC to identify the literature published between March 2020 to July 2021. The authors conducted a comprehensive search by including all study types that described adaptations and/or innovations in CPD during the stated pandemic period.

RESULTS: Of the 8295 citations retrieved from databases, 191 satisfied the inclusion criteria. The authors found three categories to describe adaptations to CPD innovations: (1) creation of new online resources, (2) increased use of the existing online platforms/software to deliver CPD, and (3) use of simulation for teaching and learning. Reported advantages and disadvantages associated with these adaptations included logistical, interactional, and capacity building elements. The review identified five potential future CPD innovations: (1) empirical research on the effectiveness of virtual learning; (2) novel roles and ways of thinking; (3) learning from other disciplines beyond medicine; (4) formation of a global perspective; and (5) emerging wellness initiatives.

DISCUSSION: This review provided an overview of the adaptations and innovations that may shape the future of CPD beyond the pandemic.}, } @article {pmid39516552, year = {2023}, author = {Redman, MG and Aguda, V and Dore, R and Lim, JO and Speight, B and McVeigh, TP}, title = {The role of virtual consultations in cancer genetics: challenges and opportunities introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {BJC reports}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {6}, pmid = {39516552}, issn = {2731-9377}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic changed the delivery of healthcare within the United Kingdom. A virtual model of care, utilising telephone and video consultations, was rapidly imposed upon cancer genetics teams. This large-scale change in service delivery has led to new opportunities that can be harnessed to improve patient care. There is a clear potential to mitigate geographical barriers, meet increasing patient expectations of implementing virtual consultations, reduce hospital carbon footprints, and decrease hospital costs while increasing efficiency. However, there are also significant challenges introduced by this model of care. Virtual healthcare consultations introduce another new level of digital exclusion for patients and clinicians. There are also potential challenges for maintaining patient confidentiality, and limited utility in circumstances where a physical exam may be warranted. For clinicians, there may be impacts on empathetic responses delivered and challenges in workflow and workload. Virtual consultations are likely to continue being a feature of cancer genetics services. A flexible approach is needed to allow for virtual and traditional models of care to work together and best meet patients' needs. Cancer genetics services should harness the opportunities provided by virtual processes to improve patient care, whilst collaborating with patient groups and other stakeholders to carefully examine and address the challenges that virtual consultations introduce.}, } @article {pmid39515932, year = {2024}, author = {Walsh, LJ}, title = {Reusable Personal Protective Equipment Viewed Through the Lens of Sustainability.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {74 Suppl 2}, number = {}, pages = {S446-S454}, doi = {10.1016/j.identj.2024.07.1270}, pmid = {39515932}, issn = {1875-595X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Equipment Reuse ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Personal Protective Equipment ; Respiratory Protective Devices ; Masks ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Protective Clothing ; Carbon Footprint ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Disposable Equipment ; }, abstract = {From early 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic drove dramatic increases in the production and use of single use disposable masks, respirators and gowns, and highlighted the vulnerability of supply chains for these items. This paper explores the impacts of the rising demands for these single use items through the lens of sustainability, by collating data on the carbon footprint and other impacts, and then discussing challenges, solutions, and future perspectives. Polypropylene and other key synthetic fibre components of these items are not biodegradable, and persist in the environments for prolonged periods generating microplastics as they degrade slowly. Various methods have been shown to allow limited repeated use of surgical masks and respirators, and this has spurred the development of masks and respirators designed for many cycles of reuse. Parallel discussions around gowns reveal that reuseable gowns offer many advantages for performance as well as reduced environmental impact. At the local dental clinic level, those making purchasing decisions should consider impacts of their product choices on the environment. Such impacts occur from manufacture, transport, and disposal of PPE, and from degradation within the environment. Regulators need to encourage use of reuseable items and facilitate this through local guidelines, while at the international level, more work is needed to develop uniform standards for reuseable masks, respirators and gowns.}, } @article {pmid39515929, year = {2024}, author = {Allison, JR and Tiede, S and Holliday, R and Durham, J and Jakubovics, NS}, title = {Bioaerosols and Airborne Transmission in the Dental Clinic.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {74 Suppl 2}, number = {}, pages = {S418-S428}, doi = {10.1016/j.identj.2024.09.026}, pmid = {39515929}, issn = {1875-595X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Aerosols/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/transmission/prevention & control ; *Dental Clinics ; *Air Microbiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Infection Control, Dental/methods ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {The importance of aerosols (particles suspended in air) produced during dental procedures became more apparent than ever during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerns over transmission of infection in these aerosols led to unprecedented disruption to dental services across the world, adversely impacting patients' oral health. This article discusses the evidence related to airborne transmission of infectious diseases and the relevance to dentistry. The production of bioaerosols (aerosols carrying biological material) during dental procedures is explored, as well as how the potential risks posed by these bioaerosols can be controlled. A better understanding of dental bioaerosols is needed to prevent similar disruption to dental services in future outbreaks, and to reduce the risk of infection of dental professionals when treating patients with active infections who require urgent or emergency dental care.}, } @article {pmid39515744, year = {2024}, author = {More, S and Kaleem, M and Kharwade, R and Almutairy, AF and Shahzad, N and Ali Mujtaba, M and Taha, M and Pise, A and Zafar, A and Mahmood, D}, title = {Depression unveiled: Insights into etiology and animal models for behavioral assessment, exploring the multifactorial nature and treatment of depression.}, journal = {Brain research}, volume = {1847}, number = {}, pages = {149313}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149313}, pmid = {39515744}, issn = {1872-6240}, abstract = {Over the past century, significant shifts in daily living have led to an increased prevalence of mental disorders, often linked to hormonal imbalances. Among these, anxiety and depression stand out as prevalent diagnoses, particularly in industrialized nations. Depression, according to the DSM-5, is a heterogeneous condition that affects emotional, cognitive, and physical functioning, with symptoms including insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight changes. Cognitive theories of depression highlight its impact on judgment, decision-making, thinking, and focus. Depression's multifaceted nature means that no two patients experience identical symptoms, risk factors, or treatment responses. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health issues, with social isolation, restricted contact, and altered daily routines contributing to increased anxiety and depression, especially among adolescents and young adults. The pandemic's psychological toll underscores the need for effective treatment strategies for mental disorders. The physical manifestations of major depressive disorder (MDD) are associated with a heightened risk of developing various medical conditions, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, stroke, epilepsy, and dementia. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of depression and anxiety, covering their different types, epidemiology, potential causes, diagnostic criteria, and available treatment options. It delves into the role of pharmacological interventions and examines recent advancements to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the review assesses the therapeutic potential of drugs, offering insights into their efficacy in treating these complex mental health disorders. By targeting the multifactorial etiology of depression through drug repurposing and new drug development, researchers aim to enhance treatment efficacy and achieve better outcomes for patients with depression.}, } @article {pmid39515353, year = {2024}, author = {Hoe, C and Bunker, A and Arnés-Sanz, C and Rocklöv, J and Wild, K and Holmes, WT and Woodward, A}, title = {Public good or climate washing? A guideline for climate and health researchers considering funding from carbon-intensive industries.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {8}, number = {11}, pages = {e946-e950}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00231-6}, pmid = {39515353}, issn = {2542-5196}, mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Public Health ; Humans ; Industry/economics ; Carbon ; Guidelines as Topic ; Research Personnel ; }, abstract = {Should climate and health researchers accept funding from industries that profit from climate-damaging consumption? In this Personal View, we aim to ignite discussions on this key topic and to introduce a guideline to possibly help climate and health researchers grappling with this complex question. Drawing from existing tools focused on other public health issues and the conclusions of the 2023 Lancet Series on commercial determinants of health, we propose a guideline comprising six parts: meeting public health and climate goals; building credibility and trust; avoiding undue dependence on particular sources of funding; not inflating without good reason the public image of industry; embedding processes to ensure transparency and independence; and protecting the freedom to publish. We invite other climate and public health scientists to report their own experiences and provide feedback on this guideline.}, } @article {pmid39514480, year = {2024}, author = {Feather, J and Liverpool, S and Allen, E and Owen, M and Relph, N and Roocroft, L and Patel, T and McKenzie, H and Murphy, C and Howarth, M}, title = {Locating the evidence for children and young people social prescribing: Where to start? A scoping review protocol.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {e0310644}, pmid = {39514480}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; Child ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; Mental Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {It is estimated that disruptions to life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an increase in the number of children and young people suffering from mental health issues globally. In England one in four children experienced poor mental health in 2022. Social prescribing is gaining traction as a systems-based approach, which builds upon person-centered methods, to refer children and young people with non-clinical mental health issues to appropriate community assets. Recognition of social prescribing benefits for children's mental health is increasing, yet evidence is limited. Inconsistent terminology and variation of terms used to describe social prescribing practices across the literature hinders understanding and assessment of social prescribing's impact on children's mental health. This scoping review thus aims to systematically identify and analyse the various terms, concepts and language used to describe social prescribing with children and young people across the wider health and social care literature base. The scoping review will be undertaken using a six-stage framework which includes: identifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, study selection, charting the data, collating, summarising and reporting the results, and consultation. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, PsychInfo, Social Policy Practice, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane library and Joanna Briggs), alongside evidence from grey literature, hand search, citation tracking, and use of expert correspondence will be included in the review to ensure published and unpublished literature is captured. Data extraction will be carried out by two reviewers using a predefined form to capture study characteristics, intervention descriptions, outcomes, and key terms used to report social prescribing for children and young people. No formal quality appraisal or risk of bias evaluation will be performed, as this scoping review aims to map and describe the literature. Data will be stored and managed using the Rayaan.ai platform and a critical narrative of the common themes found will be included.}, } @article {pmid39514042, year = {2024}, author = {Maftei, NM and Nechifor, A and Tan, B and Elisei, AM and Pelin, AM and Nechita, L and Tatu, AL and Leow, LJ and Nwabudike, LC}, title = {Therapeutic Applications for Homeopathy in Clinical Practice.}, journal = {Advances in therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39514042}, issn = {1865-8652}, abstract = {Homeopathy was founded some two hundred years ago by Dr Samuel Christian Hahnemann. Over time, it has grown to be among the most frequently used forms of alternative medicine in Europe and the USA. It is underpinned by the principle of 'like cures like', where highly diluted substances are used for therapeutic purposes, by producing similar symptoms to when the substance is used in healthy people. Many studies have been published on the value of homeopathy in treating diseases such as cancer, depression, psoriasis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, otitis, migraine, neuroses, allergies, joint disease, insomnia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections and acne, to name a few. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on homeopathy and evaluated its effectiveness in clinical practice. While there is evidence of the clinical benefits of homeopathy, its formal application requires more rigorous randomised controlled trials.}, } @article {pmid39513901, year = {2024}, author = {Hadi, R and Poddar, A and Sonnaila, S and Bhavaraju, VSM and Agrawal, S}, title = {Advancing CRISPR-Based Solutions for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Therapeutics.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {13}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39513901}, issn = {2073-4409}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/therapy/virology ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Gene Editing/methods ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; }, abstract = {Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a variety of diagnostic approaches, including RT-qPCR, RAPID, and LFA, have been adopted, with RT-qPCR emerging as the gold standard. However, a significant challenge in COVID-19 diagnostics is the wide range of symptoms presented by patients, necessitating early and accurate diagnosis for effective management. Although RT-qPCR is a precise molecular technique, it is not immune to false-negative results. In contrast, CRISPR-based detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 offer several advantages: they are cost-effective, time-efficient, highly sensitive, and specific, and they do not require sophisticated instruments. These methods also show promise for scalability, enabling diagnostic tests. CRISPR technology can be customized to target any genomic region of interest, making it a versatile tool with applications beyond diagnostics, including therapeutic development. The CRISPR/Cas systems provide precise gene targeting with immense potential for creating next-generation diagnostics and therapeutics. One of the key advantages of CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutics is the ability to perform multiplexing, where different sgRNAs or crRNAs can target multiple sites within the same gene, reducing the likelihood of viral escape mutants. Among the various CRISPR systems, CRISPR/Cas13 and CARVER (Cas13-assisted restriction of viral expression and readout) are particularly promising. These systems can target a broad range of single-stranded RNA viruses, making them suitable for the diagnosis and treatment of various viral diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. However, the efficacy and safety of CRISPR-based therapeutics must be thoroughly evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical settings. While CRISPR biotechnologies have not yet been fully harnessed to control the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is an optimism that the limitations of the CRISPR/Cas system can be overcome soon. This review discusses how CRISPR-based strategies can revolutionize disease diagnosis and therapeutic development, better preparing us for future viral threats.}, } @article {pmid39513856, year = {2024}, author = {Nguyen, TK and Baker, S and Rodriguez, JM and Arceri, L and Wingert, RA}, title = {Using Zebrafish to Study Multiciliated Cell Development and Disease States.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {13}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {39513856}, issn = {2073-4409}, mesh = {Animals ; *Zebrafish ; *Cilia/metabolism ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Disease Models, Animal ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Centrioles/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Multiciliated cells (MCCs) serve many important functions, including fluid propulsion and chemo- and mechanosensing. Diseases ranging from rare conditions to the recent COVID-19 global health pandemic have been linked to MCC defects. In recent years, the zebrafish has emerged as a model to investigate the biology of MCCs. Here, we review the major events in MCC formation including centriole biogenesis and basal body docking. Then, we discuss studies on the role of MCCs in diseases of the brain, respiratory, kidney and reproductive systems, as well as recent findings about the link between MCCs and SARS-CoV-2. Next, we explore why the zebrafish is a useful model to study MCCs and provide a comprehensive overview of previous studies of genetic components essential for MCC development and motility across three major tissues in the zebrafish: the pronephros, brain ependymal cells and nasal placode. Taken together, here we provide a cohesive summary of MCC research using the zebrafish and its future potential for expanding our understanding of MCC-related disease states.}, } @article {pmid39513250, year = {2024}, author = {Gomes, MCM and Malherbe, HL}, title = {The impact of COVID-19 on patients affected by rare diseases and congenital disorders in South Africa: A scoping review.}, journal = {South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde}, volume = {114}, number = {9}, pages = {e1795}, doi = {10.7196/SAMJ.2024.v114i9.1795}, pmid = {39513250}, issn = {2078-5135}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; *Rare Diseases/epidemiology ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Rare diseases (RDs) are individually rare but collectively common, affecting an estimated 1 in 15 individuals in South Africa (SA). Patients with an RD often face a long diagnostic odyssey (>5 years on average) and many obstacles in accessing healthcare. A scoping review was conducted to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the SA RD community. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were explored using thematic analysis, which showed that RD patients were further marginalised during the pandemic, particularly in access to healthcare. Increased inclusivity in policy creation and integrated community-based healthcare are recommended to ensure that RD patients are not an afterthought in future crises.}, } @article {pmid39425883, year = {2024}, author = {Leung, G and Middleton, EA}, title = {The role of platelets and megakaryocytes in sepsis and ARDS.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, volume = {602}, number = {22}, pages = {6047-6063}, doi = {10.1113/JP284879}, pmid = {39425883}, issn = {1469-7793}, support = {5K08HL153953//HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/ ; (T32) HL105321//HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Megakaryocytes/physiology/pathology ; *Sepsis/pathology ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/pathology ; *Blood Platelets/physiology ; Animals ; COVID-19/pathology ; }, abstract = {Since the global COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a renewed focus on lung injury during infection. Systemic inflammatory responses such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for both adults and children. Improvements in clinical care have improved outcomes but mortality remains ∼40% and significant morbidity persists for those patients with severe disease. Mechanistic studies of the underlying biological processes remain essential to identifying therapeutic targets. Furthermore, methods for identifying the underlying drivers of organ failure are key to treating and preventing tissue injury. In this review, we discuss the contribution of megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelets to the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory syndromes. We explore the role of MKs and the new identification of extramedullary MKs during sepsis. We describe the alterations in the platelet transcriptome during sepsis. Lastly, we explore platelet function as defined by aggregation, activation and the formation of heterotypic aggregates. Much more work is necessary to explore the contribution of platelets to these heterogenous syndromes, but the foundation of platelets as key contributors to inflammation has been laid.}, } @article {pmid39287362, year = {2024}, author = {Cornelis, J and Christiaens, W and de Meester, C and Mistiaen, P}, title = {Remote Patient Monitoring at Home in Patients With COVID-19: Narrative Review.}, journal = {JMIR nursing}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {e44580}, doi = {10.2196/44580}, pmid = {39287362}, issn = {2562-7600}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/epidemiology/mortality ; *Telemedicine ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Pandemics ; Home Care Services ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the pandemic, health care providers implemented remote patient monitoring (RPM) for patients experiencing COVID-19. RPM is an interaction between health care professionals and patients who are in different locations, in which certain patient functioning parameters are assessed and followed up for a certain duration of time. The implementation of RPM in these patients aimed to reduce the strain on hospitals and primary care.

OBJECTIVE: With this literature review, we aim to describe the characteristics of RPM interventions, report on patients with COVID-19 receiving RPM, and provide an overview of outcome variables such as length of stay (LOS), hospital readmission, and mortality.

METHODS: A combination of different searches in several database types (traditional databases, trial registers, daily [Google] searches, and daily PubMed alerts) was run daily from March 2020 to December 2021. A search update for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed in April 2022.

RESULTS: The initial search yielded more than 4448 articles (not including daily searches). After deduplication and assessment for eligibility, 241 articles were retained describing 164 telemonitoring studies from 160 centers. None of the 164 studies covering 248,431 patients reported on the presence of a randomized control group. Studies described a "prehosp" group (96 studies) with patients who had a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and who were not hospitalized but closely monitored at home or a "posthosp" group (32 studies) with patients who were monitored at home after hospitalization for COVID-19. Moreover, 34 studies described both groups, and in 2 studies, the description was unclear. In the prehosp and posthosp groups, there were large variations in the number of emergency department (ED) visits (0%-36% and 0%-16%, respectively) and no convincing evidence that RPM leads to less or more ED visits or hospital readmissions (0%-30% and 0%-22%, respectively). Mortality was generally low, and there was weak to no evidence that RPM is associated with lower mortality. Moreover, there was no evidence that RPM shortens previous LOS. A literature update identified 3 small-scale RCTs, which could not demonstrate statistically significant differences in these outcomes. Most papers claimed savings; however, the scientific base for these claims was doubtful. The overall patient experiences with RPM were positive, as patients felt more reassured, although many patients declined RPM for several reasons (eg, technological embarrassment, digital literacy).

CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, there is no convincing evidence that RPM in COVID-19 patients avoids ED visits or hospital readmissions and shortens LOS or reduces mortality. On the other hand, there is no evidence that RPM has adverse outcomes. Further research should focus on developing, implementing, and evaluating an RPM framework.}, } @article {pmid39512644, year = {2024}, author = {Dehnavi, F and Akhavan, M and Bekhradnia, A}, title = {Advances in quinoxaline derivatives: synthetic routes and antiviral efficacy against respiratory pathogens.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {14}, number = {48}, pages = {35400-35423}, pmid = {39512644}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {The study of quinoxalines as nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds has garnered substantial interest within scientific research owing to their multidimensional functionalization capabilities and significant biological activities. The scope of study encompasses their application as potent antiviral agents, particularly within the domain of respiratory pathologies-a topic of pivotal concern in this comprehensive review. They have several prominent pharmacological effects, such as potential influenza inhibitors, potential anti-SARS coronavirus inhibitors, potential anti-SARS-CO-2 coronavirus inhibitors, and miscellaneous respiratory antiviral activities. As a result, some of the literature has described many of these quinoxalines using various synthetic methods for their mentioned biological effects. In the present review, we provided insight into quinoxaline synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and antiviral activities, along with a compilation of recent studies. The article further encapsulates the gamut of past and ongoing research efforts in the design and synthetic exploration of antiviral scaffolds, with a pronounced emphasis on their strategic deployment against viral pandemics, contextualized against the tapestry of the recent COVID-19 outbreak. This illuminates the quintessential role of quinoxalines in the armamentarium against viral pathogens and provides a platform for the development of next-generation antiviral agents.}, } @article {pmid39510560, year = {2024}, author = {Glasbey, JC and Ademuyiwa, AO and Chu, K and Dare, A and Harrison, E and Hutchinson, P and Hyman, G and Lawani, I and Martin, J and Martinez, L and Meara, J and Reddy, KS and Sullivan, R}, title = {Building resilient surgical systems that can withstand external shocks.}, journal = {BMJ global health}, volume = {9}, number = {Suppl 4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015280}, pmid = {39510560}, issn = {2059-7908}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Delivery of Health Care ; }, abstract = {When surgical systems fail, there is the major collateral impact on patients, society and economies. While short-term impact on patient outcomes during periods of high system stress is easy to measure, the long-term repercussions of global crises are harder to quantify and require modelling studies with inherent uncertainty. When external stressors such as high-threat infectious disease, forced migration or climate-change-related events occur, there is a resulting surge in healthcare demand. This, directly and indirectly, affects perioperative pathways, increasing pressure on emergency, critical and operative care areas. While different stressors have different effects on healthcare systems, they share the common feature of exposing the weakest areas, at which point care pathways breakdown. Surgery has been identified as a highly vulnerable area for early failure. Despite efforts by the WHO to improve preparedness in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, measurement of healthcare investment and surgical preparedness metrics suggests that surgical care is not yet being prioritised by policy-makers. Investment in the 'response' phase of health system recovery without investment in the 'readiness' phase will not mitigate long-term health effects for patients as new stressors arise. This analysis aims to explore how surgical preparedness can be measured, identify emerging threats and explore their potential impact on surgical services. Finally, it aims to highlight the role of high-quality research in developing resilient surgical systems.}, } @article {pmid39510436, year = {2024}, author = {Feng, S and Xiong, Y and Liu, W and Liu, H and Sui, W and Zheng, P and Sun, M and Hu, K and Zhang, Y}, title = {BCMA CAR-T induces complete and durable remission in plasmablastic lymphoma synchronous transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Case report and literature review.}, journal = {Critical reviews in oncology/hematology}, volume = {205}, number = {}, pages = {104551}, doi = {10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104551}, pmid = {39510436}, issn = {1879-0461}, abstract = {Richter transformation is still a serious risk in the era of innovative therapies, despite the fact that targeted therapy with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor has significantly improved the prognosis for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We report a rare case of a 61-year-old male patient's CLL transforming into a synchronous clonal related plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) after receiving ibrutinib. During COVID-19, the patient stopped taking ibrutinib, which caused the illness to worsen. Histology revealed that PBL was present in the right supraclavicular mass and that CLL had penetrated the bone marrow. Three cycles of CHP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone) were administered together with venetoclax and brentuximab vedotin. After receiving BCMA CAR-T cell treatment, the patient was in complete remission. For PBL transformation, a condition with a worse prognosis and few therapy choices, our results suggest the use of BCMA CAR-T and novel target agents.}, } @article {pmid39510388, year = {2024}, author = {Tyagi, S and Tyagi, N and Singh, A and Gautam, A and Singh, A and Jindal, S and Singh, RP and Chaturvedi, R and Kushwaha, HR}, title = {Linking COVID-19 and cancer: Underlying mechanism.}, journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease}, volume = {1871}, number = {1}, pages = {167563}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167563}, pmid = {39510388}, issn = {1879-260X}, abstract = {COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), lead to a global health crisis with a spectrum of clinical manifestations. A potentially vulnerable category for SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified in patients with other medical conditions. Intriguingly, parallels exist between COVID-19 and cancer at the pathophysiological level, suggesting a possible connection between them. This review discusses all possible associations between COVID-19 and cancer. Expression of receptors like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) increases COVID-19 susceptibility. SARS-CoV-2 infection might increase cancer susceptibility and accelerate cancer progression through mechanisms involving cytokine storm, tissue hypoxia, impaired T-cell responses, autophagy, neutrophil activation, and oxidative stress. These mechanisms collectively contribute to immune suppression, hindered apoptosis, and altered cellular signaling in the tumor microenvironment, creating conditions favorable for tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Approved vaccines and their impact on cancer patients along-with new clinical trials are also described.}, } @article {pmid39509946, year = {2024}, author = {Singh, A and Bhutani, C and Khanna, P and Talwar, S and Singh, SK and Khanna, L}, title = {Recent report on indoles as a privileged anti-viral scaffold in drug discovery.}, journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {281}, number = {}, pages = {117017}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117017}, pmid = {39509946}, issn = {1768-3254}, abstract = {In recent years, viral infections such as COVID-19, Zika virus, Nipah virus, Ebola, Influenza, Monkeypox, and Dengue have substantially impacted global health. These outbreaks have led to heightened global health initiatives and collaborative efforts to address and mitigate these significant threats effectively. Thus, developing antiviral treatments and research in this field has become highly important. Heterocycles, particularly indole motifs, have been a valuable resource in drug discovery, as they can be used as treatments or inspire the synthesis of new potent candidates. Indole-containing drugs, such as enfuvirtide (T-20), arbidol, and delavirdine, have demonstrated significant efficacy in treating viral diseases. This review aims to comprehensively assess the latest research and developments in novel indoles as potential scaffolds for antiviral activity. We have compiled detailed information about indoles as potential antivirals by conducting a thorough literature survey from the past ten years. The review includes discussions on synthetic protocols, inhibitory concentrations, SAR study, and computational study. This review shall identify new antiviral indoles that may help to combat new viral threats in the future.}, } @article {pmid39509460, year = {2024}, author = {Sánchez-Cervantes, IG and González-Sánchez, I and López-Martínez, IE and Aguirre-Benítez, EL and Coronel-Cruz, C}, title = {[COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications in pancreatic beta cells].}, journal = {Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.10712093}, pmid = {39509460}, issn = {2448-5667}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications ; *Insulin-Secreting Cells/virology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Mexico/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {The prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases in Mexico is high, being type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as the most common disease. Several studies have shown that, compared with healthy individuals, patients with T2DM suffer a higher severity and mortality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, it is important to the knowledge of the bidirectional relationship between these diseases. T2DM can increase SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogenicity in part due to metabolic disturbance. As a result, COVID-19 susceptibility and severity rise in diabetic individuals, which makes them a high-risk population. On the other hand, the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 can lead individuals to hyperglycemia or new-onset diabetes. In order to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and T2DM, this review aims to emphasize the tropism of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to pancreatic beta-cells, as well as the physiologic effects of these.}, } @article {pmid39509448, year = {2024}, author = {Tang, F and Yang, W and Wu, W and Yao, Y and Yang, Y and Zheng, Q and Maireyi, B and Jin, S and Dong, H}, title = {Comparative analysis of state-level policy responses in global health governance: A scoping review using COVID-19 as a case.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, pages = {e0313430}, pmid = {39509448}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Global Health ; United States/epidemiology ; *Health Policy ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; India/epidemiology ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Sweden/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: States are key actors in global health governance, particularly in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases in recent decades pose profound challenges to global health security. As the first coronavirus pandemic, the COVID-19 caused significant damage worldwide, but responses and outcomes varied greatly among states. Using COVID-19 as an example, this study aims to compare the policies and measures implemented by different states during the COVID-19 pandemic and to synthesize experiences to strengthen global health governance for future infectious disease crises.

METHODS: We used Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review framework and PRISMA methodology was used for literature search and decision on relevant studies. English databases were searched using combinations of keywords and articles examining COVID-19 prevention and control policies in representative countries were included. A comparative analysis across these four states (United States, Sweden, India, and Nigeria) was then conducted to analyse the differences, rationale, and challenges of the approaches taken by these states.

RESULTS: A total of 36 studies were included in the analysis. The management of the COVID-19 by states is divided into two main categories: domestic governance and international governance. Domestically, the United States and India have taken more measures, yet notable disparities in infection source control, transmission interruption, vulnerable population protection, collaborative governance, and so on were observed among all four states. Globally, the United States and Sweden were more proactive in international governance, and all four states have variations in their adherence to global regulations, information sharing, resource distribution, and cooperative engagement.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant disparities occurred during the response to early COVID-19 in four states, which may be due to differences in politics, economy, and culture. To prevent and mitigate the impact of infectious diseases, states should, in future, prioritize solidarity and cooperation, and improve governance domestically and internationally based on national contexts and global health principles.}, } @article {pmid39509153, year = {2024}, author = {Fajnerova, I and Hejtmánek, L and Sedlák, M and Jablonská, M and Francová, A and Stopková, P}, title = {The Journey From Nonimmersive to Immersive Multiuser Applications in Mental Health Care: Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of medical Internet research}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e60441}, doi = {10.2196/60441}, pmid = {39509153}, issn = {1438-8871}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; Mental Health Services ; Videoconferencing ; Telemedicine ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; Mental Health ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over the past 25 years, the development of multiuser applications has seen considerable advancements and challenges. The technological development in this field has emerged from simple chat rooms through videoconferencing tools to the creation of complex, interactive, and often multisensory virtual worlds. These multiuser technologies have gradually found their way into mental health care, where they are used in both dyadic counseling and group interventions. However, some limitations in hardware capabilities, user experience designs, and scalability may have hindered the effectiveness of these applications.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims at summarizing the progress made and the potential future directions in this field while evaluating various factors and perspectives relevant to remote multiuser interventions.

METHODS: The systematic review was performed based on a Web of Science and PubMed database search covering articles in English, published from January 1999 to March 2024, related to multiuser mental health interventions. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined before and during the records screening process, which was performed in several steps.

RESULTS: We identified 49 records exploring multiuser applications in mental health care, ranging from text-based interventions to interventions set in fully immersive environments. The number of publications exploring this topic has been growing since 2015, with a large increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most digital interventions were delivered in the form of videoconferencing, with only a few implementing immersive environments. The studies used professional or peer-supported group interventions or a combination of both approaches. The research studies targeted diverse groups and topics, from nursing mothers to psychiatric disorders or various minority groups. Most group sessions occurred weekly, or in the case of the peer-support groups, often with a flexible schedule.

CONCLUSIONS: We identified many benefits to multiuser digital interventions for mental health care. These approaches provide distributed, always available, and affordable peer support that can be used to deliver necessary help to people living outside of areas where in-person interventions are easily available. While immersive virtual environments have become a common tool in many areas of psychiatric care, such as exposure therapy, our results suggest that this technology in multiuser settings is still in its early stages. Most identified studies investigated mainstream technologies, such as videoconferencing or text-based support, substituting the immersive experience for convenience and ease of use. While many studies discuss useful features of virtual environments in group interventions, such as anonymity or stronger engagement with the group, we discuss persisting issues with these technologies, which currently prevent their full adoption.}, } @article {pmid39509063, year = {2024}, author = {Billard, P and Le François, T and Haelewyn, A and Niel, E and Guénolé, F and Revet, A and Bui, E}, title = {Grief in Children in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Current psychiatry reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39509063}, issn = {1535-1645}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims at reporting the current evidence of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on grief in children.

RECENT FINDINGS: Evidence from the scientific literature shows that the severity of grief in children is impacted by numerous risk factors which can lead to prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Among these risk factors are the unpredictability of the death, the lack of understanding about what is happening by the child, the global insecurity raised by the context of the pandemic or again the impossibility for the child to find comfort with his peers due to the lock-down. No medical-based approach has proven efficient on PGD in children. However, cognitive based therapy can lower the severity of the symptoms. Future efforts should focus on developing therapeutic strategies to specifically fit the needs of children with PGD, in the context of a major crisis such as this pandemic.}, } @article {pmid39509011, year = {2024}, author = {Shen, S and Findlow, J and Peyrani, P}, title = {Global Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease-Causing Serogroups Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Infectious diseases and therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39509011}, issn = {2193-8229}, abstract = {Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality and predominantly caused by five Neisseria meningitidis serogroups (A/B/C/W/Y). Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines induce T-cell-dependent immune responses, are immunogenic in infants and adults, and reduce carriage, and vaccination of age groups associated with high-carriage can provide indirect protection in the unvaccinated (herd immunity). Successful vaccination programs must be tailored to local epidemiology, which varies geographically, temporally, and by age and serogroup. Serogroup A IMD once predominated globally, but has largely disappeared following mass vaccination programs. Serogroup B was a predominant cause of IMD in many global regions from 2010 to 2018, typically affecting younger age groups. Spread of serogroup C clonal complex-11 IMD in the 1990s prompted implementation of MenC vaccine programs in many countries, resulting in declines in prevalence. Serogroup C still caused > 20% of global IMD through the mid-2010s. Serogroup W became a significant contributor to global IMD after Hajj pilgrimage outbreaks in 2000; subsequent increases of endemic disease and outbreaks were reported pre-pandemic in many regions. Serogroup Y emerged in the 1990s as a significant cause of IMD throughout various regions and prevalence had increased or stabilized from 2010 to 2018. Serogroup X is uncommon outside the African meningitis belt, and its prevalence has declined since before the COVID-19 pandemic. Global IMD declines during the pandemic were followed by resurgences generally caused by serogroups that were prevalent pre-pandemic and affecting mainly unvaccinated age groups (particularly adolescents/young adults). Recent IMD epidemiology underscores the importance of vaccinating at-risk age groups against regionally prevalent serogroups; for example, the anti-serogroup X component of the recently prequalified MenACWXY vaccine is likely to provide limited protection outside the African meningitis belt. In other regions, comprehensive vaccination against MenB and MenACWY, which could be streamlined by the recently approved MenABCWY vaccine, seems more appropriate.}, } @article {pmid39508885, year = {2024}, author = {Kiouri, DP and Chasapis, CT and Mavromoustakos, T and Spiliopoulou, CA and Stefanidou, ME}, title = {Zinc and its binding proteins: essential roles and therapeutic potential.}, journal = {Archives of toxicology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39508885}, issn = {1432-0738}, abstract = {Zinc is an essential micronutrient that participates in a multitude of cellular and biochemical processes. It is indispensable for normal growth and the maintenance of physiological functions. As one of the most significant trace elements in the body, zinc fulfills three primary biological roles: catalytic, structural, and regulatory. It serves as a cofactor in over 300 enzymes, and more than 3000 proteins require zinc, underscoring its crucial role in numerous physiological processes such as cell division and growth, immune function, tissue maintenance, as well as synthesis protein and collagen synthesis. Zinc deficiency has been linked to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases, like neurological disorders and cancer. In addition, zinc is a key constituent of zinc-binding proteins, which play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. This review aims to update and expand upon the understanding of zinc biology, highlighting the fundamental roles of zinc in biological processes and the health implications of zinc deficiency. This work also explores the diverse functions of zinc in immune regulation, cellular growth, and neurological health, emphasizing the need for further research to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of zinc supplementation in disease prevention and management.}, } @article {pmid39508631, year = {2024}, author = {Roshanzamir, Z and Mohammadi, F and Yadegar, A and Naeini, AM and Hojabri, K and Shirzadi, R}, title = {An Overview of Pediatric Pulmonary Complications During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Lesson for Future.}, journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e70049}, pmid = {39508631}, issn = {2050-4527}, support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications/prevention & control ; Child ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Child, Preschool ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pediatric community is considered a suitable target for controlling the spread and mortality of viral diseases. In late December 2019, a respiratory disease due to the novel coronavirus, later COVID-19, hit the globe. The COVID-19 global disruption had direct and indirect impacts on different aspects of child health. Therefore, surveillance, preventive approaches, and treatment plans for children came into the spotlight.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to discuss the clinical pictures as well as laboratory and radiological findings of the infected children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of this study is to express the clinical manifestations of respiratory disease in pediatric SARS-CoV-2, available therapeutic options, vaccine recommendations, and long COVID sequelae in affected children. This review could serve as a hint for upcoming challenges in pediatric care during future pandemics.

RESULTS: The clinical presentation of COVID-19 in pediatrics can range from mild pulmonary disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Supportive care is a crucial component of the management of pediatric COVID-19. However, the importance of specializing in how to treat patients with more severe conditions cannot be overstated. Additionally, clinicians must consider prevention strategies as well as potential complications.

CONCLUSION: Although the infected patients are dipping day by day, there is a lack of clinical guidelines for pediatric SARS-CoV-2-associated pulmonary diseases. Understanding of the physicians about all aspects of pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to enhanced quality of future patient care and safety, reduced costs of health policies, and surveil the risk that patients with respiratory viruses can expose to society.}, } @article {pmid39507164, year = {2024}, author = {Fanaki, M and Michala, L and Nazari, E and Daskalakis, G}, title = {Central Precocious Puberty During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period: A Systematic Review of Literature.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e71002}, pmid = {39507164}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a condition where the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated earlier than normal, leading to premature development of secondary sexual characteristics before eight years of age in girls and nine years of age in boys. The purpose of this study was to critically and systematically evaluate the literature regarding CPP rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles using the following MeSH terms: "COVID-19, "precocious puberty," "early puberty," "pediatric endocrinology," and "pandemic effects." We included studies calculating the risk of CPP before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We excluded studies looking at patients with an identifiable cause for CPP or with peripheral precocious puberty. The primary outcome was the prevalence of central precocious puberty during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. We analyzed data regarding anthropometric, biochemical, and pelvic ultrasound data between the two groups. Overall, 16 studies with 2.175 subjects were included, of which 1.818 were diagnosed with CPP. There was a rise in the number of new diagnoses of CPP during the COVID-19 pandemic (985 subjects) compared with the pre-pandemic period (833 subjects). The mean age of diagnosis in the first group was 7.42 years versus 7.54 years in the second group. Notably, CPP during the pandemic was associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) compared with the group of the pre-pandemic period (17.50 versus 17.08). The pandemic and lockdowns led to changes in lifestyle habits, social isolation, sleep disturbance, excess screen time, and increased stress levels. We hypothesize that these alterations influenced the increase in CPP frequency.}, } @article {pmid39507146, year = {2024}, author = {Mathew, P and John, D and Kurian, J and Cherian, T and Jose, J}, title = {A Century of Mathematical Epidemiology: A Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of Research Trends.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e71001}, pmid = {39507146}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Defined as the application of mathematical models and methods for the study of disease spread and control, Mathematical epidemiology has now emerged as a very important area for understanding public health dynamics. The paper presents an overall bibliometric analysis of research in mathematical epidemiology using the Scopus database. This overview comprises 1,787 documents: journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers from 819 sources. From 1916 to 2024, it has been possible to identify key trends, influential authors, and central themes through the application of the PRISMA methodology. The results reflect that since 2000, there has been a significant growth in research production; most of it was during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also determined trends in international collaboration, leading funding sponsors, and the dynamics underlying major research topics. According to this study, the role of mathematical models in epidemiology is becoming increasingly prominent, driven by the need to address complex global health challenges and an expanding influence on public health strategies.}, } @article {pmid39506137, year = {2024}, author = {Narciso, AR and Dookie, R and Nannapaneni, P and Normark, S and Henriques-Normark, B}, title = {Streptococcus pneumoniae epidemiology, pathogenesis and control.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39506137}, issn = {1740-1534}, abstract = {Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococci) pose a threat to human health. Pneumococcal infections are the most common cause of milder respiratory tract infections, such as otitis and sinusitis, and of more severe diseases, including pneumonia (with or without septicaemia) and meningitis. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the childhood vaccination programme in many countries has led to a notable decrease of severe invasive pneumococcal disease in vaccinated children. However, infections caused by non-vaccine types have concurrently increased, causing invasive pneumococcal disease in unvaccinated populations (such as older adults), which has hampered the effect of these vaccines. Moreover, emerging antibiotic resistance is threatening effective therapy. Thus, new approaches are needed for the treatment and prevention of pneumococcal infections, and recent advances in the field may pave the way for new strategies. Recently, several important findings have been gained regarding pneumococcal epidemiology, genomics and the effect of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, elucidative pathogenesis studies have shown that the interactions between pneumococcal virulence factors and host receptors may be exploited for new therapies, and new vaccine candidates have been suggested. In this Review, we summarize some recent findings from clinical disease to basic pathogenesis studies that may be of importance for future control strategies.}, } @article {pmid39505820, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, S and Liu, M}, title = {Public Health Crisis Management Caused by COVID-19: A Scientometrics Review.}, journal = {The International journal of health planning and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/hpm.3867}, pmid = {39505820}, issn = {1099-1751}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most serious public health events of the 21st century, which had a profound impact on the entire human society and sparked extensive debate and research on public health crisis management. To clarify the development path of the issue and to discover the structure and internal logic of related studies, this study conducted a scientometric analysis (co-citation analysis, co-occurrence analysis, cooperation network analysis, knowledge domain migration analysis) of 8814 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed using CiteSpace, and drew the following conclusions: (1) The research focuses on empirical studies in medicine and other fields, and expands to non-medical fields such as "social media", "COVID-19 lockdown", and "air quality"; (2) The USA, UK, Italy and other major developed countries in Europe and America are leading the research trend, while developing countries, notably China, India and Brazil have become the important contributors to the study of this issue in different ways; (3) The research results at this stage are mainly in the fields of medicine, health and biology and are cited internally, but are also developing in the direction of economics, political, environmental and other fields. Finally, this study summarises some of the issues that should be of concern to public health crisis management in the post-pandemic era, in the hope of providing some insight for researchers on this issue.}, } @article {pmid39504910, year = {2024}, author = {Guruvaiah Sridhara, N and Guruvaiah Sridhara, N and Ponnatapura, J}, title = {Emerging complications in the era of COVID-19 vaccination: role of radiologists and imaging.}, journal = {Clinical imaging}, volume = {116}, number = {}, pages = {110338}, doi = {10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110338}, pmid = {39504910}, issn = {1873-4499}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Radiologists ; Physician's Role ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic became a major public health burden with a high morbidity and mortality rate. In response to the pandemic, several COVID-19 vaccines were introduced to prevent infection and control the transmission of the virus. These vaccines have proven to be effective and relatively safe causing mild side effects in most individuals. However, these vaccines have also been associated with rare but life-threatening complications involving multiple body systems including the pulmonary, cardiovascular, lymphatic, vascular, gastrointestinal, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. This article describes the various severe complications and highlights the role of radiologists and imaging in aiding the prompt recognition of vaccine associated complications allowing for improved patient management.}, } @article {pmid39504797, year = {2024}, author = {Huang, D and Li, N and Dong, X}, title = {Advances in mRNA vaccine research in the field of quality control.}, journal = {Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {101799}, doi = {10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101799}, pmid = {39504797}, issn = {1095-8320}, abstract = {In recent years, innovative research and development of mRNA vaccines have made remarkable achievements, especially in the context of pandemic infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 virus, and the need for rapid vaccine development has further fueled the rapid growth of this field. Nevertheless, there are still gaps in our understanding of the working mechanism of mRNA vaccines and their long-term safety, efficacy, and quality control. This article summarizes the development background and production process of mRNA vaccines, outlines existing reference guidelines, quality control projects, and testing methods at home and abroad, and also summarizes the difficulties and future prospects in research and development and quality control. It provides a reference for developing guidelines for mRNA vaccine production, quality control, and preclinical and clinical evaluation.}, } @article {pmid39503280, year = {2024}, author = {Gu, Q and Zhang, Y and He, X}, title = {An umbrella analysis assessing the risk of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients.}, journal = {Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17219/acem/187998}, pmid = {39503280}, issn = {1899-5276}, abstract = {A number of research studies have indicated a potential association between COVID-19 and acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the methodologies employed and the risk estimates derived from these studies vary. Therefore, an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted to determine the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients and AKI-associated mortality. A complete literature search was undertaken in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The methodological rigor of the included papers was evaluated using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR-2) instrument. The pooled risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) of the included studies were calculated to establish the strength of the association between AKI cases and COVID-19 infections. This umbrella review included 20 studies. Two of the 20 studies assessed adult COVID-19 patient risk factors for AKI, 1 examined survival rates and 7 examined the incidence of AKI. The remaining 10 investigations revealed that patients with coronavirus were susceptible to AKI. The umbrella analysis comprised reviews that contained a range of 6 to 54 papers. The AMSTAR-2 ratings yielded a total of 14 studies deemed to be of high quality, with 6 studies classified as intermediate quality. Statistical analysis of included reviews revealed a 1.50 RR for AKI incidence in COVID-19 patients (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.40-1.60, I2 69%, p < 0.0001) and a 2.02 RR (95% CI: 1.79-2.29, I2 56%, p < 0.0001) for AKI-associated death. This umbrella review revealed that individuals infected with the novel coronavirus often develop AKI. SARS-CoV-2 infections were associated with AKI due to advanced age, male gender, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and hypertension. However, AKI and a renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement independently predicted unfavorable COVID-19 results.}, } @article {pmid39502929, year = {2024}, author = {Singh Malik, Y and Ikram Ansari, M and Gharieb, R and Ghosh, S and Kumar Chaudhary, R and Gomaa Hemida, M and Torabian, D and Rahmani, F and Ahmadi, H and Hajipour, P and Salajegheh Tazerji, S}, title = {The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Agricultural, Livestock, Poultry and Fish Sectors: COVID-19 Impact on Agriculture, Livestock, Poultry and Fish Sectors.}, journal = {Veterinary medicine international}, volume = {2024}, number = {}, pages = {5540056}, pmid = {39502929}, issn = {2090-8113}, abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic is considered a global crisis that adversely impacted the world economy. The virus possessed a serious threat to different sectors including agricultural, livestock, poultry and fish sectors in both developing and developed countries. COVID-19 pandemic and the associated lockdown for a long period have not only caused enormous distress to the millions of poor and marginal farmers for saving their crops and/or livestock but also affected livestock, poultry production systems and associated value chains, nutrition, health care and labour availability. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the fishery sector through disruption in fish supply and value chains and had noteworthy effects on income of fish stakeholders, especially in developing countries. In this regard, the current review discussed the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural, livestock, poultry and fish sectors.}, } @article {pmid39502819, year = {2024}, author = {Dwyer, L}, title = {Canadian perspectives on loneliness; digital communication as meaningful connection.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1389099}, pmid = {39502819}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {*Loneliness/psychology ; Humans ; Canada ; *COVID-19/psychology ; *Communication ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {This perspective piece considers loneliness and its relationship to communication, connection, and technology by reviewing the origins and lessons from the field. It begins with a search for an operational definition, then examines the differences between experiential (situational/isolation-based) and existential (continuous, non-situational) loneliness. Technology is addressed as both a hindrance and a tool for alleviating loneliness with the example of companion robots as an emerging technology for loneliness mitigation. Cultural differences in experiences of loneliness, specifically as a public health issue, are in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Concepts of social and emotional loneliness, individualism and collectivism, socioeconomic status, vulnerability, and lived experience are explored and provide an emphasis on 'meaningful connection' in the study of loneliness.}, } @article {pmid39502591, year = {2024}, author = {Grover, S and Laxmi, R}, title = {A systematic compilation of rating scales developed, translated, and adapted in India.}, journal = {Indian journal of psychiatry}, volume = {66}, number = {9}, pages = {767-787}, pmid = {39502591}, issn = {0019-5545}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is a lack of comprehensive data sources on various rating instruments that have been developed, translated, and adapted in Indian context.

AIM: Accordinly, this review aimed to compile the available scales/questionnaires/instruments developed, adapted, and translated for use in India.

METHODS: For this, the search engines like PUBMED, Google Scholar, MedKnow, and Science Direct were searched for scales that have been developed, translated, and adapted in Indian context or an Indian language. Only articles reporting a scale/questionnaire development/interview schedules from India or in an Indian language were included.

RESULTS: Available data suggests that most of the instruments that have been translated in the Indian context have been done so in Hindi language. Very few instruments are available in other languages. The scales/instruments that are available in multiple languages include Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Edinburgh postnatal depression, Epworth sleepiness scale to evaluate daytime sleepiness, Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Recovery quality of life, World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref version, Subjective happiness scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI), COVID-19 stigma scale, Dyadic adjustment scale, Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and Rosenzweig picture frustration study (Children's form). Overall, very few instruments have been developed in India.

CONCLUSION: To conclude, our review suggests that a limited number of scales have been developed in India and in terms of translation and adaptation, most of these have been done in Hindi only. Keeping these points in mind, there is a need to develop more psychometrically sound scales for research and routine clinical practice. Additionally, efforts must be made to translate and adapt scales available in different languages and subject the same to psychometric evaluations.}, } @article {pmid39502570, year = {2024}, author = {Iosef, C and Matusa, AM and Han, VKM and Fraser, DD}, title = {Endocrine dysregulation in COVID-19: molecular mechanisms and insights.}, journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1459724}, pmid = {39502570}, issn = {1664-2392}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Endocrine System Diseases/metabolism ; Hydrocortisone/blood/metabolism ; Endocrine System/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; }, abstract = {This review describes the impact of COVID-19 on the endocrine system, focusing on cortisol signaling and growth factor-induced endocrine resistance. As expected, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces systemic inflammation, resulting in stimulation of the adrenal glands leading to elevated cortisol levels with normal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. The cytokine storm could also stimulate cortisol production. However, in some instances, cortisol levels rise independently of ACTH due to a phenomenon known as "pseudo-Cushing's syndrome," where adrenal glands become less responsive to ACTH. Plasma proteomic analyses showed that this pattern was variably observed among COVID-19 patients, potentially involving calcium dysregulation and GNAS-regulated activities, ultimately impacting the regulation of microvascular permeability. COVID-19 also exhibited a syndrome resembling endocrine resistance, governed by receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. Mild cases displayed elevated activity of EGFR and MMP9, along with increased expression of survival factors like Bax and Bcl2. In contrast, more severe cases involved IGFR-I and enhanced NOTCH signaling, with altered expression of Bcl2, AKT1, and MAPK8. In summary, these findings describe the complex interplay between COVID-19 and endocrine pathology, particularly endocrine resistance. These insights suggest potential endocrine targets for therapeutic interventions to improve short- and long-term outcomes for COVID-19 patients.}, } @article {pmid39502480, year = {2024}, author = {Nicolas, B and Leblong, E and Fraudet, B and Gallien, P and Piette, P}, title = {Telerehabilitation solutions in patient pathways: An overview of systematic reviews.}, journal = {Digital health}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {20552076241294110}, pmid = {39502480}, issn = {2055-2076}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telerehabilitation (TR), a branch of telemedicine, provides remote therapeutic rehabilitation through telecommunication. Driven by technological advances and benefits like remote monitoring and patient education, it has grown since 1998. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted its importance in maintaining healthcare access.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the efficacy of TR compared to in-person rehabilitation? Are the assessment tools effective? Is TR well-accepted, and are costs reduced?

METHODS: A bibliographic search on Medline, Cochrane and Google Scholar focused on systematic reviews (SRs) from 2014 to Mai 2024, comparing TR or home-based rehabilitation with in person treatments for various conditions. Independent reviewers conducted initial screenings, resolving disagreements by a third reviewer. Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to evaluate the quality of review. The data was synthesised narratively.

RESULTS: The search identified 665 SRs. After selection, 228 SR were included. TR models include synchronous (real-time video interactions), asynchronous (independent sessions through digital platforms) and mixed methods. Regardless of the medical fields, the conclusions of the SRs consistently point to the equivalence of TR compared to in-person rehabilitation. Remote evaluations via digital tools were reliable and valid for various assessments. TR is cost effectiveness and well accepted.

CONCLUSIONS: TR is a viable alternative or complement to traditional rehabilitation, offering enhanced accessibility, reduced costs and improved results. Barriers include technical issues, training and concerns about lack of physical contact. Mixed methods could address these challenges.}, } @article {pmid39502131, year = {2024}, author = {Erkihun, M and Ayele, B and Asmare, Z and Endalamaw, K}, title = {Current Updates on Variants of SARS-CoV- 2: Systematic Review.}, journal = {Health science reports}, volume = {7}, number = {11}, pages = {e70166}, pmid = {39502131}, issn = {2398-8835}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which has become a pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is an enveloped, unsegmented, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae.

AIM: The objective of this review is to conduct a qualitative analysis of the current updates on epidemiology, evolution, and vaccine variants for SARS-CoV-2.

METHOD: The search strategy was done from the database based on the PRISMA criteria for qualitative analysis of this review. Literature on variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, published in English in the last 5 years (2019-2023), were included. From 179 a total of 105 articles were reviewed, searched, and retrieved from the electronic databases PubMed. The search was done using keywords like COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, variants, mutations, and vaccines, and articles were managed using EndNote X8 software. The scope of view for this review was the course of the pandemic by emerging variants and how man is struggling to overcome this sudden pandemic through vaccines. The narrative skeleton was constructed based on the article's scope of view.

RESULT: From the parent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, many variants emerged during the course of this pandemic. They are mainly categorized into two variants: variants of interest and variants of concern based on the impact on public health. The World Health Organization leveled five variants: Alpha (strain B.1.1.7), Beta (strain B.1.351), Gamma (strain P.1), Delta (strain B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529).

CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to stay informed about the latest developments in the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as new variants can emerge and impact the course of the pandemic. Health authorities and researchers continuously have to monitor and study these variants to assess their characteristics, transmissibility, severity, and the effectiveness of vaccines against them. One has to always refer to the latest information from reputable health journals or organizations for the most up-to-date and accurate details on COVID-19 variants.}, } @article {pmid39500417, year = {2024}, author = {Bremner, JD and Russo, SJ and Gallagher, R and Simon, NM}, title = {Acute and long-term effects of COVID-19 on brain and mental health: A narrative review.}, journal = {Brain, behavior, and immunity}, volume = {123}, number = {}, pages = {928-945}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2024.11.007}, pmid = {39500417}, issn = {1090-2139}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID infection has been associated with long term sequalae (Long COVID) which include neurological and behavioral effects in thousands of patients, but the etiology and scope of symptoms is not well understood. This paper reviews long term sequelae of COVID on brain and mental health in patients with the Long COVID syndrome.

METHODS: This was a literature review which queried databases for Pubmed, Psychinfo, and Medline for the following topics for January 1, 2020-July 15, 2023: Long COVID, PASC, brain, brain imaging, neurological, neurobiology, mental health, anxiety, depression.

RESULTS: Tens of thousands of patients have developed Long COVID, with the most common neurobehavioral symptoms anosmia (loss of smell) and fatigue. Anxiety and mood disorders are elevated and seen in about 25% of Long COVID patients. Neuropsychological testing studies show a correlation between symptom severity and cognitive dysfunction, while brain imaging studies show global decreases in gray matter and alterations in olfactory and other brain areas.

CONCLUSIONS: Studies to date show an increase in neurobehavioral disturbances in patients with Long COVID. Future research is needed to determine mechanisms.}, } @article {pmid39499751, year = {2024}, author = {Li, S and Sun, XC and Wu, ZF and Hu, L and Wang, JJ and Yin, M and Cheng, L and Wang, DH}, title = {Nasal irrigation for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection by SARS-CoV-2: a narrative review.}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {18}, number = {9.1}, pages = {S81-S91}, doi = {10.3855/jidc.19234}, pmid = {39499751}, issn = {1972-2680}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/therapy ; *Nasal Lavage/methods ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control/virology/therapy ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization declared an end to the global emergency status of COVID-19 in May of 2023. However, the impact of COVID-19 is far from over. Individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 continue to experience physiological, psychological, or cognitive symptoms, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and loss of smell or taste, known as long COVID. This review aims to describe the clinical characteristics of the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) caused by SARS-CoV-2, and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by using nasal irrigation. COVID-19 and nasal irrigation: Nasal irrigation presents a promising adjunct to standard COVID-19 prevention and treatment protocols. This practice is theorized to diminish viral presence in the upper respiratory tract, a region identified as a primary site for SARS-CoV-2 replication and shedding. By facilitating the removal of viral particles and enhancing mucociliary clearance, nasal irrigation could potentially lessen the severity of URTI symptoms and slow transmission rates. The review consolidates current evidence of the efficacy and safety of this approach across various populations, underscoring its practicality in both preventive and therapeutic contexts.

CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that saline nasal irrigation is an effective, safe and convenient strategy to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and alleviate the symptoms of URTI across various age groups.}, } @article {pmid39498976, year = {2024}, author = {de-Graft Aikins, A and Sanuade, O and Agyei, F and Bewong, RF and Akoi-Jackson, B}, title = {Applying arts to health interventions and health research in Ghana: a scoping review.}, journal = {Arts & health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-20}, doi = {10.1080/17533015.2024.2421430}, pmid = {39498976}, issn = {1753-3023}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This review documents arts applied to health interventions and health research in Ghana, examines evidence of their impact on health outcomes, and identifies research and practice gaps.

METHODS: Eight databases (MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Humanities International Complete, Scopus, African Journals Online and PsycINFO) were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2022. Following screening, seventeen articles reporting sixteen eligible studies were selected.

RESULTS: Ten art forms (including comedy, music, theatre) were applied to eight health conditions (including HIV/AIDS, mental illness, COVID-19). Most studies involved artists and artist-researchers. The majority of studies were cross-sectional. Impact was reported on health education, illness management and community health development. Some studies engaged with health policy communities, but none reported impact on health policy change.

CONCLUSION: Creative arts have a reported measurable impact on selected health outcomes in Ghana. Participatory arts-based projects have the greatest potential for sustainable and transformational social health impact.}, } @article {pmid39498425, year = {2024}, author = {Sajal, SSA and Islam, DZ and Khandker, SS and Solórzano-Ortiz, E and Fardoun, M and Ahmed, MF and Jamiruddin, MR and Azmuda, N and Mehta, M and Kumar, S and Haque, M and Adnan, N}, title = {Strategies to Overcome Erroneous Outcomes in Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Testing: Insights From the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {e72954}, pmid = {39498425}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, has been regarded as the diagnostic gold standard. However, the excessive sensitivity of RT-PCR may cause false-positive outcomes from contamination. Again, its technical complexity increases the chances of false-negatives due to pre-analytical and analytical errors. This narrative review explores the elements contributing to inaccurate results during the COVID-19 pandemic and offers strategies to minimize these errors. False-positive results may occur due to specimen contamination, non-specific primer binding, residual viral RNA, and false-negatives, which may arise from improper sampling, timing, labeling, storage, low viral loads, mutations, and faulty test kits. Proposed mitigation strategies to enhance the accuracy of RT-PCR testing include comprehensive staff training in specimen collection, optimizing the timing of tests, analyzing multiple gene targets, incorporating clinical findings, workflow automation, and implementing stringent contamination control measures. Identifying and rectifying sources of error in RT-PCR diagnosis through quality control and standardized protocols is imperative for ensuring quality patient care and effective epidemic control.}, } @article {pmid39498204, year = {2024}, author = {Inbanathan, FY and Wijesinghe, PR and Naidoo, D and Buddha, N and Salvador, EC and Le, KK and Dhawan, S and Blacksell, SD}, title = {Assessment of public health laboratory preparedness and response in WHO South-East Asia region during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and future directions.}, journal = {The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {100496}, pmid = {39498204}, issn = {2772-3682}, abstract = {This Health Policy reviews the preparedness and response of public health laboratories in the WHO South-East Asia Region (SEAR) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a scoping review and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, the study identifies successes, challenges, and lessons learned from available literature and the perspective of senior laboratory leaders. Key themes include human resources, health information systems, diagnostic capacity, public risk communication, biosafety, biosecurity, funding, and laboratory network coordination. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the adaptive capacities of laboratories, the contextual factors influencing their response, and the implications for future pandemic preparedness. This study demonstrates the resilience and adaptability of diagnostic networks in the face of a pandemic but also emphasises the need for strategic resource allocation, highlighting the importance of flexible and scalable networks in managing public health crises. The success of these deployments highlights the necessity for continual investment and coordination of national, regional, and global resources in diagnostic infrastructure to improve preparedness for future public health crises.}, } @article {pmid39497935, year = {2024}, author = {Okeke, KI and Ahamefule, CS and Nnabuife, OO and Orabueze, IN and Iroegbu, CU and Egbe, KA and Ike, AC}, title = {Antiseptics: An expeditious third force in the prevention and management of coronavirus diseases.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {100293}, pmid = {39497935}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Notably, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have all had significant negative impact on global health and economy. COVID-19 alone, has resulted to millions of deaths with new cases and mortality still being reported in its various waves. The development and use of vaccines have not stopped the transmission of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, even among vaccinated individuals. The use of vaccines and curative drugs should be supplemented with adoption of simple hygiene preventive measures in the fight against the spread of the virus, especially for healthcare workers. Several virucidal topical antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine (PVP-I), citrox, cyclodextrins among others, have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The strategic application of these virucidal formulations could provide the additional impetus needed to effectively control the spread of the virus. We have here presented a simple dimension towards curtailing the dissemination of COVID-19, and other coronaviruses, through the application of effective oral, nasal and eye antiseptics among patients and medical personnel. We have further discussed the mechanism of action of some of these commonly available virucidal solutions while also highlighting some essential controversies in their use.}, } @article {pmid39497387, year = {2024}, author = {Liang, SF and Li, WM and Liu, D}, title = {[Progress and challenges in clinical diagnosis and treatment of co-existent lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis].}, journal = {Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases}, volume = {47}, number = {11}, pages = {1035-1041}, doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20240530-00299}, pmid = {39497387}, issn = {1001-0939}, support = {82173182//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis/therapy/complications ; *Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis/complications ; COVID-19/complications/diagnosis ; Risk Factors ; Coinfection ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related morbidity and mortality in China and worldwide, posing a significant threat to human well-being. Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death from a single infectious source, after COVID-19 infection, and represents a public health crisis. Recent research has shown that TB is an independent risk factor for lung cancer, while patients with lung cancer may also be at increased risk of TB. The occurrence of TB poses to a challenge to the implementation of the anti-cancer therapy in lung cancer. Early identification and appropriate treatment are essential for the prognosis improvement. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to highlight the research advances and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer and TB co-existence, with the further aim of providing new insights into the clinical management of patients and future research.}, } @article {pmid39497009, year = {2024}, author = {Gaetano, C and Atlante, S and Gottardi Zamperla, M and Barbi, V and Gentilini, D and Illi, B and Malavolta, M and Martelli, F and Farsetti, A}, title = {The COVID-19 legacy: consequences for the human DNA methylome and therapeutic perspectives.}, journal = {GeroScience}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39497009}, issn = {2509-2723}, support = {SAC.002.173//IMMUNAGE/ ; RF-2019-12368521//Ministero della Salute Ricerca Corrente 2024 1.07.128/ ; POS-T4 CAL.HUB.RIA T4-AN-09//Ministero della Salute/ ; EU-NRRP M6C2 Inv. 2.1 PNRRMAD-2022-12375790//European Commission/ ; EU PNRR/2022/C9/MCID/I8//European Commission/ ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left a lasting legacy on human health, extending beyond the acute phase of infection. This article explores the evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce persistent epigenetic modifications, particularly in DNA methylation patterns, with potential long-term consequences for individuals' health and aging trajectories. The review discusses the potential of DNA methylation-based biomarkers, such as epigenetic clocks, to identify individuals at risk for accelerated aging and tailor personalized interventions. Integrating epigenetic clock analysis into clinical management could mark a new era of personalized treatment for COVID-19, possibly helping clinicians to understand patient susceptibility to severe outcomes and establish preventive strategies. Several valuable reviews address the role of epigenetics in infectious diseases, including the Sars-CoV-2 infection. However, this article provides an original overview of the current understanding of the epigenetic dimensions of COVID-19, offering insights into the long-term health implications of the pandemic. While acknowledging the limitations of current data, we emphasize the need for future research to unravel the precise mechanisms underlying COVID-19-induced epigenetic changes and to explore potential approaches to target these modifications.}, } @article {pmid39496740, year = {2024}, author = {Wilson, H and Bhogal-Bhamra, GK and Dhawahir-Scala, F and Tromans, C and Harper, RA}, title = {A review of UK primary care pathways for acute ophthalmic conditions.}, journal = {Eye (London, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39496740}, issn = {1476-5454}, abstract = {Care pathways for the management of acute ophthalmic conditions have developed and transformed significantly over recent years, owing to a combination of legislative changes, policy implementation and the pressing requirement to redistribute increased demand away from traditional secondary care providers through collaboration with primary care. Following UK healthcare devolution in 1999, each nation has developed and implemented their own strategies for managing the growing demands on acute ophthalmology services. Local commissioning across England has seen Enhanced Service Pathways develop to provide acute eye care by primary care optometrists, with provision and access dependent upon locality. Northern Ireland has seen the implementation of a nationwide Primary Eyecare Acute Referral Service, whilst in Scotland and Wales, the respective Governments have redesigned primary care optometry General Ophthalmic Service contracts to incorporate provision of extended investigations and management of acute conditions by optometrists across the nation, recognising the added benefit of optometrists with higher qualifications. This narrative review summarises both peer reviewed and appropriate grey literature articles reporting on acute eye care pathways in primary care. Despite significant progress, particularly during the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is arguably still a great deal of further research and evaluation required relating to pathway innovation, the role of professionals with higher qualifications, including independent prescribing, the role of telemedicine, reassurance around clinical safety, and how digital interconnectivity could potentially add value to collaborative schemes to meet the growing demand on acute eyecare.}, } @article {pmid39496362, year = {2024}, author = {Sarafian, I and Robinson, A and Christov, A and Tarchini, A}, title = {In the margins of stigma: health inequalities among Bulgarian Roma in a post-COVID-19 UK.}, journal = {BMJ global health}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {39496362}, issn = {2059-7908}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/ethnology ; *Roma ; *Social Stigma ; Bulgaria ; United Kingdom ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Health Services Accessibility ; Healthcare Disparities/ethnology ; Pandemics ; Health Status Disparities ; Female ; Male ; Health Inequities ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic had a disproportionate impact on minoritised ethnic groups in the UK, including newly arrived Roma communities. Employing ethnographic and participatory methods, this study illustrates how systemic barriers, including precarious employment and overcrowded housing, coupled with strategies of identity concealment to avoid stigma, severely restrict access to healthcare among Bulgarian Roma communities in the UK. Drawing from fieldwork in Leicester and London, the research reveals how the pandemic amplified the vulnerabilities of Roma populations, directly linking the effects of the pandemic with broader sociopolitical dynamics, including the uncertainties and discrimination associated with Brexit. The findings point to the critical role of community, mutual and familial support networks as essential survival strategies. However, these social networks are also increasingly depleted, revealing the fragility and limits of informal communal resources. The study calls for the development of inclusive health strategies sensitive to the socio-economic and political complexities affecting marginalised communities in the UK and beyond.}, } @article {pmid39494659, year = {2024}, author = {Khan, S and Ntatamala, I and Adams, S}, title = {A review of burnout among doctors in South Africa: Pre-, during and post-COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {e1-e10}, pmid = {39494659}, issn = {2078-6204}, mesh = {Humans ; *Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/prevention & control/psychology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Job Satisfaction ; Pandemics ; *Physicians/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Workload/psychology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Burnout is defined as a syndrome resulting from chronic workplace stress, which has been unsuccessfully managed. By increasing the occupational challenges faced by doctors, the COVID-19 pandemic potentiated their risk for burnout. This review aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of burnout among doctors working in South African health facilities pre-, during and post-COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS:  A narrative literature review was conducted. PubMed, SCOPUS and EBSCO databases were searched for English publications until April 2024.

RESULTS:  A total of 22 cross-sectional studies were included. The prevalence of burnout among doctors working in South African health facilities ranged from 4% to 84% pre-pandemic and 58.9% to 78.0% during and post pandemic, respectively. The lower value of the burnout prevalence range was higher during the pandemic. This review confirmed that individual factors (gender, age, marital status, junior status, practice setting) as well as occupational factors (workload, job control, moral distress, health system issues, job satisfaction, support at work and resilience) were associated with burnout in doctors. There was no significant association between burnout and factors related to COVID-19.

CONCLUSION:  While considerable variability exists in the prevalence of burnout among doctors working in South African health facilities, pre-, during and post-COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic resulted in greater burnout rates. Factors associated with burnout include both individual and organisational factors, which need to be addressed to mitigate burnout.Contribution: Mitigation of burnout in South African health facilities should focus on individual-based and context-related interventional measures at an organisational level.}, } @article {pmid39493896, year = {2024}, author = {Armani Khatibi, E and Farshbaf Moghimi, N and Rahimpour, E}, title = {COVID-19: An overview on possible transmission ways, sampling matrices and diagnosis.}, journal = {BioImpacts : BI}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {29968}, pmid = {39493896}, issn = {2228-5652}, abstract = {COVID-19 is an RNA virus belonging to the SARS family of viruses and includes a wide range of symptoms along with effects on other body organs in addition to the respiratory system. The high speed of transmission, severe complications, and high death rate caused scientists to focus on this disease. Today, many different investigation types are performed on COVID-19 from various points of view in the literature. This review summarizes most of them to provide a useful guideline for researchers in this field. After a general introduction, this review is divided into three parts. In the first one, various transmission ways COVID-19 are classified and explained in detail. The second part reviews the used biological samples for the detection of virus and the final section describes the various methods reported for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in various biological matrices.}, } @article {pmid39493415, year = {2024}, author = {Campos, LN and Bryce-Alberti, M and Gerk, A and Hill, SK and Calderon, C and Zaigham, M and Del Valle, DD and Mita, C and Juran, S and Ferreira, JL and Uribe-Leitz, T}, title = {Examining the surgical backlog due to COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: insights from a scoping review.}, journal = {Lancet regional health. Americas}, volume = {40}, number = {}, pages = {100908}, pmid = {39493415}, issn = {2667-193X}, abstract = {This scoping review assessed the surgical backlog in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to COVID-19 and identified mitigation strategies. We searched seven databases for citations from December 2019 to December 2022, focusing on LAC patients with cancelled or postponed procedures. We registered our protocol at Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/x2nd8) and adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We included 83 citations covering 23 LAC countries and 19 surgical specialities, with Brazil (67%, 56/83) and transplant surgery (24%, 20/83) being the most documented. Surgical backlogs were mainly reported at the hospital (44%, 37/83) and national levels (38%, 32/83). We identified 58 citations that reported a total of 42 strategies to mitigate the backlog, the most cited being establishing prioritisation criteria for surgical cases (41%, 24/58). Our findings highlight challenges across differing healthcare systems in LAC, including disparities in data availability, surgical capacity, and resource allocation. For instance, while countries like Brazil had extensive data on national surgical backlogs, others lacked comprehensive national-level data. Our review can help inform policymakers and healthcare stakeholders to implement targeted interventions to prepare LAC-based surgical systems for future health emergencies.}, } @article {pmid39493183, year = {2024}, author = {Taha, AM and Elrosasy, A and Mohamed, AS and Mohamed, AE and Bani-Salameh, A and Siddiq, A and Cadri, S and Elshahat, A and Abdelmonteser, AA and Abouelmagd, ME}, title = {Effects of Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e70613}, pmid = {39493183}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {The international healthcare community has encountered several difficulties because of the COVID-19 pandemic brought on by SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 can lead to an abnormal immune response that features excessive inflammation, so targeting the vagus nerve through non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) may hold promise as an intervention. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the outcomes of using nVNS on different inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. Up until May 2023, we performed a review of online databases. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that discussed how nVNS affected patients with COVID-19's clinical outcomes. Using the Revman 5.4 software (Cochrane, London, United Kingdom), a meta-analysis was carried out to find the pooled mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), of nVNS effects on different inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and cortisol levels. The review included four RCTs involving 180 COVID-19 patients. Following nVNS treatment, there was a significant increase in IL-10 levels (MD = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.77, 2.29; p < 0.001). CRP levels (MD = -2.24, 95% CI: -4.52, 0.05; p = 0.06), IL-6 levels (MD = 4.07, 95% CI: -3.16, 11.32; p = 0.27), cortisol levels (MD = 1.45, 95% CI: -11.67, 14.57; p = 0.83), and D-dimer levels (MD = -0.47, 95% CI: -1.31, 0.38; p = 0.28) did not differ significantly. These findings suggest that nVNS may positively impact certain inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that nVNS could be a beneficial adjunctive treatment.}, } @article {pmid39378673, year = {2024}, author = {Leung, J and Tao, B and Binda, DD and Baker, MB and Jhaveri, A and Norris, MC}, title = {Residency Wellness: A Historical Narrative Review.}, journal = {Journal of surgical education}, volume = {81}, number = {12}, pages = {103294}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.09.013}, pmid = {39378673}, issn = {1878-7452}, mesh = {*Internship and Residency ; Humans ; *Burnout, Professional/prevention & control/epidemiology ; United States ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; History, 20th Century ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; SARS-CoV-2 ; History, 21st Century ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The structure of medical residency in the United States has experienced significant changes, paralleling advances in medical science and education. While these changes have enhanced medical training, they have introduced challenges, particularly in resident wellness. The well-being of residents is critical for patient care and the healthcare system. This review aims to provide an overview of the historical trends in medical residency, focusing on the evolution of resident wellness and its associated challenges.

METHODS: A narrative review was conducted, examining the evolution and challenges of medical residency with an emphasis on resident wellness. An exhaustive literature search on January 25, 2024 was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search utilized keywords related to medical residency, wellness, and educational reforms. Articles were selected based on relevance and robust evidence, and information was organized into thematic categories for narrative synthesis.

RESULTS: The search yielded 57 publications that met the inclusion criteria. Historical trends revealed a shift from an apprenticeship model to formalized training programs, with each phase bringing unique challenges to resident wellness. The Flexner Report's influence on standardizing medical education, the rise of modern residency programs, and the recognition of burnout as a significant issue were key developments. Policy changes, technological impacts, and the COVID-19 pandemic have further shaped residency training and wellness. Studies highlight the need for interventions addressing burnout and promoting wellness, with varied approaches across specialties and institutions.

CONCLUSION: Residency burnout has been a growing concern since the 1970s, exacerbated by advancements in medicine, technology, and recent global events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Although awareness has increased, the need remains to address burnout and promote wellness during residency. Further research is warranted to develop effective interventions and adapt training to meet the evolving needs of residents.}, } @article {pmid38910066, year = {2024}, author = {Hernández-Zambrano, SM and Carrillo-Algarra, AJ and Manotas-Solano, OE and Ibáñez-Gamboa, SE and Mejia-Mendez, LM and Martínez-Montoya, OH and Fernández-Alcántara, M and Hueso-Montoro, C}, title = {Interprofessional interventions and factors that improve end-of-life care in intensive care units: An integratory review.}, journal = {Enfermeria intensiva}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {352-367}, doi = {10.1016/j.enfie.2023.08.009}, pmid = {38910066}, issn = {2529-9840}, mesh = {Humans ; *Terminal Care ; *Intensive Care Units ; Interprofessional Relations ; Quality Improvement ; Palliative Care ; COVID-19 ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The changes in health dynamics, caused by the SARS-COVD-2 pandemic and its consequences, generated a greater need to integrate palliative care in the ICU to promote a dignified death.

OBJECTIVE: Identify interprofessional interventions and factors that improve the care of patients at the end of life.

METHODOLOGY: Integrative review, including experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, analytical, and descriptive studies with correlation of variables, published from 2010 to 2021, identified in COCHRANE, CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, SCIELO, Dialnet, PsychInfo, PubMed, PROQUES, PSYCHOLOGY, JOURNALS, SCIENCEDIRECT, with MeSH/DECS terms: "Critical Care", "IntensiveCare" "Life support care", "Palliative care", "Life Quality", "Right to die". 36,271 were identified, after excluding duplicate title, abstract, year of publication, design, theme, methodological quality, objectives, and content, 31 studies were found.

RESULTS: It included 31 articles, 16.7% experimental, 3.3% quasi-experimental, 80% observational, analytical, and descriptive with correlation of variables, 38% published in the United States, 38%, and 19% in Brazil. The pooled sample was 24,779 participants. 32.2% of the studies had level of evidence 1 recommendation (c), and 25.8% level of evidence 2 recommendation (c). This paper synthesises evidence to promote Interprofessional Collaborative Practice in the ICU, improve end-of-life care, and interventions to achieve established therapeutic goals, implement effective care policies, plans, and programmes for critically ill patients and their families; factors that affect palliative care and improve with training and continuing education for health personnel.

CONCLUSION: There are interventions to manage physical and emotional symptoms, training strategies and emotional support aimed at health personnel and family members to improve the quality of death and reduce stays in the ICU. The interdisciplinary team requires training on palliative and end-of-life care to improve care.}, } @article {pmid36306815, year = {2022}, author = {Romanello, M and Di Napoli, C and Drummond, P and Green, C and Kennard, H and Lampard, P and Scamman, D and Arnell, N and Ayeb-Karlsson, S and Ford, LB and Belesova, K and Bowen, K and Cai, W and Callaghan, M and Campbell-Lendrum, D and Chambers, J and van Daalen, KR and Dalin, C and Dasandi, N and Dasgupta, S and Davies, M and Dominguez-Salas, P and Dubrow, R and Ebi, KL and Eckelman, M and Ekins, P and Escobar, LE and Georgeson, L and Graham, H and Gunther, SH and Hamilton, I and Hang, Y and Hänninen, R and Hartinger, S and He, K and Hess, JJ and Hsu, SC and Jankin, S and Jamart, L and Jay, O and Kelman, I and Kiesewetter, G and Kinney, P and Kjellstrom, T and Kniveton, D and Lee, JKW and Lemke, B and Liu, Y and Liu, Z and Lott, M and Batista, ML and Lowe, R and MacGuire, F and Sewe, MO and Martinez-Urtaza, J and Maslin, M and McAllister, L and McGushin, A and McMichael, C and Mi, Z and Milner, J and Minor, K and Minx, JC and Mohajeri, N and Moradi-Lakeh, M and Morrissey, K and Munzert, S and Murray, KA and Neville, T and Nilsson, M and Obradovich, N and O'Hare, MB and Oreszczyn, T and Otto, M and Owfi, F and Pearman, O and Rabbaniha, M and Robinson, EJZ and Rocklöv, J and Salas, RN and Semenza, JC and Sherman, JD and Shi, L and Shumake-Guillemot, J and Silbert, G and Sofiev, M and Springmann, M and Stowell, J and Tabatabaei, M and Taylor, J and Triñanes, J and Wagner, F and Wilkinson, P and Winning, M and Yglesias-González, M and Zhang, S and Gong, P and Montgomery, H and Costello, A}, title = {The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {400}, number = {10363}, pages = {1619-1654}, pmid = {36306815}, issn = {1474-547X}, support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Climate Change ; *Fossil Fuels ; Global Health ; Health Policy ; Research Report ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown is published as the world confronts profound and concurrent systemic shocks. Countries and health systems continue to contend with the health, social, and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, while Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and a persistent fossil fuel overdependence has pushed the world into global energy and cost-of-living crises. As these crises unfold, climate change escalates unabated. Its worsening impacts are increasingly affecting the foundations of human health and wellbeing, exacerbating the vulnerability of the world’s populations to concurrent health threats. During 2021 and 2022, extreme weather events caused devastation across every continent, adding further pressure to health services already grappling with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Floods in Australia, Brazil, China, western Europe, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, and South Sudan caused thousands of deaths, displaced hundreds of thousands of people, and caused billions of dollars in economic losses. Wildfires caused devastation in Canada, the USA, Greece, Algeria, Italy, Spain, and Türkiye, and record temperatures were recorded in many countries, including Australia, Canada, India, Italy, Oman, Türkiye, Pakistan, and the UK. With advancements in the science of detection and attribution studies, the influence of climate change over many events has now been quantified. Because of the rapidly increasing temperatures, vulnerable populations (adults older than 65 years, and children younger than one year of age) were exposed to 3·7 billion more heatwave days in 2021 than annually in 1986–2005 (indicator 1.1.2), and heat-related deaths increased by 68% between 2000–04 and 2017–21 (indicator 1.1.5), a death toll that was significantly exacerbated by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Simultaneously, the changing climate is affecting the spread of infectious diseases, putting populations at higher risk of emerging diseases and co-epidemics. Coastal waters are becoming more suitable for the transmission of Vibrio pathogens; the number of months suitable for malaria transmission increased by 31·3% in the highland areas of the Americas and 13·8% in the highland areas of Africa from 1951–60 to 2012–21, and the likelihood of dengue transmission rose by 12% in the same period (indicator 1.3.1). The coexistence of dengue outbreaks with the COVID-19 pandemic led to aggravated pressure on health systems, misdiagnosis, and difficulties in management of both diseases in many regions of South America, Asia, and Africa. The economic losses associated with climate change impacts are also increasing pressure on families and economies already challenged with the synergistic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the international cost-of-living and energy crises, further undermining the socioeconomic determinants that good health depends on. Heat exposure led to 470 billion potential labour hours lost globally in 2021 (indicator 1.1.4), with potential income losses equivalent to 0·72% of the global economic output, increasing to 5·6% of the GDP in low Human Development Index (HDI) countries, where workers are most vulnerable to the effects of financial fluctuations (indicator 4.1.3). Meanwhile, extreme weather events caused damage worth US$253 billion in 2021, particularly burdening people in low HDI countries in which almost none of the losses were insured (indicator 4.1.1). Through multiple and interconnected pathways, every dimension of food security is being affected by climate change, aggravating the impacts of other coexisting crises. The higher temperatures threaten crop yields directly, with the growth seasons of maize on average 9 days shorter in 2020, and the growth seasons of winter wheat and spring wheat 6 days shorter than for 1981–2010 globally (indicator 1.4). The threat to crop yields adds to the rising impact of extreme weather on supply chains, socioeconomic pressures, and the risk of infectious disease transmission, undermining food availability, access, stability, and utilisation. New analysis suggests that extreme heat was associated with 98 million more people reporting moderate to severe food insecurity in 2020 than annually in 1981–2010, in 103 countries analysed (indicator 1.4). The increasingly extreme weather worsens the stability of global food systems, acting in synergy with other concurrent crises to reverse progress towards hunger eradication. Indeed, the prevalence of undernourishment increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and up to 161 million more people faced hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 than in 2019. This situation is now worsened by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the energy and cost-of-living crises, with impacts on international agricultural production and supply chains threatening to result in 13 million additional people facing undernutrition in 2022.

With the worsening health impacts of climate change compounding other coexisting crises, populations worldwide increasingly rely on health systems as their first line of defence. However, just as the need for healthcare rises, health systems worldwide are debilitated by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy and cost-of-living crises. Urgent action is therefore needed to strengthen health-system resilience and to prevent a rapidly escalating loss of lives and to prevent suffering in a changing climate. However, only 48 (51%) of 95 countries reported having assessed their climate change adaptation needs (indicator 2.1.1) and, even after the profound impacts of COVID-19, only 60 (63%) countries reported a high to very high implementation status for health emergency management in 2021 (indicator 2.2.4). The scarcity of proactive adaptation is shown in the response to extreme heat. Despite the local cooling and overall health benefits of urban greenspaces, only 277 (27%) of 1038 global urban centres were at least moderately green in 2021 (indicator 2.2.3), and the number of households with air conditioning increased by 66% from 2000 to 2020, a maladaptive response that worsens the energy crisis and further increases urban heat, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. As converging crises further threaten the world’s life-supporting systems, rapid, decisive, and coherent intersectoral action is essential to protect human health from the hazards of the rapidly changing climate.

The year 2022 marks the 30th anniversary of the signing of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in which countries agreed to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change and its deleterious effects on human health and welfare. However, little meaningful action has since followed. The carbon intensity of the global energy system has decreased by less than 1% since the UNFCCC was established, and global electricity generation is still dominated by fossil fuels, with renewable energy contributing to only 8·2% of the global total (indicator 3.1). Simultaneously, the total energy demand has risen by 59%, increasing energy-related emissions to a historical high in 2021. Current policies put the world on track to a catastrophic 2·7°C increase by the end of the century. Even with the commitments that countries set in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) updated up until November 2021, global emissions could be 13·7% above 2010 levels by 2030—far from the 43% decrease from current levels required to meet Paris Agreement goals and keep temperatures within the limits of adaptation. Fossil fuel dependence is not only undermining global health through increased climate change impacts, but also affects human health and wellbeing directly, through volatile and unpredictable fossil fuel markets, frail supply chains, and geopolitical conflicts. As a result, millions of people do not have access to the energy needed to keep their homes at healthy temperatures, preserve food and medication, and meet the seventh Sustainable Development Goal (to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all). Without sufficient support, access to clean energy has been particularly slow in low HDI countries, and only 1·4% of their electricity came from modern renewables (mostly wind and solar power) in 2020 (indicator 3.1). An estimated 59% of healthcare facilities in low and middle-income countries still do not have access to the reliable electricity needed to provide basic care. Meanwhile, biomass accounts for as much as 31% of the energy consumed in the domestic sector globally, mostly from traditional sources—a proportion that increases to 96% in low HDI countries (indicator 3.2). The associated burden of disease is substantial, with the air in people’s homes exceeding WHO guidelines for safe concentrations of small particulate air pollution (PM2·5) in 2020 by 30-fold on average in the 62 countries assessed (indicator 3.2). After 6 years of improvement, the number of people without access to electricity increased in 2020 as a result of the socioeconomic pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic. The current energy and cost-of-living crises now threaten to reverse progress toward affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy, further undermining the socioeconomic determinants of health. Simultaneously, oil and gas companies are registering record profits, while their production strategies continue to undermine people’s lives and wellbeing. An analysis of the production strategies of 15 of the world’s largest oil and gas companies, as of February 2022, revealed they exceed their share of emissions consistent with 1·5°C of global heating (indicator 4.2.6) by 37% in 2030 and 103% in 2040, continuing to undermine efforts to deliver a low carbon, healthy, liveable future. Aggravating this situation even further, governments continue to incentivise fossil fuel production and consumption: 69 (80%) of 86 countries reviewed had net-negative carbon prices (ie, provided a net subsidy to fossil fuels) for a net total of US$400 billion in 2019, allocating amounts often comparable with or even exceeding their total health budgets (indicator 4.2.4). Simultaneously, wealthier countries failed to meet their commitment of mobilising the considerably lower sum of $100 billion annually by 2020 as agreed at the 2009 Copenhagen Accord to support climate action in “developing countries”, and climate efforts are being undercut by a profound scarcity of funding (indicator 2.1.1). The impacts of climate change on global economies, together with the recession triggered by COVID-19 and worsened by geopolitical instability, could paradoxically further reduce the willingness of countries to allocate the funds needed to enable a just climate transition.

The world is at a critical juncture. With countries facing concurrent crises, the implementation of long-term emissions-reduction policies risks being deflected or defeated by challenges wrongly perceived as more immediate. Addressing each of the concurrent crises in isolation risks alleviating one, while worsening another. Such a situation is emerging from the response to COVID-19, which has so far has not delivered the green recovery that the health community proposed, and, on the contrary, is aggravating climate change-related health risks. Less than one third of $3·11 trillion allocated to COVID-19 economic recovery is likely to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution, with the net effect likely to increase emissions. The COVID-19 pandemic affected climate action at the city level, and 239 (30%) of 798 cities reported that COVID-19 reduced financing available for climate action (indicator 2.1.3). As countries search for alternatives to Russian oil and gas, many continue to favour the burning of fossil fuels, with some even turning back to coal. Shifts in global energy supplies threaten to increase fossil fuel production. Even if implemented as a temporary transition, these responses could reverse progress on air quality improvement, irreversibly push the world off track from meeting the commitments set out in the Paris Agreement, and guarantee a future of accelerated climate change that threatens human survival. On the contrary, in this pivotal moment, a health-centred response to the current crises would still provide the opportunity for a low-carbon, resilient future, which not only avoids the health harms of accelerated climate change, but also delivers improved health and wellbeing through the associated co-benefits of climate action. Such response would see countries promptly shifting away from fossil fuels, reducing their dependence on fragile international oil and gas markets, and accelerating a just transition to clean energy sources. A health-centred response would reduce the likelihood of the most catastrophic climate change impacts, while improving energy security, creating an opportunity for economic recovery, and offering immediate health benefits. Improvements in air quality would help to prevent the 1·2 million deaths resulting from exposure to fossil fuel-derived ambient PM2·5 in 2020 alone (indicator 3.3), and a health-centred energy transition would enhance low-carbon travel and increase urban green spaces, promoting physical activity, and improving physical and mental health. In the food sector, an accelerated transition to balanced and more plant-based diets would not only help reduce the 55% of agricultural sector emissions coming from red meat and milk production (indicator 3.5.1), but also prevent up to 11·5 million diet-related deaths annually (indicator 3.5.2), and substantially reduce the risk of zoonotic diseases. These health-focused shifts would reduce the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, reducing the strain on overwhelmed health-care providers. Importantly, accelerating climate change adaptation would lead to more robust health systems, minimising the negative impacts of future infectious disease outbreaks and geopolitical conflicts, and restoring the first line of defence of global populations.

EMERGING GLIMMERS OF HOPE: Despite decades of insufficient action, emerging, albeit few, signs of change provide some hope that a health-centred response might be starting to emerge. Individual engagement with the health dimensions of climate change, essential to drive and enable an accelerated response, increased from 2020 to 2021 (indicator 5.2), and coverage of health and climate change in the media reached a new record high in 2021, with a 27% increase from 2020 (indicator 5.1). This engagement is also reflected by country leaders, with a record 60% of 194 countries focusing their attention on the links between climate change and health in the 2021 UN General Debate, and with 86% of national updated or new NDCs making references to health (indicator 5.4). At the city level, local authorities are progressively identifying risks of climate change on the health of their populations (indicator 2.1.3), a first step to delivering a tailored response that strengthens local health systems. Although the health sector is responsible for 5·2% of all global emissions (indicator 3.6), it has shown impressive climate leadership, and 60 countries had committed to transitioning to climate-resilient and/or low-carbon or net-zero carbon health systems as part of the COP26 Health Programme, as of July, 2022. Signs of change are also emerging in the energy sector. Although total clean energy generation remains grossly insufficient, record high levels were reached in 2020 (indicator 3.1). Zero-carbon sources accounted for 80% of investment in electricity generation in 2021 (indicator 4.2.1), and renewable energies have reached cost parity with fossil fuel energies. As some of the highest emitting countries attempt to cut their dependence on oil and gas in response to the war in Ukraine and soaring energy prices, many are focusing on increasing renewable energy generation, raising hopes for a health-centred response. However, increased awareness and commitments should be urgently translated into action for hope to turn into reality.

A CALL TO ACTION: After 30 years of UNFCCC negotiations, the Lancet Countdown indicators show that countries and companies continue to make choices that threaten the health and survival of people in every part of the world. As countries devise ways to recover from the coexisting crises, the evidence is unequivocal. At this critical juncture, an immediate, health-centred response can still secure a future in which world populations can not only survive, but thrive.}, } @article {pmid34687662, year = {2021}, author = {Romanello, M and McGushin, A and Di Napoli, C and Drummond, P and Hughes, N and Jamart, L and Kennard, H and Lampard, P and Solano Rodriguez, B and Arnell, N and Ayeb-Karlsson, S and Belesova, K and Cai, W and Campbell-Lendrum, D and Capstick, S and Chambers, J and Chu, L and Ciampi, L and Dalin, C and Dasandi, N and Dasgupta, S and Davies, M and Dominguez-Salas, P and Dubrow, R and Ebi, KL and Eckelman, M and Ekins, P and Escobar, LE and Georgeson, L and Grace, D and Graham, H and Gunther, SH and Hartinger, S and He, K and Heaviside, C and Hess, J and Hsu, SC and Jankin, S and Jimenez, MP and Kelman, I and Kiesewetter, G and Kinney, PL and Kjellstrom, T and Kniveton, D and Lee, JKW and Lemke, B and Liu, Y and Liu, Z and Lott, M and Lowe, R and Martinez-Urtaza, J and Maslin, M and McAllister, L and McMichael, C and Mi, Z and Milner, J and Minor, K and Mohajeri, N and Moradi-Lakeh, M and Morrissey, K and Munzert, S and Murray, KA and Neville, T and Nilsson, M and Obradovich, N and Sewe, MO and Oreszczyn, T and Otto, M and Owfi, F and Pearman, O and Pencheon, D and Rabbaniha, M and Robinson, E and Rocklöv, J and Salas, RN and Semenza, JC and Sherman, J and Shi, L and Springmann, M and Tabatabaei, M and Taylor, J and Trinanes, J and Shumake-Guillemot, J and Vu, B and Wagner, F and Wilkinson, P and Winning, M and Yglesias, M and Zhang, S and Gong, P and Montgomery, H and Costello, A and Hamilton, I}, title = {The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {398}, number = {10311}, pages = {1619-1662}, pmid = {34687662}, issn = {1474-547X}, support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; 205212/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {*Climate Change ; Forecasting ; *Global Health/trends ; Health Planning ; Humans ; Renewable Energy ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The Lancet Countdown is an international collaboration that independently monitors the health consequences of a changing climate. Publishing updated, new, and improved indicators each year, the Lancet Countdown represents the consensus of leading researchers from 43 academic institutions and UN agencies. The 44 indicators of this report expose an unabated rise in the health impacts of climate change and the current health consequences of the delayed and inconsistent response of countries around the globe—providing a clear imperative for accelerated action that puts the health of people and planet above all else. The 2021 report coincides with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26), at which countries are facing pressure to realise the ambition of the Paris Agreement to keep the global average temperature rise to 1·5°C and to mobilise the financial resources required for all countries to have an effective climate response. These negotiations unfold in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic—a global health crisis that has claimed millions of lives, affected livelihoods and communities around the globe, and exposed deep fissures and inequities in the world’s capacity to cope with, and respond to, health emergencies. Yet, in its response to both crises, the world is faced with an unprecedented opportunity to ensure a healthy future for all.

Record temperatures in 2020 resulted in a new high of 3·1 billion more person-days of heatwave exposure among people older than 65 years and 626 million more person-days affecting children younger than 1 year, compared with the annual average for the 1986–2005 baseline (indicator 1.1.2). Looking to 2021, people older than 65 years or younger than 1 year, along with people facing social disadvantages, were the most affected by the record-breaking temperatures of over 40°C in the Pacific Northwest areas of the USA and Canada in June, 2021—an event that would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change. Although the exact number will not be known for several months, hundreds of people have died prematurely from the heat. Furthermore, populations in countries with low and medium levels of UN-defined human development index (HDI) have had the biggest increase in heat vulnerability during the past 30 years, with risks to their health further exacerbated by the low availability of cooling mechanisms and urban green space (indicators 1.1.1, 2.3.2, and 2.3.3). Agricultural workers in countries with low and medium HDI were among the worst affected by exposure to extreme temperatures, bearing almost half of the 295 billion potential work hours lost due to heat in 2020 (indicator 1.1.4). These lost work hours could have devastating economic consequences to these already vulnerable workers—data in this year’s report shows that the average potential earnings lost in countries in the low HDI group were equivalent to 4–8% of the national gross domestic product (indicator 4.1.3). Through these effects, rising average temperatures, and altered rainfall patterns, climate change is beginning to reverse years of progress in tackling the food and water insecurity that still affects the most underserved populations around the world, denying them an essential aspect of good health. During any given month in 2020, up to 19% of the global land surface was affected by extreme drought; a value that had not exceeded 13% between 1950 and 1999 (indicator 1.2.2). In parallel with drought, warm temperatures are affecting the yield potential of the world’s major staple crops—a 6·0% reduction for maize; 3·0% for winter wheat; 5·4% for soybean; and 1·8% for rice in 2020, relative to 1981–2010 (indicator 1.4.1)—exposing the rising risk of food insecurity. Adding to these health hazards, the changing environmental conditions are also increasing the suitability for the transmission of many water-borne, air-borne, food-borne, and vector-borne pathogens. Although socioeconomic development, public health interventions, and advances in medicine have reduced the global burden of infectious disease transmission, climate change could undermine eradication efforts. The number of months with environmentally suitable conditions for the transmission of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) rose by 39% from 1950–59 to 2010–19 in densely populated highland areas in the low HDI group, threatening highly disadvantaged populations who were comparatively safer from this disease than those in the lowland areas (indicator 1.3.1). The epidemic potential for dengue virus, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus, which currently primarily affect populations in central America, South America, the Caribbean, Africa, and south Asia, increased globally, with a basic reproductive rate increase of 13% for transmission by Aedes aegypti and 7% for transmission by Aedes albopictus compared with the 1950s. The biggest relative increase in basic reproductive rate of these arboviruses was seen in countries in the very high HDI group (indicator 1.3.1); however, people in the low HDI group are confronted with the highest vulnerability to these arboviruses (indicator 1.3.2). Similar findings are observed in the environmental suitability for Vibrio cholerae, a pathogen estimated to cause almost 100 000 deaths annually, particularly among populations with poor access to safe water and sanitation. Between 2003 and 2019, the coastal areas suitable for V cholerae transmission increased substantially across all HDI country groups—although, with 98% of their coastline suitable to the transmission of V cholerae in 2020, it is people in the low HDI country group that have the highest environmental suitability for this disease (indicator 1.3.1). The concurrent and interconnecting risks posed by extreme weather events, infectious disease transmission, and food, water, and financial insecurity are over-burdening the most vulnerable populations. Through multiple simultaneous and interacting health risks, climate change is threatening to reverse years of progress in public health and sustainable development. Even with overwhelming evidence on the health impacts of climate change, countries are not delivering an adaptation response proportionate to the rising risks their populations face. In 2020, 104 (63%) of 166 countries did not have a high level of implementation of national health emergency frameworks, leaving them unprepared to respond to pandemics and climate-related health emergencies (indicator 2.3.1). Importantly, only 18 (55%) of 33 countries with a low HDI had reported at least a medium level of implementation of national health emergency frameworks, compared with 47 (89%) of 53 countries with a very high HDI. In addition, only 47 (52%) of 91 countries reported having a national adaptation plan for health, with insufficient human and financial resources identified as the main barrier for their implementation (indicator 2.1.1). With a world facing an unavoidable temperature rise, even with the most ambitious climate change mitigation, accelerated adaptation is essential to reduce the vulnerabilities of populations to climate change and protect the health of people around the world.

10 months into 2021, global and equitable access to the COVID-19 vaccine had not been delivered—more than 60% of people in high-income countries have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine compared with just 3·5% of people in low-income countries. Data in this report exposes similar inequities in the global climate change mitigation response. To meet the Paris Agreement goals and prevent catastrophic levels of global warming, global greenhouse gas emissions must reduce by half within a decade. However, at the current pace of reduction, it would take more than 150 years for the energy system to fully decarbonise (indicator 3.1), and the unequal response between countries is resulting in an uneven realisation of the health benefits of a low-carbon transition. The use of public funds to subsidise fossil fuels is partly responsible for the slow decarbonisation rate. Of the 84 countries reviewed, 65 were still providing an overall subsidy to fossil fuels in 2018 and, in many cases, subsidies were equivalent to substantial proportions of the national health budget and could have been redirected to deliver net benefits to health and wellbeing. Furthermore, all the 19 countries whose carbon pricing policies outweighed the effect of any fossil fuels subsidies came from the very high HDI group (indicator 4.2.4). Although countries in the very high HDI group have collectively made the most progress in the decarbonisation of the energy system, they are still the main contributors to CO2 emissions through the local production of goods and services, accounting for 45% of the global total (indicator 4.2.5). With a slower pace of decarbonisation and poorer air quality regulations than countries in the very high HDI group, the medium and high HDI country groups produce the most fine particle matter (PM2·5) emissions and have the highest rates of air pollution-related deaths, which are about 50% higher than the total deaths in the very high HDI group (indicator 3.3). The low HDI group, with comparatively lower amounts of industrial activity than in the other groups, has a local production that contributes to only 0·7% of global CO2 emissions, and has the lowest mortality rate from ambient air pollution. However, with only 12% of its inhabitants relying on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, the health of these populations is still at risk from dangerously high concentrations of household air pollution (indicator 3.2). Even in the most affluent countries, people in the most deprived areas over-whelmingly bear the burden of health effects from exposure to air pollution. These findings expose the health costs of the delayed and unequal mitigation response and underscore the millions of deaths to be prevented annually through a low-carbon transition that prioritises the health of all populations. However, the world is not on track to realising the health gains of the transition to a low-carbon economy. Current global decarbonisation commitments are insufficient to meet Paris Agreement ambitions and would lead to a roughly 2·4°C average global temperature increase by the end of the century. The current direction of post-COVID-19 spending is threatening to make this situation worse, with just 18% of all the funds committed for economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2020 expected to lead to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, the economic recovery from the pandemic is already predicted to lead to an unprecedented 5% increase in greenhouse gas emissions in 2021, which will bring global anthropogenic emissions back to their peak amounts. In addition, the current economic recession is threatening to undermine the target of mobilising US$100 billion per year from 2020 onwards to promote low-carbon shifts and adaptation responses in the most underserved countries, even though this quantity is minute compared with the trillions allocated to COVID-19 recovery. The high amounts of borrowing that countries have had to resort to during the pandemic could erase their ability to deliver a green recovery and maximise the health gains to their population of a low-carbon transition.

The overshoot in emissions resulting from a carbon-intensive COVID-19 recovery would irreversibly prevent the world from meeting climate commitments and the Sustainable Development Goals and lock humanity into an increasingly extreme and unpredictable environment. Data in this report expose the health impacts and health inequities of the current world at 1·2°C of warming above pre-industrial levels and supports that, on the current trajectory, climate change will become the defining narrative of human health. However, by directing the trillions of dollars that will be committed to COVID-19 recovery towards the WHO’s prescriptions for a healthy, green recovery, the world could meet the Paris Agreement goals, protect the natural systems that support wellbeing, and minimise inequities through reduced health effects and maximised co-benefits of a universal low-carbon transition. Promoting equitable climate change mitigation and universal access to clean energies could prevent millions of deaths annually from reduced exposure to air pollution, healthier diets, and more active lifestyles, and contribute to reducing health inequities globally. This pivotal moment of economic stimulus represents a historical opportunity to secure the health of present and future generations. There is a glimpse of positive change through several promising trends in this year’s data: electricity generation from renewable wind and solar energy increased by an annual average of 17% between 2013 and 2018 (indicator 3.1); investment in new coal capacity decreased by 10% in 2020 (indicator 4.2.1); and the global number of electric vehicles reached 7·2 million in 2019 (indicator 3.4). Additionally, the global pandemic has driven increased engagement in health and climate change across multiple domains in society, with 91 heads of state making the connection in the 2020 UN General Debate and newly widespread engagement among countries in the very high HDI group (indicator 5.4). Whether COVID-19 recovery supports, or reverses these trends, is yet to be seen. Neither COVID-19 nor climate change respect national borders. Without widespread, accessible vaccination across all countries and societies, SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants will continue to put the health of everybody at risk. Likewise, tackling climate change requires all countries to deliver an urgent and coordinated response, with COVID-19 recovery funds allocated to support and ensure a just transition to a low-carbon future and climate change adaptation across the globe. Leaders of the world have an unprecedented opportunity to deliver a future of improved health, reduced inequity, and economic and environmental sustainability. However, this will only be possible if the world acts together to ensure that no person is left behind.}, } @article {pmid39498368, year = {2021}, author = {Jones, B and Phillips, G and Valeriani, F and Edwards, T and Adams, ER and Bonadonna, L and Copeland, RJ and Cross, MJ and Dalton, C and Hodgson, L and Jimenez, A and Kemp, SP and Patricios, J and Spica, VR and Stokes, KA and Weed, M and Beggs, C}, title = {End-to-end SARS-CoV-2 transmission risks in sport: Current evidence and practical recommendations.}, journal = {South African journal of sports medicine}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, pages = {v33i1a11210}, pmid = {39498368}, issn = {2078-516X}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused disruption to professional and recreational sports across the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus can be transmitted by relatively large respiratory droplets that behave ballistically, and exhaled aerosol droplets, which potentially pose a greater risk. This review provides a summary of end-to-end SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk factors for sport and an overview of transmission mechanisms to be considered by all stakeholders. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is greatest indoors, and primarily influenced by the ventilation of the environment and the close proximity of individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 transmission risks outdoors, e.g. via water, and from fomites, appear less than initially thought. Mitigation strategies include good end-to-end scenario planning of activities to optimise physical distancing, face mask wearing and hygiene practice of individuals, the environment and equipment. The identification and removal of infectious individuals should be undertaken by means of the taking of temperature and COVID-19 symptom screening, and the use of diagnostic monitoring tests to identify asymptomatic individuals. Using adequate video footage, data from proximity technology and subject interviews, the identification and isolation of 'close contacts' should also be undertaken to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission within sporting environments and into the wider community. Sports should aim to undertake activities outdoors where possible, given the lower SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk, in comparison to indoor environments.}, } @article {pmid39492990, year = {2024}, author = {Guarienti, FA and Gonçalves, JIB and Gonçalves, JB and Antônio Costa Xavier, F and Marinowic, D and Machado, DC}, title = {COVID-19: a multi-organ perspective.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1425547}, pmid = {39492990}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/physiopathology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Inflammation ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology/virology ; }, abstract = {In this mini review, we explore the complex network of inflammatory reactions incited by SARS-CoV-2 infection, which extends its reach well beyond the respiratory domain to influence various organ systems. Synthesizing existing literature, it elucidates how the hyperinflammation observed in COVID-19 patients affects multiple organ systems leading to physiological impairments that can persist over long after the resolution of infection. By exploring the systemic manifestations of this inflammatory cascade, from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to renal impairment and neurological sequelae, the review highlights the profound interplay between inflammation and organ dysfunction. By synthesizing recent research and clinical observations, this mini review aims to provide an overview of the systemic interactions and complications associated with COVID-19, underscoring the need for an integrated approach to treatment and management. Understanding these systemic effects is crucial for improving patient outcomes and preparing for future public health challenges.}, } @article {pmid39492709, year = {2024}, author = {Patel, H and Lunn, I and Hameed, S and Khan, M and Siddiqui, FM and Borhani, A and Majid, A and Bell, SM and Wasay, M}, title = {Treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis: a review.}, journal = {Current medical research and opinion}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1080/03007995.2024.2423740}, pmid = {39492709}, issn = {1473-4877}, abstract = {Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke. COVID-19 infection and vaccination have been associated with CVT. Fibrinolysis and mechanical thrombectomy may play an emerging role in management. We conducted a literature review summarizing current evidence on use of antiplatelets, anticoagulants, thrombolysis, and mechanical thrombectomy for the management of CVT and COVID-19 related CVT. This was achieved through a review of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Reviews databases, performed using the search terms CVT AND "antiplatelets' aspirin", "ticagrelor", "clopidogrel", "eptifibatide", "Low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH)", "Unfractionated heparin (UH)", "warfarin", "DOACs", "rivaroxaban", "apixaban", "dabigatran", "fibrinolysis", "intra-sinus thrombolysis", "mechanical thrombectomy", and "craniectomy". We found that LMWH and UH are safe and effective for the management of acute CVT and should be considered first line. Warfarin may be used in the sub-acute phase for secondary prevention but has weak evidence. DOACs are potentially a safe warfarin alternative, but only warfarin is currently recommended in international guidelines. Antiplatelets show little evidence for the prevention or management of CVT, but studies are currently limited. COVID-19 related CVT is treated similarly to non-COVID-19 CVT; however, vaccine-related CVT is a newly recognised disease with a different pathophysiology and is treated with a combination of non-heparin anticoagulants, immunotherapy, and steroids. Decompressive craniectomy may be used to reduce intracranial pressure in life-threatening cases. There is a small body of evidence for endovascular therapy in complex cases but should be reserved for complex cases in specialist centres. This paper is of relevance to clinical practice since the safe and effective management of CVT is important to reduce the risk of disability.}, } @article {pmid39492176, year = {2023}, author = {Garção, DC and Correia, AGDS and Ferreira, FJS and Pereira, PC and Fontes, LRG and Ferreira, LC}, title = {Prevalence and risk factors for seizures in adult COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Epilepsy & behavior : E&B}, volume = {148}, number = {}, pages = {109501}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109501}, pmid = {39492176}, issn = {1525-5069}, abstract = {Seizures may be one of the neurological consequences of COVID-19. The present study aims to review the prevalence of seizures in COVID-19 patients considering sex and geographical origin. A review protocol was submitted to the PROSPERO database (CRD42021281467). PRISMA statement was used to report the meta-analysis. The authors selected studies for the meta-analysis by searching the principal databases. Studies were eligible if they reported seizures in COVID-19 patients, regardless of study design. Data were analyzed by proportion meta-analysis with a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). Cochran's Q and Higgins' I[2] were used to measure heterogeneity. R software was used for meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were carried out for sex, geographical origin of the subjects, and illness severity. A checklist for prevalence studies was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. A total of 32 studies (n = 251,997 analyzed patients) were included in this meta-analysis. A prevalence of 1.03 % (95 % CI 0.73 to 1.37, I[2] = 93 %, p < 0.001) was found. No statistically significant differences were found in the analysis by geographical subgroups. Men were found to be less likely to had COVID-19 seizures (OR = 0.75, 95 % CI 0.21-2.74), while mildly ill patients were found to be more likely to had COVID-19-induced seizures (OR = 2.08, 95 % CI 0.86-5.06). Our results show a slight prevalence of seizures in COVID-19 patients. In addition, we found that the groups analyzed had differences in the odds of having COVID-19-induced seizures.}, } @article {pmid39491284, year = {2023}, author = {Kaya, E and Karatana, Ö and Yıldırım, TÖ}, title = {The relationship between the online learning process, 21st century skills and work readiness in senior nursing students.}, journal = {Nurse education in practice}, volume = {73}, number = {}, pages = {103801}, doi = {10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103801}, pmid = {39491284}, issn = {1873-5223}, abstract = {AIM: The aim of this study was to: a) develop scales that measure nursing students' perceptions of the online learning process and the effects of this process on nursing knowledge and skills and b) explain the relationship between these scales, 21st century skills and work readiness.

BACKGROUND: Twenty-first century skills include learning and innovation skills, information, media and technology skills and life and career skills. These skills have come to the fore through nursing education's adoption of online education after recent global events such as the COVID-19 restrictions.

DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study.

METHODS: The study was conducted with 313 senior nursing students in Türkiye. In the acquisition of research data, the study used a personal information form including socio-demographic data, the online learning process perception scale (OLPS), the online learning process nursing knowledge and skills effects scale (NKS-S), the multidimensional 21st century skills scale and the work readiness scale (WRS). The study was conducted from April to June 2021. Validity and reliability of the scales were tested using exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analysis. The relationship between the scales was shown through path analysis.

RESULTS: Both developed OLPS and NKS-S scales were found to be valid and reliable and it was proven that the model provided acceptable fit index values. According to the path analysis results, 3.6% of 21st century skills were explained by OLPS and NKS-S, while 65% of WRS was explained by OLPS, NKS-S and 21st century skills.

CONCLUSION: Students reported that online learning increases 21st century skills and that practice based training through online platforms prepares them for work. Higher education institutions can help students learn 21st century skills through online education, ensuring their work readiness.}, } @article {pmid39490696, year = {2024}, author = {Lapo, HM and Sardeli, AV and Mariano, LO and Howroyd, FJ and Sokoll, PR and Sapey, E and Chacon-Mikahil, MPT}, title = {Functionality loss due to COVID-19 hospitalisation in older adults recovers with inpatient rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Experimental gerontology}, volume = {198}, number = {}, pages = {112617}, doi = {10.1016/j.exger.2024.112617}, pmid = {39490696}, issn = {1873-6815}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Older adults are more likely to acquire the severe manifestation of COVID-19 and the hospitalised survivors experience significant functionality loss. Thus, we aimed to identify the level of functionality in older adults hospitalised due to COVID-19, and the effect of inpatient rehabilitation upon functional recovery.

METHODS: A search was performed on July 2024, across five databases to retrieve studies assessing functionality in patients during COVID-19 hospitalisation, with or without rehabilitation.

RESULTS: At admission, higher functionality was significantly higher for survivors than non survivors (standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.83 [0.56; 1.09]). The effect of inpatient rehabilitation on functionality was tested among 38 arms across studies. Inpatient rehabilitation improved functionality SMD across all indexes (1.47 [1.18; 1.77], P ≤ 0.001), with greatest effect in the patients >70 years (2.84 [1.74, 3.93], P = 0.006), compared to their counterparts.

CONCLUSION: Hospitalisation due to COVID-19 reduced functionality to a higher extent in older adults above 70 years. Inpatient rehabilitation was effective to improve functionality in both age groups.

PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021278619.}, } @article {pmid39490384, year = {2024}, author = {Bader, J and Brigger, F and Leroux, JC}, title = {Extracellular vesicles versus lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of nucleic acids.}, journal = {Advanced drug delivery reviews}, volume = {215}, number = {}, pages = {115461}, doi = {10.1016/j.addr.2024.115461}, pmid = {39490384}, issn = {1872-8294}, abstract = {Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly investigated for delivering nucleic acid (NA) therapeutics, leveraging their natural role in transporting NA and protein-based cargo in cell-to-cell signaling. Their synthetic counterparts, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), have been developed over the past decades as NA carriers, culminating in the approval of several marketed formulations such as patisiran/Onpattro® and the mRNA-1273/BNT162 COVID-19 vaccines. The success of LNPs has sparked efforts to develop innovative technologies to target extrahepatic organs, and to deliver novel therapeutic modalities, such as tools for in vivo gene editing. Fueled by the recent advancements in both fields, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the basic characteristics of EV and LNP-based NA delivery systems, from EV biogenesis to structural properties of LNPs. It addresses the primary challenges encountered in utilizing these nanocarriers from a drug formulation and delivery perspective. Additionally, biodistribution profiles, in vitro and in vivo transfection outcomes, as well as their status in clinical trials are compared. Overall, this review provides insights into promising research avenues and potential dead ends for EV and LNP-based NA delivery systems.}, } @article {pmid39490235, year = {2024}, author = {Mukherjee, S and Bayry, J}, title = {The Yin and Yang of TLR4 in COVID-19.}, journal = {Cytokine & growth factor reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.10.001}, pmid = {39490235}, issn = {1879-0305}, abstract = {Various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), play a crucial role in recognizing invading pathogens as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released in response to infection. The resulting signaling cascades initiate appropriate immune responses to eliminate these pathogens. Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2-driven activation of TLR4, whether through direct recognition of the spike glycoprotein (alone or in combination with endotoxin) or by sensing various TLR4-activating DAMPs or alarmins released during viral infection, acts as a critical mediator of antiviral immunity. However, TLR4 exerts a dual role in COVID-19, demonstrating both beneficial and deleterious effects. Dysregulated TLR4 signaling is implicated in the proinflammatory consequences linked to the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. Additionally, TLR4 polymorphisms contribute to severity of the disease. Given its significant immunoregulatory impact on COVID-19 immunopathology and host immunity, TLR4 has emerged as a key target for developing inhibitors and immunotherapeutic strategies to mitigate the adverse effects associated with SARS-CoV-2 and related infections. Furthermore, TLR4 agonists are also being explored as adjuvants to enhance immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.}, } @article {pmid39490027, year = {2024}, author = {An, Y and Guo, Z and Fan, J and Luo, T and Xu, H and Li, H and Wu, X}, title = {Prevalence and measurement of post-exertional malaise in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {General hospital psychiatry}, volume = {91}, number = {}, pages = {130-142}, doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.10.011}, pmid = {39490027}, issn = {1873-7714}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is a common and debilitating symptom of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS), and it is also included in the core outcome set for PACS. Our aims are to determine the prevalence of PEM in patients with PACS, and to review the measurement tools utilized in studies assessing PEM among these patients.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted up to 29 February 2024 across four databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Studies were included if they evaluated PACS individuals who had at least one persistent symptom, with the mean or median follow-up duration of at least 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis or hospital discharge, and specially reported on PEM or any measurement tools utilized to assess PEM. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors.

RESULTS: After screening 953 articles, 12 studies comprising 2665 patients were included in the meta-analysis, and 16 studies were included in the narrative review. The pooled prevalence of PEM among PACS patients at 3 months or more after COVID-19 diagnosis was 0.55 (95 % CI, 0.38, 0.71). Moreover, narrative review identified seven questionnaires used to assess PEM in PACS individuals, with the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire-Post Exertional Malaise (DSQ-PEM) being the most frequently utilized instrument.

CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that over half of the PACS individuals experience PEM, and seven questionnaires have been identified for researchers to assess PEM. It is imperative to develop effective intervention strategies to treat and alleviate the burden of PEM.}, } @article {pmid39489912, year = {2024}, author = {Meybodi, SM and Rabori, VS and Salkhorde, D and Jafari, N and Zeinaly, M and Mojodi, E and Kesharwani, P and Saberiyan, M and Sahebkar, A}, title = {Dexamethasone in COVID-19 treatment: Analyzing monotherapy and combination therapy approaches.}, journal = {Cytokine}, volume = {184}, number = {}, pages = {156794}, doi = {10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156794}, pmid = {39489912}, issn = {1096-0023}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the exploration of effective treatment options, with dexamethasone emerging as a key corticosteroid for severe cases. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone, highlighting its ability to reduce mortality rates, alleviate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and mitigate hyperinflammation. While dexamethasone shows therapeutic promise, potential adverse effects-including cardiovascular issues, neuropsychiatric complications, lung infections, and liver damage-necessitate careful monitoring and individualized treatment strategies. The review also addresses the debate over using dexamethasone alone versus in combination with other therapies targeting SARS-CoV-2, examining potential synergistic effects and drug resistance. In summary, dexamethasone is a valuable treatment option for COVID-19 but its risks highlight the need for tailored surveillance approaches. Further research is essential to establish clear guidelines for optimizing treatment and improving patient outcomes.}, } @article {pmid39489518, year = {2024}, author = {Adhikari, A and Maddumage, J and Eriksson, EM and Annesley, SJ and Lawson, VA and Bryant, VL and Gras, S}, title = {Beyond acute infection: mechanisms underlying post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).}, journal = {The Medical journal of Australia}, volume = {221 Suppl 9}, number = {}, pages = {S40-S48}, doi = {10.5694/mja2.52456}, pmid = {39489518}, issn = {1326-5377}, support = {1159272//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; }, abstract = {Immune dysregulation is a key aspect of post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (PASC), also known as long COVID, with sustained activation of immune cells, T cell exhaustion, skewed B cell profiles, and disrupted immune communication thereby resulting in autoimmune-related complications. The gut is emerging as a critical link between microbiota, metabolism and overall dysfunction, potentially sharing similarities with other chronic fatigue conditions and PASC. Immunothrombosis and neurological signalling dysfunction emphasise the complex interplay between the immune system, blood clotting, and the central nervous system in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Clear research gaps in the design of PASC studies, especially in the context of longitudinal research, stand out as significant areas of concern.}, } @article {pmid39489398, year = {2024}, author = {Ashraf, MS and Tuli, K and Moiz, S and Sharma, SK and Sharma, D and Adnan, M}, title = {AMP kinase: A promising therapeutic drug target for post-COVID-19 complications.}, journal = {Life sciences}, volume = {359}, number = {}, pages = {123202}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123202}, pmid = {39489398}, issn = {1879-0631}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in severe respiratory issues and persistent complications, particularly affecting glucose metabolism. Patients with or without pre-existing diabetes often experience worsened symptoms, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. AMPK, a crucial regulator of cellular energy balance, plays a pivotal role in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory responses. AMPK activation, through allosteric or kinase-dependent mechanisms, impacts cellular processes like glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and autophagy. The tissue-specific distribution of AMPK emphasizes its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis throughout the body. Intriguingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits AMPK, contributing to metabolic dysregulation and post-COVID-19 complications. AMPK activators like capsaicinoids, curcumin, phytoestrogens, cilostazol, and momordicosides have demonstrated the potential to regulate AMPK activity. Compounds from various sources improve fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity, with metformin showing opposing effects on AMPK activation compared to the virus, suggesting potential therapeutic options. The diverse effects of AMPK activation extend to its role in countering viral infections, further highlighting its significance in COVID-19. This review explores AMPK activation mechanisms, its role in metabolic disorders, and the potential use of natural compounds to target AMPK for post-COVID-19 complications. Also, it aims to review the possible methods of activating AMPK to prevent post-COVID-19 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. It also explores the use of natural compounds for their therapeutic effects in targeting the AMPK pathways. Targeting AMPK activation emerges as a promising avenue to mitigate the long-term effects of COVID-19, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and a better quality of life.}, } @article {pmid39486829, year = {2024}, author = {Evans, C and Clancy, G and Evans, K and Booth, A and Nazmeen, B and Sunney, C and Clowes, M and Jones, N and Timmons, S and Spiby, H}, title = {Optimising digital clinical consultations in maternity care: a realist review and implementation principles.}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e079153}, pmid = {39486829}, issn = {2044-6055}, mesh = {Humans ; *Maternal Health Services/organization & administration/standards ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine/organization & administration ; United Kingdom ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased use of digital clinical consultations (phone or video calls) within UK maternity services. This project aimed to review the evidence on digital clinical consultations in maternity systems to illuminate how, for whom and in what contexts, they can be used to support safe, personalised and equitable care.

DESIGN: A realist synthesis, drawing on diverse sources of evidence (2010-present) from OECD countries, alongside insights from knowledge user groups (representing healthcare providers and service users).

METHODS: The review used three analytical processes (induction, abduction and retroduction) within three iterative stages (development of initial programme theories; evidence retrieval and synthesis; validation and refinement of the programme theories).

RESULTS: Ninety-three evidence sources were included in the final synthesis. Fifteen programme theories were developed showing that digital clinical consultations involve different mechanisms operating across five key contexts: the organisation, healthcare providers, the clinical relationship, the reason for consultation and women. The review suggests that digital clinical consultations can be effective and acceptable to stakeholders if there is access to appropriate infrastructure/digital resources and if implementation is able to ensure personalisation, informed choice, professional autonomy and relationship-focused connections. The review found relatively less evidence in relation to safety and equity.

CONCLUSIONS: Due to the complexity of maternity systems, there can be 'no one-size fits all' approach to digital clinical consultations. Nonetheless, the review distills four 'CORE' implementation principles: C-creating the right environment, infrastructure and support for staff; O-optimising consultations to be responsive, flexible and personalised to different needs and preferences; R-recognising the importance of access and inclusion; and E-enabling quality and safety through relationship-focused connections. Service innovation and research are needed to operationalise, explore and evaluate these principles, particularly in relation to safety and equity.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021288702.}, } @article {pmid39488746, year = {2024}, author = {Adam, A and Besson, D and Bryant, R and Rees, S and Willis, PA and Burrows, JN and Hooft van Huisjduijnen, R and Laleu, B and Norton, L and Canan, S and Hawryluk, N and Robinson, D and Palmer, M and Samby, KK}, title = {Global Health Priority Box─Proactive Pandemic Preparedness.}, journal = {ACS infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00700}, pmid = {39488746}, issn = {2373-8227}, abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic outbreak of 2019 highlighted the critical importance of preparedness for current and future public health threats (https://www.mmv.org/mmv-open/global-health-priority-box/about-global-health-priority-box). While the main attention for the past few years has been on COVID-19 research, this focus has reduced global resources on research in other areas, including malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Such a shift in focus puts at risk the hard-earned progress in global health achieved over the past two decades (https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/10-global-health-issues-to-track-in-2021). To address the urgent need for new drugs to combat drug-resistant malaria, emerging zoonotic diseases, and vector control, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) and Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC) assembled a collection of 240 compounds and, in August 2022, launched the Global Health Priority Box (GHPB). This collection of compounds has confirmed activity against emerging pathogens or vectors and is available free of charge. This valuable tool enables researchers worldwide to build on each other's work and save precious time and resources by providing a starting point for the further development of treatments and insecticides. Furthermore, this open access box aligns with two of the many priorities outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/10-global-health-issues-to-track-in-2021).}, } @article {pmid39488720, year = {2024}, author = {Nosaka, T and Ohtsuka, J and Ohtsuka, T and Fukumura, M}, title = {Next Generation RNA/Protein-Carrying Vector With Pleiotropic Activity.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {e70008}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.70008}, pmid = {39488720}, issn = {1099-1654}, support = {JP233fa827011//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; 17K19652//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; 20K21614//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; 20H03529//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; 24K02323//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Genetic Vectors/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; COVID-19/virology ; Mice ; Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2), one of the causative agents of infantile common cold, is a non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus with a robust gene expression system. It infects recurrently throughout human life without causing severe disease. Because hPIV2 has a viral envelope that can carry ectopic proteins, we developed a non-propagative RNA/protein-carrying vector BC-PIV by deleting the F gene from hPIV2. BC-PIV can be vigorously proliferated in the stable packaging cell line Vero/BC-F cells expressing the hPIV2 F gene but not in other cells. BC-PIV can deliver exogenous gene(s) on a multigenic RNA genome as an inserted gene fragment(s) and simultaneously deliver exogenous protein(s) on its envelope in a membrane-anchored form. For example, influenza virus M2e protein, Ebola virus GP protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein were shown to be highly expressed in packaging cells and incorporated into the virion. The Ebola virus GP protein and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, each delivered via BC-PIV, efficiently induced neutralising antibodies against each virus, even after prior treatment with recombinant BC-PIV in mice and hamsters, respectively. In this review, we describe the properties of BC-PIV as a promising vaccine vector, and also demonstrate its application as an anti-tumour virus.}, } @article {pmid39488197, year = {2024}, author = {Wei, L and Yu, P and Wang, H and Liu, J}, title = {Adeno-associated viral vectors deliver gene vaccines.}, journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {281}, number = {}, pages = {117010}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117010}, pmid = {39488197}, issn = {1768-3254}, abstract = {Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are leading platforms for in vivo delivery of gene therapies, with six licensed AAV-based therapeutics attributed to their non-pathogenic nature, low immunogenicity, and high efficiency. In the realm of gene-based vaccines, one of the most vital therapeutic areas, AAVs are also emerging as promising delivery tools. We scrutinized AAVs, focusing on their virological properties, as well as bioengineering and chemical modifications to demonstrate their significant potential in gene vaccine delivery, and detailing the preparation of AAV particles. Additionally, we summarized the use of AAV vectors in vaccines for both infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as influenza, COVID-19, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. Furthermore, this review, along with the latest clinical trial updates, provides a comprehensive overview of studies on the potential of using AAV vectors for gene vaccine delivery. It aims to deepen our understanding of the challenges and limitations in nucleic acid delivery and pave the way for future clinical success.}, } @article {pmid39488136, year = {2024}, author = {Chowell, G and Skums, P}, title = {Investigating and forecasting infectious disease dynamics using epidemiological and molecular surveillance data.}, journal = {Physics of life reviews}, volume = {51}, number = {}, pages = {294-327}, doi = {10.1016/j.plrev.2024.10.011}, pmid = {39488136}, issn = {1873-1457}, abstract = {The integration of viral genomic data into public health surveillance has revolutionized our ability to track and forecast infectious disease dynamics. This review addresses two critical aspects of infectious disease forecasting and monitoring: the methodological workflow for epidemic forecasting and the transformative role of molecular surveillance. We first present a detailed approach for validating epidemic models, emphasizing an iterative workflow that utilizes ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based models to investigate and forecast disease dynamics. We recommend a more structured approach to model validation, systematically addressing key stages such as model calibration, assessment of structural and practical parameter identifiability, and effective uncertainty propagation in forecasts. Furthermore, we underscore the importance of incorporating multiple data streams by applying both simulated and real epidemiological data from the COVID-19 pandemic to produce more reliable forecasts with quantified uncertainty. Additionally, we emphasize the pivotal role of viral genomic data in tracking transmission dynamics and pathogen evolution. By leveraging advanced computational tools such as Bayesian phylogenetics and phylodynamics, researchers can more accurately estimate transmission clusters and reconstruct outbreak histories, thereby improving data-driven modeling and forecasting and informing targeted public health interventions. Finally, we discuss the transformative potential of integrating molecular epidemiology with mathematical modeling to complement and enhance epidemic forecasting and optimize public health strategies.}, } @article {pmid39487879, year = {2024}, author = {Gleerup, D and Trypsteen, W and Fraley, SI and De Spiegelaere, W}, title = {Digital PCR in Virology: Current Applications and Future Perspectives.}, journal = {Molecular diagnosis & therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39487879}, issn = {1179-2000}, support = {01IO0420//special research fund of Ghent University/ ; }, abstract = {Digital PCR (dPCR) has been used in the field of virology since its inception. Technological innovations in microfluidics more than a decade ago caused a sharp increase in its use. There is an emerging consensus that dPCR now outperforms quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the basic parameters such as precision, sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability and resistance to inhibitors. These strengths have led to several current applications in quantification, mutation detection and environmental DNA and RNA samples. In high throughput scenarios, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the cost and throughput still significantly hampered the adaption of dPCR. There is much unexplored potential within the multiplexing capabilities of dPCR. This will allow simultaneous multi-target quantification and can also partially alleviate the throughput and cost drawback. In this review, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of dPCR with a focus on virology applications and we discuss future applications. Finally, we discuss recent evolutions of the technology in the form of real-time dPCR and digital high-resolution melting.}, } @article {pmid39483204, year = {2024}, author = {Popovic, AM and Lei, MHC and Shakeri, A and Khosravi, R and Radisic, M}, title = {Lab-on-a-chip models of cardiac inflammation.}, journal = {Biomicrofluidics}, volume = {18}, number = {5}, pages = {051507}, pmid = {39483204}, issn = {1932-1058}, abstract = {Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with numerous inflammatory cell etiologies associated with impaired cardiac function and heart failure. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, also known as myocarditis, is an acquired cardiomyopathy characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the myocardium with a high risk of progression to deteriorated cardiac function. Recently, amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of acute myocarditis as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 has garnered significant concern. Given its mechanisms remain elusive in conjunction with the recent withdrawal of previously FDA-approved antiviral therapeutics and prophylactics due to unexpected cardiotoxicity, there is a pressing need for human-mimetic platforms to investigate disease pathogenesis, model dysfunctional features, and support pre-clinical drug screening. Traditional in vitro models for studying cardiovascular diseases have inherent limitations in recapitulating the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment. Heart-on-a-chip technologies, combining microfabrication, microfluidics, and tissue engineering techniques, have emerged as a promising approach for modeling inflammatory cardiac diseases like myocarditis. This review outlines the established and emerging conditions of inflamed myocardium, identifying key features essential for recapitulating inflamed myocardial structure and functions in heart-on-a-chip models, highlighting recent advancements, including the integration of anisotropic contractile geometry, cardiomyocyte maturity, electromechanical functions, vascularization, circulating immunity, and patient/sex specificity. Finally, we discuss the limitations and future perspectives necessary for the clinical translation of these advanced technologies.}, } @article {pmid39480625, year = {2024}, author = {Mudiyanselage, SPK and Tsai, YT and Dilhani, MS and Tsai, YJ and Yang, YH and Lu, ZT and Ko, NY}, title = {Global Overview of Suicidal Behavior and Risk Factors among General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Regression.}, journal = {The Psychiatric quarterly}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39480625}, issn = {1573-6709}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted mental health worldwide, leading to increased rates of suicidal behavior. This systematic review and meta-regression aim to investigate the global prevalence and risk factors associated with suicidal behaviors in the general population during the pandemic. The study included 202 articles from January 1, 2019, to October 31, 2023, sourced from databases such as Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The meta-analysis revealed a prevalence of 13.5% for suicidal ideation, 10.4% for suicide attempts, and a death rate of 0.5%, translating to 4.52 per 100,000 person-years. Significant risk factors identified include being transgender, young adults (18-44 years), unmarried status, low education, retirement, living alone, low social support, a history of suicide attempts, substance use, depression, anxiety, PTSD, sleep problems, poor perceived physical health, loneliness, quarantine, and residing in the Americas or multiple regions. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted mental health interventions during pandemics, focusing on high-risk groups such as young adults, transgender individuals, those with low social support, and people with mental health issues. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare providers to develop effective strategies to mitigate the heightened risk of suicide during global health crises.}, } @article {pmid39480555, year = {2024}, author = {Gerland, L and Baumann, FT}, title = {[Sport and exercise therapy for burnout and fatigue-a narrative review].}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {67}, number = {11}, pages = {1288-1294}, pmid = {39480555}, issn = {1437-1588}, mesh = {Humans ; *Exercise Therapy/methods ; *Fatigue/therapy/psychology/prevention & control/rehabilitation ; Burnout, Professional/therapy/psychology/prevention & control ; COVID-19/psychology ; Sports/psychology ; Germany ; Exercise/psychology ; }, abstract = {Burnout and fatigue have overlaps in their symptoms. The common denominator is exhaustion. Physical activity has been shown to be a risk-reducing factor for the development or manifestation of symptoms. There is also evidence of an effect of physical activity in the acute phase, rehabilitation, and aftercare of burnout as well as in diseases that are associated with the occurrence of fatigue and their treatments.In burnout research, physical activity is considered a risk-reducing factor and coping strategy, but there are no specific exercise recommendations with regard to symptom severity. In the area of tiredness/fatigue, the overall picture is inconsistent: there are already targeted recommendations for exercise therapy in a multimodal approach for individual clinical pictures. For example, there is high evidence for the use of appropriately dosed physical activity in cancer patients in adjuvant therapy and aftercare. Other diseases associated with the occurrence of fatigue, such as long- and post-COVID, have not yet been sufficiently researched to make clear statements about a dose-response relationship. For some diseases, there are already targeted recommendations for exercise therapy in a multimodal approach.This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state of exercise research in burnout and fatigue and thus, on the one hand, make therapy recommendations for practitioners and patients, and on the other hand, shed light on the evidence in those areas in which there are (still) no general and individualized exercise recommendations and guidelines.}, } @article {pmid39487836, year = {2024}, author = {Ferencova, N and Visnovcova, Z and Ondrejka, I and Tonhajzerova, I}, title = {COVID-19 pandemic as a huge stressor of the 21st century.}, journal = {Bratislavske lekarske listy}, volume = {125}, number = {11}, pages = {677-684}, doi = {10.4149/BLL_2024_103}, pmid = {39487836}, issn = {0006-9248}, mesh = {*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Stress, Psychological ; *Social Isolation/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Psychophysiologic Disorders/psychology/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a significant impact on the somatic and psychological state of the population worldwide, leading to a wide range of health complications. Most of the studies on the COVID-19 pandemic have focused on the direct psychological and somatic aspects of the disease. However, the negative consequences of the indirect aspect of the pandemic (i.e., stay-at-home orders leading to social isolation) represent a major stressor on psychosomatic health and warrant greater interest. This study examines the COVID-19 pandemic as a significant stressor of the 21st century through the lens of the "allostatic" stress response concept and highlights the stress-related psychosomatic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. A better understanding of the pathomechanisms underlying indirect impacts of the pandemic on psychosomatic health can contribute to the implementation of personalized interventions for managing stress responses, thereby reducing the pandemic-linked stress burden and preventing stress-associated disease emergence (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 67). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation, stress response, allostasis, allostatic load, psychosomatic symptoms.}, } @article {pmid39486236, year = {2024}, author = {Nam, NN and Trinh, TND and Do, HDK and Phan, TB and Trinh, KTL and Lee, NY}, title = {Advances and Opportunities of luminescence Nanomaterial for bioanalysis and diagnostics.}, journal = {Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy}, volume = {327}, number = {}, pages = {125347}, doi = {10.1016/j.saa.2024.125347}, pmid = {39486236}, issn = {1873-3557}, abstract = {Luminescence nanomaterials (LNMs) have recently received great attention in biological analysis and sensing owing to their key advances in easy design and functionalization with high photostability, luminescence stability, low autofluorescence, and multiphoton capacity. The number of publications surrounding LNMs for biological applications has grown rapidly. LNMs based on Stokes and anti-Stokes shifts are powerful tools for biological analysis. Especially, unique properties of anti-Stokes luminescence such as upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with an implementation strategy to use longer-wavelength excitation sources such as near-infrared (NIR) light can depth penetrate to biological tissue for bioanalysis and bioimaging. We observed that the LNMs-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed and paid attention to the field of bioimaging and luminescence-based sensors, because of their structural flexibility, and multifunctionality for the encapsulation of luminophores. This article provides an overview of innovative LNMs such as quantum dots (QDs), UCNPs, and LMOFs. A brief summary of recent progress in design strategies and applications of LNMs including pH and temperature sensing in biologically responsive platforms, pathogen detection, molecular diagnosis, bioimaging, photodynamic, and radiation therapy published within the past three years is highlighted. It was found that the integrated nanosystem of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) with nanomaterials was rapidly widespread and erupting in interest after the COVID-19 pandemic. The simple operation and close processes of the integration nanosystem together with the optimized size and low energy and materials consumption of biochips and devices allow their trend study and application to develop portable and intelligent diagnostics tools. The last part of this work is the introduction of the utilization use of LNMs in LOC applications in terms of microfluidics and biodevices.}, } @article {pmid39485894, year = {2024}, author = {Borghi-Silva, A and Goulart, CDL and Silva, RN and Back, GD and Camargo, PF and Trimer, R and Teles, SN and Sampaio, LMM}, title = {Impact of COVID-19 on Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation: What Lessons Have We Learned?.}, journal = {Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {409-416}, pmid = {39485894}, issn = {1932-751X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/rehabilitation/epidemiology ; *Exercise Therapy/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/rehabilitation ; Telerehabilitation ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a major global impact on health care, including the delivery, modality, and importance of outcomes in pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). This review discusses the impact of the pandemic on PR and the changes that were required to maintain its delivery. This article reviews the current evidence on PR during the COVID-19 pandemic period, focusing on delivery models, modalities, outcomes, perspectives, and barriers. A search of the MEDLINE, Embase, and SciELO databases and the Cochrane Library on this topic was conducted between December 1, 2019 and August 1, 2023. Studies were reviewed and relevant topics were included in this narrative. Rehabilitation of patients with severe acute COVID-19 and symptoms of long COVID has been challenging. The number of rehabilitation programs worldwide is still low, and community-based programs are still rare. Integrated programs with a multidisciplinary approach and exercise therapy with individualized prescription based on symptoms have been an interesting strategy. Telerehabilitation and outpatient rehabilitation are both effective in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the uptake of PR remains considerably low, and technological barriers for patients and lack of technological resources in low-income countries affect the delivery of these services in much of the world.}, } @article {pmid39485035, year = {2024}, author = {Muthya, A and Ekinci, EI and Lecamwasam, A}, title = {What is the spectrum of kidney pathology associated with COVID-19?.}, journal = {Internal medicine journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imj.16540}, pmid = {39485035}, issn = {1445-5994}, support = {//Eli Lilly/ ; //Novo Nordisk/ ; //Boehringer-Ingelheim/ ; //Versanis/ ; //Amgen/ ; //Novartis and Endogenex/ ; //Bayer/ ; //Astra Zeneca/ ; }, abstract = {Kidney involvement occurs in almost one third of patients hospitalised with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is associated with increased disease severity. This review aims to outline the spectrum of kidney pathology involved in COVID-19. Literature was reviewed systematically on the databases Medline OVID and Scopus in search of case reports, case series, cohort studies and autopsy studies of patients with COVID-19 who underwent kidney biopsies. Studies were published between August 2020 and November 2021. Fourteen studies consisting of 159 patients were included in this review. Acute tubular necrosis is the most common pathology followed by collapsing glomerulopathy, occurring in 40.1% and 28.9% of patients respectively. Of the 46 patients with collapsing glomerulopathy, 44 were of African descent with high-risk apolipoprotein L1 genotypes. Less common glomerular diseases include membranous nephropathy, secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease and primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis occurring in 5%, 4.4%, 3.1% and 2.5% of patients respectively. Glomerulonephritis occurred in a minority of patients. Direct viral infection has not been found as a definitive aetiology. Acute kidney injury occurs frequently in hospitalised COVID-19 patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underpinning acute kidney injury are multifactorial. Acute tubular necrosis is the most common. Collapsing glomerulopathy is the most common glomerular injury and is strongly linked to apolipoprotein L1 genotypes. Improved understanding of COVID-19-related kidney pathologies can guide treatment to improve patient outcomes and reduce progression of chronic kidney disease. The longitudinal impact of COVID-19-related kidney disease requires further research.}, } @article {pmid39484691, year = {2024}, author = {Liang, J and Xu, W and Pan, X and Han, S and Zhang, L and Wen, H and Ding, M and Zhang, W and Peng, D}, title = {Advances research in porcine enteric coronavirus therapies and antiviral drugs.}, journal = {The veterinary quarterly}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {1-49}, pmid = {39484691}, issn = {1875-5941}, mesh = {Animals ; Swine ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Swine Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/veterinary/virology ; *Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/drug effects ; Deltacoronavirus/drug effects ; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/drug effects ; Alphacoronavirus ; }, abstract = {The porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs) currently reported include porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). In the absence of effective treatment, they can cause similar clinical characteristics including weight loss, sleepiness, vomiting, anorexia and fatal diarrhea in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. Although many studies on drugs for treating and combating PECs have been issued. There are still no specific drug targeting PECs and used in clinical production. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out and summarize the research on the treatment and anti PECs drugs, and further development of low toxicity and high efficiency drugs is needed. Here, we review the latest progress of anti PECs drugs, focus on the mechanism of anti PECs reaction of drug components, and try to clarify new strategies for effective control and elimination of PECs. These comprehensive and profound insights will help to further investigate, prevent and control the transmission of PECs infection.}, } @article {pmid39482218, year = {2024}, author = {Guedj, E and Cionca, A and Péron, JA and Ayubcha, C and Assal, F and Horowitz, T and Alavi, A}, title = {Long Coronavirus Disease and the Brain: Molecular Neuroimaging Insights into Neurologic and Psychiatric Sequelae.}, journal = {PET clinics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cpet.2024.09.013}, pmid = {39482218}, issn = {1879-9809}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a variety of health challenges, with "long COVID" emerging as a widespread and debilitating post-acute syndrome among a considerable number of infected patients. This PET review synthesizes current evidence of the neurologic and psychiatric sequelae of COVID. This review also explores the pathophysiological mechanisms of these results, including astrocyte dysfunction and glutamate dysregulation, as well as the multimodal comparison to MR imaging findings. The findings underscore the potential for long-term brain injury. Additionally, the authors discuss the role of advanced imaging multimodal techniques in diagnosing, monitoring, and guiding treatment strategies for long COVID.}, } @article {pmid39481582, year = {2024}, author = {Pius, RE and Ajuluchukwu, JN and Roberts, AA}, title = {Determinants of cardiovascular health indices among physicians in a tertiary centre.}, journal = {Current problems in cardiology}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {102914}, doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102914}, pmid = {39481582}, issn = {1535-6280}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Physicians spearhead the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases, however, there is a paucity of studies that have assessed the cardiovascular risk profiles of physicians in Africa. We aimed to determine the cardiovascular health indices of a cross-section of physicians in Nigeria.

METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical doctors in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria, with different specialties being proportionally represented. Sociodemographic, work-associated, and cardiovascular factors, together with anthropometry and Fuster-BEWAT score (FBS): blood pressure, exercise, weight (BMI), alimentation and tobacco were used to assess cardiovascular health indices.

RESULTS: The number of doctors enrolled in this study was 251 with a median age of 34; 51.4 % were males. While the mean FBS was 7.8 (±2.1), 1.6 % of physicians had ideal FBS, as 59.4 % and 39.0 % had intermediate and poor FBS respectively. A small proportion of doctors had adequate fruit or vegetable intake (1.2 %), or exercise (10.4 %). The percentages of doctors who had ideal blood pressure and BMI were 46.6 % and 27.9 % respectively. Almost all doctors were non-smokers (98.4 %). Medical officers and residents had better cardiovascular health compared to consultants. There was no statistically significant association between cardiovascular health score and other work-associated factors.

CONCLUSION: The composite cardiovascular health index of physicians was assessed as intermediate (7.8 on a maximum scale of 15). Positive metrics were normotensive blood pressure (46.6 %) and tobacco use (98.4 %). We recommend that Nigerian physicians need to improve weight, exercise, and alimentation cardiovascular health practices.}, } @article {pmid39481165, year = {2024}, author = {Cobre, AF and Fachi, MM and Domingues, KZA and Lazo, REL and Ferreira, LM and Tonin, FS and Pontarolo, R}, title = {Accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic tests via infrared spectroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy}, volume = {327}, number = {}, pages = {125337}, doi = {10.1016/j.saa.2024.125337}, pmid = {39481165}, issn = {1873-3557}, abstract = {This study aims to synthesize the evidence on the accuracy parameters of COVID-19 diagnosis methods using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A systematic review with searches in PubMed and Embase was performed (September 2023). Studies reporting data on test specificity, sensitivity, true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative using different human samples were included. Meta-analysis of accuracy estimates with 95 % confidence intervals and area under the ROC Curve (AUC) were conducted (Meta-Disc 1.4.7). Seventeen studies were included - all of them highlighted regions 650-1800 cm[-1] and 2300-3900 cm[-1] as most important for diagnosing COVID-19. The FTIR technique presented high sensitivity [0.912 (95 %CI, 0.878-0.939), especially in vaccinated [0.959 (CI95 %, 0.908-0.987)] compared to unvaccinated [0.625 (CI95 %, 0.584-0.664)] individuals for COVID-19. Overall specificity was also high [0.886 (95 %CI, 0.855-0.912), with increased rates in vaccinated [0.884 (CI95 %, 0.819-0.932)] than in unvaccinated [0.667 (CI95 %, 0.629-0.704)] patients. These findings reveal that FTIR is an accurate technique for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection in different biological matrices with advantages including low cost, rapid and environmentally friendly with minimal preparation analyses. This could lead to an easy implementation of this technique in practice as a screening tool for patients with suspected COVID-19, especially in low-income countries.}, } @article {pmid39480159, year = {2024}, author = {Gupta, M and Ladegard, K and Gupta, N and Khurana, P and Krasner, A}, title = {Antecedents and Trajectories of the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Crisis: Assimilating Empirically Guided Pathways for Stakeholders.}, journal = {The primary care companion for CNS disorders}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4088/PCC.24nr03747}, pmid = {39480159}, issn = {2155-7780}, mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; *Mental Disorders/therapy/epidemiology ; Mental Health ; }, abstract = {Importance: Amid and following the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing focus on understanding the underlying etiology of the mental health crisis in children and youth. However, there remains a dearth of empirically driven literature to comprehensively explore these issues. This narrative review delves into current mental health challenges among children and youth, examining perspectives from both pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Observations: Research highlights reveal concerning statistics, such as 1 in 5 children experience mental health disorders. The pandemic exacerbated these issues, introducing stressors such as job losses and heightened anticipatory anxiety. Race relations have emerged as a significant public health concern, with biases impacting students, particularly affecting Asian, black, and multiracial individuals. Substance use trends indicate a rise in overdose deaths, particularly among adolescents, with cannabis use linked to adverse outcomes. Increased screen time and income disparities further compound mental health challenges. Conclusions and Relevance: Proposed public health mitigation strategies include improving access to evidence based treatments, implementing legislative measures for early identification and treatment of developmental disorders, and enhancing suicide prevention efforts. School-based interventions and vocational-technical education are crucial, alongside initiatives targeting sleep hygiene, social media usage, nutrition, and physical activity. Educating health care professionals about both physical and mental health is essential to address workforce burnout and effectively manage clinical complexities. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2024;26(5):24nr03747. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.}, } @article {pmid39479463, year = {2024}, author = {Zhou, K and Lu, J}, title = {Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: A comprehensive review.}, journal = {Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland)}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {20241076}, pmid = {39479463}, issn = {2391-5463}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a critical form of acute respiratory failure characterized by diffuse alveolar damage, refractory hypoxemia, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, resulting in high mortality. Dysregulated inflammation, driven by cytokines, is central to ARDS pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of cytokines in ARDS and evaluates their potential as therapeutic targets, offering new insights for clinical management.

METHODS: A comprehensive analysis of recent studies was conducted to explore the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10, IL-22) in ARDS pathogenesis and to assess current and emerging therapies targeting these cytokines.

RESULTS: Pro-inflammatory cytokines are crucial in initiating inflammatory responses and lung injury in early ARDS, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help regulate and resolve inflammation. Targeted therapies, such as IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors, show potential in managing ARDS, particularly in COVID-19, but their clinical efficacy is still debated. Combination therapy strategies may enhance outcomes, but further large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to establish their safety and efficacy.

CONCLUSION: Understanding cytokine regulation in ARDS could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches. Future research should focus on cytokine roles across ARDS subtypes and stages and develop biomarker-driven, individualized treatments.}, } @article {pmid39370700, year = {2024}, author = {Ivanovski, S and Han, P and Peters, OA and Sanz, M and Bartold, PM}, title = {The Therapeutic Use of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Human Clinical Trials.}, journal = {Journal of dental research}, volume = {103}, number = {12}, pages = {1173-1184}, doi = {10.1177/00220345241261900}, pmid = {39370700}, issn = {1544-0591}, mesh = {Humans ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; COVID-19 ; Regenerative Medicine ; Tissue Engineering/methods ; }, abstract = {Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), characterized by their undifferentiated and multipotent nature, can be derived from various sources, including bone marrow, adipose, and dental tissues. Among these, dental MSCs (DSCs) exhibit universal MSC characteristics and are attracting considerable attention for regenerating oral and craniofacial tissues. This review provides a contemporary overview of recently published clinical studies using DSCs for various orodental and maxillofacial regenerative applications, including bone, periodontal, and endodontic regeneration. It also explores the utilization of DSCs in treating systemic conditions, exemplified by their application in managing conditions such as COVID-19 and osteoarthritis. The available evidence underscores the potential of DSCs and their secretome as efficacious tools in regenerative medicine for both dental and nondental clinical applications, supporting the continued promise of stem cell-based therapies. It is nevertheless evident that there are a number of important challenges that restrict the widespread utilization of DSCs, namely, difficulty in standardizing autologous preparations, insufficient cell surface marker characterization, high production costs, and regulatory compliance requirements. Further, the unique requirements of dental applications, especially complex structures such as the periodontium, where temporospatial control over the healing process is required, necessitate the combination of stem cells with appropriate scaffolds according to the principles of tissue engineering. There is currently insufficient evidence to support the clinical translation of DSCs into clinical practice, and phase 3 clinical trials with standardized protocols for cell sourcing, propagation, dosing, and delivery are required to move the field forward. In summary, this review provides a contemporary overview of the evolving landscape of stem cell therapy, offering insights into the latest developments and trends as well as the challenges that need to be addressed for the widespread application of DSC-based cell therapies.}, } @article {pmid39479080, year = {2024}, author = {Alshehri, AM}, title = {Endogenous Endophthalmitis Associated With COVID-19: A Systematic Review on Its Incidence, Risk Factors, Causative Organisms, and Prognosis.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e70523}, pmid = {39479080}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) is a rare but severe intraocular infection resulting from hematogenous dissemination of microorganisms. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a notable increase in EE cases. This literature review aims to evaluate studies focusing on EE associated with COVID-19 to elucidate its pathogenesis and optimize patient management strategies. A thorough search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for relevant research. The surge in EE cases during the COVID-19 pandemic is likely linked to alterations in immune status and systemic comorbidities exacerbated by the virus and its treatments. Notably, Candida albicans and Aspergillus species emerged as the predominant fungal pathogens in these cases. The findings suggest that the increased incidence of EE is associated with immune dysregulation and increased vulnerability of COVID-19 patients, particularly those with severe diseases or undergoing immunosuppressive treatments. Early diagnosis with timely and effective treatment is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Regular ophthalmic evaluations for hospitalized COVID-19 patients are strongly advised to detect and address ocular complications early.}, } @article {pmid39478782, year = {2024}, author = {Adam, SJ and Buchman, TG and Currier, JS and Draghia-Akli, R and Fessel, JP and Higgs, ES and Hughes, EA and LaVange, L and Menetski, JP and Read, SW and Rosenberg, Y and Tressler, R and , }, title = {Preparing better: Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) therapeutics trials lessons learned: A call to the future.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and translational science}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e150}, pmid = {39478782}, issn = {2059-8661}, abstract = {The Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines Therapeutic-Clinical Working Group members gathered critical recommendations in follow-up to lessons learned manuscripts released earlier in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons around agent prioritization, preclinical therapeutics testing, master protocol design and implementation, drug manufacturing and supply, data sharing, and public-private partnership value are shared to inform responses to future pandemics.}, } @article {pmid39478781, year = {2024}, author = {Draghia-Akli, R and Read, SW and Hughes, EA}, title = {Overview of ACTIV trial-specific lessons learned.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and translational science}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e149}, pmid = {39478781}, issn = {2059-8661}, abstract = {Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) was an extraordinary example of a public-private partnership (PPP) that brought together over thirty organizations and hundreds of individuals to address one of the most pressing global health needs in recent decades. In particular, ACTIV provided a key avenue for testing numerous therapeutics for their potential benefit in treating the SARS-CoV-2 virus or the resulting symptoms of acute COVID-19 infection. Given the speed and scale at which ACTIV designed and implemented master protocols across global networks that it was simultaneously working to create, the PPP can provide valuable lessons for best practices and avoiding pitfalls the next time the world is faced with a global pandemic of a novel pathogen. This report provides a general overview of the ACTIV partnership to set the stage and context for the subsequent articles in this issue that will relay these lessons learned.}, } @article {pmid39478775, year = {2024}, author = {Keshtkar-Jahromi, M and Anstrom, KJ and Barkauskas, C and Brown, SM and Daar, ES and Fischer, W and Gibbs, KW and Higgs, ES and Hughes, MD and Jagannathan, P and LaVange, L and Lindsell, CJ and Nayak, SU and Paredes, R and Parmar, M and Peltan, ID and Proschan, M and Shotwell, MS and Vock, DM and Yokum, T and Adam, SJ}, title = {ACTIV trials: Lessons learned in trial design in the setting of an emergent pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and translational science}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {e151}, pmid = {39478775}, issn = {2059-8661}, abstract = {Accelerating COVID-19 Treatment Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) was initiated by the US government to rapidly develop and test vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 in 2020. The ACTIV Therapeutics-Clinical Working Group selected ACTIV trial teams and clinical networks to expeditiously develop and launch master protocols based on therapeutic targets and patient populations. The suite of clinical trials was designed to collectively inform therapeutic care for COVID-19 outpatient, inpatient, and intensive care populations globally. In this report, we highlight challenges, strategies, and solutions around clinical protocol development and regulatory approval to document our experience and propose plans for future similar healthcare emergencies.}, } @article {pmid39478665, year = {2024}, author = {Li, X and Song, Y}, title = {Perspective for Drug Discovery Targeting SARS Coronavirus Methyltransferases: Function, Structure and Inhibition.}, journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01749}, pmid = {39478665}, issn = {1520-4804}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and caused a catastrophic pandemic. It has infected billions of people worldwide with >6 million deaths. With expedited development of effective vaccines and antiviral drugs, there have been significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections and associated mortalities and morbidities. The virus is closely related to SARS-CoV, which emerged in 2003 and infected several thousand people with a higher mortality rate of ∼10%. Because of continued viral evolution and drug-induced resistance, as well as the possibility of a new coronavirus in the future, studies for new therapies are needed. The viral methyltransferases play critical roles in SARS coronavirus replication and are therefore promising drug targets. This review summarizes the function, structure and inhibition of methyltransferases of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Challenges and perspectives of targeting the viral methyltransferases to treat viral infections are discussed.}, } @article {pmid39477832, year = {2024}, author = {Bischoff, S and Moyaert, M and Clijsters, M and Vanderbroek, A and Van Gerven, L}, title = {Treatment of COVID-19 Associated Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Current allergy and asthma reports}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {39477832}, issn = {1534-6315}, support = {18B2222N//FWO/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; *Olfaction Disorders/therapy/etiology/drug therapy ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: COVID -19 associated olfactory dysfunction is widespread, yet effective treatment strategies remain unclear. This article aims to provide a comprehensive systematic review of therapeutic approaches and offers evidence-based recommendations for their clinical application.

RECENT FINDINGS: A living Cochrane review, with rigorous inclusion criteria, has so far included 2 studies with a low certainty of evidence. In this systematic review we list clinical data of 36 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies published between Jan 1, 2020 and Nov 19, 2023 regarding treatment options for COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction. Nine treatment groups were analysed, including olfactory training, local and systemic corticosteroids, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), calcium chelators, vitamin supplements including palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin, insulin, gabapentin and cerebrolysin. Primary objective was the effect of the studied treatments on the delta olfactory function score (OFS) for objective/psychophysical testing. Treatments such as PRP and calcium chelators demonstrated significant improvements on OFS, whereas olfactory training and corticosteroids did not show notable efficacy for COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction.}, } @article {pmid39450686, year = {2024}, author = {Pal, P and N Bathia, J and Ravali Pratima Goud, C}, title = {Is Severe Dengue a Cytokine Storm Syndrome?.}, journal = {Indian pediatrics}, volume = {61}, number = {11}, pages = {1059-1064}, pmid = {39450686}, issn = {0974-7559}, mesh = {Humans ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; *Severe Dengue/diagnosis/immunology/complications ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/diagnosis/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {The immunopathogenesis of dengue severity remains an enigma. There is a growing body of evidence pointing towards a transient hyperinflammatory hypercytokinemic state responsible for the development of severe dengue including dengue hemorrhagic fever that coincides with the onset of thrombocytopenia, capillary leak, multiorgan dysfunction and hyperferritinemia. There are several reports of dengue associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). However, the cytokine storm in dengue as well as in other infections may not conform to the classic HLH 2004 diagnostic criteria. Following the recent COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of infection-associated cytokine storms. There is a need to explore timely short-course immunotherapy for the management of selected patients with dengue spiraling into the critical phase.}, } @article {pmid39426888, year = {2024}, author = {Plantier, F}, title = {[Lessons on reactions to aesthetic fillers].}, journal = {Annales de pathologie}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {491-497}, doi = {10.1016/j.annpat.2024.09.005}, pmid = {39426888}, issn = {0242-6498}, mesh = {Humans ; *Dermal Fillers/adverse effects ; *Hyaluronic Acid/adverse effects ; *Cosmetic Techniques/adverse effects ; Sarcoidosis/etiology/pathology ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body/etiology/pathology/diagnosis ; Foreign-Body Reaction/etiology/pathology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology ; }, abstract = {Any product injected to fill wrinkles can behave like a foreign body and cause unsightly granulomatous reactions. The subject is constantly evolving, subject to the vagaries of the market. Hyaluronic acid is the most injected product because it is resorbable and probably the least "toxic". In the event of sarcoidosis or an immune disorder, and in the event of vaccination against Covid, granulomas can develop even after very old injections.}, } @article {pmid39394036, year = {2024}, author = {Sharma, Y and Bala, K}, title = {Multifarious Aspect of Cytokines as an Immuno-Therapeutic for Various Diseases.}, journal = {Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, pages = {477-485}, doi = {10.1089/jir.2024.0090}, pmid = {39394036}, issn = {1557-7465}, mesh = {Humans ; *Cytokines/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; Neoplasms/immunology/drug therapy/therapy/metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology/drug therapy/metabolism ; Immunotherapy/methods ; }, abstract = {Cytokines are known to be a group of growing small proteins that are majorly responsible for the transmission of signals and communication between hematopoietic cells, the cells of the human immune system, and other types of cells. Cytokines play a dominant role in different types of disorders and in perpetuating the inflammation-related disorders. The production of cytokines is a natural process inside the body of a human being against any foreign invasion or due to some pathogenic state to maintain the homeostasis. Cytokines respond in two ways; in some cases, the production and development of cytokines as a therapeutic discovery or intervention will enhance the treatment process and support the reaction given by the body against any pathogenic activity, and in some cases, overproduction of these cytokines responds in the opposite way and behaves as antagonists toward a typical therapeutic drug and its treatment. Overall, 41 articles were reviewed, and it was found that cytokines have proved to be a therapeutic approach among various diseases and can be utilized as a good candidate or a better choice for cancer therapeutics in future development.}, } @article {pmid39018442, year = {2024}, author = {Schukow, CP and Holmes, C and Chambers, M and Rayes, O and Jackson, NR and Deeken, AH and Hlavaty, LA}, title = {How (Cautious) Social Media Use May Improve Education and Pipeline Efforts of a Growing Postpandemic Forensic Pathologist Workforce Shortage.}, journal = {The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {281-286}, doi = {10.1097/PAF.0000000000000960}, pmid = {39018442}, issn = {1533-404X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Social Media ; *Forensic Pathology/education ; *Pathologists ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Workforce ; }, abstract = {Many subspecialties of pathology have initiated novel methods and strategies to connect with medical students and residents, stimulate interest, and offer mentorship. Emerging concern about the future of forensic pathology has been highlighted in contemporary literature as recruitment of new fellows has stagnated and workforce shortage concerns have blossomed. Amidst these challenges, the potential role of social networking platforms like social media (SoMe) in enhancing autopsy pathology/forensics education has garnered attention, yet literature focusing specifically on its application in autopsy and forensic pathology remains limited. This review aims to provide a comprehensive narrative overview of the current literature on the established uses of SoMe in forensic pathology. It seeks to build upon existing recommendations, introducing a contemporary compilation of online resources designed to facilitate virtual engagement among pathologists, learners, patients, and families. The review supports the idea that strategic, ethical, and conscientious use of SoMe has a place in addressing the growing workforce shortages and closing educational gaps in forensic pathology by enhancing exposure to the field and dispelling antiquated stereotypes.}, } @article {pmid38984943, year = {2024}, author = {Ramanarayanan, V}, title = {Multimodal Technologies for Remote Assessment of Neurological and Mental Health.}, journal = {Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR}, volume = {67}, number = {11}, pages = {4233-4245}, doi = {10.1044/2024_JSLHR-24-00142}, pmid = {38984943}, issn = {1558-9102}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; *Telemedicine ; Mental Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Automated remote assessment and monitoring of patients' neurological and mental health is increasingly becoming an essential component of the digital clinic and telehealth ecosystem, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. This review article reviews various modalities of health information that are useful for developing such remote clinical assessments in the real world at scale.

APPROACH: We first present an overview of the various modalities of health information-speech acoustics, natural language, conversational dynamics, orofacial or full body movement, eye gaze, respiration, cardiopulmonary, and neural-which can each be extracted from various signal sources-audio, video, text, or sensors. We further motivate their clinical utility with examples of how information from each modality can help us characterize how different disorders affect different aspects of patients' spoken communication. We then elucidate the advantages of combining one or more of these modalities toward a more holistic, informative, and robust assessment.

FINDINGS: We find that combining multiple modalities of health information allows for improved scientific interpretability, improved performance on downstream health applications such as early detection and progress monitoring, improved technological robustness, and improved user experience. We illustrate how these principles can be leveraged for remote clinical assessment at scale using a real-world case study of the Modality assessment platform.

CONCLUSION: This review article motivates the combination of human-centric information from multiple modalities to measure various aspects of patients' health, arguing that remote clinical assessment that integrates this complementary information can be more effective and lead to better clinical outcomes than using any one data stream in isolation.}, } @article {pmid38657616, year = {2024}, author = {Huang, J and Su, H and Lin, J and Zhu, F and Jiang, X and Pan, J}, title = {Achalasia Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report and Review of Literature.}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie}, volume = {62}, number = {11}, pages = {1943-1947}, doi = {10.1055/a-2275-2423}, pmid = {38657616}, issn = {1439-7803}, mesh = {Humans ; *Esophageal Achalasia/diagnosis/etiology/surgery ; Female ; *COVID-19/complications/diagnosis ; Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Myotomy/methods ; }, abstract = {RATIONALE: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to health complications beyond respiratory symptoms, revealing multi-organ involvement, including potential gastrointestinal implications.

PATIENT CONCERNS: We present a case of a 40-year-old female without any history of achalasia who developed symptoms of the condition following a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unusually, multiple esophageal ulcers were identified, which are not typically associated with achalasia.

DIAGNOSIS: Achalasia and esophageal ulcers were confirmed through a series of examinations, including barium swallow, CT scan, and upper endoscopy. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of esophageal biopsy specimens revealed the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, suggesting direct viral involvement.

INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treated with calcium channel blockers and proton pump inhibitors and later underwent a peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedure following the resolution of her COVID-19 infection.

OUTCOME: After the POEM procedure, the patient made a good recovery.

LESSONS: This case underscores the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to trigger gastrointestinal complications and emphasizes the need for ongoing patient management and further research into the long-term implications of COVID-19. Despite the single-case nature of this report, it contributes to the expanding understanding of the diverse and multi-systemic impact of COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39475524, year = {2024}, author = {Hu, J and Huynh, DT and Boyce, M}, title = {Sugar Highs: Recent Notable Breakthroughs in Glycobiology.}, journal = {Biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00418}, pmid = {39475524}, issn = {1520-4995}, abstract = {Glycosylation is biochemically complex and functionally critical to a wide range of processes and disease states, making it a vibrant area of contemporary research. Here, we highlight a selection of notable recent advances in the glycobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity, cancer biology and immunotherapy, and newly discovered glycosylated RNAs. Together, these studies illustrate the significance of glycosylation in normal biology and the great promise of manipulating glycosylation for therapeutic benefit in disease.}, } @article {pmid39475394, year = {2024}, author = {Curvelo, RD and Ribeiro, AC and da Silva André Uehara, SC}, title = {Health care for patients with long COVID: a scoping review.}, journal = {Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {e20240056}, pmid = {39475394}, issn = {1980-220X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy ; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Telerehabilitation/organization & administration ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To map the scientific evidence on the care offered to health service users with Long Covid-19.

METHOD: This is a scoping review based on the methods of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Primary studies were included, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published between December 2019 and June 2023, in the Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Scopus, PUBMED, SciELO and LITCovid LongCovid databases.

RESULTS: Of the ١٣ articles analyzed, it stands out that the care provided to patients with Long Covid is associated with drug prescription, indication of physical exercises, telerehabilitation and physiotherapy.

CONCLUSION: A fragmentation was identified in the care provided to users of health services with Long Covid, with care directed only at isolated symptoms, without addressing the biopsychosocial care that people with this condition need.}, } @article {pmid39474813, year = {2024}, author = {Basu, J and Parsons, N and Friede, T and Stallard, N}, title = {Statistical methods for clinical trials interrupted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: A review.}, journal = {Statistical methods in medical research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {9622802241288350}, doi = {10.1177/09622802241288350}, pmid = {39474813}, issn = {1477-0334}, abstract = {Cancellation or delay of non-essential medical interventions, limitation of face-to-face assessments or outpatient attendance due to lockdown restrictions, illness or fear of hospital or healthcare centre visits, and halting of research to allow diversion of healthcare resources to focus on the pandemic led to the interruption of many clinical trials during the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Appropriate analysis approaches are now required for these interrupted trials. In trials with long follow-up and longitudinal outcomes, data may be available on early outcomes for many patients for whom final, primary outcome data were not observed. A natural question is then how these early data can best be used in the trial analysis. Although recommendations are available from regulators, funders, and methodologists, there is a lack of a review of recent work addressing this problem. This article reports a review of recent methods that can be used in the setting of the analysis of interrupted clinical trials with longitudinal outcomes with monotone missingness. A search for methodological papers published during the period 2020-2023 identified 43 relevant publications. We categorised these articles under the four broad themes of missing value imputation, modelling and covariate adjustment, simulation and estimands. Although motivated by the interruption due to SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting disease, the papers reviewed and methods discussed are also relevant to clinical trials interrupted for other reasons, with follow-up discontinued.}, } @article {pmid39474404, year = {2024}, author = {Bistagnino, F and Pizzi, D and Mantovani, F and Antonino, JR and Tovani-Palone, MR}, title = {Long COVID and gut candidiasis: What is the existing relationship?.}, journal = {World journal of gastroenterology}, volume = {30}, number = {37}, pages = {4104-4114}, pmid = {39474404}, issn = {2219-2840}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Candidiasis/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/virology/epidemiology/microbiology/physiopathology ; }, abstract = {Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 pandemic, thousands of articles on the topic have been published, and although there is a growing trend of research on another associated condition, long coronavirus disease, important points still remain to be clarified in this respect. Robust evidence has suggested a relevant link between new clinical discoveries and molecular mechanisms that could be associated with the manifestations of different signs and symptoms involving cases of long COVID. However, one of the existing gaps that requires further investigation concerns a possible relationship between gut candidiasis and long COVID. While recent studies also suggest an interplay between the occurrence of these two conditions, it is not yet fully clear how this may happen, as well as the specifics regarding the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved. In this connection and with the advent of a potential strengthening of the body of evidence supporting the hypothesis of a link between gut candidiasis and long COVID, a better understanding of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology and clinical management of such a relationship should be essential and useful for both, additional advances towards more targeted research and appropriate case management. Knowing more about the signs, symptoms, and complications associated with cases of long COVID is essential in order to more effectively mitigate the related burden and provide a higher quality of care and life for the affected population. In light of this and the need for better outcomes, here we review and discuss the content on different aspects of long COVID, including its pathophysiology and the existing evidence of a potential relationship between such a condition and gut candidiasis, as well as suggest propositions for future related research.}, } @article {pmid39473605, year = {2024}, author = {Llorente-Nieto, P and Ramos-Rincón, JM and González-Alcaide, G}, title = {Decision making techniques in mass gathering medicine during the COVID-19 pandemia: a scoping review.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1493218}, pmid = {39473605}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Mass Gatherings ; Decision Support Techniques ; Decision Making ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Risk Assessment/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected mass gatherings (MGs) worldwide, necessitating the implementation of advanced decision support techniques. These techniques, including mathematical models and risk assessment tools, have played a critical role in ensuring the safe conduct of events by mitigating the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

AIM: This mini-review aims to explore and synthesize the decision support methodologies employed in managing MGs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines covering the period from 2020 to 2024. Studies were categorized by event type (e.g., academic, religious, political, sports) and decision-making tools applied. The review identified a range of decision support techniques, with risk assessment and simulation tools being the most commonly employed across various event types.

RESULTS: A total of 199 studies were initially identified, with 10 selected finally for inclusion based on relevance to decision support techniques. Case studies included the successful risk mitigation strategies during the 2020 Hajj, the 2021 Tokyo Olympics, and the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Techniques such as fuzzy logic, Bayesian analysis, and multi-criteria decision-making were also highlighted, particularly in complex scenarios. These tools significantly contributed to reducing COVID-19 transmission risks at large-scale events.

CONCLUSION: The review underscores the importance of decision support systems in the safe management of MGs during the pandemic. Further research should focus on the integration of emerging technologies and the long-term impacts of decision support tools on public health management.}, } @article {pmid39473604, year = {2024}, author = {Bahreini, R and Sardareh, M and Arab-Zozani, M}, title = {A scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: refusal rate, associated factors, and strategies to reduce.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1382849}, pmid = {39473604}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/statistics & numerical data/psychology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Vaccination Refusal/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data/psychology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the evidence regarding vaccine hesitancy including refusal rate, associated factors, and potential strategies to reduce it.

METHODS: This is a scoping review. Three main databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 1 January 2020 to 1 January 2023. All original studies in the English language that investigated one of our domains (vaccine hesitancy rate, factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, and the ways/interventions to overcome or decrease vaccine hesitancy) among the general population were included in this study. The data were charted using tables and figures. In addition, a content analysis was conducted using the 3C model of vaccine hesitancy (Confidence, Complacency, and Convenience) that was previously introduced by the WHO.

RESULTS: Finally, 184 studies were included in this review. Of these, 165, 181, and 124 studies reported the vaccine hesitancy rate, associated factors, and interventions to reduce or overcome vaccine hesitancy, respectively. Factors affecting the hesitancy rate were categorized into 4 themes and 18 sub-themes (contextual factors, confidence barriers, complacency barriers, and convenience barriers).

CONCLUSION: Vaccine hesitancy (VH) rate and the factors affecting it are different according to different populations, contexts, and data collection tools that need to be investigated in specific populations and contexts. The need to conduct studies at the national and international levels regarding the reasons for vaccine refusal, the factors affecting it, and ways to deal with it still remains. Designing a comprehensive tool will facilitate comparisons between different populations and different locations.}, } @article {pmid39472180, year = {2024}, author = {Snoswell, CL and De Guzman, K and Neil, LJ and Isaacs, T and Mendis, R and Taylor, ML and Ryan, M}, title = {Synchronous telepharmacy models of care for adult outpatients: A systematic review.}, journal = {Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.10.005}, pmid = {39472180}, issn = {1934-8150}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telephone and video consultations have been used as telepharmacy modalities for a number of years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic where in-person services were limited. However, a widespread global literature review has yet to be completed on studies since June 2016 regarding the effectiveness of telephone and video consultations as telepharmacy models.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to summarise the synchronous telepharmacy models of care for adult outpatients since June 2016. The secondary aim was to report on the effect of these models on clinical, service, and user-perspectives and non-clinical outcomes compared to the standard model of care, as well as facilitators and barriers of the telepharmacy models.

METHODS: A PROSPERO registered systematic review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase in March 2023. Key search terms included pharmacy, telepharmacy, and outpatient; data extraction and narrative analysis were then performed and NHMRC level of evidence determined.

RESULTS: From 2129 unique articles reviewed, 103 were eligible for inclusion. Synchronous telepharmacy services in an outpatient setting were delivered by telephone consultations and video consultations, with the majority being delivered by the telephone modality (87 %) and the remainder by video (13 %). Services primarily involved a pharmacist providing a single consultation with a patient. The purpose of this was either to provide counselling, obtain a best possible medication history, or to provide ongoing support as part of a clinical program, such as diabetes and blood pressure monitoring. Patients reported the quality of care received through telepharmacy consultations provided the same level of care or was superior to in-person services. Key facilitators for the success of telepharmacy services were access to training, technical assistance, digital literacy and availability of technology.

CONCLUSIONS: Telephone and video telepharmacy services are being delivered across a range of outpatient clinical areas. More evidence is needed for video consultation services and how this modality may potentially provide further benefit for certain clinical tasks such as counselling and use of medication delivery devices. Overall, telepharmacy services enhance patient accessibility to healthcare and offer a convenient method of delivering high quality services.}, } @article {pmid39471374, year = {2024}, author = {Fava, VMD and Lapão, LV}, title = {Provision of Digital Primary Health Care Services: Overview of Reviews.}, journal = {Journal of medical Internet research}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e53594}, doi = {10.2196/53594}, pmid = {39471374}, issn = {1438-8871}, mesh = {Humans ; *Primary Health Care ; *Telemedicine ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Digital Technology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Digital health is a growing field, and many digital interventions have been implemented on a large scale since the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly in primary health care (PHC). The development of digital health interventions and their application in PHC are encouraged by the World Health Organization. The increased number of published scientific papers on this topic has resulted in an overwhelming amount of information, but there is no overview of reviews to summarize this evidence.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide policy makers, health managers, and researchers with a summary of evidence on digital interventions used in PHC.

METHODS: This overview of reviews searched the Web of Science and MEDLINE databases for systematic and scoping reviews on assessments of digital technologies implemented in PHC published from January 2007 to March 2023. Only reviews that addressed digital interventions whose targets were real patients or health care providers (HCPs) were included.

RESULTS: A total of 236 records were identified from the search strategy, of which 42 (17.8%) full-text papers were selected for analysis, and 18 (7.6%) reviews met the eligibility criteria. In total, 61% (11/18) of the reviews focused their analysis on specific digital health interventions (client-to-provider telemedicine, provider-to-provider telemedicine, health worker decision support systems, systems for tracking patients' health status, client participation and self-care platforms, and provision of education and training to health workers), and 39% (7/18) of the reviews focused on specific topics related to PHC (preventive care, chronic disease management, behavioral health disorders, the COVID-19 pandemic, multicomponent PHC interventions, and care coordination). Most studies in the included reviews agreed on barriers to implementation, such as software and apps developed without involving end users, the lack of training of HCPs and patients in digital technology use, and the lack of reimbursement and billing strategies for remote consultations. However, they showed several mixed results related to health service quality and patients' clinical conditions and behavior changes.

CONCLUSIONS: Research in digital health applied to PHC is still concentrated in high-income countries, mainly in North America and Europe. The mixed results related to health service quality and patients' clinical conditions or behavior changes may have been caused by deficiencies in the process of implementing digital interventions. It is necessary to examine the entire impact pathway and the causal relationship among implementation, health service quality, and clinical condition outcomes to support the spread of digital health in PHC settings.}, } @article {pmid39470514, year = {2024}, author = {Irani, L and Bou Karroum, M and Chehab, Y and Abi Saad, N and Al Dailaty, A and Husni, R}, title = {Polymyalgia rheumatica following COVID-19 vaccination: Case series of 3 patients and literature review on polymyalgia rheumatica induced by various vaccines.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {103}, number = {43}, pages = {e40204}, pmid = {39470514}, issn = {1536-5964}, mesh = {Humans ; *Polymyalgia Rheumatica ; *BNT162 Vaccine ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Aged ; Female ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; Male ; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Middle Aged ; Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects ; Aged, 80 and over ; }, abstract = {RATIONALE: Since the onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in 2019, considerable resources have been devoted to developing vaccines to reduce related deaths and the burden of disease. Various vaccine formulations eventually became available and were approved for clinical use. In this article, we have conducted a review of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) cases induced by different COVID-19 vaccines [Pfizer: BNT162b2, AstraZeneca: ChAdOx1-S, Moderna: mRNA-1273, and Janssen: Ad26.COV2.S)], as well as non-COVID-19 vaccines, such as influenza, zoster, hepatitis B, and tetanus vaccines. Additionally, this article investigates 3 cases with clinical presentations suggestive of PMR following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. This study aims to offer valuable insights through sharing diagnostic and therapeutic experiences.

PATIENT CONCERNS: Three patients presented with severe pain and stiffness in both shoulder and pelvic girdle muscles, following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

DIAGNOSES: Clinical presentations, laboratory parameters, and echographic findings confirmed the diagnosis of PMR following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

INTERVENTIONS: Patients received Prednisone and/or Methotrexate adjusted to body weight.

OUTCOMES: Polymyalgia rheumatica resolved successfully without any adverse events.

LESSONS: Although direct causality was not definitively established in this article, the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, similar to other vaccines, might be considered a potential trigger for PMR. This raises the need for further research into this issue and potentially other immunological outcomes.}, } @article {pmid39470191, year = {2024}, author = {Bathobakae, L and Bashir, R and Wilkinson, T and Phuu, P and Koodirile, A and Yuridullah, R and Balikani, L and Amer, K and Cavanagh, Y and Baddoura, W and Suh, JS}, title = {Non-hepatotropic viral hepatitis: a narrative review.}, journal = {Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1080/00365521.2024.2422947}, pmid = {39470191}, issn = {1502-7708}, abstract = {Non-hepatotropic viral hepatitis (NHVH) refers to acute hepatitis or acute liver failure caused by viruses that do not primarily target the liver. These viruses include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2, varicella zoster, parvovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus type 2, measles, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of hepatitis due to hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis A-E) have been well studied. However, there is a paucity of data on NHVH due to its rarity, self-limiting clinical course, and vague presentation. NHVH can occur as an isolated illness or as part of a disseminated disease, and its clinical features range from self-limiting transaminitis to acute liver failure. This activity reviews the most common non-hepatotropic viruses (NHV), with a focus on their biology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management.}, } @article {pmid39393963, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, SY and Wang, SH and Wang, YM and Huang, YW and Chi, SC}, title = {Strengthening resilience and patient safety in healthcare institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from a quasi-medical center.}, journal = {Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi}, volume = {123 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {S200-S206}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfma.2024.09.035}, pmid = {39393963}, issn = {0929-6646}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Taiwan ; *Patient Safety ; *Resilience, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Job Satisfaction ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; Leadership ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Male ; Organizational Culture ; Adult ; Work-Life Balance ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 global pandemic exposed healthcare system vulnerabilities, further endangering patient safety. This article explores perspectives on resilience and patient safety among healthcare workers using data from the Taiwan Patient Safety Culture Survey (TPSCS) and implementing Patient Safety Leadership Walkrounds (PSLWs) at E-Da Hospital. In 2021 and 2022, 1340 and 1114 staff members from clinical departments completed TPSCS questionnaires, respectively. 89 leaders from clinical departments participated in PSLWs in 2022. Among the four job categories, scores of Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) were lower among nurses and medical technicians, while perceptions of resilience and work-life balance were lowest among nurses. Between the two-year surveys, nurses exhibited significant decreases in SAQ in 2022 compared to 2021, while perceptions of work condition and work-life balance significantly declined among pharmacists. Resilience perception significantly decreased among all job categories except physicians during the pandemic. Mediation analyses showed teamwork climate, job satisfaction, management, work condition, and work-life balance were directly associated with safety climate, while resilience acts as a mediator, indirectly potentiating these relationships. Through PSLWs, we identified concerns about patient safety, including workforce, systems, processes, equipment, and work environment. Among these, workforce shortages and unsatisfactory pay emerged as the most pressing challenges. Strong leadership was recognized as a crucial factor in enhancing resilience and patient safety. This study suggests that TPSCS and PSLWs are worth regularly promoting among hospital institutions. Additionally, our findings highlight the urgency of healthcare organizations and governmental agencies to undertake policy reforms to improve healthcare workers' well-being.}, } @article {pmid39147687, year = {2024}, author = {Yu, SJ and Yang, FC and Chen, PJ and Chan, HC and Liao, JY}, title = {Home-based advanced care is a solution to quality health care in rural Taiwan: Lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi}, volume = {123 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {S223-S227}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfma.2024.08.010}, pmid = {39147687}, issn = {0929-6646}, mesh = {Humans ; Taiwan ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Home Care Services/organization & administration ; Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Aged, 80 and over ; Quality of Health Care ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Rural Population ; Rural Health Services/organization & administration ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The integrated home-based medical care (iHBMC) program has been implemented by the Taiwanese government since 2016. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) accelerated the shift from hospital-based to community-based healthcare, with a special focus on advanced home care for frail older adults. This study focuses on home-based advanced care, such as hospital at home (HaH), aiming to explore the feasibility and resilience of HaH within a home-based medical care model in a rural community in Taiwan.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records from February 2020 to August 2022. Two clinical professionals reviewed and abstracted data from the electronic medical records of 189 patients receiving home healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. The HaH event was calculated if patients had any acute infection and received treatment at home.

RESULTS: A total of 62 HaH events occurred during 2020-2022 and the average HaH events per person was 1.4. In these events, the top reason for patients receiving HaH was pneumonia, followed by urinary tract infection, soft tissue infection, and sepsis. 77.4% of patients completed the HaH treatment and did not experience any recurrent acute infections in the 30-day follow-up.

CONCLUSION: Different forms of home healthcare enhance the resilience of medical care provision in rural areas. As Taiwan approaches a hyper-aged society by 2025, it is crucial that National Health Insurance policies support various home-based care models that address transportation issues and maintain high care standards in underserved rural areas.}, } @article {pmid38570237, year = {2024}, author = {Liao, ZY and Sun, SJ and Clarissa, C and Aviles, L and Lin, CP and Kao, CT and Shih, YH and Lo, YS and Chen, LA}, title = {Exploring the challenges of taiwanese nurses in the COVID-19 post-pandemic era.}, journal = {Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi}, volume = {123 Suppl 3}, number = {}, pages = {S215-S222}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfma.2024.03.020}, pmid = {38570237}, issn = {0929-6646}, mesh = {Humans ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Focus Groups ; Female ; Adult ; Qualitative Research ; Male ; Nurse's Role ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Nursing Staff, Hospital ; Middle Aged ; Nurses ; Moral Obligations ; }, abstract = {In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the fluctuating nurse resignation rates highlighted an understudied area in healthcare: post-pandemic challenges in clinical settings. This study, conducted from May to November 2023, employed a qualitative inquiry using focus groups to delve into these challenges. Six focus group sessions, involving 33 nurse participants recruited through snowball sampling from various hospital settings were conducted to explore their clinical experiences during and after the pandemic. Thematic analysis revealed two primary themes: the 'Invisibility of Nurses' within the healthcare system and the 'Moral Duty of Nursing Practice'. These findings illuminate a tension between the overlooked role of nurses and their ethical obligations, underscoring a critical need for policy reassessment. The study advocates for systemic changes, particularly in the undervaluation of the nursing profession and the National Health Insurance system, to address the poor working environment and mitigate long-term nursing shortages. This research deepens understanding of post-pandemic nursing workforce challenges in Taiwan, highlighting the need for policy evolution to enhance recognition and support for the nursing industry. It is suggested to provide tangible compensation to acknowledge nurses' daily care and health education for patients. A healthier working environment can be enhanced by collaborative efforts between healthcare institutions and nurses.}, } @article {pmid39470092, year = {2024}, author = {Madhavan, VK and Akshaya, A and Haritha, NP and Pandiyambakkam Rajendran, K and Anand, A and Kesh, S and Murthy Subramanian, H and John, S and Raghavan, V and Suresh Kumar, M and Padmavati, R and Vijayakumar, L}, title = {Impact of intergenerational conflict on young people and interventions to mitigate its effects: a scoping review.}, journal = {International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)}, volume = {36}, number = {4-5}, pages = {374-392}, doi = {10.1080/09540261.2023.2252060}, pmid = {39470092}, issn = {1369-1627}, mesh = {Humans ; *Intergenerational Relations ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Child ; Young Adult ; Mental Health ; Family Conflict/psychology ; Parent-Child Relations ; Grandparents ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Intergenerational conflicts with parents or grandparents have been shown to have adverse effects on young people. Inevitably these conflicts influence the mental health and well-being of young people.

AIMS: The scoping review aimed to identify the extent of existing literature related to intergenerational conflicts in a familial context, including the factors associated with those conflicts and the interventions addressing intergenerational issues.

METHOD: Articles across OVID, PubMed, and ERIC databases on intergenerational conflicts involving youth (10-24), parents, and/or grandparents were identified. The review is reported adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS: From 185 database articles, 43 studies met eligibility criteria, and 4 more were added via cross-referencing, totalling 47. They were grouped into pre-COVID, COVID-related studies, and intervention studies. Parent-child conflict significantly impacted youth mental health, particularly internalising and externalising behaviours. Besides examining the associations, the review addresses the intergenerational conflict in the purview of Gender and cultural differences. Also, a focus on Interventions designed to enhance intergenerational relationships and resolve conflicts was discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: This review illuminates the detrimental impact of intergenerational conflicts within familial dynamics on the mental well-being of young individuals. It also encompasses the distinct landscape of intergenerational conflicts during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, } @article {pmid39470039, year = {2024}, author = {Marena, GD and Ruiz-Gaitán, A and Bauab, TM and Chorilli, M}, title = {Improving antifungal lipid-based drug delivery against Candida: a review.}, journal = {Expert opinion on drug delivery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1080/17425247.2024.2421402}, pmid = {39470039}, issn = {1744-7593}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida spp. have increased in recent years. A primary contributor to this surge was the COVID-19 pandemic, where many hospitalized patients had secondary fungal infections. Additionally, the emergence of resistant and multi-resistant fungal strains has become increasingly problematic due to the limited therapeutic options available in antifungal treatments.

AREAS COVERED: This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent studies focused on the development and characterization of lipid-based nanosystems as an emerging and promising therapeutic alternative. These systems have been evaluated for their potential to deliver antifungal agents specifically targeting resistant Candida spp. strains, offering a controlled and sustained release of drugs.

EXPERT OPINION: Lipid-based nanomaterials are promising tools for the controlled and sustained release of drugs, particularly in treating Candida spp. infections. Although substantial research has been dedicated to development of these nanomaterials, only a few have reached clinical application, such as liposomal amphotericin B, for example. Therefore, it is critical to push forward with advancements to bring these nanomedicines into clinical practice, where they can contribute meaningfully to mitigating the challenge of resistant and lethal fungal strains.}, } @article {pmid39469850, year = {2024}, author = {Aiello, TF and Teijon-Lumbreras, C and Gallardo-Pizarro, A and Monzó-Gallo, P and Martinez-Urrea, A and Cuervo, G and Del Rio, A and Hernández-Meneses, M and Morata, L and Mensa, J and Soriano, A and Garcia-Vidal, C}, title = {Strengths and weaknesses of computerized clinical decision support systems: insights from a digital control center (C3 COVID-19) for early and personalized treatment for COVID-19.}, journal = {Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.37201/req/088.2024}, pmid = {39469850}, issn = {1988-9518}, abstract = {Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are computer-based tools that leverage the analysis of large volumes of health data to assist healthcare professionals in making clinical decisions, whether preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic. This review examines the impact of CDSS on clinical practice, highlighting both their potential benefits and their limitations and challenges. We detail the experience of clinical medical professionals in the development of a virtual control center for COVID-19 patients (C3 COVID-19) in Spain during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This tool enabled real-time monitoring of clinical data for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, optimizing personalized and informed medical decision-making. CDSS can offer significant advantages, such as improving the quality of inpatient care, promoting evidence-based clinical and therapeutic decision-making, facilitating treatment personalization, and enhancing healthcare system efficiency and productivity. However, the implementation of CDSS presents challenges, including the need for physicians to become familiar with the systems and software, and the necessity for ongoing updates and technical support of the systems.}, } @article {pmid39469754, year = {2024}, author = {Gill, G and O'Connor, M and Nunnally, ME and Combes, A and Harper, M and Baran, D and Avila, M and Pisani, B and Copeland, H and Nurok, M}, title = {Lessons Learned From Extracorporeal Life Support Practice and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Clinical transplantation}, volume = {38}, number = {11}, pages = {e15482}, doi = {10.1111/ctr.15482}, pmid = {39469754}, issn = {1399-0012}, mesh = {Humans ; *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is increasingly being used to support patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock. During the COVID-19 pandemic, consensus guidance recommended extracorporeal life support for patients with COVID-19-related cardiopulmonary disease refractory to optimal conventional therapy, prompting a substantial expansion in the use of this support modality. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was particularly integral to the bridging of COVID-19 patients to heart or lung transplantation. Limited human and physical resources precluded widespread utilization of mechanical support during the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitating careful patient selection and optimal management by expert healthcare teams for judicious extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use. This review outlines the evidence supporting the use of extracorporeal life support in COVID-19, describes the practice and outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19-related respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock, and proposes lessons learned for the implementation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to transplantation in future public health emergencies.}, } @article {pmid39469708, year = {2024}, author = {Ma, D and Feng, Y and Lin, X}, title = {Immune and non-immune mediators in the fibrosis pathogenesis of salivary gland in Sjögren's syndrome.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1421436}, pmid = {39469708}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {*Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology/etiology/pathology ; Humans ; *Salivary Glands/immunology/pathology ; *Fibrosis ; COVID-19/immunology/pathology ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/immunology ; Animals ; Sialadenitis/immunology/pathology ; Immunity, Innate ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or Sjögren's disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease clinically manifested as sicca symptoms. This disease primarily impacts the functionality of exocrine glands, specifically the lacrimal and salivary glands (SG). SG fibrosis, an irreversible morphological change, is a severe consequence that occurs in the later stages of the disease due to sustained inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying SG fibrosis in SS remains under-investigated. Glandular fibrosis may arise from chronic sialadenitis, in which the interactions between infiltrating lymphocytes and epithelial cells potentially contributes to fibrotic pathogenesis. Thus, both immune and non-immune cells are closely involved in this process, while their interplays are not fully understood. The molecular mechanism of tissue fibrosis is partly associated with an imbalance of immune responses, in which the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix remodeling are recently investigated. In addition, viral infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SS. Viral-specific innate immune response could exacerbate the autoimmune progression, resulting in overt inflammation in SG. Notably, post-COVID patients exhibit typical SS symptoms and severe inflammatory sialadenitis, which are positively correlated with SG damage. In this review, we discuss the immune and non-immune risk factors in SG fibrosis and summarize the evidence to understand the mechanisms upon autoimmune progression in SS.}, } @article {pmid39469613, year = {2023}, author = {Tavares, J and Figueiredo, D and Passos, L and Sobrinho, L and Souza, E and Pedreira, L}, title = {Atypical Presentation of COVID-19 in Older Adults: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Portuguese journal of public health}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {198-217}, pmid = {39469613}, issn = {2504-3145}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has currently well-described signs and symptoms. However, older adults often present with an atypical condition, which can confuse and delay diagnosis and treatment.

SUMMARY: A scoping review was performed according to Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and prepared using the PRISMA-ScR. It included 61 studies. The objectives were to identify the atypical symptoms of COVID-19 in older adults and summarize and synthesize the evidence regarding the clinical outcomes of older adults with atypical presentations of COVID-19. Fifty-eight atypical symptoms were identified. Geriatric syndromes were the most prevalent atypical presentations of COVID-19. The prevalence of older adults with atypical presentation was 29 ± 18.45%. The mortality rate of older adults with atypical presentation was 28.3 ± 10.26 (17-37%).

KEY MESSAGES: This scoping review showed that geriatric syndromes represent a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in older adults. It is necessary to give visibility to those presentations in older populations with COVID-19 to advance the required interventions.}, } @article {pmid39469543, year = {2024}, author = {Pedreañez, A and Mosquera-Sulbaran, JA and Tene, D}, title = {Role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in diabetic patients.}, journal = {Diabetology international}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {732-744}, pmid = {39469543}, issn = {2190-1678}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a severe disease in older adults and in individuals with associated comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes infected with SARS-CoV-2 are more likely to develop severe pneumonia, hospitalization, and mortality compared with infected non-diabetic patients. During diabetes, hyperglycemia contributes to the maintenance of a low-grade inflammatory state which has been implicated in the microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with this pathology. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand pattern recognition receptor, expressed on a wide variety of cells, which participates as an important mediator of inflammatory responses in many diseases, including lung diseases. This review highlights the role of RAGE in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 with special emphasis on diabetic patients. These data could explain the severity of the disease, positioning it as a key therapeutic target in the clinical management of this infection.}, } @article {pmid39388147, year = {2024}, author = {Menson, KE and Dowman, L}, title = {Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Diseases Other Than COPD.}, journal = {Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention}, volume = {44}, number = {6}, pages = {425-431}, pmid = {39388147}, issn = {1932-751X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/rehabilitation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Quality of Life ; Exercise Therapy/methods ; Asthma/rehabilitation/complications ; Exercise Tolerance/physiology ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/rehabilitation/physiopathology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/rehabilitation/physiopathology ; Bronchiectasis/rehabilitation/physiopathology ; Lung Neoplasms/rehabilitation/complications ; Lung Diseases/rehabilitation/physiopathology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; }, abstract = {Review the current literature regarding pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) for non-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnoses and what the evidence is regarding expected outcomes based on disease manifestations. Literature search was performed using PubMed database from March 2024 to June 2024. Terms included "pulmonary rehabilitation" and "exercise training" in conjunction with key words "interstitial lung disease (ILD)," "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis," "asthma," "bronchiectasis," "post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)," "long COVID," "pulmonary hypertension (PH)," and "lung cancer." Results were filtered for English language, randomized controlled trial, clinical trial, observational trial, meta-analysis, and guidelines. Emphasis was placed on more recent publications since prior reviews, where applicable. The abundance of literature involved ILD, where studies have demonstrated significant improvements in exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and dyspnea, despite heterogeneity of diseases; benefits are similar to those seen with COPD. Those with milder disease have more sustained benefits longer term. Patients with asthma benefit in severe disease, lower exercise activity, elevated body mass index, or when comorbid conditions are present, and breathing exercises can improve symptoms of breathlessness. Patients with PASC have a multitude of symptoms and lack benefits in HRQoL measurements; PR improves performance on post-COVID-19 functional status scale, a more comprehensive measurement of symptoms. Those with bronchiectasis benefit from PR when airflow limitation or exacerbations are impacting symptoms and HRQoL. Those with stable PH can improve their exertional capacity without change in disease severity. PR reduces perioperative complications in those with lung cancer and preserve fitness during treatment.}, } @article {pmid39037494, year = {2024}, author = {Boruch, A and Branchaw, G and O'Connor, PJ and Cook, DB}, title = {Physical Activity and Fatigue Symptoms: Neurotypical Adults and People with Chronic Multisymptom Illnesses.}, journal = {Current topics in behavioral neurosciences}, volume = {67}, number = {}, pages = {281-308}, pmid = {39037494}, issn = {1866-3370}, mesh = {Humans ; *Exercise/physiology ; *Fatigue/physiopathology ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/physiopathology ; Persian Gulf Syndrome/physiopathology ; Chronic Disease ; Adult ; COVID-19/complications ; }, abstract = {For neurotypical adults, a single bout of low-to-moderate intensity physical activity usually transiently improves feelings of energy. Similar bouts of exercise have the opposite effect of increased feelings of fatigue when performed by samples with chronic multisymptom illnesses (CMIs) such as Long-COVID, Gulf War Illness (GWI), or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). The short-term adoption of regular moderate intensity physical activity (typical experiments are 1 to 6 months) among neurotypical adults results in small-to-moderate improvements in self-reported feelings of fatigue, energy, and vitality. Small improvements in these feelings, or no change at all, occur for CMIs, but limited data precludes strong conclusions. The mechanisms of exercise effects on fatigue, whether acute or chronic, are poorly understood but likely involve multiple neural circuits and associated transmitters. For CMIs, the mechanisms of acute worsening of fatigue with exercise may be driven by the yet unknown pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease (perhaps involving brain, immune and autonomic system dysfunction, and their interactions). Likewise, fatigue improvements may depend on whether chronic physical activity is a disease-modifying treatment.}, } @article {pmid38602085, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, L and Shi, L and Zhang, R and Lin, X and Bao, Y and Jiang, F and Wu, C and Wang, J}, title = {Immune control in Kawasaki disease knowledge mapping: a bibliometric analysis.}, journal = {Cardiology in the young}, volume = {34}, number = {8}, pages = {1738-1753}, doi = {10.1017/S1047951124000763}, pmid = {38602085}, issn = {1467-1107}, mesh = {*Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/immunology ; Humans ; *Bibliometrics ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease is a systemic vascular disease with an unclear pathophysiology that primarily affects children under the age of five. Research on immune control in Kawasaki disease has been gaining attention. This study aims to apply a bibliometric analysis to examine the present and future directions of immune control in Kawasaki disease.

METHODS: By utilizing the themes "Kawasaki disease," "Kawasaki syndrome," and "immune control," the Web of Science Core Collection database was searched for publications on immune control in Kawasaki disease. This bibliometric analysis was carried out using VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix."

RESULTS: In total, 294 studies on immune control in Kawasaki disease were published in Web of Science Core Collection. The three most significant institutions were Chang Gung University, the University of California San Diego, and Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. China, the United States, and Japan were the three most important countries. In this research field, Clinical and Experimental Immunology was the top-referred journal, while the New England Journal of Medicine was the most co-cited journal. The Web of Science Core Collection document by McCrindle BW et al. published in 2017 was the most cited reference. Additionally, the author keywords concentrated on "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," and "multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children" in recent years.

CONCLUSION: The research trends and advancements in immune control in Kawasaki disease are thoroughly summarised in this bibliometric analysis, which is the first to do so. The data indicate recent research frontiers and hot directions, making it easier for researchers to study the immune control of Kawasaki disease.}, } @article {pmid38052097, year = {2024}, author = {Cooper, J and Markovinovic, A and Coward, S and Herauf, M and Shaheen, AA and Swain, M and Panaccione, R and Ma, C and Lu, C and Novak, K and Kroeker, KI and Ng, SC and Kaplan, GG}, title = {Incidence and Prevalence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Meta-analysis of Population-based Studies.}, journal = {Inflammatory bowel diseases}, volume = {30}, number = {11}, pages = {2019-2026}, pmid = {38052097}, issn = {1536-4844}, support = {PJT-162393/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; G-2106-04697//Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust/ ; //Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease/ ; PJT-162393/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; }, mesh = {*Cholangitis, Sclerosing/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prevalence ; Asia/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic liver disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies of the incidence and prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

METHODS: Medline and Embase were systematically searched to identify population-based studies of a defined geographic area and reported the incidence or prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the general population. Meta-analyses, using random-effects, were performed to calculate overall and country-specific incidence (per 100 000 persons/year) and prevalence rates (per 100 000 persons) with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS: The 14 studies on incidence and the 12 for prevalence originated from North America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Incidence and prevalence rates of primary sclerosing cholangitis were 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.29) and 13.53 (95% confidence interval, 10.20-17.94) per 100 000 persons, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Both the prevalence and incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis is low in the general population. Future studies on the incidence and prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the general population should be directed at Asia, Africa, and Latin America to allow for a more robust assessment of the global epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis.}, } @article {pmid34003046, year = {2022}, author = {Gonzalez, JN and Axiotakis, LG and Yu, VX and Gudis, DA and Overdevest, JB}, title = {Practice of Telehealth in Otolaryngology: A Scoping Review in the Era of COVID-19.}, journal = {Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery}, volume = {166}, number = {3}, pages = {417-424}, doi = {10.1177/01945998211013751}, pmid = {34003046}, issn = {1097-6817}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Delivery of Health Care ; *Otolaryngology ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; *Telemedicine ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred widespread adoption and advancement in telehealth activities, representing a marked change in otolaryngology practice patterns. The present study undertakes a scoping review of research focused on telehealth in otolaryngology (teleotolaryngology) to identify key themes and commonly utilized outcome measures that will assist future development in this growing field.

DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases and reference review.

REVIEW METHODS: Per guidelines of the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, we performed database queries using a comprehensive search strategy developed in collaboration with research librarians at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center. We identified 596 unique references to undergo title and abstract review by 2 independent reviewers, leaving 439 studies for full-text review.

RESULTS: We included 285 studies for extraction of notable findings, leaving 262 unique studies after accounting for content overlap. We identified core outcome measures, including patient and provider satisfaction, costs and benefits, quality of care, feasibility, and access to care. Publication volume increased markedly over time, though only 4% of studies incorporated randomized study group assignment. Using an iterative approach to thematic development, we organized article content across 5 main themes: (1) exploration of teleotolaryngology evolution, (2) role in virtual clinical encounters, (3) applications in interdisciplinary care and educational initiatives, (4) emerging and innovative technologies, and (5) barriers to implementation.

CONCLUSION: This scoping review of teleotolaryngology documents its evolution and identifies current use cases, limitations, and emerging applications, providing a foundation from which to build future studies, inform policy decision making, and facilitate implementation where appropriate.}, } @article {pmid39468707, year = {2024}, author = {Zhou, D and Luo, Y and Ma, Q and Xu, Y and Yao, X}, title = {The characteristics of TCR CDR3 repertoire in COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {2421987}, doi = {10.1080/21505594.2024.2421987}, pmid = {39468707}, issn = {2150-5608}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and large-scale administration of multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have attracted global attention to the short-term and long-term effects on the human immune system. An analysis of the "traces" left by the body's T-cell immune response is needed, especially for the prevention and treatment of breakthrough infections and long COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant infections. T-cell receptor complementarity determining region 3 (TCR CDR3) repertoire serves as a target molecule for monitoring the effects, mechanisms, and memory of the T-cell response. Furthermore, it has been extensively applied in the elucidation of the infectious mechanism and vaccine refinement of hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and SARS-CoV. Laboratories worldwide have utilized high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and scTCR-seq to characterize, share, and apply the TCR CDR3 repertoire in COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients. This article focuses on the comparative analysis of the diversity, clonality, V&J gene usage and pairing, CDR3 length, shared CDR3 sequences or motifs, and other characteristics of TCR CDR3 repertoire. These findings provide molecular targets for evaluating T-cell response effects and short-term and long-term impacts on the adaptive immune system following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and establish a comparative archive of T-cell response "traces."}, } @article {pmid39468002, year = {2024}, author = {White, TM and Borrell, LN and El-Mohandes, A}, title = {A Review of the Public Health Literature Examining the Roles of Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity on Health Outcomes in the United States.}, journal = {Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39468002}, issn = {2196-8837}, abstract = {This review of reviews examines the role of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on health inequities among different racial and ethnic groups in the United States (US) between 2019 and 2023. Of the 419 articles, 27 reviews met the inclusion criteria and were aggregated into seven categories: COVID-19 and respiratory pandemic disparities; neighborhoods, gentrification, and food environment; surgical treatments; mental, psychological, and behavioral health; insurance, access to care, and policy impact; cancers; and other topics. The findings revealed a documented impact of SES indicators on racial/ethnic health inequities, with racial/ethnic minority communities, especially Black Americans, consistently showing poor health outcomes associated with lower SES, regardless of the outcome or indicator examined. These findings call attention to the importance of policies and practices that address socioeconomic factors and systemic racial/ethnic inequities affecting the social determinants of health affecting racial/ethnic inequities to improve health outcomes in the US population.}, } @article {pmid39467410, year = {2024}, author = {Lentakis, E and Seale, H and Lazarus, R and Mounier-Jack, S}, title = {Exploring the delivery of adult vaccination outside of primary care settings: A mixed methods scoping review.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {42}, number = {26}, pages = {126458}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126458}, pmid = {39467410}, issn = {1873-2518}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are several identified barriers to immunisation delivery and uptake in adults, including governance issues, provider limitations, and patient access. While primary care settings have traditionally been responsible for vaccine delivery, there is a growing need to look to other settings to expand the equitable uptake of vaccinations in adults.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aims to identify and explore the role of non-primary care settings in delivering adult vaccinations, operational barriers and facilitators to immunisation delivery in these settings, and interventions delivered to improve uptake.

METHODS: This scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidance for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Peer-reviewed studies published from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2022 that focused on the delivery of influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal and herpes zoster vaccines in adult populations outside of primary care settings were included. Studies were also included if they explored barriers and facilitators to delivery, and interventions to improve uptake.

RESULTS: 75 studies were identified for inclusion. Most were quasi-experimental studies, and 58/75 were from the US. Studies were most frequently conducted in in-patient settings, outpatient clinics, nursing homes, and workplaces. Operational planning and logistics, and provider-level issues, such as poor documentation and workflow interruption were commonly identified barriers to delivery. Government funding, continuity of care, and patient convenience were frequently reported facilitators. Interventions shown to improve uptake were operational planning and clinical improvement systems (Plan-Do-Study-Act [PDSA] cycles), provider education and reminders, on-site vaccination, patient education, and financial incentives.

CONCLUSIONS: Mapping of the evidence indicates that adult immunisation delivery may be achievable across tertiary and secondary care settings, as well as non-clinical settings, such as workplaces. There are several identified barriers to delivery, predominantly at the provider-level in tertiary-care settings. Intervention such as operational planning, clinical reminders, and on-site vaccination, may facilitate uptake.}, } @article {pmid39467407, year = {2024}, author = {Lentakis, E and Seale, H and Lazarus, R and Mounier-Jack, S}, title = {Exploring the attitudes and practices of adult service users and providers towards vaccination in non-primary care settings: A mixed methods scoping review.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {42}, number = {26}, pages = {126472}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126472}, pmid = {39467407}, issn = {1873-2518}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are several identified service user and provider barriers which lead to missed vaccination opportunities for adults within primary care. Programs delivering vaccination in non-primary care settings, such as in emergency departments, hospitals, specialist clinic and non-medical settings may assist in filling these gaps, especially among under-served populations. While expanding the locations in which vaccines are provided may improve uptake, there is a need to explore service user and provider attitudes towards delivery.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aims to explore perceptions and attitudes of adult service users and providers towards receiving and delivering vaccination in non-primary care settings and identify how attitudes relate to determinants of vaccine compliance.

METHODS: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidance for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Studies that focused on attitudes and perceptions of adult service users and providers towards the delivery of influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal, and herpes zoster vaccines in non-primary care settings were included. Primary, peer-reviewed studies published in English from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2023 were sought. Studies that focused on vaccination in primary care settings, the operational delivery of vaccination programs and interventions, children or adolescents less than 18 years, pregnant women, and healthcare workers receiving vaccination for occupational purposes were excluded.

RESULTS: 30 studies were included for final analysis in this study. 22 were cross-sectional studies, and 19 were published in the United States. 15 studies were conducted in non-medical settings and 11 in the emergency department. Findings showed that service users were receptive towards vaccination in non-primary care settings and were especially motivated by the convenience of non-medical settings such as workplaces, mobile clinics, drive through clinics, and faith-based organisations. A number of service user barriers were reported to vaccine acceptance, including low confidence in vaccines, fear of adverse effects, and low risk perception of infection. Findings of the included studies highlight a number of provider attitudinal barriers to the delivery of vaccinations outside of primary care, such as considering the process too time-consuming, costly, and detracting from the purpose of their work, although the number of studies assessing provider attitudes were limited.

CONCLUSION: Overall, there is a limited amount of evidence available regarding the attitudes to vaccination in non-primary care settings, especially among providers. There is a need for more study in this area to strengthen understanding of attitudes towards vaccination delivery in these settings. Mapping of available studies suggests there is a high acceptance level among service users towards vaccination in non-primary care settings, especially those in non-medical settings who lack routine access to the healthcare system. Further exploration of this and expansion of programs may serve to improve vaccine access and assist in overcoming inequity.}, } @article {pmid39466600, year = {2024}, author = {Mahapatra, C and Jadhav, S and Kumar, P and Roy, DN and Kumar, A and Paul, MK}, title = {Potential activity of nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2 and mucormycosis ‎coinfection‎.}, journal = {Expert review of anti-infective therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-13}, doi = {10.1080/14787210.2024.2423359}, pmid = {39466600}, issn = {1744-8336}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Mucormycosis, popularly known as the black fungus, has become a worldwide concern in the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, causing increased morbidity and death in immunocompromised people. Due to multi-drug resistance and the limited number of antifungals, surgical interventions, ‎including the excision of infected tissue, remain a standard treatment option‎. Surgical treatment usually results in the loss of organs or their function, long-term intensive care, and a significant risk of reinfection during the procedure. A comprehensive approach is needed to treat the disease, and nanomaterials can be a powerful alternative therapeutic approach.

AREAS COVERED: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the keywords 'emerging role of nanomaterials,' and 'combating COVID-19-related mucormycosis,' and reviewed the related research paper. Antifungal nanomaterials and their delivery can significantly impact the treatment of COVID-19-related fungal infections like mucormycosis. However, the therapeutic options for mucormycosis are limited and drug resistance is also reported.

EXPERT OPINION: The current review encompasses a detailed overview of the recent developments in antifungal/antiviral nanomaterials and the properties of these therapeutic nanomaterials that may contribute to formulating an efficient strategy against invasive mucormycosis. Further extensive research is needed to develop nano-based therapeutics for the management of mucormycosis-viral coinfection with a definitive end-point.}, } @article {pmid39466564, year = {2024}, author = {Kruger, J and Vernaleo, J and Mann, D and Lang, M and Pokuri, J and Marshall, Z and Robinson, CL}, title = {The Utilization of Blockchain for Data Security for the Chronic Pain Physician.}, journal = {Current pain and headache reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39466564}, issn = {1534-3081}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the surge in medical data utilization, notably impacting chronic pain management given its enormous economist cost. While the collection and use of data enhances research and care quality, data exchange risks compromising integrity and privacy, exemplified by the Change Healthcare cyberattack. Here, we review the potential of blockchain for the utilization for cybersecurity in the healthcare system with an emphasis on the field of chronic pain.

RECENT FINDINGS: Blockchain technology emerges as a potential solution, offering decentralized, secure, and immutable data management. Blockchain ensures transparency, integrity, and data privacy, which is crucial in healthcare. Smart contracts may offer automated, secure management of implantable neuromodulation devices such as spinal cord stimulators and intrathecal pumps. Blockchain's potential in pharmaceutical supply chain integrity is exemplified in preliminary efforts ensuring that the medication retrieved by the patient is indeed the intended medication. Despite limitations such as speed of transactions, blockchain presents innovative avenues for healthcare security and quality improvement, necessitating further development for widespread implementation. Blockchain's applicability is not only applicable to chronic pain management, but can be used in medicine as a whole.}, } @article {pmid39465801, year = {2024}, author = {Shanmugam, SN and Byeon, H}, title = {Comprehending symmetry in epidemiology: A review of analytical methods and insights from models of COVID-19, Ebola, Dengue, and Monkeypox.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {103}, number = {41}, pages = {e40063}, pmid = {39465801}, issn = {1536-5964}, support = {NRF-2018R1D1A1B07041091, NRF-2021S1A5A8062526//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology/diagnosis ; *Dengue/epidemiology/diagnosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Epidemiological Models ; }, abstract = {The challenge of developing comprehensive mathematical models for guiding public health initiatives in disease control is varied. Creating complex models is essential to understanding the mechanics of the spread of infectious diseases. We reviewed papers that synthesized various mathematical models and analytical methods applied in epidemiological studies with a focus on infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, Ebola, Dengue, and Monkeypox. We address past shortcomings, including difficulties in simulating population growth, treatment efficacy and data collection dependability. We recently came up with highly specific and cost-effective diagnostic techniques for early virus detection. This research includes stability analysis, geographical modeling, fractional calculus, new techniques, and validated solvers such as validating solver for parametric ordinary differential equation. The study examines the consequences of different models, equilibrium points, and stability through a thorough qualitative analysis, highlighting the reliability of fractional order derivatives in representing the dynamics of infectious diseases. Unlike standard integer-order approaches, fractional calculus captures the memory and hereditary aspects of disease processes, resulting in a more complex and realistic representation of disease dynamics. This study underlines the impact of public health measures and the critical importance of spatial modeling in detecting transmission zones and informing targeted interventions. The results highlight the need for ongoing financing for research, especially beyond the coronavirus, and address the difficulties in converting analytically complicated findings into practical public health recommendations. Overall, this review emphasizes that further research and innovation in these areas are crucial for addressing ongoing and future public health challenges.}, } @article {pmid36752662, year = {2024}, author = {Akande, AO and Riehman-Murphy, C and Oji-Mmuo, C and Jones, AA and Chen, Q and Segel, JE and Sterner, GE and Adam, MT}, title = {A scoping review of the opioid epidemic among U.S. Immigrants: Implications for treatment practices.}, journal = {Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {660-678}, pmid = {36752662}, issn = {1533-2659}, support = {K01 DA051715/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data ; United States/ethnology/epidemiology ; *Opioid-Related Disorders/ethnology/epidemiology ; *Opioid Epidemic ; }, abstract = {The purpose of this review was to identify knowledge gaps within the literature regarding the impact of opioid use disorder, specific to immigrants in the United States, by addressing the following questions: 1) What is presented in the literature about the impact of opioid use disorder (OUD) and the opioid epidemic on immigrants in the United States?; and 2) What role does culture play in the opioid use disorder experiences of immigrants in the United States? Nineteen research articles were uncovered that addressed immigrants in the U.S. and opioid use disorder. The following themes prevailed: 1) OUD comparisons, 2) OUD comorbidities, 3) disparate OUD treatment engagement, and 4) the role of country of origin. Limited review findings support the need for future research on the topic of opioid misuse among immigrants in the United States. The authors elaborated on additional issues that influence OUD rates and warrant further exploration. Matters related to the potential positive roles of religion and faith leaders, cultural perceptions and expectations about gender roles, immigration status, ethnically diverse needs among sub-groups of immigrants, the role of geographic location within the U.S., and the implications of COVID-19 on OUD among immigrants need to be addressed to alleviate the deleterious impact of opioid misuse among immigrants.}, } @article {pmid39465255, year = {2024}, author = {Liem, J and Thongpapanl, N and Faught, BE}, title = {Effective decision-making in public health organizations: reference to the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of health organization and management}, volume = {ahead-of-print}, number = {ahead-of-print}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1108/JHOM-02-2023-0036}, pmid = {39465255}, issn = {1758-7247}, mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Decision Making, Organizational ; *Pandemics ; Public Health Administration ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: The role of public health organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic was crucial. These groups acted to slow the spread of infection through the implementation of initiatives, policies, research and more. However, the rapidly changing and uncertain climate of the pandemic resulted in suboptimal processes and decision-making within these organizations. These already complex organizations and networks of people became even more nuanced. Thus, organizational decision-making processes must be improved upon based on previous experiences and lessons learnt. With minimal peer-reviewed literature available, resources for effective organizational decision-making in these organizations are scarce. This served as the impetus for this review.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: To conduct this literature review, both peer-reviewed and grey literature were incorporated to better understand effective organizational decision-making practices for public health organizations. Recommendations found in the literature review were identified, coded and themed to provide a novel decision-making framework to be used by public health executives.

FINDINGS: Nine key themes of effective organizational decision-making were identified, including utilize decision-making tools, define the problem and acknowledge an imminent decision, establish decision rights, outline a clear escalation path, create a supportive organizational culture, set decision objectives and goals, and evaluate decision alternatives. These findings in conjunction with existing decision-making models were used to create a seven-step effective decision-making framework for public health organizations.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The review and analysis of effective organizational decision-making practices is instructive. Public health executives and decision-makers should incorporate the themes identified and employ the proposed decision-making framework to encourage improved decision-making practices.}, } @article {pmid39464965, year = {2024}, author = {Shaikh, A and Kamble, P and Daulatabad, V and Singhal, A and Madhusudhan, U and John, NA}, title = {Mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community: A societal imperative.}, journal = {Journal of family medicine and primary care}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {3529-3535}, pmid = {39464965}, issn = {2249-4863}, abstract = {The LGBTQ community faces specific stressors rooted in societal discrimination, bias, and marginalization, impacting mental health significantly. Persistent discrimination, exclusion, and heteronormative expectations are identified as social determinants that contribute to heightened stress levels, resulting in increased rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has also severely affected the physical and mental health of a large percentage of the population, particularly impacting the health of marginalized individuals such as LGBT individuals. Studies consistently reveal alarming mental health disparities between LGBTQ individuals and their heterosexual counterparts, with elevated rates of mood disorders, substance abuse, and self-harm. Transgender individuals, in particular, face unique challenges, including high rates of gender dysphoria and discrimination-induced mental distress. The concept of intersectionality within the LGBTQ community emphasizes the compounded burden faced by individuals with multiple marginalized identities, necessitating tailored mental health strategies. The societal context, including legal and policy frameworks, plays a pivotal role in shaping the mental health and scope for LGBTQ individuals. Supportive frameworks, such as anti-discrimination laws, marriage equality, and healthcare policies, contribute to societal acceptance and individual well-being. Additionally, efforts to destigmatize LGBTQ identities, comprehensive sex education, and public awareness campaigns challenging stereotypes are crucial for fostering a more inclusive societal mindset. Establishing robust support networks within the LGBTQ community, including initiatives providing mental health resources, counseling, community spaces, and allyship programs, is vital for community resilience. These efforts not only contribute to the well-being of individuals within the LGBTQ community but also work toward creating a more inclusive society. In conclusion, addressing mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community requires a multifaceted approach involving societal understanding, legal support, destigmatization efforts, and robust community resources. By acknowledging and comprehending the unique struggles faced by the LGBTQ community, society can collectively work toward building a more compassionate, supportive, and inclusive environment for all individuals, irrespective of their sexual orientation or gender identity.}, } @article {pmid39464779, year = {2024}, author = {Mboowa, G and Kakooza, F and Egesa, M and Tukwasibwe, S and Kanyerezi, S and Sserwadda, I and R Kidenya, B and Kabahita, JM and Namaganda, MM and Nsubuga, M and Nabisubi, P and Ayitewala, A and Kebirungi, G and Nakafu, E and Akwii, NP}, title = {The rise of pathogen genomics in Africa.}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {468}, pmid = {39464779}, issn = {2046-1402}, support = {INV-038071/GATES/Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/United States ; U2R TW010672/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Africa/epidemiology ; *Genomics/methods ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Genome, Viral ; }, abstract = {The routine genomic surveillance of pathogens in diverse geographical settings and equitable data sharing are critical to inform effective infection control and therapeutic development. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the importance of routine genomic surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to detect emerging variants of concern. However, the majority of high-income countries sequenced >0.5% of their COVID-19 cases, unlike low- and middle-income countries. By the end of 2022, many countries around the world had managed to establish capacity for pathogen genomic surveillance. Notably, Beta and Omicron; 2 of the 5 current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern were first discovered in Africa through an aggressive sequencing campaign led by African scientists. To sustain such infrastructure and expertise beyond this pandemic, other endemic pathogens should leverage this investment. Therefore, countries are establishing multi-pathogen genomic surveillance strategies. Here we provide a catalog of the current landscape of sequenced and publicly shared pathogens in different countries in Africa. Drawing upon our collective knowledge and expertise, we review the ever-evolving challenges and propose innovative recommendations.}, } @article {pmid39464416, year = {2024}, author = {Gonah, L and Nomatshila, SC}, title = {Social and Behavioural Change Communication Challenges, Opportunities and Lessons from Past Public Health Emergencies and Disease Outbreaks: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Annals of global health}, volume = {90}, number = {1}, pages = {62}, pmid = {39464416}, issn = {2214-9996}, mesh = {Humans ; *Disease Outbreaks ; *Public Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Communication ; Emergencies ; Social Behavior ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Background: Documentation of social behavioural change communication (SBCC) regarding challenges, opportunities and lessons drawn from past public health emergencies is worthwhile to inform priorities for future response efforts. Aim: The aim of this review is to scope the evidence on social behavioural change communication regarding challenges, opportunities and lessons drawn from Ebola, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), monkeypox and cholera outbreaks from studies published before March 2024, and suggest priorities for future response efforts. Methods: A Boolean strategy was used to search electronic databases for relevant published articles, complemented by relevant studies identified from reference lists. Results: The challenges, opportunities, lessons learnt and priorities for SBCC were consistent across study contexts, showing marked variations over time. The significance of technology, infodemic management, and behavioural data generation emerged more frequently and became increasingly important over time. Identified challenges were uptake hesitancy, limited capacity to undertake infodemic management, inadequate funding and human resources for SBCC, competing priorities, parallel or conflicting interventions due to inadequate coordination, difficulties evaluating SBCC programmes and missed opportunities for integration into routine programmes. Existing supportive structures for SBCC, strong political will and participation, as well as rapid information exchange enabled by technological advancement, represented opportunities for enhancing the effectiveness of SBCC programmes. Key lessons were that a multisectoral approach and coordination, partnership and active collaboration amongst stakeholders; building/strengthening trust, target population segmentation and localization of interventions, are important for enhancing the effectiveness of SBCC programmes. Political will, involvement and participation represent the core of social behavioural change (communication) interventions during a public health emergency. Conclusion: SBCC programming for future response to public health emergencies and disease outbreaks should consider the diverse assortment of benefits, threats/challenges and opportunities brought about by technology, infodemics and behavioural data generation to be more effective.}, } @article {pmid39321629, year = {2024}, author = {Assiri, AM and Alshahrani, AM and Sakkijha, H and AlGeer, A and Zeitouni, M and AlGohary, M and Dhaini, L and Verma, R and Singh, H}, title = {Transforming respiratory tract infection diagnosis in the kingdom of saudi arabia through point-of-care testing: A white paper for policy makers.}, journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease}, volume = {110}, number = {4}, pages = {116530}, doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116530}, pmid = {39321629}, issn = {1879-0070}, mesh = {Humans ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis ; *Point-of-Care Testing ; COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Health Policy ; }, abstract = {With the evident increased prevalence of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), influenza, Group A Streptococcus (GAS), and COVID-19, the conventional diagnostic methods are considered sub-optimal in providing timely management to patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Gaps in current diagnostics are magnified by the Kingdom's unique demographic composition, comprising 11.9 million foreign workers, and the annual influx of over 10 million pilgrims. Current gaps in timely diagnosis leads to delays in treatment, misuse of antibiotics, and protracted hospital stays, subsequently compromising patient care, and escalating healthcare costs. KSA healthcare stakeholders suggest that the integration of rapid molecular Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) into the Kingdom's healthcare infrastructure is an absolute necessity. This publication serves as an urgent call for action aimed at healthcare policymakers in Saudi Arabia, to review the existing diagnostic challenges and include rapid POCTs in the Saudi healthcare strategy for respiratory infections.}, } @article {pmid39154907, year = {2024}, author = {Tavee, J}, title = {Current concepts in long COVID-19 brain fog and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.}, journal = {Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology}, volume = {133}, number = {5}, pages = {522-530}, doi = {10.1016/j.anai.2024.08.008}, pmid = {39154907}, issn = {1534-4436}, mesh = {Humans ; *Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/physiopathology/therapy ; *COVID-19/complications/physiopathology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/physiopathology ; Quality of Life ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ; }, abstract = {Neurologic complications of long COVID-19 syndrome are one of the leading causes of global disability. In particular, post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction and dysautonomia in the form of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) markedly affect patient quality of life and ability to return to work. The underlying pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 neurologic complications is unknown but is likely multifactorial with immune dysregulation and microvascular dysfunction playing central roles. Specific pathogenic factors with supportive evidence to date include cytokine-mediated inflammation, autoantibodies, immune exhaustion, disruption of the renin-angiotensin system, reduced serotonin levels, and microglial activation. The prevalence of post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction ranges from 10% to 88% and is affected by viral variant and hospitalization status among other factors, whereas that of long COVID-19 POTS is unknown due to referral bias and varying definitions. Treatment is largely supportive and often incorporates combined modalities. Marginal benefits with cognitive behavioral therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and supplements have been found for post-COVID-19 brain fog, whereas established POTS therapies aimed at improving venous return and reducing heart rate may reduce symptoms of long COVID-19 POTS. Although significant recovery has been noted for many cases of post-COVID-19 brain fog and POTS, prospective studies have revealed evidence of persistent symptoms and neurologic deficits a year after infection in some patients. Further studies that provide insight into the underlying pathophysiology of long COVID-19 are needed for development of target directed therapy.}, } @article {pmid39464360, year = {2024}, author = {Mehraeen, E and Yarmohammadi, S and Mirzapour, P and Zadeh, SST and Dehghani, S and Molaeipour, L and Molla, A and Karimi, E and Abbaspour, F and SeyedAlinaghi, S}, title = {Treatments for Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {International archives of otorhinolaryngology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {e728-e743}, pmid = {39464360}, issn = {1809-9777}, abstract = {Introduction Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has emerged as a notable symptom among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, with its prevalence varying among different populations. Recognizing the need to provide therapeutic solutions for these individuals, the present study seeks to comprehensively review the current evidence on potential underlying mechanisms and treatment modalities to manage OD in COVID-19 patients. Objective To review the recent evidence on treatments for OD in COVID-19. From the beginning of the study until August 2nd, 2023, we conducted a systematic search on four electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, to find relevant publications. Data Synthesis In the present study, 37 articles were selected for data extraction and included in the final review. The total number of patients was of 3,560 (2,098 female and 1,462 male subjects). The predominant disorders reported were hyposmia, anosmia, and parosmia. In most of the studies, the pre and postintervention assessments were the same, except for one study, in which the pre-intervention assessment of the disorder was through the SST, Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST), and the post-intervention assessment was through the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). The findings suggest olfactory training (OT), ivermectin, palmitoylethanolamide, luteolin, and systemic corticosteroids, in combination with topical corticosteroids, are potential therapies for COVID-19 patients with olfactory impairment. Conclusion Although the review suggested several medications for OD treatment, further research must delve into the specific impact of OT, a non-pharmacological modality, regarding the mitigation of OD. By continuing to investigate and refine these therapeutic approaches, we can better support COVID-19 patients and improve their quality of life while navigating the challenges posed by OD.}, } @article {pmid39464351, year = {2024}, author = {Sharma, A and Jakhar, RK and Kakkar, V and Singal, G}, title = {Persistent ENT Manifestations in Individuals who Recovered from COVID-19: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {International archives of otorhinolaryngology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {e697-e701}, pmid = {39464351}, issn = {1809-9777}, abstract = {Introduction Long coronavirus disease (COVID) refers to the persistence of symptoms long after the recovery from the acute phase of the illness, and it is due to the interplay of various inflammatory mechanisms. This has led to emergence of new deficits, including otorhinolaryngological symptoms, in patients wo have recovered from COVID. The plethora of otorhinolaryngological symptoms associated with long COVID are tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), vertigo, nasal congestion, sinonasal discomfort, hyposmia/anosmia, dysgeusia, sore throat, dry cough, dyspnea, dysphagia, and hoarseness of voice. Objective To evaluate the possible ENT symptoms in patients wo have recovered from COVID and to combine those findings with our experience. Data Synthesis We conducted a search on the PubMed, ENT Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, and a total of 44 studies were selected for the present review. Conclusion Otorhinolaryngological complications such as tinnitus, SNHL, vertigo, nasal congestion, sinonasal discomfort, hyposmia/anosmia, dysgeusia, sore throat, dry cough, dyspnea, dysphagia, and hoarseness of voice have been widely reported among in long-COVID patients.}, } @article {pmid39464180, year = {2024}, author = {Mitakos, A and Mpogiatzidis, P}, title = {Adapting Efficiency Analysis in Health Systems: A Scoping Review of Data Envelopment Analysis Applications During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of market access & health policy}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {306-316}, pmid = {39464180}, issn = {2001-6689}, abstract = {Objective: To synthesize the current evidence base concerning the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in healthcare efficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic using a scoping review of 13 primary studies. Methods: We consulted databases including Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, as well as manual search entries up to September 2022. Included studies were primary applications of DEA for assessing healthcare efficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key findings derived from thematic analysis of repeating pattern observations were extracted and tabulated for further synthesis, taking into consideration the variations in DMU definitions, the inclusion of undesirable outputs, the influence of external factors, and the infusion of advanced technologies in DEA. Results: The review observed a diverse application of DMUs, ranging from healthcare supply chains to entire national health systems. There was an evident shift towards incorporating undesirable outputs, such as mortality rates, in the DEA models amidst the pandemic. The influence of external and non-discretionary factors became more pronounced in DEA applications, highlighting the interconnected nature of global health challenges. Notably, several studies integrated advanced computational methods, including machine learning, into traditional DEA, paving the way for enhanced analytical capabilities. Conclusions: DEA, as an efficiency analysis tool, has exhibited adaptability and evolution in its application in the context of the COVID-19 healthcare crisis. By recognizing the multifaceted challenges posed by the pandemic, DEA applications have grown more comprehensive, integrating broader societal and health outcomes. This review provides pivotal insights that can inform policy and healthcare strategies, underscoring the importance of dynamic and comprehensive efficiency analysis methodologies during global health emergencies.}, } @article {pmid39463678, year = {2024}, author = {Balaji, L and Ramanan, L and Easwaran, S}, title = {The Vaccine Godmother: Dr. Gagandeep Kang's Pioneering Journey in Global Health and Vaccine Development.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e70184}, pmid = {39463678}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Dr. Gagandeep Kang is a distinguished Indian microbiologist and virologist known for her pioneering work in the study of gastrointestinal diseases, diarrheal infections, and vaccine development. This article highlights her career, beginning with her medical education at Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore, where she embarked on her groundbreaking research in enteric diseases, particularly rotavirus, a major cause of child mortality globally. Over the course of her distinguished career, she has led groundbreaking research on rotavirus, contributing to the development of two WHO-approved vaccines tailored for Indian communities: Rotavac (Bharat Biotech, Hyderabad, India) and Rotasiil (Serum Institute of India, Pune, India). Beyond her research, Dr. Kang has held significant advisory roles on national and global platforms, including WHO's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). She has authored over 300 scientific publications and coauthored the bestselling book "Till We Win," which details India's fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Her exceptional contributions have earned her numerous accolades, including the Infosys Prize in Life Sciences, the Fellowship of the Royal Society, and the Canada Gairdner Global Health Award. Dr. Kang's career exemplifies her dedication to advancing public health, vaccine development, and global health initiatives, making her a trailblazer in the field of microbiology and virology.}, } @article {pmid39463462, year = {2024}, author = {SeyedAlinaghi, S and Yarmohammadi, S and Mirzapour, P and Dehghani, S and Ahmadi, S and Abbaspour, F and Pashaei, A and Molla, A and Pashaei, A and Ahmadi, S and Mehraeen, E}, title = {A Systematic Review of Telehealth Applications in Endocrinology.}, journal = {Telemedicine reports}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {269-289}, pmid = {39463462}, issn = {2692-4366}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of telehealth has witnessed a significant increase in various medical domains, especially in endocrinology. Telehealth brings about considerable advantages for both patients and health care professionals. However, despite these positive aspects, the growing prominence of telehealth is accompanied by certain challenges. This systematic review aims to assess the role of telehealth in endocrinology, including its applications, effectiveness, challenges, and implications for patient care.

METHODS: This study involved a thorough search using comprehensive techniques across databases such as PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Scopus. The studies were selected for a tailored adaptation of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to enhance the clarity of our systematic review's reporting.

RESULTS: This systematic review explores global telemedicine applications in endocrinology. Addressing various endocrine conditions, interventions utilize technology tools such as smartphones and applications, offering multifaceted utility from education and data gathering to screening and treatment. Notably, these interventions demonstrate adaptability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Positive outcomes include enhanced patient education, disease self-management, reduced complications, and improved glycemic control. However, drawbacks include the need for technical proficiency, perceived lower care quality, and potential privacy risks. These nuanced findings contribute to the discourse on telemedicine efficacy and limitations.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, telehealth holds significant potential in transforming endocrine care. While there are challenges to its implementation, the benefits it offers underscore its value as a health care delivery model.}, } @article {pmid39463025, year = {2024}, author = {Şoroğlu, CV and Berkay, EG}, title = {Old disease-New reflections: Gaucher, immunity, and inflammation.}, journal = {Journal of cellular and molecular medicine}, volume = {28}, number = {20}, pages = {e70087}, pmid = {39463025}, issn = {1582-4934}, mesh = {*Gaucher Disease/immunology/genetics ; Humans ; *Inflammation/immunology/pathology ; Animals ; Glucosylceramidase/genetics ; Immunity ; }, abstract = {Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disease. It is a multisystemic metabolic disease caused by GBA pathogenic mutations. Although the general symptoms have been known for a long time, new treatment possibilities, the detection of different biomarkers, and innovations in diagnosis and follow-up have paved the way for further studies. Recent studies have shown that the immune system has become an essential factor associated with disease progression. The role of Gaucher cells in the disease is well characterized. In addition to phagocytic macrophage cells, lymphocytes, complement system, and inflammatory pathway elements are also implicated in GD as they were shown to be the underlying factors causing associated pathologies such as Parkinson's. In this article, the relationship between the GD and the immune system has been examined and reviewed in light of new findings.}, } @article {pmid39462162, year = {2024}, author = {Pal, A and Taneja, P and Yadav, MK and Mohanty, PC}, title = {Health seeking behavior during high health-risk period: a bibliometric analysis.}, journal = {Informatics for health & social care}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-19}, doi = {10.1080/17538157.2024.2412563}, pmid = {39462162}, issn = {1753-8165}, abstract = {Health-seeking behavior represents the actions taken to prevent the disease and promote health. It emphasizes both the illness response and the healthcare utilization driven by perceived threat and effectiveness of the preventive behavior. This study aims to scrutinize the progression of research conducted on health-seeking behavior in high-risk period such as COVID-19 using bibliometric analysis. The bibliometric analysis is performed on Scopus and Web of Science databases. Research articles in the English language were extracted using keywords, such as health-seeking behavior and COVID. Eight hundred twenty-five research articles at the final and early publication stage in the English language were extracted from Scopus and 623 from WoS using the keywords Health Seeking Behavior and COVID. Of these, 259 in Scopus and 109 in WoS were selected for the final study following the authors' eligibility criteria. It analyses the research directions, countries of publications, core journals, leading authors and institutions and important publications followed by research trends in this field. It summarizes the academic interest of the researchers in health-seeking behavior in low- and middle-income countries. The paper informs and directs researchers and policymakers on the state of research in health-seeking behavior during high-health risk periods.}, } @article {pmid39461078, year = {2024}, author = {Indra, S and Chalak, K and Das, P and Mukhopadhyay, A}, title = {Placenta a potential gateway of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review.}, journal = {European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology}, volume = {303}, number = {}, pages = {123-131}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.10.027}, pmid = {39461078}, issn = {1872-7654}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, can infect various tissues in the body apart from the lungs. Although placental infection remains controversial, COVID-19-associated placental abnormalities have been reported worldwide. Therefore, COVID-19 poses a significant risk for fetal distress as well. Scientists are currently debating whether such distress results from direct viral induced assault or placental damage caused by the mother's immune response. The placenta develops different histopathological lesions in response to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. While some studies support both theories, the transmission rate through the placenta remains low. Therefore, a more in-depth study is necessary to determine the primary cause of maternal SARS-CoV-2-induced fetal distress. This comprehensive review is aimed to shed light on the possible reasons towards fetal distress among mothers with COVID-19. This review describes the various mechanisms of viral entry along with the mechanisms by which the virus could affect the placenta. Reported cases of placental abnormalities and fetal distress symptoms have been collated to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on vertical transmission of COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39460909, year = {2024}, author = {Beshyah, SA and Jayyousi, A and Al-Mamari, AS and Shaaban, A and Ozairi, EA and Nafach, J and Jallo, MKI and Khader, S and Evans, M}, title = {Current Perspectives in Pre- and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Diagnosis and Management: An Expert Statement for the Gulf Region.}, journal = {Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460909}, issn = {1869-6953}, abstract = {Peripheral neuropathy (PN) significantly impacts the quality of life, causing substantial morbidity and increased mortality, as well as escalating healthcare costs. While PN can have various causes, the most common form, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, poses considerable risks for potential complications. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects over 50% of people with prediabetes and diabetes. Despite its prevalence, a global gap in diagnosis and management exists, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This expert consensus was formulated through a comprehensive evaluation by a panel of experts, informed by a focused literature review, aiming to establish a clinically robust approach to diagnosing and managing pre- and diabetic PN with the early utilization of neurotropic B vitamins. This document offers a consensus perspective on the existing challenges in diagnosing and managing PN, focusing on DPN. The expert panel proposes measures to address this underdiagnosed burden, highlighting the importance of early intervention through innovative screening methods, integrated care approaches, and therapeutic strategies. The document advocates for increased awareness, targeted campaigns, and proactive care strategies to bridge gaps in the patient care of individuals with diabetes, emphasizing the importance of early detection and timely management to improve overall health outcomes. Specific recommendations include incorporating simplified questionnaires and innovative screening methods into routine care, prioritizing neurotropic B vitamin supplementation, optimizing glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist treatments, and adopting a holistic approach to neuropathy management. The consensus underscores the urgent need to address the underdiagnosis and undertreatment of PN, offering practical measures to enhance early detection and improve health outcomes for individuals with DPN.}, } @article {pmid39460899, year = {2024}, author = {Maiti, AK}, title = {MDA5 Is a Major Determinant of Developing Symptoms in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.}, journal = {Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460899}, issn = {1559-0267}, abstract = {Apart from the skin and mucosal immune barrier, the first line of defense of the human immune system includes MDA5 (ifih1 gene) which acts as a cellular sensor protein for certain viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Upon binding with viral RNA, MDA5 activates cell-intrinsic innate immunity, humoral responses, and MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling). MAVS signaling induces type I and III interferon (IFN) expressions that further induce ISGs (interferon stimulatory genes) expressions to initiate human cell-mediated immune responses and attenuate viral replication. SARS-CoV-2 counteracts by producing NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, NSP5, NSP7, NSP12, ORF3A, ORF9, N, and M protein and directs anti-MDA5 antibody production presumably to antagonize IFN signaling. Furthermore, COVID-19 resembles several diseases that carry anti-MDA5 antibodies and the current COVID-19 vaccines induced anti-MDA5 phenotypes in healthy individuals. GWAS (genome-wide association studies) identified several polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ifih1-ifn pathway genes including rs1990760 in ifih1 that are strongly associated with COVID-19, and the associated risk allele is correlated with reduced IFN production. The genetic association of SNPs in ifih1 and ifih1-ifn pathway genes reinforces the molecular findings of the critical roles of MDA5 in sensing SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently the IFN responses to inhibit viral replication and host immune evasion. Thus, MDA5 or its pathway genes could be targeted for therapeutic development of COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39460768, year = {2024}, author = {Bustos-Hamdan, A and Bracho-Gallardo, JI and Hamdan-Partida, A and Bustos-Martínez, J}, title = {Repositioning of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Viral Infections.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {81}, number = {12}, pages = {427}, pmid = {39460768}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Drug Repositioning ; Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; }, abstract = {Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, is a currently tested approach by which new uses are being assigned for already tested drugs. In this case there are antibiotics that are used to combat bacterial infections. However, antibiotics are among the drugs that have been studied for possible antiviral activities. Therefore, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the studies of antibiotics that could be repositioned for the treatment of viral infections. Among the main antibiotics that have demonstrated antiviral activity are macrolides and glycopeptides. In addition, several antibiotics from the group of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides have also been studied for their antiviral activity. These antibiotics have demonstrated antiviral activity against both RNA and DNA viruses, including the recent pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2. Some of these antibiotics were selected in addition to its antiviral activity for their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Of the antibiotics that present antiviral activity, in many cases the mechanisms of action are not exactly known. The use of these antibiotics to combat viral infections remains controversial and is not generally accepted, since clinical trials are required to prove its effectiveness. Therefore, there is currently no antibiotic approved as antiviral therapy. Hence is necessary to present the studies carried out on antibiotics that can be repositioned in the future as antiviral drugs.}, } @article {pmid39460363, year = {2024}, author = {Coler, C and King-Nakaoka, E and Every, E and Chima, S and Vong, A and Del Rosario, B and VanAbel, R and Adams Waldorf, KM}, title = {Impact of Infections During Pregnancy on Transplacental Antibody Transfer.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460363}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {5R01AI143265-05A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R01AI176777-01A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 5R01AI164588-04A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Vaccination in pregnancy is important to protect the mother and fetus from infectious diseases. The transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta during pregnancy can continue to protect the neonate for several months after birth while the neonatal adaptive immune system develops. Several pathogens have been shown to impair the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, including human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and cytomegalovirus. This review discusses the mechanisms contributing to decreased transplacental antibody transfer in the setting of maternal infections, such as changes in antibody glycosylation profile, maternal hypergammaglobulinemia, and placental injury. The frequency of epidemics is increasing, and pregnant people are more likely to become exposed to novel pathogens now than they were in the past. Understanding the mechanisms by which infectious diseases impair maternal-fetal antibody transfer is important for pandemic preparedness to maximize the impact of maternal vaccination for child health.}, } @article {pmid39460361, year = {2024}, author = {Politis, M and Rachiotis, G and Mouchtouri, VA and Hadjichristodoulou, C}, title = {The Global Burden of Absenteeism Related to COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects Among Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460361}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {Background: A rise in absenteeism among healthcare workers (HCWs) was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, mostly attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccine-related side effects may have also contributed to absenteeism during this period. This study aimed to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence of absenteeism related to COVID-19 vaccine side effects among HCWs. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this review were original quantitative studies of any design, written in English, that addressed absenteeism related to the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Web of Science) were searched for eligible articles on 7 June 2024. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Narrative synthesis and a meta-analysis were used to synthesize the evidence. Results: Nineteen observational studies with 96,786 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of absenteeism related to COVID-19 vaccine side effects was 17% (95% CI: 13-20%), while 83% (95% CI: 80-87%) of the vaccination events did not lead in any absenteeism. Study design, sex, vaccination dose, region, and vaccine type were identified as significant sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions: A non-negligible proportion of HCWs were absent from work after reporting side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. Various demographic factors should be considered in future vaccination schedules for HCWs to potentially decrease the burden of absenteeism related to vaccine side effects. As most studies included self-reported questionnaire data, our results may be limited due to a recall bias. Other: The protocol of the study was preregistered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024552517).}, } @article {pmid39460358, year = {2024}, author = {Florek, K and Sokolski, M}, title = {Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460358}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {Myocarditis after the COVID-19 vaccine is one of the important adverse events following immunization, observed mainly after mRNA-based vaccines. Importantly, post-vaccination myocarditis was less common than myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it was scored at 19.7 per 1,000,000 doses and 2.76 per 1000 infections. Predominantly, its course was benign and, compared with the myocarditis after COVID-19 infection, significantly fewer patients developed heart failure or died among patients with post-vaccination myocarditis. The group at highest risk of myocarditis related to COVID-19 vaccination were young males who received a second dose of an mRNA vaccine. It was observed that, among mRNA vaccines, specifically mRNA-1273 was associated with a higher risk of myocarditis. The mechanism underlying myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination is still under investigation and certain processes are being considered. Currently, some follow-up assessments of patients who developed vaccine-induced myocarditis are available and suggest a favorable prognosis. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent data on myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination considering its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, relative risk of myocarditis compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection, potential underlying mechanism, and follow-up data of patients who developed post-vaccination myocarditis.}, } @article {pmid39446756, year = {2024}, author = {Sepulcri, C and Bartalucci, C and Mikulska, M}, title = {Antiviral combination treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised patients.}, journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {506-517}, pmid = {39446756}, issn = {1473-6527}, mesh = {Humans ; *Immunocompromised Host ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Drug Therapy, Combination ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *COVID-19/immunology ; Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy/complications ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to report the available evidence regarding the use of combination regimens of antivirals and/or antibody-based therapy in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised patients.

RECENT FINDINGS: Literature search identified 24 articles, excluding single case reports, which included mainly patients with hematological malignancies and/or B-cell depletion. Data were divided based on the timing and reason for administration of combination treatment, that is, early treatment to prevent progression to severe COVID-19 and treatment of prolonged or relapsed infection. We described the treated populations, treatment duration and composition of combination treatment. We briefly addressed new treatment options and we proposed an algorithm for the management of COVID-19 infection in patients affected by hematological malignancies.

SUMMARY: Combination treatment seems an effective (73-100%) and well tolerated (<5% reported bradycardia, hepatotoxicity, neutropenia) strategy for treating prolonged/relapsed SARS-CoV-2 infections in the immunocompromised host, although its optimal composition and duration cannot be defined based on the currently available evidence. The role of combination treatment as an early treatment strategy for immunocompromised patients at a high risk of progression to severe disease/persistent shedding requires further evidence from comparison with monotherapy, even though high efficacy was reported for combinations of antivirals plus mAbs in case of previous viral variants.}, } @article {pmid39428555, year = {2024}, author = {Park, ES and Shin, CY and Jeon, SJ and Ham, BJ}, title = {Is There such a Thing as Post-Viral Depression?: Implications for Precision Medicine.}, journal = {Biomolecules & therapeutics}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, pages = {659-684}, doi = {10.4062/biomolther.2024.170}, pmid = {39428555}, issn = {1976-9148}, abstract = {Viral infections are increasingly recognized as triggers for depressive disorders, particularly following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the rise of long COVID. Viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are linked to depression through complex neurobiological mechanisms. These include immune system dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances that affect brain function and mood regulation. Viral activation of the immune system leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuroinflammation and associated depressive symptoms. Furthermore, specific viruses can disrupt neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, all of which are essential for mood stabilization. The unique interactions of different viruses with these systems underscore the need for virus-specific therapeutic approaches. Current broad-spectrum treatments often overlook the precise neurobiological pathways involved in post-viral depression, reducing their efficacy. This review emphasizes the need to understand these virus-specific interactions to create tailored interventions that directly address the neurobiological effects induced by each type of virus. These interventions may include immunomodulatory treatments that target persistent inflammation, antiviral therapies to reduce the viral load, or neuroprotective strategies that restore neurotransmitter balance. Precision medicine offers promising avenues for the effective management of virus-induced depression, providing patient-specific approaches that address the specific biological mechanisms involved. By focusing on the development of these targeted treatments, this review aims to pave the way for a new era in psychiatric care that fully addresses the root causes of depression induced by viral infections.}, } @article {pmid39259691, year = {2024}, author = {Davis, K and Abo, YN and Steer, AC and Osowicki, J}, title = {Chains of misery: surging invasive group A streptococcal disease.}, journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, pages = {485-493}, doi = {10.1097/QCO.0000000000001064}, pmid = {39259691}, issn = {1473-6527}, mesh = {Humans ; *Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Streptococcus pyogenes/pathogenicity ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Global Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We describe the epidemiology of the recent global surge in invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease and consider its proximate and distal causes. We highlight important knowledge gaps regarding clinical management and discuss potential strategies for prevention.

RECENT FINDINGS: Rates of invasive GAS (iGAS) disease were increasing globally prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Since mid-2022, following the worst years of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021, many countries with systems to monitor GAS syndromes have reported surges in cases of iGAS concurrent with increased scarlet fever, pharyngitis, and viral co-infections. The emergence of the hypervirulent M1 UK strain as a cause of iGAS, particularly in high income countries, is concerning. New data are emerging on the transmission dynamics of GAS. GAS remains universally susceptible to penicillin but there are increasing reports of macrolide and lincosamide resistance, particularly in invasive isolates, with uncertain clinical consequences. Intravenous immunoglobulin is used widely for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing soft tissue infections, although there is limited clinical evidence, and none from a completed randomized controlled trial. Intensive and expensive efforts at population-level control of GAS infections and postinfectious autoimmune complications have been only partially successful. The great hope for control of GAS diseases remains vaccine development. However, all modern vaccine candidates remain in the early development stage.

SUMMARY: In many countries, iGAS rates surged from mid-2022 in the aftermath of pandemic control measures and physical distancing. The emergence of a dominant hypervirulent strain is an important but incomplete explanation for this phenomenon. Clinical management of iGAS remains highly empirical and new data has not emerged. A vaccine remains the most likely means of achieving a sustainable reduction in the burden of iGAS.}, } @article {pmid39243661, year = {2024}, author = {Choudhary, S and Dutt, S and Torous, J and Mehta, UM}, title = {Bridging the mental health gap: The scope, challenges, and future of digital psychiatry in India.}, journal = {Asian journal of psychiatry}, volume = {101}, number = {}, pages = {104215}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104215}, pmid = {39243661}, issn = {1876-2026}, mesh = {Humans ; India ; *Telemedicine ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Psychiatry/trends ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; Mobile Applications ; Mental Health ; }, abstract = {The mental health burden in India is increasing at unprecedented rates. The increased demand for mental health care and the undersupply of services has widened the treatment gap. Due to several factors, such as increasing service costs and the circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, India has witnessed an inclination toward using digital mental health solutions to overcome the treatment gap. Drawing from the collective evidence and experience in implementing mental health solutions using digital phenotyping and smartphone app-based care delivery in India, we define the scope, potential, and challenges of implementing synchronous and asynchronous digital mental health solutions that can serve as a template for improving global mental health.}, } @article {pmid39460349, year = {2024}, author = {Caldarelli, M and Rio, P and Giambra, V and Gasbarrini, A and Gambassi, G and Cianci, R}, title = {ASIA Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460349}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {The expression "Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)" was coined by Shoenfeld and colleagues in 2011. It defines a group of immune-mediated disorders that arise in people, with a genetic predisposition, following exposure to adjuvant agents. This syndrome has been reported after contact with silicone implants, medications, infections, metals, vaccines, and other substances. It typically occurs in individuals with a genetic predisposition, particularly involving genes, such as HLA-DRB1 (major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1) and PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22). Some stimuli lead to an overactivation of the immune system, prompt the production of autoantibodies, and finally cause autoimmune disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the ASIA syndrome with a special focus on the role of adjuvants in different vaccines, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, and insights into development of new treatments.}, } @article {pmid39460297, year = {2024}, author = {Konstantinou, E and Benou, S and Hatzidaki, E and Vervenioti, A and Dimitriou, G and Papaevangelou, V and Jones, CE and Gkentzi, D}, title = {Postpartum Interventions to Increase Maternal Vaccination Uptake: Is It Worth It?.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460297}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vaccination of pregnant and postpartum women for pertussis, influenza and COVID-19 not only protects themselves but also offspring. Despite the benefits of this approach, vaccination uptake remains suboptimal in pregnancy. Where the opportunity to be vaccinated in pregnancy is missed, the offer of vaccination in the post-partum period may be an alternative strategy. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the impact of interventions to increase vaccination uptake in the postpartum period on vaccination uptake.

METHODS: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, including interventional studies promoting vaccination uptake in postpartum women published between 2009 and 2024. The search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO.

RESULTS: We finally included 16 studies in the review, and the primary outcome was vaccination uptake in the postpartum period. The most significant factors for increasing uptake were recommendation from healthcare providers, type of interventions used, and delivery of vaccines in the maternity wards or the community.

CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, maternal vaccination rates in the postpartum period may increase with targeted education by healthcare professionals and positive reinforcement. The interventions described in these studies could be applied in the healthcare systems worldwide.}, } @article {pmid39460293, year = {2024}, author = {Notarbartolo, S}, title = {T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460293}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {GR-2021-12374097//Ministero della Salute/ ; }, abstract = {The innate and adaptive immune systems collaborate to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, minimize the viral spread, and kill infected cells, ultimately leading to the resolution of the infection. The adaptive immune system develops a memory of previous encounters with the virus, providing enhanced responses when rechallenged by the same pathogen. Such immunological memory is the basis of vaccine function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, focusing on the pivotal role of T cells in establishing protective immunity against the virus. After providing an overview of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we describe the main features of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4[+] and CD8[+] T cells, including cross-reactive T cells, generated in patients with different degrees of COVID-19 severity, and of Spike-specific CD4[+] and CD8[+] T cells induced by vaccines. Finally, we discuss T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants and hybrid immunity and conclude by highlighting possible strategies to improve the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination.}, } @article {pmid39460261, year = {2024}, author = {Kandulu, CC and Sahm, LJ and Saab, MM and O'Driscoll, M and McCarthy, M and Shorter, GW and Berry, E and Moore, AC and Fleming, A}, title = {A Scoping Review of Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake and Deployment in Global Healthcare Systems.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460261}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {NA//All-island Vaccine Research and Training Alliance (AIVRT) and the Higher Education Authority (HEA) North-South Research Programme/ ; }, abstract = {Introduction: COVID-19 vaccines were rapidly developed and deployed on a large scale during a global crisis. A range of deployment strategies were used globally to maximize vaccine uptake. In this scoping review, we identify and analyze the main healthcare system and policy factors that guided and influenced COVID-19 vaccination deployment and uptake globally. Materials and Methods: JBI guidelines, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework were applied. Studies on individual COVID-19 vaccination factors, such as vaccine hesitancy, were excluded. The search was last conducted in May 2024 yielding 26,686 articles from PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and COVID-19 websites. A total of 47 articles and 3 guidance documents were included. The results of the thematic analysis were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results: The results found the following healthcare system and policy factors as integral to COVID-19 vaccination: types of vaccine products, healthcare workforce capacity, procurement strategies, distribution and cold-chain capacity, partnership, coordination, and leadership, information, communication, and registration strategies, delivery models, organizations, the existing health systems and policies on prioritization of at-risk groups and deployment plans. Discussion: Globally, COVID-19 vaccination programs responded to the pandemic by leveraging and reforming the existing healthcare systems, relying on strong leadership and global cooperation (such as the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Initiative). Deployment was enabled by effective communication and adoption of innovative technologies using data-driven policies to create high vaccine demand while overcoming limited vaccine supply and rapidly adapting to uncertainties.}, } @article {pmid39436531, year = {2024}, author = {Kamphuis, AEM and Bamford, A and Tagarro, A and Cressey, TR and Bekker, A and Amuge, P and Mujuru, HA and Ndongo, FA and Diack, A and Compagnucci, A and Lallemant, M and Colbers, A and Turkova, A}, title = {Optimising Paediatric HIV Treatment: Recent Developments and Future Directions.}, journal = {Paediatric drugs}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, pages = {631-648}, pmid = {39436531}, issn = {1179-2019}, mesh = {Humans ; *HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Child ; *Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Drug Development ; }, abstract = {Treatment options for children living with HIV have historically been less effective, less practical and more difficult to implement compared with those for adults, as the research and development of new drugs for children has lagged behind. Significant progress has been achieved in response to the paediatric HIV epidemic over the last decade. Several optimised paediatric antiretroviral formulations are currently available or in development, including fixed-dose combination tablets containing a complete World Health Organization-recommended regimen. Despite these advancements, virological suppression rates in children are generally lower than in adults. Even when oral fixed-dose combinations with the optimal target profiles are developed, for some children virological suppression is not achievable for reasons such as adherence challenges, intolerance, toxicity and genotypic resistance. New safe, effective, well-tolerated antiretroviral agents from existing and novel classes, as well as innovative administration strategies are essential. To achieve the UNAIDS target of virological suppression in 95% of children receiving antiretroviral therapy, concerted efforts are required. This includes identifying priority drugs in line with latest developments, focusing drug development studies on these priorities, ensuring a timely technical knowledge transfer between originator and generic companies, accelerating regulatory approvals and facilitating procurement and implementation in countries. Success in these efforts depends on collaboration among all stakeholders, including communities, researchers, pharmaceutical companies, guideline and policymakers, governments, funders, regulators and healthcare providers. This review outlines which paediatric antiretroviral therapies are currently available, those which are under development and the future directions of paediatric HIV treatment.}, } @article {pmid39222407, year = {2024}, author = {Pellman, J and Goldstein, A and Słabicki, M}, title = {Human E3 ubiquitin ligases: accelerators and brakes for SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, journal = {Biochemical Society transactions}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {2009-2021}, doi = {10.1042/BST20230324}, pmid = {39222407}, issn = {1470-8752}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; *COVID-19/virology ; Ubiquitination ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the composition of the proteome. These enzymes mono- or poly-ubiquitinate their substrates, directly altering protein function or targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. In this review, we discuss the opposing roles of human E3 ligases as effectors and targets in the evolutionary battle between host and pathogen, specifically in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Through complex effects on transcription, translation, and protein trafficking, human E3 ligases can either attenuate SARS-CoV-2 infection or become vulnerabilities that are exploited by the virus to suppress the host's antiviral defenses. For example, the human E3 ligase RNF185 regulates the stability of SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and depletion of RNF185 significantly increases SARS-CoV-2 viral titer (iScience (2023) 26, 106601). We highlight recent advances that identify functions for numerous human E3 ligases in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and we assess their potential as novel antiviral agents.}, } @article {pmid39030916, year = {2024}, author = {Noor Mohamad, NA and Omar, J}, title = {Cervical cancer in Malaysia.}, journal = {The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research}, volume = {50 Suppl 1}, number = {}, pages = {49-54}, doi = {10.1111/jog.16031}, pmid = {39030916}, issn = {1447-0756}, mesh = {Humans ; Malaysia/epidemiology ; Female ; *Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis/prevention & control/virology ; *Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Incidence ; }, abstract = {Cervical cancer is preventable due to effective screening to detect pre-malignant lesion, and vaccination against its causative organism namely human papillomavirus (HPV). This review article described current situation of cervical cancer in Malaysia. There is decreasing cervical cancer incidence in the country, with age-standardized rate of 10.3, versus 14.1 and 7.5 per 100 000 for worldwide and high-income countries, respectively. School-based HPV vaccination is part of national immunization since 2010, with yearly coverage rate of 83%-91%. The figure declined during coronavirus disease-19 pandemic due to scarce vaccine supply and movement-control order, resulting in about 500 000 students missing their course, with catch-up program currently onboard. Opportunistic cervical screening program started in 1960s with cervical smear cytology, which is succeeded by HPV DNA screening since 2020. Cervical cytology remains indispensable screening method in healthcare facility without access to HPV test kit, and used to triage high-risk HPV positive with abnormal cytology that require urgent colposcopy. Computed tomography is the main imaging modality to assess local and distal extent of cervical cancer. Primary surgical treatment for early-stage cancer is performed by trained gynecologic oncologist, with long waiting list for radiation therapy in locally advanced disease due to limited available public facility. There is restricted access to targeted therapy due to high treatment cost. In conclusion, Malaysia is heading toward cervical cancer elimination through rigorous investment in primary and secondary prevention, and increase in public engagement with the support of government policy enforcement.}, } @article {pmid38031820, year = {2024}, author = {Tran, TT and Eltzschig, HK and Yuan, X}, title = {Therapeutic targeting of hypoxia inducible factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, volume = {602}, number = {21}, pages = {5745-5756}, pmid = {38031820}, issn = {1469-7793}, support = {R01 HL154720/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL155950/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL169519/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL154720//National Institute of Health/ ; R01DK122796//National Institute of Health/ ; R01DK109574//National Institute of Health/ ; R01HL133900//National Institute of Health/ ; R01HL169519//National Institute of Health/ ; R01HL165748//National Institute of Health/ ; R01HL155950//National Institute of Health/ ; R01HL169519//National Institute of Health/ ; W81XWH2110032//Department of Defense/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/metabolism/drug therapy ; Animals ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by bilateral chest infiltration and acute hypoxic respiratory failure. ARDS carries significant morbidity and mortality despite advancements in medical management, calling for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a heterodimeric protein involved in various essential pathways, including metabolic reprogramming, immune modulation, angiogenesis and cell cycle regulation. HIF is routinely degraded in homeostasis conditions via the prolyl hydroxylase domain/von Hippel-Lindau protein pathway. However, HIF is stabilized in ARDS via various mechanisms (oxygen-dependent and independent) as an endogenous protective pathway and plays multifaceted roles in different cell populations. This review focuses on the functional role of HIF and its target genes during ARDS, as well as how HIF has evolved as a therapeutic target in current medical management.}, } @article {pmid36036086, year = {2024}, author = {Fontes, A and Pereira, CR and Menezes, S and Soares, A and Almeida, P and Carvalho, G and Arriaga, P}, title = {Predictors of Health-Protective and Helping Behaviors during the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Role of Social Support and Resilience.}, journal = {Psychological reports}, volume = {127}, number = {6}, pages = {2736-2761}, doi = {10.1177/00332941221123777}, pmid = {36036086}, issn = {1558-691X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/prevention & control ; Male ; *Social Support ; *Resilience, Psychological ; Female ; Adult ; *Health Behavior ; Portugal ; Middle Aged ; *Helping Behavior ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; }, abstract = {The COVID -19 pandemic dramatically affected people's lives. In this study, we explored the role of social and personal factors underlying individuals' adaptive responses during the critical onset period of the outbreak. In particular, we tested two models on the mediating role of health-protective behaviors in the relationship between social support, resilience, and helping behavior. A sample of 1085 participants from Portugal and Brazil took part in an online survey during the first wave of the pandemic. First, through an Exploratory Factor Analysis of the health-protective behaviors to prevent contagion by the coronavirus, we identified two distinct dimensions, one aggregating active protective behaviors and the other as avoidant behaviors. Secondly, we found that resilience and active protective behavior sequentially mediated the relationship between social support and willingness to help. In addition, a multigroup analysis showed that this mediational process was similar in both countries. Given the wide range of social and individual factors that may predict prosocial behaviors, we highlight the role of social support on the intention to help through resilience and active protective behaviors.}, } @article {pmid39460260, year = {2024}, author = {Khanal, S and Bura, V and Sangal, L and Sethi, R and Dhongde, D and Bahl, SK}, title = {Progress towards Measles and Rubella Elimination in the South-East Asia Region-2013-2023.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460260}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {The South-East Asia (SEA) Region of the World Health Organization (WHO), through a Regional Committee resolution in 2013, adopted the goal of "measles elimination and rubella control by 2020". The goal was revised in 2019 to "measles and rubella elimination by 2023". Countries of the Region have made significant efforts to achieve the goal. Progress has been made in the Region, with five of the 11 countries of the Region having been verified for having eliminated measles and rubella. Surveillance and immunization program performance for measles and rubella has shown an improvement since 2013. This progress has been possible due to a high level of political and programmatic commitment in the countries of the Region, as well as due to the alliances and infrastructures established for disease elimination initiatives in the past, notably for polio, being utilized effectively to implement strategies for measles and rubella elimination. The unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic had a detrimental effect on the immunization and surveillance efforts, leading to a delay in the achievement of measles and rubella elimination in the Region. Challenges to achieve the goal remain; however, efforts are ongoing in countries to not only protect the gains made so far but also to make further progress towards the goal of measles and rubella elimination.}, } @article {pmid39460256, year = {2024}, author = {O'Reilly, S and Byrne, J and Feeney, ER and Mallon, PWG and Gautier, V}, title = {Navigating the Landscape of B Cell Mediated Immunity and Antibody Monitoring in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy: Tools, Strategies and Clinical Trial Insights.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39460256}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {20/COV/0305/SFI_/Science Foundation Ireland/Ireland ; GOIPG/2019/4432//Irish Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Correlates of Protection (CoP) are biomarkers above a defined threshold that can replace clinical outcomes as primary endpoints, predicting vaccine effectiveness to support the approval of new vaccines or follow up studies. In the context of COVID-19 vaccination, CoPs can help address challenges such as demonstrating vaccine effectiveness in special populations, against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants or determining the durability of vaccine-elicited immunity. While anti-spike IgG titres and viral neutralising capacity have been characterised as CoPs for COVID-19 vaccination, the contribution of other components of the humoral immune response to immediate and long-term protective immunity is less well characterised. This review examines the evidence supporting the use of CoPs in COVID-19 clinical vaccine trials, and how they can be used to define a protective threshold of immunity. It also highlights alternative humoral immune biomarkers, including Fc effector function, mucosal immunity, and the generation of long-lived plasma and memory B cells and discuss how these can be applied to clinical studies and the tools available to study them.}, } @article {pmid39459952, year = {2024}, author = {Protopapas, K and Dimopoulou, D and Kalesis, N and Akinosoglou, K and Moschopoulos, CD}, title = {Mpox and Lessons Learned in the Light of the Recent Outbreak: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39459952}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Humans ; *Disease Outbreaks ; *Mpox (monkeypox)/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Animals ; Monkeypox virus ; COVID-19/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/virology/transmission ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/virology/transmission ; Homosexuality, Male ; }, abstract = {According to the WHO, more than 90,000 cases of mpox have been reported since the 2022 worldwide outbreak, which resulted in 167 deaths, while a new outbreak in Africa since 2023 has resulted in over 18,000 cases and 617 deaths. Mpox is a zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which causes smallpox-like illness. Until 2022, cases were predominately located in West and Central Africa, with only sporadic cases and outbreaks reported in other parts of the world. During the 2022 outbreak, the primary mode of transmission was sexual contact among men who have sex with men. The changing epidemiology of mpox resulted in new disease phenotypes and populations at risk, disproportionally affecting people who live with HIV. Commonly presenting as a mild, self-limiting illness, mpox can cause severe and protracted disease in people with HIV with a CD4 count < 200 cell/mm[3]. The global emergence of mpox that followed and intersected with COVID-19 mobilized the scientific community and healthcare stakeholders to provide accurate diagnostics, preventive vaccines and treatment to those most affected. Despite existing gaps, this rapid response helped to contain the outbreak, but challenges remain as new variants emerge. Preparedness and readiness to respond to the next outbreak is crucial in order to minimize the impact to the most vulnerable.}, } @article {pmid39459912, year = {2024}, author = {Gashema, P and Musafiri, T and Ndahimana, F and Iradukunda, H and Saramba, E and Nyakatswau, ST and Gahamanyi, N and Iradukunda, PG and Ahmed, A and Dzinamarira, T and Muvunyi, CM}, title = {Mpox in East Africa: Learning from COVID-19 and Ebola to Strengthen Public Health Responses.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39459912}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Public Health ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Africa, Eastern/epidemiology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {The Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS) in Africa. African public health systems have moved to mobilize a response against a backdrop of inherent significant challenges. With this commentary, we discuss how lessons from past public health emergencies, particularly COVID-19 and Ebola outbreaks, have prepared the region for improved disease surveillance, rapid response strategies, and effective public health communication and how these lessons can be applied to the mpox response, emphasizing the importance of strong healthcare infrastructure, effective data sharing, community engagement, targeted interventions, and robust contact tracing. Additionally, addressing misinformation and building public trust are crucial for controlling the spread of any disease. By leveraging these strategies, African countries can enhance their response to mpox. This includes improving diagnostic capabilities, strengthening cross-border collaborations, and prioritizing vaccination campaigns where needed. Ultimately, by applying the hard-earned lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and Ebola outbreak, the East Africa region can better address the challenges posed by mpox and safeguard public health.}, } @article {pmid39459851, year = {2024}, author = {Mohammed, I and Podhala, S and Zamir, F and Shiyam, S and Salameh, AR and Salahuddin, Z and Salameh, H and Kim, C and Sinan, Z and Kim, J and Al-Abdulla, D and Laws, S and Mushannen, M and Zakaria, D}, title = {Gastrointestinal Sequelae of COVID-19: Investigating Post-Infection Complications-A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39459851}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; Pancreatitis/complications/etiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/virology/pathology ; Colitis, Ulcerative/complications ; }, abstract = {Gastrointestinal (GI) complications are significant manifestations of COVID-19 and are increasingly being recognized. These complications range from severe acute pancreatitis to colitis, adding complexity to diagnosis and management. A comprehensive database search was conducted using several databases. Our inclusion criteria encompassed studies reporting severe and long-term GI complications of COVID-19. Digestive disorders were categorized into infections, inflammatory conditions, vascular disorders, structural abnormalities, other diagnoses, and undiagnosed conditions. Of the 73 studies that were selected for full-text review, only 24 met our inclusion criteria. The study highlights a broad range of gastrointestinal complications following COVID-19 infection (excluding liver complications, which are examined separately), including inflammatory conditions, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), acute pancreatitis, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Other GI complications were reported such as vascular disorders, including diverse thrombotic events and structural abnormalities, which ranged from bowel perforations to adhesions. Additionally, undiagnosed conditions like nausea and abdominal pain were prevalent across different studies involving 561 patients. The findings emphasize the substantial impact of COVID-19 on the GI tract. Ongoing research and monitoring are crucial to understanding the long-term effects and developing effective management strategies for these complications.}, } @article {pmid39459194, year = {2024}, author = {Ochar, K and Iwar, K and Nair, VD and Chung, YJ and Ha, BK and Kim, SH}, title = {The Potential of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products as Inhibitors of Cytokine Storms.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {29}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39459194}, issn = {1420-3049}, mesh = {*Glucosinolates/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy ; Animals ; Isothiocyanates/pharmacology/chemistry ; COVID-19/metabolism/virology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; }, abstract = {A cytokine storm is an intense inflammatory response characterized by the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in tissue damage, and organ dysfunction. Cytokines play a crucial role in various conditions, such as coronavirus disease, in which the immune system becomes overactive and releases excessive levels of cytokines, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). This anomalous response often leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and multiple organ injury (MOI). Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites predominantly found in Brassica vegetables, but are also present in other species, such as Moringa Adens and Carica papaya L. When catalyzed by the enzyme myrosinase, glucosinolates produce valuable products, including sulforaphane, phenethyl isothiocyanate, 6-(methylsulfinyl) hexyl isothiocyanate, erucin, goitrin, and moringin. These hydrolyzed products regulate proinflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell (NF-κB) signaling pathway and stimulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. This action can alleviate hyperinflammation in infected cells and modulate cytokine storms. In this review, we aimed to examine the potential role of glucosinolates in modulating cytokine storms and reducing inflammation in various conditions, such as coronavirus disease. Overall, we found that glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products can potentially attenuate cytokine production and the onset of cytokine storms in diseased cells. In summary, glucosinolates could be beneficial in regulating cytokine production and preventing complications related to cytokine storms.}, } @article {pmid36411974, year = {2024}, author = {Hasan, S and Awasthi, P and Malik, S and Dwivedi, M}, title = {Immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inflection in the immune response: therapy for cancer and COVID-19.}, journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {3571-3610}, doi = {10.1080/02648725.2022.2147661}, pmid = {36411974}, issn = {2046-5556}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; *Neoplasms/therapy/immunology ; *Immunotherapy/methods ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Immunomodulating Agents/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Cancer has agonized the human race for millions of years. The present decade witnesses biological therapeutics to combat cancer effectively. Cancer Immunotherapy involves the use of therapeutics for manipulation of the immune system by immune agents like cytokines, vaccines, and transfection agents. Recently, this therapeutic approach has got vast attention due to the current pandemic COVID-19 and has been very effective. Concerning cancer, immunotherapy is based on the activation of the host's antitumor response by enhancing effector cell number and the production of soluble mediators, thereby reducing the host's suppressor mechanisms by induction of a tumour killing environment and by modulating immune checkpoints. In the present era, immunotherapies have gained traction and momentum as a pedestal of cancer treatment, improving the prognosis of many patients with a wide variety of haematological and solid malignancies. Food supplements, natural immunomodulatory drugs, and phytochemicals, with recent developments, have shown positive trends in cancer treatment by improving the immune system. The current review presents the systematic studies on major immunotherapeutics and their development for the effective treatment of cancers as well as in COVID-19. The focus of the review is to highlight comparative analytics of existing and novel immunotherapies in cancers, concerning immunomodulatory drugs and natural immunosuppressants, including immunotherapy in COVID-19 patients.}, } @article {pmid36098621, year = {2024}, author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Al-Maiahy, TJ and Alexiou, A and Mukerjee, N and Batiha, GE}, title = {Prostaglandins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Covid-19.}, journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {3305-3325}, doi = {10.1080/02648725.2022.2122290}, pmid = {36098621}, issn = {2046-5556}, mesh = {Humans ; *Prostaglandins/metabolism ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *COVID-19/virology ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Cytokines/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In response to different viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and bioactive lipids are released from infected and immune cells. One of the most critical bioactive lipids is prostaglandins (PGs) which favor perseverance of inflammation leading to chronic inflammation as PGs act as cytokine amplifiers. PGs trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate Th cells, recruit immune cells, and increase the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, PGs may induce acute and chronic inflammations in various inflammatory disorders and viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. PGs are mainly inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs), which involve PG synthesis. NSAIDs reduce inflammation by selective or non-selective blocking activity of COX2 or COX1/2, respectively. In the Covid-19 era, there is a tremendous controversy regarding the use of NSAIDs in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As well, the possible role of PGs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well-defined. Thus, the objective of the present study is to review the potential role of PGs and NSAIDs in Covid-19 in a narrative review regarding the preponderance of assorted views.}, } @article {pmid36096720, year = {2024}, author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Al-Maiahy, TJ and Alexiou, A and Mukerjee, N and Batiha, GE}, title = {An insight into the placental growth factor (PlGf)/angii axis in Covid-19: a detrimental intersection.}, journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {3326-3345}, doi = {10.1080/02648725.2022.2122291}, pmid = {36096720}, issn = {2046-5556}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism ; *Placenta Growth Factor/metabolism ; *Angiotensin II/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/metabolism/etiology ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a recent and current infectious pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 may lead to the development of acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and extrapulmonary manifestations in severe cases. Down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) by the SARS-CoV-2 increases the production of angiotensin II (AngII), which increases the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and placental growth factor (PlGF). PlGF is a critical molecule involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. PlGF is stimulated by AngII in different inflammatory diseases through a variety of signaling pathways. PlGF and AngII are interacted in SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of Covid-19 complications. Both AngII and PlGF are interacted and are involved in the progression of inflammatory disorders; therefore, we aimed in this review to highlight the potential role of the PlGF/AngII axis in Covid-19.}, } @article {pmid36042570, year = {2024}, author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Alexiou, A and Mukerjee, N and Al-Hamash, SMJ and Al-Maiahy, TJ and Batiha, GE}, title = {5-HT/CGRP pathway and Sumatriptan role in Covid-19.}, journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {3148-3173}, doi = {10.1080/02648725.2022.2108996}, pmid = {36042570}, issn = {2046-5556}, mesh = {Humans ; *Sumatriptan/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism ; *COVID-19/metabolism/virology ; *Serotonin/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/metabolism/drug effects ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Covid-19, there is uncontrolled activation of immune cells with a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of cytokine storm. These inflammatory changes induce impairment of different organ functions, including the central nervous system (CNS), leading to acute brain injury and substantial changes in the neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which have immunomodulatory properties through modulation of central and peripheral immune responses. In Covid-19, 5-HT neurotransmitters and CGRP could contribute to abnormal and atypical vascular reactivity. Sumatriptan is a pre-synaptic 5-HT (5-HT1D and 5-HT1B) agonist and inhibits the release of CGRP. Both 5-HT and CGRP seem to be augmented in Covid-19 due to underlying activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and hyperinflammation. In virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with inhibition release of 5-HT and CGRP, Sumatriptan may reduce Covid-19 hyperinflammation. Therefore, Sumatriptan might be a novel potential therapeutic strategy in managing Covid-19. In conclusion, Sumatriptan could be an effective therapeutic strategy in managing Covid-19 through modulation of 5-HT neurotransmitters and inhibiting CGRP.}, } @article {pmid39459002, year = {2024}, author = {Sultana, R and Kamihira, M}, title = {Multifaceted Heparin: Diverse Applications beyond Anticoagulant Therapy.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {17}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39459002}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {JPMJTR22U9//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Heparin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has fascinated researchers and clinicians for nearly a century due to its versatile biological properties and has been used for various therapeutic purposes. Discovered in the early 20th century, heparin has been a key therapeutic anticoagulant ever since, and its use is now implemented as a life-saving pharmacological intervention in the management of thrombotic disorders and beyond. In addition to its known anticoagulant properties, heparin has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-tumorigenic activities, which may lead to its widespread use in the future as an essential drug against infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and in various medical treatments. Furthermore, recent advancements in nanotechnology, including nano-drug delivery systems and nanomaterials, have significantly enhanced the intrinsic biofunctionalities of heparin. These breakthroughs have paved the way for innovative applications in medicine and therapy, expanding the potential of heparin research. Therefore, this review aims to provide a creation profile of heparin, space for its utilities in therapeutic complications, and future characteristics such as bioengineering and nanotechnology. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in realizing the full potential of heparin to improve patient outcomes and elevate therapeutic interventions.}, } @article {pmid39458327, year = {2024}, author = {Wu, Q and Pan, X and Han, D and Ma, Z and Zhang, H}, title = {New Insights into the Epidemiological Characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39458327}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), a prevalent respiratory pathogen affecting children and adolescents, is known to trigger periodic global epidemics. The most recent significant outbreak commenced in the first half of 2023 and reached its peak globally during the autumn and winter months. Considering the worldwide repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become increasingly essential to delve into the epidemiological characteristics of M. pneumoniae both before and after the pandemic. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the key features of M. pneumoniae epidemics in the pre-and post-COVID-19 contexts, including but not limited to shifts in the susceptible population, the molecular genotypes of the pathogen, the clinical manifestations, and potential new trends in drug resistance. Additionally, we will introduce the latest advancements in the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae.}, } @article {pmid39458319, year = {2024}, author = {Alves, AC and Martins, SMDSB and Belo, JVT and Lemos, MVC and Lima, CEMC and Silva, CDD and Zagmignan, A and Nascimento da Silva, LC}, title = {Global Trends and Scientific Impact of Topical Probiotics in Dermatological Treatment and Skincare.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39458319}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {426950/2018-6, 312349/2020-3//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico do Maranhão/ ; }, abstract = {The skin plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and protecting against external aggressors. Recent research has highlighted the potential of probiotics and postbiotics in dermatological treatments and skincare. These beneficial microorganisms interact with the skin microbiota, modulate the immune response, and enhance the skin barrier, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for various skin conditions, such as acne, dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis. This bibliometric study aims to analyze the global trends and scientific impact of topical probiotics in dermatology. By reviewing 106 articles published between 2013 and 2023, the study categorizes the applications of probiotics in wound healing, inflammatory skin diseases, and general skincare. The findings indicate a significant increase in publications from 2021 onwards, attributed to the heightened focus on medical research during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also identifies the most productive countries, institutions, and authors in this field, highlighting the importance of international collaborations. The results underscore the efficacy of probiotic-based topical formulations in improving skin health, reducing inflammation, and enhancing wound healing. This comprehensive analysis supports the development of new therapeutic strategies based on topical probiotics and encourages high-quality research in this promising area.}, } @article {pmid39458190, year = {2024}, author = {Vidović, S and Kotromanović, S and Pogorelić, Z}, title = {Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms Among Students in Croatia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of clinical medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39458190}, issn = {2077-0383}, abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased fear of infection, social isolation, financial concerns, and feelings of loneliness and uncertainty. Studies reveal that the pandemic has had a significant negative impact on mental health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among students in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed on August 5, 2024, using the electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. The search utilized the Boolean logical operator expression ('depression' AND 'anxiety' AND 'stress' AND 'COVID-19' AND 'Croatia' AND 'student'). Results: Out of one hundred and fifty-four identified studies, five met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The studies used the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) to assess mental health. The results indicate a high prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among students in Croatia during the pandemic. Conclusion: A high prevalence of negative affective emotions was observed among students in Croatia during the pandemic. This finding underscores the importance of developing effective strategies for the early identification and management of mental disorders among students, irrespective of the pandemic's conclusion.}, } @article {pmid39457672, year = {2024}, author = {Rakhmetullina, A and Zielenkiewicz, P and Odolczyk, N}, title = {Peptide-Based Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs): A Case Study on the Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2).}, journal = {Biomedicines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457672}, issn = {2227-9059}, support = {79/E35/SPUB/SP/2019; DIR/Wk/2018/06//This research was partially funded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, under the projects and POL-OPENSCREEN/ ; }, abstract = {Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are fundamental to many critical biological processes and are crucial in mediating essential cellular functions across diverse organisms, including bacteria, parasites, and viruses. A notable example is the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), which initiates a series of events leading to viral replication. Interrupting this interaction offers a promising strategy for blocking or significantly reducing infection, highlighting its potential as a target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies. This review focuses on the hACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction, exemplifying the latest advancements in peptide-based strategies for developing PPI inhibitors. We discuss various approaches for creating peptide-based inhibitors that target this critical interaction, aiming to provide potential treatments for COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39457519, year = {2024}, author = {Sansone, NMS and Boschiero, MN and Marson, FAL}, title = {Efficacy of Ivermectin, Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin in Managing COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Phase III Clinical Trials.}, journal = {Biomedicines}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457519}, issn = {2227-9059}, abstract = {Background: During the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic several drugs were used to manage the patients mainly those with a severe phenotype. Potential drugs were used off-label and major concerns arose from their applicability to managing the health crisis highlighting the importance of clinical trials. In this context, we described the mechanisms of the three repurposed drugs [Ivermectin-antiparasitic drug, Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine-antimalarial drugs, and Azithromycin-antimicrobial drug]; and, based on this description, the study evaluated the clinical efficacy of those drugs published in clinical trials. The use of these drugs reflects the period of uncertainty that marked the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, which made them a possible treatment for COVID-19. Methods: In our review, we evaluated phase III randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that analyzed the efficacy of these drugs published from the COVID-19 pandemic onset to 2023. We included eight RCTs published for Ivermectin, 11 RCTs for Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine, and three RCTs for Azithromycin. The research question (PICOT) accounted for P-hospitalized patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19; I-use of oral or intravenous Ivermectin OR Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine OR Azithromycin; C-placebo or no placebo (standard of care); O-mortality OR hospitalization OR viral clearance OR need for mechanical ventilation OR clinical improvement; and T-phase III RCTs. Results: While studying these drugs' respective mechanisms of action, the reasons for which they were thought to be useful became apparent and are as follows: Ivermectin binds to insulin-like growth factor and prevents nuclear transportation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), therefore preventing cell entrance, induces apoptosis, and osmotic cell death and disrupts viral replication. Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine blocks the movement of SARS-CoV-2 from early endosomes to lysosomes inside the cell, also, this drug blocks the binding between SARS-CoV-2 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-2 inhibiting the interaction between the virus spike proteins and the cell membrane and this drug can also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication causing, ultimately, the reduction in viral infection as well as the potential to progression for a higher severity phenotype culminating with a higher chance of death. Azithromycin exerts a down-regulating effect on the inflammatory cascade, attenuating the excessive production of cytokines and inducing phagocytic activity, and acts interfering with the viral replication cycle. Ivermectin, when compared to standard care or placebo, did not reduce the disease severity, need for mechanical ventilation, need for intensive care unit, or in-hospital mortality. Only one study demonstrated that Ivermectin may improve viral clearance compared to placebo. Individuals who received Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine did not present a lower incidence of death, improved clinical status, or higher chance of respiratory deterioration compared to those who received usual care or placebo. Also, some studies demonstrated that Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine resulted in worse outcomes and side-effects included severe ones. Adding Azithromycin to a standard of care did not result in clinical improvement in hospitalized COVID-19 participants. In brief, COVID-19 was one of the deadliest pandemics in modern human history. Due to the potential health catastrophe caused by SARS-CoV-2, a global effort was made to evaluate treatments for COVID-19 to attenuate its impact on the human species. Unfortunately, several countries prematurely justified the emergency use of drugs that showed only in vitro effects against SARS-CoV-2, with a dearth of evidence supporting efficacy in humans. In this context, we reviewed the mechanisms of several drugs proposed to treat COVID-19, including Ivermectin, Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin, as well as the phase III clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of these drugs for treating patients with this respiratory disease. Conclusions: As the main finding, although Ivermectin, Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin might have mechanistic effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection, most phase III clinical trials observed no treatment benefit in patients with COVID-19, underscoring the need for robust phase III clinical trials.}, } @article {pmid39457356, year = {2024}, author = {Graham, EL and D'Isabel, S and Lofrano-Porto, A and Smith, DL}, title = {Musculoskeletal, Pulmonary, and Cardiovascular COVID-19 Sequelae in the Context of Firefighter Occupational Health: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457356}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {EMW-2020-FP-00243//Federal Emergency Management Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Firefighters ; Occupational Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/etiology/virology ; Lung Diseases/etiology/physiopathology/virology ; }, abstract = {For most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, the acute illness resolves completely. However, for millions of people, symptoms or sequelae from COVID-19 recur or persist for months to years after infection. Post-COVID-19 sequelae are wide-ranging, often affecting the musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and cardiovascular systems. All who experience post-COVID-19 sequelae face significant challenges navigating home and work life. Occupations such as firefighting, however, are of particular concern given the strenuous nature of a job that relies on a healthy musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and cardiovascular system. Research has documented significant musculoskeletal impairment (including muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue), respiratory dysfunction (including reduced lung function, interstitial disease, and diffusion abnormalities), cardiovascular conditions (including cardiac events, ischemic disease, dysrhythmias, and infectious diseases), and diminished cardiorespiratory fitness that continues for months to years in some individuals. These persistent post-COVID-19 conditions may affect a firefighter's ability to return to work, function at full capacity while at work, and potentially compromise firefighter health and public safety. This review, therefore, explores musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and cardiovascular sequelae post-COVID-19 and the impact of these sequelae on firefighter health and occupational readiness.}, } @article {pmid39457247, year = {2024}, author = {Rivera, FI and Belligoni, S and Arroyo Rodriguez, V and Chapdelaine, S and Nannuri, V and Steen Burgos, A}, title = {Compound Crises: The Impact of Emergencies and Disasters on Mental Health Services in Puerto Rico.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457247}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {Puerto Rico ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; Humans ; *Disasters ; Emergencies ; Health Services Accessibility ; Mental Health ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental health in Puerto Rico is a complex and multifaceted issue that has been shaped by the island's unique history, culture, and political status. Recent challenges, including disasters, economic hardships, and political turmoil, have significantly affected the mental well-being of the population, coupled with the limitations in the accessibility of mental health services. Thus, Puerto Rico has fewer mental health professionals per capita than any other state or territory in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: This comprehensive review examines the impact of disasters on mental health and mental health services in Puerto Rico. Given the exodus of Puerto Ricans from the island, this review also provides an overview of mental health resources available on the island, as well as in the continental United States. This review identifies efforts to address mental health issues, with the intent of gaining a proper understanding of the available mental health services, key trends, as well as observable challenges and achievements within the mental health landscape of the Puerto Rican population.

DESIGN: A comprehensive search using the PRIMO database of the University of Central Florida (UCF) library database was conducted, focusing on key terms related to disasters and mental healthcare and services in Puerto Rico. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies on Puerto Rican individuals, both those who remained on the island and those who migrated post-disaster, addressing the mental health outcomes and services for adults and children. We included peer-reviewed articles published from 2005 onwards in English and/or Spanish, examining the impact of disasters on mental health, accessibility of services, and/or trauma-related consequences.

RESULTS: In this scoping review, we identified 39 studies addressing the mental health profile of Puerto Ricans, identifying significant gaps in service availability and accessibility and the impact of environmental disasters on mental health. The findings indicate a severe shortage of mental health services in Puerto Rico, exacerbated by disasters such as Hurricanes Irma and Maria, the earthquakes of late 2019 and early 2020 that followed, and the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in substantial delays in accessing care, and limited insurance coverage, particularly in rural regions. Despite these challenges, efforts to improve mental health services have included substantial federal funding and community initiative aimed at enhancing care availability and infrastructure. Limitations include the use of a single database, language restrictions, and potential variability in data extraction and synthesis.

CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review highlights the significant impact of disasters on mental health in Puerto Rico and the challenges in accessing mental health services exacerbated by disasters. Despite efforts, significant gaps in mental healthcare and services persist, emphasizing the need for more rigorous research and improvements in infrastructure and workforce to enhance mental health outcomes for Puerto Ricans both on the island and in the continental United States.}, } @article {pmid39457167, year = {2024}, author = {Mîndru, DE and Țarcă, E and Adumitrăchioaiei, H and Anton-Păduraru, DT and Ștreangă, V and Frăsinariu, OE and Sidoreac, A and Stoica, C and Bernic, V and Luca, AC}, title = {Obesity as a Risk Factor for the Severity of COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients: Possible Mechanisms-A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457167}, issn = {2227-9067}, abstract = {Obesity, the current pandemic, is associated with alarming rises among children and adolescents, and the forecasts for the near future are worrying. The present paper aims to draw attention to the short-term effects of the excess adipose tissue in the presence of a viral infection, which can be life-threatening for pediatric patients, given that the course of viral infections is often severe, if not critical. The COVID-19 pandemic has been the basis of these statements, which opened the door to the study of the repercussions of obesity in the presence of a viral infection. Since 2003, with the discovery of SARS-CoV-1, interest in the study of coronaviruses has steadily increased, with a peak during the pandemic. Thus, obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection and is correlated with a heightened risk of severe outcomes in pediatric patients. We sought to determine the main mechanisms through which obesity is responsible for the unfavorable evolution in the presence of a viral infection, with emphasis on the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, in the hope that future studies will further elucidate this aspect, enabling prompt and effective intervention in obese patients with viral infections, whose clinical progression is likely to be favorable.}, } @article {pmid39457145, year = {2024}, author = {Lee, JY and Kim, J and Choi, SH and Kim, DH and Yun, KW and Kim, YJ and Cao, GPH and Choi, M and Ahn, JG}, title = {Clinical Effectiveness of Biological Immunomodulators in SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457145}, issn = {2227-9067}, support = {NP21-004, NA22-008, NA23-010//Korean Academy of Medical Science/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although there is consensus to use immunoglobulins and corticosteroids as first-line treatments for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), the effectiveness of biological immunomodulators in patients refractory to standard therapy remains unclear. We aimed to outline real-world data on biological immunomodulators.

METHOD: A literature search using Ovid-Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CDSR, and KMBASE was conducted from September 2021 to August 2022; certainty of evidence was assessed via GRADE.

RESULTS: Among 258 studies, 10 were selected for analysis, of which 2 were observational studies (with control groups receiving standard therapy of either intravenous immunoglobulins and/or glucocorticoids) and 8 were single-arm studies. In all, 145 patients were treated with biological immunomodulators (anakinra (72; 49%) or infliximab (65; 44%)). In the first observational study, patients in the anakinra group initially exhibited a lower left ventricular ejection fraction than those in the control group. In the second study, patients in the infliximab group required less additional therapy and showed lower newly developed left ventricular dysfunction rate and reduced C-reactive protein levels. The clinical outcomes associated with each biological agent in single-arm studies were not reported individually.

CONCLUSIONS: Biological immunomodulators are feasible therapeutic options for refractory MIS-C. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to demonstrate clinical efficacy.}, } @article {pmid39457139, year = {2024}, author = {Dourdouna, MM and Tatsi, EB and Syriopoulou, V and Michos, A}, title = {Proteomic Signatures of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457139}, issn = {2227-9067}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a post-infectious complication of COVID-19. MIS-C has overlapping features with other pediatric inflammatory disorders including Kawasaki Disease (KD), Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS), Toxic Shock Syndrome and sepsis. The exact mechanisms responsible for the clinical overlap between MIS-C and these conditions remain unclear, and biomarkers that could distinguish MIS-C from its clinical mimics are lacking. This study aimed to provide an overview of how proteomic methods, like Mass Spectrometry (MS) and affinity-based proteomics, can offer a detailed understanding of pathophysiology and aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of MIS-C.

METHODS: A narrative review of relevant studies published up to July 2024 was conducted.

RESULTS: We identified 15 studies and summarized their key proteomic findings. These studies investigated the serum or plasma proteome of MIS-C patients using MS, Proximity Extension, or Aptamer-based assays. The studies associated the proteomic profile of MIS-C with laboratory and clinical parameters and/or compared it with that of other diseases including acute COVID-19, KD, MAS, pediatric rheumatic diseases, sepsis and myocarditis or pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA immunization. Depending on the method and the control group, different proteins were increased or decreased in the MIS-C group. The limitations and challenges in MIS-C proteomic research are also discussed, and future research recommendations are provided.

CONCLUSIONS: Although proteomics appear to be a promising approach for understanding the pathogenesis and uncovering candidate biomarkers in MIS-C, proteomic studies are still needed to recognize and validate biomarkers that could accurately discriminate MIS-C from its clinical mimics.}, } @article {pmid39457048, year = {2024}, author = {Avdonin, PP and Blinova, MS and Serkova, AA and Komleva, LA and Avdonin, PV}, title = {Immunity and Coagulation in COVID-19.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39457048}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {22-15-00409//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 0088-2024-0009//Government program of basic research/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Blood Coagulation ; *Thrombosis/immunology/etiology ; Immunity, Innate ; }, abstract = {Discovered in late 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has caused the largest pandemic of the 21st century, claiming more than seven million lives. In most cases, the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is relatively mild and affects only the upper respiratory tract; it most often manifests itself with fever, chills, cough, and sore throat, but also has less-common mild symptoms. In most cases, patients do not require hospitalization, and fully recover. However, in some cases, infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus leads to the development of a severe form of COVID-19, which is characterized by the development of life-threatening complications affecting not only the lungs, but also other organs and systems. In particular, various forms of thrombotic complications are common among patients with a severe form of COVID-19. The mechanisms for the development of thrombotic complications in COVID-19 remain unclear. Accumulated data indicate that the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is based on disruptions in the functioning of various innate immune systems. The key role in the primary response to a viral infection is assigned to two systems. These are the pattern recognition receptors, primarily members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family, and the complement system. Both systems are the first to engage in the fight against the virus and launch a whole range of mechanisms aimed at its rapid elimination. Normally, their joint activity leads to the destruction of the pathogen and recovery. However, disruptions in the functioning of these innate immune systems in COVID-19 can cause the development of an excessive inflammatory response that is dangerous for the body. In turn, excessive inflammation entails activation of and damage to the vascular endothelium, as well as the development of the hypercoagulable state observed in patients seriously ill with COVID-19. Activation of the endothelium and hypercoagulation lead to the development of thrombosis and, as a result, damage to organs and tissues. Immune-mediated thrombotic complications are termed "immunothrombosis". In this review, we discuss in detail the features of immunothrombosis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential underlying mechanisms.}, } @article {pmid39456976, year = {2024}, author = {Kaempfer, R}, title = {Subduing the Inflammatory Cytokine Storm.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39456976}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/etiology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Mice ; Inflammation/immunology ; Shock, Septic/immunology ; Superantigens/immunology ; Peptides/immunology/chemistry ; COVID-19/immunology ; }, abstract = {The inflammatory cytokine response is essential for protective immunity, yet bacterial and viral pathogens often elicit an exaggerated response ("cytokine storm") harmful to the host that can cause multi-organ damage and lethality. Much has been published recently on the cytokine storm within the context of the coronavirus pandemic, yet bacterial sepsis, severe wound infections and toxic shock provide other prominent examples. The problem of the cytokine storm is compounded by the increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. We created an incisive molecular tool for analyzing the role of the B7/CD28 costimulatory axis in the human inflammatory response. To attenuate the cytokine storm underlying infection pathology, yet preserve host defenses, we uniquely targeted the engagement of CD28 with its B7 co-ligands by means of short peptide mimetics of the human CD28 and B7 receptor homodimer interfaces. These peptides are not only effective tools for dissecting mechanism but also serve to attenuate the inflammatory response as a broad host-oriented therapeutic strategy against the cytokine storm. Indeed, such peptides protect mice from lethal Gram-positive bacterial superantigen-induced toxic shock even when dosed in molar amounts well below that of the superantigen and show promise in protecting humans from the severe inflammatory disease necrotizing soft tissue infections ('flesh-eating' bacterial sepsis) following traumatic wound injuries.}, } @article {pmid39456932, year = {2024}, author = {Vlădulescu-Trandafir, AI and Bojincă, VC and Munteanu, C and Anghelescu, A and Popescu, C and Stoica, SI and Aurelian, S and Bălănescu, A and Băetu, C and Ciobanu, V and Onose, G}, title = {Rheumatoid Arthritis and COVID-19 at the Intersection of Immunology and Infectious Diseases: A Related PRISMA Systematic Literature Review.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39456932}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Humans ; *Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology/drug therapy ; *COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Rituximab/therapeutic use ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use ; Azetidines/therapeutic use ; Purines ; Pyrazoles ; Sulfonamides ; }, abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients face different health challenges when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than the general population, due to both their immunocompromised state and the immunosuppressive therapies they receive. This systematic literature review, which follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) paradigm, explores the interactions between RA and SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on immunologic issues, disease management, vaccination, and adverse outcomes. In order to obtain the most relevant information, we systematically reviewed the specific literature from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2023, based on the PRISMA method, by which we eventually selected 35 eligible articles, to which we added other ISI-indexed studies to enrich our results further. Consequently, we performed a funnel analysis to evaluate the potential for publication bias. Firstly, the data collected revealed the impact of the pandemic on RA diagnoses and the fear of face-to-face medical consultations that delayed adequate treatment. Secondly, cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities increase the risk of prolonged COVID-19 symptoms, hospitalization, and severe COVID-19 outcomes for RA patients. With respect to immunosuppressive treatment used to control RA, it was observed that glucocorticoids (especially high-dose usage) and Rituximab (RTX) predispose the patients to poor SARS-CoV-2 outcomes, as opposed to Baricitinib and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. COVID-19 vaccination has proven effective and generally safe for RA patients in some studies, although therapies with Methotrexate (MTX), Abatacept (ABA), and RTX have been associated with impaired vaccine immune response. This systematic literature review brings updated and thorough information with respect to the immunological, clinical, and management of a complex immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) like RA in the setting of COVID-19 and underlines the challenges faced by this group of patients. The lessons learned can be extended beyond the pandemic in shaping a more informed and compassionate healthcare system and offering long-term medical care for patients with RA.}, } @article {pmid39456822, year = {2024}, author = {Papadopoulou, P and Polissidis, A and Kythreoti, G and Sagnou, M and Stefanatou, A and Theoharides, TC}, title = {Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Polyphenols Derived from the European Olive Tree, Olea europaea L., in Long COVID and Other Conditions Involving Cognitive Impairment.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39456822}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Olea/chemistry ; *Polyphenols/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; Humans ; *Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; *COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Animals ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {The European olive tree, Olea europaea L., and its polyphenols hold great therapeutic potential to treat neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. This review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of olive polyphenols and their potential in the treatment of long COVID and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Key findings suggest that olive polyphenols exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antiviral properties, making them promising candidates for therapeutic intervention, especially when formulated in unique combinations. Recommendations for future research directions include elucidating molecular pathways through mechanistic studies, exploring the therapeutic implications of olive polyphenol supplementation, and conducting clinical trials to assess efficacy and safety. Investigating potential synergistic effects with other agents addressing different targets is suggested for further exploration. The evidence reviewed strengthens the translational value of olive polyphenols in conditions involving cognitive dysfunction and emphasizes the novelty of new formulations.}, } @article {pmid39320985, year = {2024}, author = {Lécuyer, E and Sauvageau, M and Kothe, U and Unrau, PJ and Damha, MJ and Perreault, J and Abou Elela, S and Bayfield, MA and Claycomb, JM and Scott, MS}, title = {Canada's contributions to RNA research: past, present, and future perspectives.}, journal = {Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1139/bcb-2024-0176}, pmid = {39320985}, issn = {1208-6002}, abstract = {The field of RNA research has provided profound insights into the basic mechanisms modulating the function and adaption of biological systems. RNA has also been at the center stage in the development of transformative biotechnological and medical applications, perhaps most notably was the advent of mRNA vaccines that were critical in helping humanity through the Covid-19 pandemic. Unbeknownst to many, Canada boasts a diverse community of RNA scientists, spanning multiple disciplines and locations, whose cutting-edge research has established a rich track record of contributions across various aspects of RNA science over many decades. Through this position paper, we seek to highlight key contributions made by Canadian investigators to the RNA field, via both thematic and historical viewpoints. We also discuss initiatives underway to organize and enhance the impact of the Canadian RNA research community, particularly focusing on the creation of the not-for-profit organization RNA Canada ARN. Considering the strategic importance of RNA research in biology and medicine, and its considerable potential to help address major challenges facing humanity, sustained support of this sector will be critical to help Canadian scientists play key roles in the ongoing RNA revolution and the many benefits this could bring about to Canada.}, } @article {pmid39225215, year = {2024}, author = {Sharma, K and Singh, M and Sharma, SC}, title = {Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: In silico Approaches for Emerging and Neglected RNA Viruses.}, journal = {Current pharmaceutical design}, volume = {30}, number = {41}, pages = {3276-3290}, doi = {10.2174/0113816128322226240815063730}, pmid = {39225215}, issn = {1873-4286}, mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *RNA Viruses/drug effects ; Computer Simulation ; RNA Virus Infections/drug therapy/virology ; Drug Design ; }, abstract = {The 21st century has shown us how rapidly the pandemic can evolve and devastate the life of human beings without differentiating between the continents. Even after the global investment of billions of dollars into the healthcare sector, we are still lacking multiple therapeutics against emerging viruses. World Health Organization (WHO) has listed a number of viruses that could take the form of pandemics at anytime, depending upon their mutations. Among those listed, the SARS-CoV, Ebola, Zika, Nipah, and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are the most known viruses in terms of their number of outbreaks. The common feature among these viruses is their RNA-based genome. Developing a new therapeutic candidate for these RNA viruses in a short period of time is challenging. In silico drug designing techniques offer a simple solution to these problems by implementing supercomputers and complicated algorithms that can evaluate the inhibition activity of proposed synthetic compounds without actually doing the bioassays. A vast collection of protein crystal structures and the data on binding affinity are useful tools in this process. Taking this into account, we have summarized the in silico based therapeutic advances against SARS-CoV, Ebola, Zika, Nipah, and CHIKV viruses by encapsulating state-of-art research articles into different sections. Specifically, we have shown that computer- aided drug design (CADD) derived synthetic molecules are the pillars of upcoming therapeutic strategies against emerging and neglected viruses.}, } @article {pmid39101645, year = {2024}, author = {Cheda, M and Kuczyńska, M and Dąbrowska, I and Sobstyl, J and Szmygin, H and Zarajczyk, A and Materek, M and Rejdak, K and Drelich-Zbroja, A}, title = {Haemorrhagic intracranial complications associated with vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia or central venous thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: postulated underlying mechanisms with literature and case review.}, journal = {Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska}, volume = {58}, number = {5}, pages = {484-489}, doi = {10.5603/pjnns.97675}, pmid = {39101645}, issn = {0028-3843}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced/etiology ; *Intracranial Hemorrhages/etiology ; *Venous Thrombosis/etiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Female ; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/etiology ; Male ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Despite the unequivocal medical and social advantages of introducing vaccines against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, there were also some concerns regarding possible post-vaccination adverse events. Most of these are mild. But in rare cases, severe neurological symptoms including ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVT), and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (TTS) have been observed. Literature data suggests that thrombosis with thrombocytopenia was the major underlying cause of the ICH; dural venous sinuses/cerebral veins were indicated as the primarily affected sites of thrombosis. Our review confirms the previously documented suspicion that CVT and TTS are most likely to occur following vector-type, rather than mRNA, vaccine administration. The postulated mechanism of TTS is similar to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) both clinically and serologically. Although ICH and VITT are very rare side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine, for patients with risk factors for thrombosis (e.g. pregnancy), physicians should carefully consider the benefit/risk ratio of vaccination.}, } @article {pmid39085662, year = {2024}, author = {Fioravanti, A and Antonelli, M and Vitale, M}, title = {Advances in modern Balneology: new evidence-based indications from recent studies.}, journal = {International journal of biometeorology}, volume = {68}, number = {11}, pages = {2447-2452}, pmid = {39085662}, issn = {1432-1254}, mesh = {Humans ; *Balneology/methods ; COVID-19 ; }, abstract = {Balneotherapy (BT) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes various forms of water-based treatments to promote health and well-being. BT possesses a rich historical heritage and has garnered recognition from esteemed institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO). Recent scientific research enables the identification of relevant diseases (obesity, metabolic diseases, sleep disorders, mental health conditions, Long-COVID-19, and cancer rehabilitation) that could potentially benefit from balneo-therapeutic treatments, thereby presenting new avenues of opportunity for SPA ("Salus per Aquam") medicine. These conditions exemplify the potential benefits of BT for ailments beyond the traditional scope of treatment associated with BT (most commonly osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatic back pain, and chronic inflammatory respiratory or skin disorders). Overall, the current scientific evidence suggests that BT holds significant potential for enhancing both individual wellbeing and public health. However, further high-quality clinical trials are essential to corroborate these preliminary findings and to provide critical insights into the therapeutic benefits of BT, paving the way for its broader integration into healthcare practices and public health initiatives.}, } @article {pmid39456253, year = {2024}, author = {Gopalaswamy, R and Aravindhan, V and Subbian, S}, title = {The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39456253}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology/administration & dosage ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Vaccination ; BNT162 Vaccine/immunology ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273/immunology ; }, abstract = {The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted a massive global vaccination campaign, leading to the rapid development and deployment of several vaccines. Various COVID-19 vaccines are under different phases of clinical trials and include the whole virus or its parts like DNA, mRNA, or protein subunits administered directly or through vectors. Beginning in 2020, a few mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273) and adenovirus-based (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S and the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S) vaccines were recommended by WHO for emergency use before the completion of the phase 3 and 4 trials. These vaccines were mostly administered in two or three doses at a defined frequency between the two doses. While these vaccines, mainly based on viral nucleic acids or protein conferred protection against the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection into severe COVID-19, and prevented death due to the disease, their use has also been accompanied by a plethora of side effects. Common side effects include localized reactions such as pain at the injection site, as well as systemic reactions like fever, fatigue, and headache. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and resolve within a few days. However, rare but more serious side effects have been reported, including allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and, in some cases, myocarditis or pericarditis, particularly in younger males. Ongoing surveillance and research efforts continue to refine the understanding of these adverse effects, providing critical insights into the risk-benefit profile of COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the overall safety profile supports the continued use of these vaccines in combating the pandemic, with regulatory agencies and health organizations emphasizing the importance of vaccination in preventing COVID-19's severe outcomes. In this review, we describe different types of COVID-19 vaccines and summarize various adverse effects due to autoimmune and inflammatory response(s) manifesting predominantly as cardiac, hematological, neurological, and psychological dysfunctions. The incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of different adverse effects and possible mechanisms contributing to these effects are discussed. The review highlights the potential ambivalence of human response post-COVID-19 vaccination and necessitates the need to mitigate the adverse side effects.}, } @article {pmid39455963, year = {2024}, author = {Alexander, E and Leong, KW}, title = {Discovery of nanobodies: a comprehensive review of their applications and potential over the past five years.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {661}, pmid = {39455963}, issn = {1477-3155}, mesh = {*Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry ; Humans ; Animals ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19/virology/immunology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {Nanobodies (Nbs) are antibody fragments derived from heavy-chain-only IgG antibodies found in the Camelidae family as well as cartilaginous fish. Their unique structural and functional properties, such as their small size, the ability to be engineered for high antigen-binding affinity, stability under extreme conditions, and ease of production, have made them promising tools for diagnostics and therapeutics. This potential was realized in 2018 with the approval of caplacizumab, the world's first Nb-based drug. Currently, Nbs are being investigated in clinical trials for a broad range of treatments, including targeted therapies against PDL1 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. They are also being studied for their potential for detecting and imaging autoimmune conditions and infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A variety of methods are now available to generate target-specific Nbs quickly and efficiently at low costs, increasing their accessibility. This article examines these diverse applications of Nbs and their promising roles. Only the most recent articles published in the last five years have been used to summarize the most advanced developments in the field.}, } @article {pmid39455731, year = {2024}, author = {Van Bavel, JJ and Gadarian, SK and Knowles, E and Ruggeri, K}, title = {Political polarization and health.}, journal = {Nature medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39455731}, issn = {1546-170X}, support = {TWCF-2022-30561//Templeton World Charity Foundation (Templeton World Charity Foundation, Inc.)/ ; }, abstract = {In addition to social determinants of health, such as economic resources, education, access to care and various environmental factors, there is growing evidence that political polarization poses a substantial risk to individual and collective well-being. Here we review the impact of political polarization on public health. We describe the different forms of polarization and how they are connected to health outcomes, highlighting the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study of the health risks of polarization. We then offer strategies for mitigating potential harms associated with polarization, with an emphasis on building social trust. Finally, we propose future research directions on this topic, underscore the need for more work in a global context and encourage greater collaboration between social scientists and medical scientists. We conclude that polarization is a serious-if largely overlooked-determinant of health, whose impacts must be more thoroughly understood and mitigated.}, } @article {pmid39455195, year = {2024}, author = {Alderman, JE and Charalambides, M and Sachdeva, G and Laws, E and Palmer, J and Lee, E and Menon, V and Malik, Q and Vadera, S and Calvert, M and Ghassemi, M and McCradden, MD and Ordish, J and Mateen, B and Summers, C and Gath, J and Matin, RN and Denniston, AK and Liu, X}, title = {Revealing transparency gaps in publicly available COVID-19 datasets used for medical artificial intelligence development-a systematic review.}, journal = {The Lancet. Digital health}, volume = {6}, number = {11}, pages = {e827-e847}, doi = {10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00146-8}, pmid = {39455195}, issn = {2589-7500}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Artificial Intelligence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Datasets as Topic ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, artificial intelligence (AI) models were created to address health-care resource constraints. Previous research shows that health-care datasets often have limitations, leading to biased AI technologies. This systematic review assessed datasets used for AI development during the pandemic, identifying several deficiencies. Datasets were identified by screening articles from MEDLINE and using Google Dataset Search. 192 datasets were analysed for metadata completeness, composition, data accessibility, and ethical considerations. Findings revealed substantial gaps: only 48% of datasets documented individuals' country of origin, 43% reported age, and under 25% included sex, gender, race, or ethnicity. Information on data labelling, ethical review, or consent was frequently missing. Many datasets reused data with inadequate traceability. Notably, historical paediatric chest x-rays appeared in some datasets without acknowledgment. These deficiencies highlight the need for better data quality and transparent documentation to lessen the risk that biased AI models are developed in future health emergencies.}, } @article {pmid39454992, year = {2024}, author = {Yu, LC}, title = {Gastrointestinal pathophysiology in long COVID: Exploring roles of microbiota dysbiosis and serotonin dysregulation in post-infectious bowel symptoms.}, journal = {Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {123153}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123153}, pmid = {39454992}, issn = {1879-0631}, abstract = {The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered an unprecedented public health crisis known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms develop in patients during acute infection and persist after recovery from airway distress in a chronic form of the disease (long COVID). A high incidence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) manifested by severe abdominal pain and defecation pattern changes is reported in COVID patients. Although COVID is primarily considered a respiratory disease, fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 antigens positively correlates with bowel symptoms. Active viral infection in the GI tract was identified by human intestinal organoid studies showing SARS-CoV-2 replication in gut epithelial cells. In this review, we highlight the key findings in post-COVID bowel symptoms and explore possible mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the illness. These mechanisms include mucosal inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction, and microbiota dysbiosis during viral infection. Viral shedding through the GI route may be the primary factor causing the alteration of the microbiome ecosystem, particularly the virome. Recent evidence in experimental models suggested that microbiome dysbiosis could be further aggravated by epithelial barrier damage and immune activation. Moreover, altered microbiota composition has been associated with dysregulated serotonin pathways, resulting in intestinal nerve hypersensitivity. These mechanisms may explain the development of post-infectious IBS-like symptoms in long COVID. Understanding how coronavirus infection affects gut pathophysiology, including microbiome changes, would benefit the therapeutic advancement for managing post-infectious bowel symptoms.}, } @article {pmid39454459, year = {2024}, author = {Roe, K}, title = {Lethal synergistic infections by two concurrent respiratory pathogens.}, journal = {Archives of medical research}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {103101}, doi = {10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103101}, pmid = {39454459}, issn = {1873-5487}, abstract = {Lethal synergistic infections by concurrent pathogens have occurred in humans, including human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, or in animal or human models of influenza virus, or bacteria, e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, concurrent with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the intracellular synergistic interaction possibilities between two respiratory viral pathogens, or between viral and fungal pathogens, merits additional examination. The requirements for synergistic concurrent pathogen infections are: a) relatively little detrimental interference between two pathogens, b) one pathogen having the capability of directly or indirectly assisting the second pathogen by direct immuno-manipulation or indirect provision of infection opportunities and/or metabolic assistance, c) substantial human or environmental prevalence, possibly including a prevalence in any type of health-care facilities or other locations having congregations of potentially infected human or animal vectors and d) substantial transmissibility of the pathogens, which would make their concurrent pathogen infections much more probable. A new definition of pathogen synergy is proposed: "pathogen synergy is an interaction of two or more pathogens during concurrent infections causing an increased infection severity compared to mono-infections by the individual pathogens." Non-respiratory pathogens can also concurrently infect organs besides the lungs. However, the air-transmissible respiratory pathogens, particularly the RNA viruses, can enable highly widespread and synergistic concurrent infections. For instance, certain strains of coronaviruses, influenza viruses and similar respiratory viruses, are highly transmissible and/or widely prevalent in various vectors for transmission to humans and have numerous capabilities for altering lung immune defenses.}, } @article {pmid39454275, year = {2024}, author = {Afshar Hosseinabadi, Z and Amini-Rarani, M and Amiresmaili, M and Shaarbafchizadeh, N and Raeisi, AR}, title = {Strengthening public health systems during an emerging respiratory disease pandemic: A realist review.}, journal = {Archives of medical research}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {103096}, doi = {10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103096}, pmid = {39454275}, issn = {1873-5487}, abstract = {The recent outbreak of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 has highlighted the need to strengthen public health systems to respond effectively to such crises. While previous research has identified various public health interventions for pandemics, there remains a significant gap in understanding which interventions can strengthen public health systems during emerging respiratory pandemics and under what conditions. To address this gap, we conducted a realist review to examine public health interventions during emerging respiratory disease pandemics, focusing on context, mechanisms, and outcomes. We conducted a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science for studies published since 2003. Finally, we analyzed and assessed the quality of 601 articles and analyzed 32 of them. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the situational, structural, cultural, and environmental contexts that influence public health interventions within the six building blocks of public health systems. We have also identified the mechanisms of these interventions at the individual, organizational, and national levels for successful outcomes, such as improved access to health services, health equity, and effectiveness. This information is important for policymakers and practitioners who can use it to develop evidence-based strategies to strengthen public health systems during emerging respiratory disease pandemics. Our review introduced a new conceptual model to explore the interaction between context, interventions, mechanisms, and outcomes to strengthen public health systems. However, further research is needed to determine the effect of specific contextual factors on public health system interventions during respiratory disease pandemics.}, } @article {pmid39453787, year = {2024}, author = {Mark Doherty, T and Privor-Dumm, L}, title = {Role of new vaccinators/pharmacists in life-course vaccination.}, journal = {Annals of medicine}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, pages = {2411603}, doi = {10.1080/07853890.2024.2411603}, pmid = {39453787}, issn = {1365-2060}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Vaccination/methods ; *Pharmacists ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/supply & distribution ; Professional Role ; Health Services Accessibility ; Immunization Programs/organization & administration ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Aged ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vaccines against diseases such as herpes zoster, pneumococcus and influenza are broadly recommended for older adults, but uptake is frequently low.

VACCINATION BOTTLENECK: Part of the reason may be that access to adult vaccination can be problematic, particularly for minorities and other under-served populations. Potential barriers include complex procedures, limited resources in healthcare systems and lack of structured infrastructure.

The Covid-19 pandemic necessitated rapid expansion of the infrastructure to deliver adult vaccination, and triggered the use of facilities including pharmacies, schools, faith-based organizations, community organizations, shops and hair salons, drive-through centres and mobile vaccination units.

Although many such initiatives were temporary, they demonstrated the principle of effective expansion of adult vaccination and education to a range of new providers and settings. Of these, pharmacist involvement in immunization in particular has consistently been shown to be associated with increased immunization rates.

This review discusses results from attempts to expand and simplify the adult vaccination process, potentially allowing vaccination to be initiated by the recipient and completed in a single visit. These studies suggest that expanding adult vaccination access to new providers and/or new settings will require development of an integrated plan for preventive healthcare, covering areas such as setting target coverage rates, financial support, and development of immunization information systems accessible to all vaccination providers to maintain accurate immunization records and support interventions such as reminders.}, } @article {pmid39453501, year = {2024}, author = {Asaad, GF and Doghish, AS and Rashad, AA and El-Dakroury, WA}, title = {Exploring cutting-edge approaches in diabetes care: from nanotechnology to personalized therapeutics.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39453501}, issn = {1432-1912}, abstract = {Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a persistent condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood due to irregularities in the secretion of insulin, its action, or both. The disease was believed to be incurable until insulin was extracted, refined, and produced for sale. In DM, insulin delivery devices and insulin analogs have improved glycemic management even further. Sulfonylureas, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones are examples of newer-generation medications having high efficacy in decreasing hyperglycemia as a result of scientific and technological advancements. Incretin mimetics, dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1 agonists, PPARs, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, anti-CD3 mAbs, glucokinase activators, and glimins as targets have all performed well in recent clinical studies. Considerable focus was placed on free FA receptor 1 agonist, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibitors, and Sparc-related modular calcium-binding protein 1 which are still being studied. Theranostics, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, siRNA, and nanotechnology are some of the new therapeutic techniques. Traditional Chinese medicinal plants will also be discussed. This study seeks to present a comprehensive analysis of the latest research advancements, the emerging trends in medication therapy, and the utilization of delivery systems in treating DM. The objective is to provide valuable insights into the application of different pharmaceuticals in the field of diabetes mellitus treatment. Also, the therapeutic approach for diabetic patients infected with COVID-19 will be highlighted. Recent clinical and experimental studies evidence the Egyptian experience. Finally, as per the knowledge of the state of the art, our conclusion and future perspective will be declared.}, } @article {pmid39453446, year = {2024}, author = {Kasper, S and Eckert, A}, title = {Silexan in anxiety, depression, and related disorders: pharmacological background and clinical data.}, journal = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39453446}, issn = {1433-8491}, abstract = {We present a narrative review of clinical trials investigating the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of silexan, an active substance derived from lavender oil and summarize nonclinical findings from pharmacological studies supporting its therapeutic use. Six studies investigated the efficacy of the lavender oil in patients with subthreshold and generalized anxiety disorders as well as in mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (MADD). Furthermore, we present data indicating that silexan may influence sleep quality as well as anxiety or depressive disorders in individuals with post-COVID-19. Silexan taken orally at a daily dose of 80 mg for 10 weeks was significantly superior to placebo in reducing psychic and somatic symptoms of anxiety and was as effective as 0.5 mg/d lorazepam and 20 mg/d paroxetine. In patients with mild or moderate major depression, silexan was superior to placebo and comparably effective to 50 mg/d sertraline. Significant antidepressant effects were also observed in MADD and depression co-morbid with anxiety. The herbal product had a beneficial effect on activities of daily living and health-related quality of life. Adverse events associated with silexan in clinical trials were limited to eructation and mild, transient gastrointestinal complaints. The herbal product was not associated with drug interactions, sedation, sleep disturbance, dependence and abuse potential, sexual dysfunction, weight gain or withdrawal symptoms. Silexan was therefore safe and effective in subthreshold and syndromal anxiety disorders and in major depression.}, } @article {pmid39453072, year = {2024}, author = {Haywood, LMB and Sheahan, BJ}, title = {A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis.}, journal = {Veterinary sciences}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/vetsci11100480}, pmid = {39453072}, issn = {2306-7381}, abstract = {Equine colitis is a devastating disease with a high mortality rate. Infectious pathogens associated with colitis in the adult horse include Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Neorickettsia risticii/findlaynesis, and equine coronavirus. Antimicrobial-associated colitis can be associated with the presence of infectious pathogens. Colitis can also be due to non-infectious causes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, sand ingestion, and infiltrative bowel disease. Current treatments focus on symptomatic treatment (restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing laminitis and sepsis). Intestinal epithelial ion channels are key regulators of electrolyte (especially sodium and chloride) and water movement into the lumen. Dysfunctional ion channels play a key role in the development of diarrhea. Infectious pathogens, including Salmonella spp. and C. difficile, have been shown to regulate ion channels in a variety of ways. In other species, there has been an increased interest in ion channel manipulation as an anti-diarrheal treatment. While targeting ion channels also represents a promising way to manage diarrhea associated with equine colitis, ion channels have not been well studied in the equine colon. This review provides an overview of what is known about colonic ion channels and their known or putative role in specific types of equine colitis due to various pathogens.}, } @article {pmid39452697, year = {2024}, author = {Diogo, MA and Cabral, AGT and de Oliveira, RB}, title = {Advances in the Search for SARS-CoV-2 M[pro] and PL[pro] Inhibitors.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39452697}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is a spherical, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a large genome, responsible for encoding both structural proteins, vital for the viral particle's architecture, and non-structural proteins, critical for the virus's replication cycle. Among the non-structural proteins, two cysteine proteases emerge as promising molecular targets for the design of new antiviral compounds. The main protease (M[pro]) is a homodimeric enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the formation of the viral replication-transcription complex, associated with the papain-like protease (PL[pro]), a cysteine protease that modulates host immune signaling by reversing post-translational modifications of ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in host cells. Due to the importance of these molecular targets for the design and development of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs, the purpose of this review is to address aspects related to the structure, mechanism of action and strategies for the design of inhibitors capable of targeting the M[pro] and PL[pro]. Examples of covalent and non-covalent inhibitors that are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies or already approved for therapy will be also discussed to show the advances in medicinal chemistry in the search for new molecules to treat COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39452475, year = {2024}, author = {Awaya, T and Hara, H and Moroi, M}, title = {Cytokine Storms and Anaphylaxis Following COVID-19 mRNA-LNP Vaccination: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches.}, journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39452475}, issn = {2079-9721}, abstract = {Acute adverse reactions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are a major concern, as autopsy reports indicate that deaths most commonly occur on the same day of or one day following vaccination. These acute reactions may be due to cytokine storms triggered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and anaphylaxis induced by polyethene glycol (PEG), both of which are vital constituents of the mRNA-LNP vaccines. Kounis syndrome, in which anaphylaxis triggers acute coronary syndrome (ACS), may also be responsible for these cardiovascular events. Furthermore, COVID-19 mRNA-LNP vaccines encompass adjuvants, such as LNPs, which trigger inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. These vaccines also produce spike proteins which facilitate the release of inflammatory cytokines. Apart from this, histamine released from mast cells during allergic reactions plays a critical role in IL-6 secretion, which intensifies inflammatory responses. In light of these events, early reduction of IL-1β and IL-6 is imperative for managing post-vaccine cytokine storms, ACS, and myocarditis. Corticosteroids can restrict inflammatory cytokines and mitigate allergic responses, while colchicine, known for its IL-1β-reducing capabilities, could also prove effective. The anti-IL-6 antibody tocilizumab also displays promising treatment of cytokine release syndrome. Aside from its significance for treating anaphylaxis, epinephrine can induce coronary artery spasms and myocardial ischemia in Kounis syndrome, making accurate diagnosis essential. The upcoming self-amplifying COVID-19 mRNA-LNP vaccines also contain LNPs. Given that these vaccines can cause a cytokine storm and allergic reactions post vaccination, it is crucial to consider corticosteroids and measure IL-6 levels for effective management.}, } @article {pmid39452214, year = {2024}, author = {Ahmadi, F}, title = {Phytochemistry, Mechanisms, and Preclinical Studies of Echinacea Extracts in Modulating Immune Responses to Bacterial and Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39452214}, issn = {2079-6382}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Echinacea species, particularly Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida, are renowned for their immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties.

OBJECTIVES: This review explores the mechanisms by which echinacea herbal extracts modulate immune responses, focusing on their effects on both innate and adaptive immunity in bacterial and viral infections.

RESULTS: Key bioactive compounds, such as alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, contribute to these effects. These compounds enhance immune cell activity, including macrophages and natural killer cells, stimulating cytokine production and phagocytosis. The antibacterial activity of echinacea against respiratory pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila) and skin pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes) is reviewed, as well as its antiviral efficacy against viruses like herpes simplex, influenza, and rhinovirus. Echinacea's potential as a complementary treatment alongside conventional antibiotics and antivirals is discussed, particularly in the context of antibiotic resistance and emerging viral threats.

CONCLUSIONS: Challenges associated with variability in phytochemical content and the need for standardized extraction processes are also addressed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of echinacea's therapeutic potential and outlines future directions for research, including clinical trials and dosage optimization.}, } @article {pmid39452140, year = {2024}, author = {Wimalawansa, SJ}, title = {Unveiling the Interplay-Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39452140}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors in epithelial cells facilitates viral entry into human cells. Despite this, ACE-2 exerts significant protective effects against coronaviruses by neutralizing viruses in circulation and mitigating inflammation. While SARS-CoV-2 reduces ACE-2 expression, vitamin D increases it, counteracting the virus's harmful effects. Vitamin D's beneficial actions are mediated through complex molecular mechanisms involving innate and adaptive immune systems. Meanwhile, vitamin D status [25(OH)D concentration] is inversely correlated with severity, complications, and mortality rates from COVID-19. This study explores mechanisms through which vitamin D inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, including the suppression of transcription enzymes, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and increased expression of neutralizing antibodies and antimicrobial peptides. Both hypovitaminosis D and SARS-CoV-2 elevate renin levels, the rate-limiting step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS); it increases ACE-1 but reduces ACE-2 expression. This imbalance leads to elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulatory, and vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin-II (Ang-II), leading to widespread inflammation. It also causes increased membrane permeability, allowing fluid and viruses to infiltrate soft tissues, lungs, and the vascular system. In contrast, sufficient vitamin D levels suppress renin expression, reducing RAS activity, lowering ACE-1, and increasing ACE-2 levels. ACE-2 cleaves Ang-II to generate Ang(1-7), a vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombotic peptide that mitigates oxidative stress and counteracts the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2. Excess ACE-2 molecules spill into the bloodstream as soluble receptors, neutralizing and facilitating the destruction of the virus. These combined mechanisms reduce viral replication, load, and spread. Hence, vitamin D facilitates rapid recovery and minimizes transmission to others. Overall, vitamin D enhances the immune response and counteracts the pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, data suggests that widely used anti-hypertensive agents-angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors-may lessen the adverse impacts of SARS-CoV-2, although they are less potent than vitamin D.}, } @article {pmid39451987, year = {2024}, author = {Costanza, A and Amerio, A and Aguglia, A and Rossi, M and Parise, A and Magnani, L and Serafini, G and Amore, M and Martins, D and Nguyen, KD}, title = {Reactive Astrocytosis-A Potential Contributor to Increased Suicide in Long COVID-19 Patients?.}, journal = {Brain sciences}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39451987}, issn = {2076-3425}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long COVID-19 is an emerging chronic illness of significant public health concern due to a myriad of neuropsychiatric sequelae, including increased suicidal ideation (SI) and behavior (SB).

METHODS: This review provides a concise synthesis of clinical evidence that points toward the dysfunction of astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type in the central nervous system, as a potential shared pathology between SI/SB and COVID-19.

RESULTS: Depression, a suicide risk factor, and SI/SB were both associated with reduced frequencies of various astrocyte subsets and complex proteomic/transcriptional changes of astrocyte-related markers in a brain-region-specific manner. Astrocyte-related circulating markers were increased in depressed subjects and, to a less consistent extent, in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, reactive astrocytosis was observed in subjects with SI/SB and those with COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS: Astrocyte dysfunctions occurred in depression, SI/SB, and COVID-19. Reactive-astrocyte-mediated loss of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and subsequent neuroinflammation-a factor previously linked to SI/SB development-might contribute to increased suicide in individuals with long COVID-19. As such, the formulation of new therapeutic strategies to restore astrocyte homeostasis, enhance BBB integrity, and mitigate neuroinflammation may reduce SI/SB-associated neuropsychiatric manifestations among long COVID-19 patients.}, } @article {pmid39451754, year = {2024}, author = {Pereira, M and Vale, N}, title = {Ritonavir's Evolving Role: A Journey from Antiretroviral Therapy to Broader Medical Applications.}, journal = {Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {6032-6049}, pmid = {39451754}, issn = {1718-7729}, mesh = {Humans ; *Ritonavir/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Neoplasms/drug therapy ; *COVID-19 ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Drug Repositioning/methods ; Pandemics ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Betacoronavirus/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor initially developed for HIV treatment that is now used as a pharmacokinetic booster for other antiretrovirals due to it being a cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme and P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Consequently, ritonavir is of special interest for repurposing in other diseases. It had an important role in battling the COVID-19 pandemic as a part of the developed drug Paxlovid[®] in association with nirmatrelvir and has shown effects in hepatitis and other pathogenic diseases. Ritonavir has also shown promising results in overcoming drug resistance and enhancing the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic agents in oncology. Evidence of cancer repurposing potential was demonstrated in cancers such as ovarian, prostate, lung, myeloma, breast, and bladder cancer, with several mechanisms of action presented. In vitro studies indicate that ritonavir alone can inhibit key pathways involved in cancer cell survival and proliferation, causing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and metabolic stress due to the inhibition of molecules like heat shock protein 90 and cyclin-dependent kinases. Ritonavir also causes resistant cells to become sensitized to anticancer drugs like gemcitabine or docetaxel. These findings indicate that repurposing ritonavir, either on its own or in combination with other medications, could be a promising approach for treating various diseases. This is particularly relevant in cancer therapy, where ritonavir repurposing is the central focus of this review.}, } @article {pmid39451673, year = {2024}, author = {Marcinek, A and Katarzynska, J and Cypryk, K and Los-Stegienta, A and Slowikowska-Hilczer, J and Walczak-Jedrzejowska, R and Zielinski, J and Gebicki, J}, title = {Assessment of Microvascular Function Based on Flowmotion Monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence Technique.}, journal = {Biosensors}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {39451673}, issn = {2079-6374}, support = {POIR.01.01.01-00-0540/15-00//The European Regional Development Fund under the Smart Growth Operational Program/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Microcirculation ; *Skin/blood supply ; Fluorescence ; COVID-19 ; }, abstract = {This review summarizes studies dedicated to the assessment of microvascular function based on microcirculatory oscillations monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique. Two approaches are presented. The first approach uses oscillatory parameters measured under normoxic conditions, expressed as flowmotion (FM), vasomotion (VM), and the normoxia oscillatory index (NOI). These parameters have been used for the identification of impaired microcirculatory oscillations associated with intense physical exercise, post-COVID syndrome, psychological stress, and erectile dysfunction. The second approach involves characterization of the microcirculatory response to hypoxia based on the measurement of hypoxia sensitivity (HS). The HS parameter is used to characterize microvascular complications in diabetes, such as diabetic kidney disease and diabetic foot ulcers. Based on research conducted by the authors of this review, the FMSF parameter ranges characterizing microvascular function are presented. The diagnostic approach to assessing microvascular function based on flowmotion monitored by the FMSF technique has a wide range of applications and the potential to be integrated into widespread medical practice.}, } @article {pmid39451642, year = {2024}, author = {Sakalauskienė, GV and Radzevičienė, A}, title = {Antimicrobial Resistance: What Lies Beneath This Complex Phenomenon?.}, journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39451642}, issn = {2075-4418}, abstract = {Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has evolved from a mere concern into a significant global threat, with profound implications for public health, healthcare systems, and the global economy. Since the introduction of antibiotics between 1945 and 1963, their widespread and often indiscriminate use in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry has led to the emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant genes. Bacteria have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade the effects of antibiotics, including drug uptake limitation, drug degradation, target modification, efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and outer membrane vesicles production. As a result, AMR now poses a threat comparable to climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, and projections suggest that death rates will be up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, along with a staggering economic cost exceeding $100 trillion. Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, including the development of new antibiotics, alternative therapies, and a significant shift in antibiotic usage and regulation. Enhancing global surveillance systems, increasing public awareness, and prioritizing investments in research, diagnostics, and vaccines are critical steps. By recognizing the gravity of the AMR threat and committing to collaborative action, its impact can be mitigated, and global health can be protected for future generations.}, } @article {pmid39451456, year = {2024}, author = {Ognjanović, I and Zoulias, E and Mantas, J}, title = {Progress Achieved, Landmarks, and Future Concerns in Biomedical and Health Informatics.}, journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39451456}, issn = {2227-9032}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The biomedical and health informatics (BMHI) fields have been advancing rapidly, a trend particularly emphasised during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, introducing innovations in BMHI. Over nearly 50 years since its establishment as a scientific discipline, BMHI has encountered several challenges, such as mishaps, delays, failures, and moments of enthusiastic expectations and notable successes. This paper focuses on reviewing the progress made in the BMHI discipline, evaluating key milestones, and discussing future challenges.

METHODS: To, Structured, step-by-step qualitative methodology was developed and applied, centred on gathering expert opinions and analysing trends from the literature to provide a comprehensive assessment. Experts and pioneers in the BMHI field were assigned thematic tasks based on the research question, providing critical inputs for the thematic analysis. This led to the identification of five key dimensions used to present the findings in the paper: informatics in biomedicine and healthcare, health data in Informatics, nurses in informatics, education and accreditation in health informatics, and ethical, legal, social, and security issues.

RESULTS: Each dimension is examined through recently emerging innovations, linking them directly to the future of healthcare, like the role of artificial intelligence, innovative digital health tools, the expansion of telemedicine, and the use of mobile health apps and wearable devices. The new approach of BMHI covers newly introduced clinical needs and approaches like patient-centric, remote monitoring, and precision medicine clinical approaches.

CONCLUSIONS: These insights offer clear recommendations for improving education and developing experts to advance future innovations. Notably, this narrative review presents a body of knowledge essential for a deep understanding of the BMHI field from a human-centric perspective and, as such, could serve as a reference point for prospective analysis and innovation development.}, } @article {pmid39451436, year = {2024}, author = {Fricke-Comellas, H and Heredia-Rizo, AM and Casuso-Holgado, MJ and Salas-González, J and Fernández-Seguín, LM}, title = {Exploring the Effects of Qigong, Tai Chi, and Yoga on Fatigue, Mental Health, and Sleep Quality in Chronic Fatigue and Post-COVID Syndromes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {20}, pages = {}, pmid = {39451436}, issn = {2227-9032}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and post-COVID syndrome (PCS) pose a substantial socioeconomic burden. The aim of this systematic review was to assess current evidence regarding the effect of the most popular forms of movement-based mindful exercises, i.e., qigong, tai chi, and yoga, on fatigue and associated symptoms in CFS and PCS. Methods: CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) where qigong, tai chi, or yoga were compared with waitlist, no intervention, or active controls were included. Independent reviewers participated in data extraction, and evaluated risk of bias, spin of information, completeness of intervention description, and certainty of the evidence (GRADE). Meta-analyses were conducted. The primary outcome was the level of fatigue. Secondary measures were the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms and sleep quality. Results were expressed as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Thirteen RCTs with 661 participants were included, with most studies presenting a moderate or high risk of bias. Mindful exercises were more effective than control interventions to alleviate fatigue: SMD (95%CI) = -0.44 (-0.63 to -0.25), I[2] = 48%, p < 0.0001. Positive effects were also observed for secondary outcomes. The certainty of the evidence was low or very low. Conclusions: Qigong, tai chi, and yoga may be effective to reduce fatigue and improve anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in adults with CFS or PCS. However, serious methodological concerns limit the clinical applicability of these findings.}, } @article {pmid39450817, year = {2024}, author = {Paredes Escobar, MC and Domínguez-Cancino, KA}, title = {[Decision-Making by Hospital Teams Regarding Access and Use of Life-Support Technology and End-of-Life Processes in Critically Ill Adult Patients: A Narrative Review].}, journal = {Revista medica de Chile}, volume = {152}, number = {4}, pages = {483-497}, doi = {10.4067/s0034-98872024000400483}, pmid = {39450817}, issn = {0717-6163}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; *Critical Illness/therapy ; *Terminal Care ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pandemics ; Adult ; Decision Making ; Betacoronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections ; Life Support Care ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Patient Care Team ; }, abstract = {Death processes have been progressively transferred to hospital spaces due to biomedicalization and the use of technologies, generating important challenges for healthcare systems. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the lack of unified criteria and principles for a dignified death in the hospital. This study corresponds to a narrative review using Higgins & Green's methodological framework as a reference. A systematized search was carried out with the question: What are the elements considered in the decision-making of hospital teams regarding access and use of life support technology and dying processes in adult critically ill patients? The searches conducted during October 2022 in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, CINAHL, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Cochrane Library, and Scielo identified 1499 records for screening, and 148 were retrieved for full-text review. Eighty-four articles were included in the review, identifying seven categories. The evidence shows variability in decision-making associated with the clinical status of the patient, the criteria of the medical professional, added to structural elements of the health system and political-legal aspects. The literature recommends reflexive, dynamic, flexible, and individualized decision-making processes that consider the patient's preferences, clinical judgment, prognosis, and available resources. Communication, advance care planning, interdisciplinary discussions, external consultations, and the involvement of ethical committees are crucial throughout the process.}, } @article {pmid39450646, year = {2024}, author = {Gao, L and Yang, R and Zhang, J and Sheng, M and Sun, Y and Han, B and Kai, G}, title = {Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of human disease: a review.}, journal = {Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d4ay01452a}, pmid = {39450646}, issn = {1759-9679}, abstract = {Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) is an advanced technique used for detecting trace compounds, due to its non-destructive, straightforward, and rapid analytical capabilities. However, the application of GC-IMS in human disease screening is barely reported. This review summarizes the application and related parameters of GC-IMS in human disease diagnosis. GC-IMS detects volatile organic compounds in human breath, feces, urine, bile, etc. It can be applied to diagnose diseases, such as respiratory diseases, cancer, enteropathy, Alzheimer's disease, bacterial infection, and metabolic diseases. Several potential disease markers have been identified by GC-IMS, including ethanal (COVID-19), 2-heptanone (lung cancer) and 3-pentanone (pulmonary cryptococcosis). In conclusion, GC-IMS offers a non-invasive approach to monitor and diagnose human diseases with broad applications.}, } @article {pmid39450391, year = {2024}, author = {Couto, RM and Dos Santos, DG and Sanine, PR and Pires Dos Santos, A and Kmetiuk, LB and Biondo, AW and Boing, AC}, title = {Mapping vulnerability for increased COVID-19 susceptibility and worse outcomes: a scoping review.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1432370}, pmid = {39450391}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Disease Susceptibility ; Social Vulnerability ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Risk Factors ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Infectious diseases can spread rapidly in the globalized world, and the complex intersection of individual, social, economic, and cultural factors make it difficult to identify vulnerabilities in the face of pandemics.

METHODS: Therefore, this study aimed to identify vulnerability factors to infection and worse outcomes associated with COVID-19. This is a scoping review study of six databases that selected publications between 2019 and 2023, focusing on individual, social, and programmatic dimensions of vulnerability. The results were recorded in a spreadsheet and analyzed, considering the interrelationships among these dimensions.

RESULTS: A total of 45 articles were included in the review. Content analysis was conducted using the theoretical framework of health vulnerability, which divides vulnerability into individual, social, and programmatic dimensions. Race/ethnicity, homelessness, incarceration, socioeconomic level, food insecurity, and remote areas were classified as social dimensions. On the other hand, cancer, cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS, alcoholism, advanced age, obesity, mental disorders, diabetes, kidney disease, and pregnancy were classified as individual dimensions. None of the publications found explicitly mentioned programmatic vulnerabilities.

DISCUSSION: The research found that social vulnerabilities reinforce individual vulnerabilities, creating a vicious cycle. In addition, programmatic vulnerabilities reinforce this relationship. This study emphasizes that public policies should address these different dimensions of vulnerability. It suggests that this information should be incorporated into health surveillance and future decision-making to face new pandemics.

https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-wgfmj-v1.}, } @article {pmid39450171, year = {2024}, author = {Deng, S and Xu, Z and Hu, J and Yang, Y and Zhu, F and Liu, Z and Zhang, H and Wu, S and Jin, T}, title = {The molecular mechanisms of CD8[+] T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by TCR-pMHC interactions.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1468456}, pmid = {39450171}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; *CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; HLA Antigens/immunology ; }, abstract = {Cytotoxic CD8[+] T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been implicated in the severity of COVID-19. The TCR-pMHC ternary complex, formed by the T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-MHC (major histocompatibility complex), constitutes the molecular basis of CTL responses against SARS-CoV-2. While numerous studies have been conducted on T cell immunity, the molecular mechanisms underlying CTL-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection have not been well elaborated. In this review, we described the association between HLA variants and different immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may lead to varying COVID-19 outcomes. We also summarized the specific TCR repertoires triggered by certain SARS-CoV-2 CTL epitopes, which might explain the variations in disease outcomes among different patients. Importantly, we have highlighted the primary strategies used by SARS-CoV-2 variants to evade T-cell killing: disrupting peptide-MHC binding, TCR recognition, and antigen processing. This review provides valuable insights into the molecule mechanism of CTL responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection, aiding efforts to control the pandemic and prepare for future challenges.}, } @article {pmid39450012, year = {2024}, author = {de Oliveira, LF and Ribeiro, AB and Colombo, PB and Makrakis, LR and Silva-Lovato, CH and Ribeiro, AB}, title = {Using Disruptive Technologies in the Anatomy Discipline After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Medical science educator}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {1215-1229}, pmid = {39450012}, issn = {2156-8650}, abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic health restrictions affected the theoretical and practical teaching of anatomy. This review aims to analyze studies about teaching anatomy in this period. A search through the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases found 1607 articles. After removing duplicates and excluding articles by reading the title/abstract, and then after full reading, 43 articles were included. The remote synchronous and asynchronous active methodologies employ virtual reality, 3D models, and web conferencing platforms to enable audio-visual interaction. While synchronous remote teaching emerged as an important opportunity, its efficacy in imparting knowledge and practical skills remains under scrutiny.}, } @article {pmid39449698, year = {2024}, author = {Gupta, N and Abd El-Gawaad, NS and Mallasiy, LO}, title = {Hospital-borne hazardous air pollutants and air cleaning strategies amid the surge of SARS-CoV-2 new variants.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {10}, number = {20}, pages = {e38874}, pmid = {39449698}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Indoor air pollutants and airborne contamination removal have been challenging in healthcare facilities. The airborne transmission control and HVAC system may collapse in hospitals due to the highly infectious respiratory disease-associated patient surge, like COVID-19. Common air filtration systems and HVAC systems enhance the patients' comfort and support indoor hygiene, hitherto insufficient to control highly infectious airborne pathogens and hospital-borne pollutants such as radon, PM2.5, patient droplets, VOC, high CO2, and anesthetic gases. This review summarized important air cleaning interventions to enhance HVAC efficiency and indoor safety. We discussed efficient air cleaning and ventilation strategies including air filtration, air ionization, passive removal materials (PRM), and UVGI to minimize cross-contamination in hospital wards.}, } @article {pmid39449486, year = {2024}, author = {Mochales Cuesta, I and Jiménez-Sáiz, SL and Kelly, AL and Bustamante-Sánchez, Á}, title = {The Influence of Home-Court Advantage in Elite Basketball: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology}, volume = {9}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {39449486}, issn = {2411-5142}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This systematic review analyzes the factors that influence home advantage in basketball across various competitions in the United States and Europe.

METHODS: Through an investigation of English- and Spanish-language articles published in EBSCO, Scopus, Consensus, and Web of Science between 2010 and 2024 related to home advantage in basketball, 1682 articles were initially identified. After applying specific filters to ensure that only articles concerning National Basketball Association (NBA), Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), Euroleague, Spanish basketball, and European basketball were considered, 39 articles met the final requirements for in-depth analysis.

RESULTS: The studies analyzed in this review suggested that player performance, player position, and sleep influenced home advantage in competitions in Europe and the United States. Fan behavior had a bigger impact in European competitions, where teams from capital cities have a lower home advantage. In the United States, where teams must travel long distances to play, several studies indicated that teams traveling eastwards tend to perform more strongly than teams traveling westwards. Also of note is that, in many cases, COVID-19 pandemic restrictions reduced home advantage.

CONCLUSIONS: This review identifies factors contributing to home advantage in basketball, compares competitions in different regions, and proposes ideas for future research such as a greater focus on women's competitions, the impact of television, and the introduction of new performance indicators.}, } @article {pmid39449428, year = {2024}, author = {Kalo, D and Yaacobi-Artzi, S and Manovich, S and Michaelov, A and Komsky-Elbaz, A and Roth, Z}, title = {Environmental Stress-Induced Alterations in Embryo Developmental Morphokinetics.}, journal = {Journal of xenobiotics}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {1613-1637}, pmid = {39449428}, issn = {2039-4713}, abstract = {The association between embryo morphokinetics and its developmental competence is well documented. For instance, early cleaved embryos are more competent in developing to blastocysts, whereas the proportion of abnormally cleaved embryos that further developed to blastocysts is low. Numerous factors, such as the parental age, lifestyle, health, and smoking habits have been reported to affect the embryo morphokinetics and, consequently, its development. However, less is known about the effect of environmental stressors on embryo morphokinetics. The current review discusses the effect of the most concerning environmental stressors on embryo morphokinetics. These stresses include heat stress and human-made chemicals such as phthalates (e.g., bis-(2-ethylhexyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, and their primary metabolites), herbicides (e.g., diaminochlorotriazine, the primary metabolite of atrazine), pharmaceutical compounds (e.g., carbamazepine, nocodazole) and pro-oxidant agents (cumene hydroperoxide, Triton X-100), as well as naturally occurring toxins such as mycotoxin (e.g., aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite, and ochratoxin A). In addition, this review discusses the effect of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation and viral infections (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, papillomavirus). Finally, it points out some potential mechanisms that underlie the impairment of embryo morphokinetics, and it suggests protective compounds, mainly the supplementation of antioxidants to improve the morphokinetics, and consequently, the embryo developmental competence.}, } @article {pmid39449289, year = {2024}, author = {Richard, E and Martínez-Pizarro, A and Desviat, LR}, title = {Exploring RNA therapeutics for urea cycle disorders.}, journal = {Journal of inherited metabolic disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jimd.12807}, pmid = {39449289}, issn = {1573-2665}, support = {PID2022-137238OB-100//MICIU/AEI/ ; //ERDF/ ; }, abstract = {RNA has triggered a significant shift in modern medicine, providing a promising way to revolutionize disease treatment methods. Different therapeutic RNA modalities have shown promise to replace, supplement, correct, suppress, or eliminate the expression of a targeted gene. Currently, there are 22 RNA-based drugs approved for clinical use, including the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, whose unprecedented worldwide success has meant a definitive boost in the RNA research field. Urea cycle disorders (UCD), liver diseases with high mortality and morbidity, may benefit from the progress achieved, as different genetic payloads have been successfully targeted to liver using viral vectors, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugations or lipid nanoparticles (LNP). This review explores the potential of RNA-based medicines for UCD and the ongoing development of applications targeting specific gene defects, enzymes, or transporters taking part in the urea cycle. Notably, LNP-formulated mRNA therapy has been assayed preclinically for citrullinemia type I (CTLN1), adolescent and adult citrin deficiency, argininosuccinic aciduria, arginase deficiency and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, in the latter case has progressed to the clinical trials phase.}, } @article {pmid39449246, year = {2024}, author = {DiCasmirro, J and Tranmer, J and Davison, C and Woo, K and Toon, D and Hubeny, M and Ross-White, A and Goldie, C}, title = {Public Health Interventions Targeting the Prevention of Adolescent Vaping: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/phn.13464}, pmid = {39449246}, issn = {1525-1446}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Despite a brief decline during the COVID-19 pandemic, vaping behaviors among adolescents continue to be an international public health concern because of associated health risks and harms. A thorough investigation of existing interventions preventing adolescent vaping is needed to help address this public health crisis and reduce serious and avoidable vaping-related health risks. We reviewed the literature to identify public health interventions aimed at preventing adolescent vaping and summarized their key components and outcome measures.

DESIGN: We conducted a scoping review of the literature using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology searching in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, ProQuest, and Web of Science. Two reviewers screened 589 records for relevance. Studies from any location, reported in English, and described vaping prevention interventions targeting adolescents were included. Records were excluded if they were reported in other languages, published outside the review timeframe, lacked an evaluation, focused on cessation-based interventions, or were review articles. Data extracted included intervention type, key components, and outcome measures.

RESULTS: Thirty-eight included articles were identified and categorized into three intervention categories: school-based, public education/risk communication campaigns, and public policies/government regulations. Key components of the interventions included format, duration, and topics. Formats varied from single to multi-sessions. Prominent topics covered included risks and harms associated with vaping, and the most frequently reported outcome measures used were knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs.

CONCLUSION: Our findings summarize existing public health interventions found in the literature and insights into approaches used to address the global adolescent vaping crisis.}, } @article {pmid39448870, year = {2024}, author = {Kuźbicka, K and Pawłowska, I and Kocić, I}, title = {Drugs used in psychiatry causing an increase in body weight in children-a review.}, journal = {International journal of obesity (2005)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39448870}, issn = {1476-5497}, abstract = {Body weight gain is a prevalent adverse effect observed in psychiatric medication therapy. With the notable increase in mental health diagnoses among children and adolescents over the last decade, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of medications associated with weight gain poses an additional risk for obesity development. This study aimed to identify psychiatric drugs that may induce weight gain in children as a side effect. Twenty-nine publications were included in this systematic review, investigating the effects of nineteen different drugs on children's weight. The majority of these drugs belonged to atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants. Nearly all included articles reported that the examined substances resulted in weight gain in children. As childhood obesity has become a significant problem with various metabolic, psychological and social consequences, it is crucial to carefully consider therapy options. In addition to evaluating effectiveness, it is important to also assess the potential for weight gain. Clinicians and nutrition specialists should individually evaluate patients' nutritional needs, evaluate obesity risk, and provide appropriate dietary guidance to minimalize the risk of weight gain.}, } @article {pmid39448488, year = {2024}, author = {Gillissen, A}, title = {[Oxygen therapy in acute and chronic respiratory failure].}, journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin}, volume = {166}, number = {18}, pages = {38-42}, doi = {10.1007/s15006-024-4336-y}, pmid = {39448488}, issn = {1613-3560}, mesh = {Humans ; *Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy ; Hypoxia/therapy ; Chronic Disease ; COVID-19/complications/therapy ; Acute Disease ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Oxygen/blood/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; }, } @article {pmid39448097, year = {2024}, author = {Sivakoti, K}, title = {Adolescent Metabolic Screening.}, journal = {Primary care}, volume = {51}, number = {4}, pages = {603-611}, doi = {10.1016/j.pop.2024.05.011}, pmid = {39448097}, issn = {1558-299X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Mass Screening/methods ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Child ; Insulin Resistance ; Pediatric Obesity/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Comorbidity ; }, abstract = {This article explores metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents, shedding light on its significant influence on long-term cardiovascular health outcomes. We navigate the complex landscape of MetS, where there is no universally accepted definition, and explore its roots in factors like obesity and insulin resistance. We also discuss the challenges of diagnosing and understanding its relevance in pediatric populations. The article also discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the metabolic well-being of adolescents. Also, we discuss the importance of addressing associated comorbidities and risk factors in the context of MetS.}, } @article {pmid39447648, year = {2024}, author = {do Carmo, SG and Araújo, MM and Cavalcanti, MECB and Figueiredo, ACMG and de Carvalho, KMB and Botelho, PB}, title = {Sex-related differences in eating behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with metanalysis.}, journal = {Appetite}, volume = {203}, number = {}, pages = {107727}, doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2024.107727}, pmid = {39447648}, issn = {1095-8304}, abstract = {Eating behavior can be influenced by external factors; however, there is no consensus on the existence of differences in eating behavior between the sexes in stressful situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review assessed whether there was a difference in eating behavior between sexes during the COVID-19 pandemic. A search of nine databases (Medline/Pubmed, Embase, Scielo, VHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar) was conducted in October 2023. Studies reporting eating behaviors in males and females during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument. Stratified meta-analyses were conducted using the STATA software. Of the 2388 studies identified, 45 were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 36 in the meta-analysis, encompassing a total of 35,792 participants. Validated questionnaires were used to assess eating behavior, including the TFEQ (33.3%), DEBQ (24.4%), EEQ (22.2%), EES (11.1%), EOQ-5 (2.2%), AEBQ (2.2%), EAS (2.2%), and EMAQ (2.2%). Overall, males exhibited lower scores in emotional eating (Cohen's d = -0.32, 95%CI: 0.46 to -0.17) and restrained eating (Hedges'g = -0.11, 95%CI: 0.16 to -0.06) compared to females. However, the subgroup analysis indicated no differences in emotional eating (subgroup difference p = 0.39) or restrained eating (subgroup difference p = 0.30) according to the year of pandemic. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific interventions, the address eating behaviors during periods of heightened insecurity in worldwide health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, our results emphasize the necessity for public health strategies to monitor and promote healthy eating behaviors to mitigate their impact on overall health outcomes, even in males, as their eating behavior may be affected over the course of a global health crisis, as well as females.}, } @article {pmid39447244, year = {2024}, author = {Singh, H and Nair, A and Mahajan, SD}, title = {Impact of genetic variations of gene involved in regulation of metabolism, inflammation and coagulation on pathogenesis of cardiac injuries associated with COVID-19.}, journal = {Pathology, research and practice}, volume = {263}, number = {}, pages = {155608}, doi = {10.1016/j.prp.2024.155608}, pmid = {39447244}, issn = {1618-0631}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in long-term chronic cardiovascular (CV) damage after the acute phase of the illness. COVID-19 frequently causes active myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect and kill cardiac cells, causing severe pathology and dysfunction across the organs and cells. Till now, the pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated cardiac injuries has not been understood, but there are several factors that contribute to the progression of cardiac injuries, such as genetic, dietary, and environmental. Among them ranges of host genetic factor including metabolizing, inflammation, and coagulation related genes have a role to contribute the cardiac injuries induced by COVID-19. Hereditary DNA sequence variations contribute to the risk of illness in almost all of these diseases. Hence, we comprehended the occurrence of genetic variations of metabolizing, inflammation and coagulation-related genes in the general population, their expression in various diseases, and their impact on cardiac injuries induced by COVID-19.

METHOD: We utilized multiple databases, including PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Google Scholar, for literature searches.

DESCRIPTION: The genes involved in metabolism (APOE, MTHFR), coagulation (PAI-1, ACE2), and immune factors (CRP, ESR, and troponin I) may have a role in the progression of COVID-19-associated cardiac injuries. The risk factors for CVD are significantly varied between and within different regions. In healthy individuals, the ACE I allele is responsible for the predisposition to CAD, but the ACE D haplotype is responsible for susceptibility and severity, which ultimately leads to heart failure. Patients who carry the T allele of rs12329760 in the TMPRSS2 gene are at risk for developing the severe form of COVID-19. IL-6 (rs1800796/rs1800795) polymorphism is associated with an increased mortality rate and susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease. While the putative role of IL-6 associated with chronic, inflammatory diseases like cardiac and cerebrovascular disease is well known.

CONCLUSION: The occurrence of genetic variations in the ACE-2, AGT, DPP-IV, TMPRSS2, FUIRN, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and CYP2D6 genes is varied among different populations. Examining the correlation between these variations and their protein levels and cardiac injuries induced by COVID-19 may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of cardiac injuries induced by COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid39446164, year = {2024}, author = {Ramzi, A and Maya, S and Balousha, N and Amin, M and Shiha, MR}, title = {Pentoxifylline in COVID-19 and considerations for its research in long COVID.}, journal = {Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39446164}, issn = {1420-908X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pentoxifylline (PTX) affects most blood components and the blood vessels, potentially modulating various conditions. Due to its impact on markers linked to COVID-19 severity, research has explored PTX for acute COVID-19. Following the widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccinations, there has been a notable and consistently growing increase in research focusing on long COVID. Consequently, our examination of relevant acute COVID-19 data shall additionally be contextualized into long COVID research.

METHODS: Various Databases were searched until July 2024 for all primary clinical studies on Pentoxifylline (PTX) in COVID-19.

RESULTS: Studies were on acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 where PTX was an adjuvant to standard therapy for ethical and practical reasons under the circumstance. PTX generally reduced hospitalization duration and improved some inflammatory markers, but its impact on mortality was inconsistent. Adverse events were minimal. Meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in hospitalization duration.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that adding pentoxifylline (PTX) to standard COVID-19 therapy may significantly reduce hospitalization duration and improve some inflammatory markers. However, its impact on mortality rates is inconclusive. Adverse events are minimal. PTX can be favorable as an add-on in managing acute COVID-19 and could reduce the risk of long COVID, as well as assist in managing many of its most common symptoms.}, } @article {pmid39445819, year = {2024}, author = {Eberhardt, J and Gibson, B and Portman, RM and Carthy, N and Rowlands, S and Batchelor, R and Kane, L and Kılınç, S}, title = {Psychosocial Aspects of the Lived Experience of Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies.}, journal = {Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {e70071}, pmid = {39445819}, issn = {1369-7625}, support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology ; *Qualitative Research ; Social Support ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Adaptation, Psychological ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Uncertainty ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite increasing recognition of long COVID, the psychosocial impacts of the lived experience on individuals remain underexplored. This systematic review sought to fill this gap by identifying key themes that describe the psychosocial dimensions of long COVID.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify key themes illustrating the psychosocial aspects of individuals' lived experience of long COVID.

SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were conducted in multiple databases and grey literature sources for qualitative studies published between November 2019 and June 2024.

INCLUSION CRITERIA: Eligible studies involved adult participants self-reporting long COVID. The studies needed to provide qualitative data that could be synthesised thematically.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data extraction and thematic synthesis were conducted by at least two independent reviewers at each stage. Quality appraisal was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool.

RESULTS: The review included 34 studies. Thematic synthesis yielded five themes: 'Debilitation', 'Uncertainty', 'Sources of Support', 'Meaning Making: Adjusting to a New Normal' and 'Experiences with Healthcare Services'. Individuals with long COVID reported experiencing physical, economic, and social challenges. Uncertainty and scepticism from others caused anxiety. Support from healthcare services, friends and online groups played an important role. Acceptance and gratitude were found to be meaningful in adjusting to the new normal. Experiences with healthcare services varied.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This review provides valuable insights into the psychosocial impact of long COVID, highlighting the profound changes and challenges that individuals face. Healthcare services should adopt a holistic approach to integrate psychosocial support within their management strategies, to improve overall patient outcomes.}, } @article {pmid39445358, year = {2024}, author = {George, RP and Feldman, AG and McQueen, M and Krise-Confair, C and Smyth, L and Lorts, A and Peng, DM and Mazariegos, GV and Hooper, DK}, title = {Pediatric Learning Health Networks in Solid Organ Transplantation-Engaging all Stakeholders to Achieve Health for Children Who Require Transplantation.}, journal = {Pediatric transplantation}, volume = {28}, number = {7}, pages = {e14862}, doi = {10.1111/petr.14862}, pmid = {39445358}, issn = {1399-3046}, mesh = {Humans ; Child ; *Organ Transplantation ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Learning Health System/organization & administration ; Pediatrics/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Stakeholder Participation ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Learning Health Networks (LHN) have evolved within medicine over the past two decades, but their integration into transplantation has been more recent.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: In this paper, we describe three LHNs in end-stage organ disease/transplantation, their common and unique features, and how their "actor-oriented" architecture allowed for rapid adaptation to meet the needs of their patients and practitioners during the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULT: The structure and focus of the Improving Renal Outcomes Collaborative (IROC), Starzl Network for Excellence in Pediatric Transplantation (SNEPT), and the Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION) are reviewed. We discuss the critical role of patient and family engagement, focusing on collaboration with Transplant Families. Finally, we review challenges common to the LHN concept and potential common areas of alignment to achieve the goal of more rapid and sustained progress to improve health in pediatric transplantation.

CONCLUSION: LHN in transplantation are essential to accelerate knowledge dissemination and improve outcomes.}, } @article {pmid35704095, year = {2024}, author = {Oxford, JS and Catchpole, A and Mann, A and Bell, A and Noulin, N and Gill, D and Oxford, JR and Gilbert, A and Balasingam, S}, title = {A Brief History of Human Challenge Studies (1900-2021) Emphasising the Virology, Regulatory and Ethical Requirements, Raison D'etre, Ethnography, Selection of Volunteers and Unit Design.}, journal = {Current topics in microbiology and immunology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {1-32}, pmid = {35704095}, issn = {0070-217X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/history/transmission/virology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Quarantine/history/legislation & jurisprudence ; Pandemics/prevention & control/history ; Coronavirus Infections/history/prevention & control/virology ; Pneumonia, Viral/history/prevention & control/virology/epidemiology ; Volunteers/history ; Betacoronavirus/immunology ; }, abstract = {Venetian quarantine 400 years ago was an important public health measure. Since 1900 this has been refined to include "challenge" or deliberate infection with pathogens be they viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Our focus is virology and ranges from the early experiments in Cuba with Yellow Fever Virus to the most widespread pathogen of our current times, COVID-19. The latter has so far caused over four million deaths worldwide and 190 million cases of the disease. Quarantine and challenge were also used to investigate the Spanish Influenza of 1918 which caused over 100 million deaths. We consider here the merits of the approach, that is the speeding up of knowledge in a practical sense leading to the more rapid licensing of vaccines and antimicrobials. At the core of quarantine and challenge initiatives is the design of the unit to allow safe confinement of the pathogen and protection of the staff. Most important though is the safety of volunteers. We can see now, as in 1900, that members of our society are prepared and willing to engage in these experiments for the public good. Our ethnology study, where the investigator observed the experiment from within the quarantine, gave us the first indication of changing attitudes amongst volunteers whilst in quarantine. These quarantine experiments, referred to as challenge studies, human infection studies, or "controlled human infection models" involve thousands of clinical samples taken over two to three weeks and can provide a wealth of immunological and molecular data on the infection itself and could allow the discovery of new targets for vaccines and therapeutics. The Yellow Fever studies from 121 years ago gave the impetus for development of a successful vaccine still used today whilst also uncovering the nature of the Yellow Fever agent, namely that it was a virus. We outline how carefully these experiments are approached and the necessity to have high quality units with self-contained air-flow along with extensive personal protective equipment for nursing and medical staff. Most important is the employment of highly trained scientific, medical and nursing staff. We face a future of emerging pathogens driven by the increasing global population, deforestation, climate change, antibiotic resistance and increased global travel. These emerging pathogens may be pathogens we currently are not aware of or have not caused outbreaks historically but could also be mutated forms of known pathogens including viruses such as influenza (H7N9, H5N1 etc.) and coronaviruses. This calls for challenge studies to be part of future pandemic preparedness as an additional tool to assist with the rapid development of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, immunomodulators and new vaccines.}, } @article {pmid35181805, year = {2024}, author = {McKendry, R and Lemm, NM and Papargyris, L and Chiu, C}, title = {Human Challenge Studies with Coronaviruses Old and New.}, journal = {Current topics in microbiology and immunology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {69-108}, pmid = {35181805}, issn = {0070-217X}, support = {MR/V028499/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity/immunology/physiology ; Animals ; *COVID-19/virology/immunology/prevention & control/transmission ; *Coronavirus Infections/virology/transmission/immunology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity/physiology/immunology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus infections have been known to cause disease in animals since as early as the 1920s. However, only seven coronaviruses capable of causing human disease have been identified thus far. These Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) include the causes of the common cold, but more recent coronaviruses that have emerged (i.e. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are associated with much greater morbidity and mortality. HCoVs have been relatively under-studied compared to other common respiratory infections, as historically they have presented with mild symptoms. This has led to a relatively limited understanding of their animal reservoirs, transmission and determinants of immune protection. To address this, human infection challenge studies with HCoVs have been performed that enable a detailed clinical and immunological analysis of the host response at specific time points under controlled conditions with standardised viral inocula. Until recently, all such human challenge studies were conducted with common cold HCoVs, with the study of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV unacceptable due to their greater pathogenicity. However, with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic during which severe outcomes in young healthy adults have been rare, human challenge studies with SARS-CoV-2 are now being developed. Two SARS-CoV-2 human challenge studies in the UK studying individuals with and without pre-existing immunity are underway. As well as providing a platform for testing of antivirals and vaccines, such studies will be critical for understanding the factors associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus developing improved strategies to tackle the current as well as future HCoV pandemics. Here, we summarise the major questions about protection and pathogenesis in HCoV infection that human infection challenge studies have attempted to answer historically, as well as the knowledge gaps that aim to be addressed with contemporary models.}, } @article {pmid34480650, year = {2024}, author = {Baylor, NW}, title = {Human Challenge Studies for Vaccine Development : Regulatory Aspects of Human Challenge Studies.}, journal = {Current topics in microbiology and immunology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {33-40}, pmid = {34480650}, issn = {0070-217X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccine Development ; Clinical Trials as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Vaccines/immunology ; }, abstract = {The traditional regulatory pathway for the evaluation of new vaccine candidates generally proceeds from preclinical through three successive phases of human trials, and the demonstration of efficacy is usually done through randomized-controlled clinical trials. However, human challenge trials or controlled human infection models have been used in vaccine clinical development to generate supportive data for establishment of correlates of protection, supportive data for licensure, as well as licensure in the case of Vaxchora[®] by the US FDA. Despite this, there are no codified regulations from national regulatory authorities (NRAs) that specifically address HCTs, nor guidance related to standardization of approaches to HCTs among regulators. NRAs may agree that HCTs are innovative, promising tools to accelerate vaccine development; however, a strong benefit/risk assessment is needed to ensure the safety of study participants. Lastly, it is important to consider the regulatory framework in which the human challenge trial may be conducted.}, } @article {pmid39444797, year = {2024}, author = {Guo, M and Shang, S and Li, M and Cai, G and Li, P and Chen, X and Li, Q}, title = {Understanding autoimmune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis/mechanisms of long COVID.}, journal = {Medical review (2021)}, volume = {4}, number = {5}, pages = {367-383}, pmid = {39444797}, issn = {2749-9642}, abstract = {COVID-19 posed a major challenge to the healthcare system and resources worldwide. The popularization of vaccines and the adoption of numerous prevention and control measures enabled the gradual end of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, successive occurrence of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19 cannot be overlooked. Long COVID has been the major focus of research due to the long duration of different symptoms and the variety of systems involved. Autoimmunity may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of long COVID. Here, we reviewed several autoimmune disorders occurring after COVID-19 infection and the pathogenesis of long COVID.}, } @article {pmid39444690, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, Z and Li, L and Yang, S and Li, Z and Zhang, P and Shi, R and Zhou, X and Tang, X and Li, Q}, title = {Possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated myocardial fibrosis: reflections in the post-pandemic era.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1470953}, pmid = {39444690}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading worldwide with devastating immediate or long-term effects on people's health. Although the lungs are the primary organ affected by COVID-19, individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 also develop systemic lesions involving multiple organs throughout the body, such as the cardiovascular system. Emerging evidence reveals that COVID-19 could generate myocardial fibrosis, termed "COVID-19-associated myocardial fibrosis." It can result from the activation of fibroblasts via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), microRNAs, and other pathways, and can also occur in other cellular interactions with SARS-CoV-2, such as immunocytes, endothelial cells. Nonetheless, to gain a more profound insight into the natural progression of COVID-19-related myocardial fibrosis, additional investigations are necessary. This review delves into the underlying mechanisms contributing to COVID-19-associated myocardial fibrosis while also examining the antifibrotic potential of current COVID-19 treatments, thereby offering guidance for future clinical trials of these medications. Ultimately, we propose future research directions for COVID-19-associated myocardial fibrosis in the post-COVID-19 era, such as artificial intelligence (AI) telemedicine. We also recommend that relevant tests be added to the follow-up of COVID-19 patients to detect myocardial fibrosis promptly.}, } @article {pmid39444602, year = {2024}, author = {He, X and Zhang, X and Zhong, W}, title = {Emerging small-molecule antiviral agents in long COVID prevention.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1457672}, pmid = {39444602}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Long COVID, or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), was characterized by persistent symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and cognitive impairments. These symptoms, emerging one to 2 months post-infection and persisting for several months, cannot be attributed to other diagnoses. The pathophysiology of long COVID remained elusive; however, emerging studies suggested multiple potential mechanisms, including the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs, neuroinflammation, and vascular damage, which may contribute to its development. Long COVID affected multiple organ systems, including respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems, leading to a range of functional impairments. Additionally, it showed a profound impact on mental health, manifesting as anxiety and depression, which significantly degraded the quality of life. The absence of definitive treatments underscored the importance of prevention. Recent evidence indicated that early antiviral intervention-particularly with small-molecule drugs such as Metformin, Ensitrelvir, Molnupiravir, and Nirmatrelvir-may effectively reduce the incidence of long COVID. This underscored the promising role of small-molecule compounds in mitigating long-term COVID-19 consequences, offering a novel preventive strategy against long COVID and its extensive impacts on patients.}, } @article {pmid39444479, year = {2024}, author = {Shao, J and Yu, Y and Cheng, C and Gao, M and Li, X and Ma, D and Yin, W and Chen, Z}, title = {The Prevalence of Depression among the Global Public in the Context of the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Iranian journal of public health}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {785-798}, pmid = {39444479}, issn = {2251-6093}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze the prevalence of depression among the global public during COVID-19, identify its influencing factors in order to provide reference, and help safeguard public mental health.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature on global public depression in various countries during the COVID-19 pandemic was obtained through electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases, combined with literature tracing from Dec 2019 to Mar 2023. Then a meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects model by Stata 16.0. The heterogeneity was evaluated by I[2] . Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression analysis were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity and the factors influencing public depression. Egger's test was used to test publication bias.

RESULTS: Overall, 68 articles with 234,678 samples were included in the study. Analysis revealed that the overall prevalence of depression among the population during COVID-19 was 32.0% (95% CI: 29.0%-35.0%). Of these, marital status (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.87), presence of infected cases (OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.82-3.30), and fear of being infected by the virus (OR=9.31, 95% CI: 6.03-14.37) were the main factors influencing people's depression and the main source of heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression among the global public is at a high level during COVID-19. The prevalence of depression among people unmarried, divorced, or widowed, surrounded by infected cases, contact infection cases, and worried about being were higher than others.}, } @article {pmid39443939, year = {2024}, author = {Mouhab, A and Radjack, R and Moro, MR and Lambert, M}, title = {Racial biases in clinical practice and medical education: a scoping review.}, journal = {BMC medical education}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {1196}, pmid = {39443939}, issn = {1472-6920}, mesh = {Humans ; *Racism ; *Education, Medical ; *COVID-19 ; Healthcare Disparities ; SARS-CoV-2 ; France ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Health inequalities represent a major challenge in contemporary medicine, with some attributed to racial biases. Recently, in the United States, a call to combat discrimination in the field of health has resonated, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, in which minorities have been disproportionately affected. These calls echo recommendations from the Institute of Medicine dating back to 2001, urging the fight against inequalities in access to health care. In France, inequalities based on presumed origin persist, yet medical education on these issues is virtually nonexistent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a scoping review literature review in accordance with the JBI recommendations for scoping review writing and applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist to explore existing conceptual and educational data on racial biases in medicine. The inclusion criteria were interventional studies or evaluations of existing educational programs in medical training addressing the fight against racial biases in clinical settings published in French or English between 2003 and 2023. Six databases were systematically consulted.

RESULTS: Out of 748 initial studies, 28 were included in our study. The median number of participants in the studies was low, interventions were diverse, and participants were generally well received, most of whom were self-selected. No study has evaluated the clinical impact of these interventions. The highlighted concepts included levels of racism, cultural competence, cultural humility, and critical race theory.

DISCUSSION: The authors most frequently referred to institutionalized racism, demonstrating the systemic nature of these issues. At an individual level, implicit and unconscious biases were most often emphasized. It appears that the concept of "race" is a sociopolitical construct without supporting biological determinants. Humility is central to this field of study, as it encourages questioning of individual or collective medical practices. In France, the context, including the prohibition of ethnic statistics, may hinder the objectification of discrimination. Immersion and virtual patient scenarios emerged as potential solutions for evaluating the clinical impact of interventions. A more horizontal medical pedagogy seems better suited to teach these sensitive issues.}, } @article {pmid39442973, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, J and Zhou, Y and Bao, S and Chen, T and Li, J and Wei, H and Yan, S}, title = {[Research progress of natural killer (NK) cells and the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)].}, journal = {Xi bao yu fen zi mian yi xue za zhi = Chinese journal of cellular and molecular immunology}, volume = {40}, number = {9}, pages = {839-843}, pmid = {39442973}, issn = {1007-8738}, mesh = {Humans ; *Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology ; Immunity, Innate ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in clearing viruses and performing immunomodulation, and they possess innate immunomodulatory functions and acquired immune responses through secreting chemokines and acting in synergy with other natural immune cells. With in-depth studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, NK cells have been identified as playing an important role. SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the distribution and effector function of NK cells, and the immune response of NK cells may influence the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. This review summarizes the latest research on the role of NK cells in COVID-19 infection, and discusses their potential as therapeutic agents, aiming to provide insights into the prevention of immune damage caused by SARS-CoV-2.}, } @article {pmid39442817, year = {2024}, author = {Fakhar, M and Najafi Ghobadi, K and Barati, N and Zafari, S and Hosseini, SA and Soleymani, E and Motavallihaghi, S}, title = {Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in covid-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107064}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107064}, pmid = {39442817}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that affects over one billion people worldwide. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in over 4.8 million deaths worldwide. Both diseases activate the innate immune response via the same pathway. Studies have suggested that Toxoplasma infection may either protect against or worsen the severity of COVID-19. This meta-analysis investigated the relationship between toxoplasmosis prevalence and COVID-19. The selection of studies was based on a systematic search using specific keywords in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases between 2019 and 2023. The study findings were analyzed using STATA software version 17.0, and the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in people with COVID-19 and its confidence interval were extracted from the selected studies. The study's heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's test. A p value of 0.05 was considered significant. The meta-analysis included nine studies with a total of 1,972 COVID-19-positive individuals, and the results showed a significant association between T. gondii infection and COVID-19 severity. The I2 statistic was almost 99%, indicating large heterogeneity among the studies. The Egger's test showed no publication bias. The pooled prevalence of T. gondii infection in COVID-19-positive individuals was 0.680 (95% CI: 0.613-0.748), which was significantly higher than the prevalence observed in the general population. The forest plot shows that the prevalence rate was significantly different from that of 0% (P < 0.001). The meta-analysis found that the prevalence of T. gondii infection was significantly higher in individuals with COVID-19 than in the general population, indicating a possible association between the two infections. However, the significant heterogeneity among the studies underscores the need for further research to understand the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of this association.}, } @article {pmid39442812, year = {2024}, author = {Ashok Kumar, SS and Bashir, S and Pershaanaa, M and Kamarulazam, F and Kuppusamy, AV and Badawi, N and Ramesh, K and Ramesh, S}, title = {A review of the role of graphene-based nanomaterials in tackling challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107059}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107059}, pmid = {39442812}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic due to the emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which had resulted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, the emergence of many new variants and mutants were found to be more harmful compared to the previous strains. As a result, research scientists around the world had devoted significant efforts to understand the mechanism, causes and transmission due to COVID-19 along with the treatment to cure these diseases. However, despite achieving several findings, much more was unknown and yet to be explored. Hence, along with these developments, it is also extremely essential to design effective systems by incorporating smart materials to battle the COVID-19. Therefore, several approaches have been implemented to combat against COVID-19. Recently, the graphene-based materials have been explored for the current COVID-19 and future pandemics due to its superior physicochemical properties, providing efficient nanoplatforms for optical and electrochemical sensing and diagnostic applications with high sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, based on the photothermal effects or reactive oxygen species formation, the carbon-based nanomaterials have shown its potentiality for targeted antiviral drug delivery and the inhibitory effects against pathogenic viruses. Therefore, this review article sheds light on the recent progress and the most promising strategies related to graphene and related materials and its applications for detection, decontamination, diagnosis, and protection against COVID-19. In addition, the key challenges and future directives are discussed in detail for fundamental design and development of technologies based on graphene-based materials along with the demand aspects of graphene-based products and lastly, our personal opinions on the appropriate approaches to improve these technologies respectively.}, } @article {pmid39442753, year = {2024}, author = {Hirschhorn, JW and Babady, NE and Bateman, A and Blankenship, HM and Bard, JD and Florek, K and Larkin, PMK and Rowlinson, MC and Wroblewski, K and Wolk, DM}, title = {Considerations for SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance: A Joint Consensus Recommendation of the Association for Molecular Pathology and Association of Public Health Laboratories.}, journal = {The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmoldx.2024.09.005}, pmid = {39442753}, issn = {1943-7811}, abstract = {Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has applications in research, epidemiology, oncology, and infectious disease diagnostics. Wide variability exists in NGS wet laboratory techniques and dry laboratory analytical considerations. Thus, many questions remain unanswered when NGS methods are implemented in laboratories for infectious disease testing. While this review is not intended to answer all questions, the most pressing questions from a public health and clinical hospital-based laboratory perspective will be addressed. The authors of this review are laboratory professionals who perform and interpret SARS-CoV-2 NGS results. Considerations for pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical NGS will be explored. This review highlights challenges for molecular laboratory professionals considering adopting or expanding NGS methods.}, } @article {pmid39441906, year = {2024}, author = {Tang, J and Sun, J}, title = {From blood to mucosa.}, journal = {Science translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {770}, pages = {eads6271}, doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.ads6271}, pmid = {39441906}, issn = {1946-6242}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Mucous Membrane/immunology/virology ; }, abstract = {Current COVID-19 vaccines induce suboptimal respiratory mucosal immunity even after mRNA boosters (Declercq et al. and Lasrado et al., this issue).}, } @article {pmid39441592, year = {2024}, author = {Almeida, S and Frasquilho, D and Cordeiro, MT and Neto, T and Sousa, B and Cardoso, F and Oliveira-Maia, AJ}, title = {The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Cognitive Function in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review.}, journal = {Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {7}, number = {10}, pages = {e70008}, pmid = {39441592}, issn = {2573-8348}, support = {875358//FAITH/ ; 777167//BOUNCE/ ; nr.411//Foundation for Science and Technology/ ; //European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Neoplasms/psychology/epidemiology ; *Mental Health/statistics & numerical data ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Depression/epidemiology/psychology ; *Anxiety/epidemiology/psychology ; Cognition ; Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology/psychology/etiology ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandeminc has had widespread impacts, but its specific effects on mental health and cognitive function in patients with cancer remain under-explored.

RECENT FINDINGS: Data from the general population has suggested that mental health problems were frequent during the pandemic, namely during the initial stage of the outbreak. For patients with cancer, a systematic review and meta-analysis of data published until January 2021 also showed elevated prevalence of depression and anxiety, and suggested that anxiety was more frequent than in health workers and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and cognitive function in patients with cancer.

METHODS: Studies were identified through systematic search of three electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOHOST) with adapted search strings. We included only peer-reviewed, nonqualitative, original research papers, published between 2019 and 2022, and reporting on mental health and/or cognition outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in adult patients with cancer.

RESULTS: Of 3260 papers identified, 121 full text articles were retrieved and 71 met inclusion criteria. We found that patients with cancer reported high levels of psychological distress, anxiety and depression, as well as cognitive complaints during the pandemic. However, studies were not consistent in identifying these symptoms as effects of the pandemic specific for this population. In fact, longitudinal studies did not find consistent differences between pre- and post-pandemic periods and, globally, patients with cancer did not report increased severity of these mental health symptoms in relation to the general population.

CONCLUSION: Overall, while the COVID-19 pandemic may have raised mental health challenges for patients with cancer, the diagnosis of cancer and associated treatments seemed to remain the main source of concern for these patients.}, } @article {pmid39441542, year = {2024}, author = {Ewig, E and Ben Othman, N and Viard, D and Gauci, PA and Rocher, F and Drici, MD}, title = {Lipschütz ulcer following first dose of COVID-19 tozinameran vaccine: Report of a case and review of a World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database.}, journal = {International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ijgo.15941}, pmid = {39441542}, issn = {1879-3479}, abstract = {Lipschütz ulcer (LU) is a condition known for painful vulvar ulcers, typically affecting young women and often linked to infectious agents. Recent reports have indicated a potential connection between LU and COVID-19 vaccination, particularly after the second or booster doses. This study presents a case of LU following the first dose of tozinameran in a young woman who had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and investigates similar cases globally. An 18-year-old woman experienced vulvar pain and ulcers 2-days after her initial COVID-19 vaccine dose. After ruling out infections through serological tests, a diagnosis of LU was made, and her symptoms resolved after 10 days. A literature search and VigiBase® analysis revealed 11 cases of LU following COVID-19 vaccination, and 519 vulvovaginal ulcer cases associated with these vaccines were identified in Vigibase®, with a median onset of 2 days. Most LU cases occurred after the second dose or booster shots. The primary hypothesis for this association is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction mediated by immune complexes, possibly triggered by prior exposure, as many cases occurred after the second dose. Interestingly, the presented case suggests that prior COVID-19 infection could serve as sensitization. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential occurrence of LU after the initial COVID-19 vaccine dose in young patients with prior COVID-19 infection. While the risk of recurrence after subsequent vaccinations or infections remains uncertain, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. Clinicians and patients should be aware of this potential issue to make informed decisions regarding vaccination.}, } @article {pmid39441353, year = {2024}, author = {Cahuapaza-Gutierrez, NL}, title = {Aplastic Anemia in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic: infection, vaccination, and pathophysiologic mechanisms.}, journal = {Annals of hematology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39441353}, issn = {1432-0584}, abstract = {Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated against COVID-19 could develop aplastic anemia (AA). Comprehensive review and analysis were conducted through a selective literature search in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science. For this analysis, 26 studies were included, comprising 16 case reports, 7 case series, and 3 observational studies, totaling 53 patients. The causes of acquired or idiopathic AA are diverse; this review presents recent findings, including possible new etiologies such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines. This possible association is explored, addressing the existing gap, and aiming to improve daily medical practice. This article reviews the relationship between AA and SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as COVID-19 vaccines, analyzing cases of de novo occurrence and relapses of AA. Although a definitive mechanistic link has not yet been established, possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are explored.}, } @article {pmid39440426, year = {2024}, author = {Liu, KZ and Tian, G and Ko, AC and Geissler, M and Malic, L and Moon, BU and Clime, L and Veres, T}, title = {Microfluidic methods for the diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections.}, journal = {The Analyst}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d4an00957f}, pmid = {39440426}, issn = {1364-5528}, abstract = {Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are caused by sporadic or pandemic outbreaks of viral or bacterial pathogens, and continue to be a considerable socioeconomic burden for both developing and industrialized countries alike. Diagnostic methods and technologies serving as the cornerstone for disease management, epidemiological tracking, and public health interventions are evolving continuously to keep up with the demand for higher sensitivity, specificity and analytical throughput. Microfluidics is becoming a key technology in these developments as it allows for integrating, miniaturizing and automating bioanalytical assays at an unprecedented scale, reducing sample and reagent consumption and improving diagnostic performance in terms of sensitivity, throughput and response time. In this article, we describe relevant ARTIs-pneumonia, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019-along with their pathogenesis. We provide a summary of established methods for disease diagnosis, involving nucleic acid amplification techniques, antigen detection, serological testing as well as microbial culture. This is followed by a short introduction to microfluidics and how flow is governed at low volume and reduced scale using centrifugation, pneumatic pumping, electrowetting, capillary action, and propagation in porous media through wicking, for each of these principles impacts the design, functioning and performance of diagnostic tools in a particular way. We briefly cover commercial instruments that employ microfluidics for use in both laboratory and point-of-care settings. The main part of the article is dedicated to emerging methods deriving from the use of miniaturized, microfluidic systems for ARTI diagnosis. Finally, we share our thoughts on future perspectives and the challenges associated with validation, approval, and adaptation of microfluidic-based systems.}, } @article {pmid39440160, year = {2024}, author = {Taher Do Alfuqhar, IM and Ali Khalafalla, AE and Mahmoud Ali, SH and Aydaross Adam, EI and Osman, HM and Safar Alrabie, R}, title = {Effectiveness of Telemedicine in Managing Health-Related Issues in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {e72144}, pmid = {39440160}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Healthcare delivery is made more convenient and effective via telemedicine, which enables physicians to conduct virtual consultations and evaluations with pediatric patients. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of telemedicine as compared to physical appointments in the pediatric population. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to search for the available literature using pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. These databases provided 968 relevant research articles, which Endnote software screened for duplicates. Fourteen studies were considered relevant for full-text evaluation. After complete text evaluation, only 11 of these articles were found to be relevant. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for the risk of bias assessment of all included studies. Eleven articles in all satisfied the requirements for inclusion and were added to the review. Every study was classified as either a cluster randomized trial (27%) or a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (73%). There were between 22 and 400 participants in each trial. Medical conditions evaluated included obesity (27%), mental health disorders (9%), asthma (18%), otitis media (9%), skin disorders (9%), type 1 diabetes (9%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (9%), and pancreatic insufficiency associated with cystic fibrosis (1/11). Telemedicine strategies employed included telemedicine-based screening visits (9%), smartphone-based therapies (27%), phone counseling (18%), and videoconferencing visits between patients and doctors (45%). The outcomes of the telemedicine procedures in every included study were on par with or superior to those of the control groups. Medication adherence, appointment completion rates, life satisfaction, symptom management, and disease progression were all outcomes associated with these findings. Although more research is needed, the evidence from this review suggests that telemedicine services for the general public and pediatric care are comparable to or better than in-person services. Patients, healthcare professionals, and caregivers may benefit from using both telemedicine services and traditional in-person healthcare services. To maximize the potential of telemedicine, future research should focus on improving patients' access to care, increasing the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine services, and eliminating barriers to telemedicine use.}, } @article {pmid39439927, year = {2024}, author = {Lim, Y and Cho, YB and Seo, YJ}, title = {Emerging roles of cytoskeletal transport and scaffold systems in human viral propagation.}, journal = {Animal cells and systems}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {506-518}, pmid = {39439927}, issn = {1976-8354}, abstract = {Viruses have long been recognized as significant pathogens, contributing to multiple global pandemics throughout human history. Recent examples include the 2009 influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. Despite ongoing experimental and clinical efforts, the development of effective antiviral treatments and vaccines remains challenging due to the high mutation rates of many human pathogenic viruses including influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. As an alternative approach, antiviral strategies targeting host factors shared by multiple viruses could provide a more universally applicable solution. Emerging evidence suggests that viruses exploit the host cytoskeletal network to facilitate efficient viral replication and propagation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between viral components and the cytoskeletal machinery may offer valuable insights for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. This review compiles and discusses current knowledge on the interactions between viruses and cytoskeletal elements, including kinesin, dynein, myosin, and vimentin, and explores their potential as therapeutic targets. The potential for these cytoskeletal components to serve as targets for new antiviral interventions is discussed in the context of diverse human viruses, including influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.}, } @article {pmid39439902, year = {2024}, author = {Islam, MM and Mahbub, NU and Hong, ST and Chung, HJ}, title = {Gut bacteria: an etiological agent in human pathological conditions.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1291148}, pmid = {39439902}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *COVID-19/microbiology ; Bacteria/pathogenicity/classification/genetics ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Microbial Interactions ; }, abstract = {Through complex interactions with the host's immune and physiological systems, gut bacteria play a critical role as etiological agents in a variety of human diseases, having an impact that extends beyond their mere presence and affects the onset, progression, and severity of the disease. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of these microbial interactions is crucial to improving our understanding of disease pathogenesis and creating tailored treatment methods. Correcting microbial imbalances may open new avenues for disease prevention and treatment approaches, according to preliminary data. The gut microbiota exerts an integral part in the pathogenesis of numerous health conditions, including metabolic, neurological, renal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal problems as well as COVID-19, according to recent studies. The crucial significance of the microbiome in disease pathogenesis is highlighted by this role, which is comparable to that of hereditary variables. This review investigates the etiological contributions of the gut microbiome to human diseases, its interactions with the host, and the development of prospective therapeutic approaches. To fully harness the benefits of gut microbiome dynamics for improving human health, future research should address existing methodological challenges and deepen our knowledge of microbial interactions.}, } @article {pmid39439862, year = {2024}, author = {Pruss, M and Neubacher, M and Dietzel, F and Krawczyk, N and Cieslik, JP and Mohrmann, S and Ruckhäberle, E and Sturm-Inwald, EC and Fehm, TN and Behrens, B}, title = {Retrospective Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Breast Cancer Care.}, journal = {Breast care (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, pages = {270-281}, pmid = {39439862}, issn = {1661-3791}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed breast cancer care for patients and healthcare providers. Circumstances varied greatly by region and hospital, depending on COVID-19 prevalence, case mix, hospital type, and available resources. These challenges have disrupted screening programs and have been particularly distressing for both women with a breast cancer diagnosis and their providers.

SUMMARY: This review explores the retrospective impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary breast cancer care. It analyzes changes in screening participation, diagnosis rates, treatment modalities, and the delivery of psycho-oncological support during the pandemic. The study found a significant reduction in breast cancer screenings and a subsequent stage shift in diagnoses, with fewer early-stage and more advanced-stage cancers being detected. Additionally, the review discusses the psychosocial challenges faced by patients and the adaptations made in care delivery, such as the increased use of telemedicine. Despite these challenges, the healthcare systems showed resilience, with core treatment services largely maintained and rapid adaptations to new care models.

KEY MESSAGES: There was a marked decrease in breast cancer screenings and early diagnoses during the pandemic, with a shift toward more advanced-stage detections. While there was an increased use of neoadjuvant therapies and telemedicine, essential breast cancer treatments were mostly sustained, reflecting the resilience of healthcare systems. The pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of breast cancer patients, exacerbating anxiety and depression and highlighting the need for improved psycho-oncological support. The full impact of these disruptions on long-term breast cancer outcomes remains uncertain, necessitating ongoing monitoring and adaptation of care strategies to mitigate adverse effects.}, } @article {pmid39439659, year = {2024}, author = {Shareef, LG and Noori, MM and Shareef, AG and Mustafa, AH}, title = {Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Low Molecular Weight Heparins and Fondaparinux in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e69904}, pmid = {39439659}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 are at a higher risk of arterial and venous thrombosis, mostly pulmonary microvascular thrombosis, which may significantly impair treatment and result in morbidity. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of research papers that aim to evaluate the risk of bleeding and thrombosis among patients treated with low molecular weight heparin or fondaparinux (LMWH/F). Additionally, we measured the overall death events. This study was conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. A search was conducted in the Clinicaltrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify observational cohort studies and randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that compared LMWH/F in proven COVID-19 patients. A total of 220 people from two studies were included. Patients who were treated with fondaparinux had a lower risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) (odds ratio (OR) 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.14, 1.096); p = 0.168); pulmonary embolism (OR 0.169, 95% CI (0.021, 1.356), p = 0.094); and deep vein thrombosis compared to patients who received LMWH therapy. The data show a lower mortality rate in the LMWH groups (OR 1.135, 95% CI (0.463, 2.785), p = 0.781) and a lower frequency of bleeding (OR 1.657, 95% CI (0.456, 5.908), p = 0.436). Both drugs have shown anti-thrombotic properties in COVID-19 patients. Fondaparinux was somewhat more effective in reducing thrombosis episodes. This research demonstrates the safe use of LMWH for VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients based on bleeding and mortality outcomes.}, } @article {pmid39438156, year = {2024}, author = {Duran, R and Çalbayram, N}, title = {Attitudes of healthcare professionals regarding vaccines and influencing factors: A cross-sectional study.}, journal = {Journal of pediatric nursing}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pedn.2024.10.013}, pmid = {39438156}, issn = {1532-8449}, abstract = {AIMS: This study aims to examine the attitudes of healthcare professionals toward vaccines and identify factors influencing these attitudes.

METHODS: The study, which employed a descriptive and cross-sectional methodology, included doctors, nurses, and midwives employed at a public hospital between March 2022 and February 2023. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires, including the "Attitudes Towards Vaccination Scale."

RESULTS: Healthcare workers generally had positive attitudes toward vaccination, with nearly all receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants with children reported high childhood vaccination rates, and factors such as gender and occupation significantly influenced vaccination attitudes (p < 0.001). While 87.1 % of the participants expressed concerns about the potential adverse effects of vaccines, those who believed vaccines had no side effects exhibited more favorable attitudes toward vaccination. Furthermore, the study revealed a considerable degree of endorsement for mandatory childhood vaccinations, with 75.1 % of participants expressing support for implementing legal obligations.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show healthcare workers' generally positive attitudes and confidence toward vaccines. However, more research should be conducted on the reasons for hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccination. Increasing education and information activities is essential to overcome hesitations against new vaccines. Since the attitudes of healthcare workers toward vaccines can affect society's general vaccine acceptance and vaccination rates, studies in this field are of great importance.

IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: The study underscores the crucial role of healthcare professionals as advocates for vaccination, emphasizing the need for tailored communication strategies to effectively address vaccine hesitancy, particularly regarding safety concerns.}, } @article {pmid39438053, year = {2024}, author = {Coates, M and Cheh, PLJ and Suenghataiphorn, T and Laohavinij, W and Pholpark, A and Ritthisirikul, N and Khositchaiwat, S and Hanvoravongchai, P}, title = {Maintaining non-communicable disease (NCD) services during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from Thailand.}, journal = {BMJ global health}, volume = {8}, number = {Suppl 6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014695}, pmid = {39438053}, issn = {2059-7908}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Thailand ; *Noncommunicable Diseases/therapy/prevention & control ; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic presented a significant challenge to health systems worldwide, requiring resources to be directed to the pandemic response while also maintaining essential health services. Those with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19, and interrupted care resulting from the pandemic has the potential to worsen morbidity and mortality.We used narrative literature review and key informant interviews between August 2021 and June 2022 to identify how NCD services were impacted during the pandemic and which good practices helped support uninterrupted care.On the background of an existing strong healthcare system, Thailand exhibited strong central coordination of the response, minimised funding interruptions and leveraged existing infrastructure to make efficient use of limited resources, such as through mobilising healthcare workforce. A key intervention has been redesigning NCD systems such as through the 'New Normal Medical Services' initiative. This has promoted digital innovations, including remote self-monitoring, patient risk stratification and alternative medication dispensing. Emphasis has been placed on multidisciplinary, patient-centred and community-centred care.NCD service utilisation has been disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, newly adapted efforts on top of existing robust systems have been critical to mitigating disruptions. Yet challenges remain, including ensuring ongoing evaluation, adaptation and sustainability of redesign initiatives. This learning offers the potential to further positive health systems change on a wider scale, through sharing knowledge, international collaboration and further refinement of the 'new normal' model.}, } @article {pmid39437986, year = {2024}, author = {Abramson, L and Perfect, C and Cantrell, S and Bronshteyn, YS and Yanamadala, M and Buhr, GT}, title = {Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Post-acute and Long-Term Care: A Scoping Review.}, journal = {Journal of the American Medical Directors Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105320}, doi = {10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105320}, pmid = {39437986}, issn = {1538-9375}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an emerging application of ultrasonography that is being integrated into patient care in many medical specialties. The post-acute and long-term care (PALTC) setting has opportunities to adopt POCUS as a diagnostic aid to improve patient outcomes. We aim (1) to describe the current use of POCUS in PALTC and (2) to examine how the use of POCUS can advance in PALTC settings.

DESIGN: Scoping review.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: PALTC facilities and residents.

METHODS: The MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science databases were searched by a medical librarian for studies on the use of POCUS in PALTC. All studies underwent dual, independent review during 2 phases of screening. We included all study designs where POCUS was obtained and interpreted by a provider at the bedside.

RESULTS: Six studies met inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in the setting of COVID19 outbreaks in nursing homes and communities. The organ systems examined using POCUS were lung and vasculature. Lung ultrasound was shown to have variable diagnostic and prognostic utility in assessing lung injury secondary to COVID19. Ultrasound measurements of the vasculature were not useful for predicting hydration status.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Implementation of POCUS in PALTC is feasible, but current literature is limited to use in only 2 organ systems. These results suggest potential for expanding POCUS in PALTC. Further work is required to ascertain if POCUS use can improve patient outcomes in this health care setting.}, } @article {pmid39437881, year = {2024}, author = {Togo, J and Somboro, AM and Dolo, O and Traore, FT and Guindo, I and Fofana, DB and Todesco, E and Marcelin, AG and Calvez, V and Holl, J and Murphy, RL and Rodriguez, C and Maiga, M and Maiga, AI}, title = {Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants in West Africa: Insights into genomic surveillance in resource-constrained settings.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105681}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105681}, pmid = {39437881}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 geno-surveillance has been challenging in West Africa. Despite the multiple challenges encountered, particularly in West Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts were made to circumscribe the spread of the disease and to provide methods and resources for surveillance. We aim to describe the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 variants and highlight the efforts made in genomic surveillance in West Africa. Therefore, we proceeded to retrieve West African countries' SARS-CoV-2 data from public repository (GISAID) and then ensued to a descriptive statistical analysis. From the start of the pandemic till December 2023, we found less than a million COVID-19 cases notified within the West African region. Overall, the study population was 50.21 % Males with a median age of 37. Regarding genomic data, only 3.02 % of cases were sequenced and deposited in GISAID. Of the available sequence, we noted that most of the variants have circulated in West Africa before the official notification of the variants. Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal provided together more than half of West Africa's originating sequences when Omicron and Delta variants were the most sequenced in West Africa.}, } @article {pmid39437707, year = {2024}, author = {Molaei, P and Alidadi, M and Badland, H and Gunn, L}, title = {Associations between the urban neighbourhood built and social environment characteristics with physical functioning among mid- and older-aged adults: A systematic review.}, journal = {Social science & medicine (1982)}, volume = {362}, number = {}, pages = {117412}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117412}, pmid = {39437707}, issn = {1873-5347}, abstract = {There is growing recognition of the association between neighbourhood factors and individuals' health. This systematic review examines the associations between urban neighbourhood built and social environment characteristics with different measures of physical functioning among mid- and older-aged adults over 45 years, focusing on cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. It responds to the increase in publications on this topic following the COVID-19 pandemic. The systematic review included 25 studies written in English from 2018 onwards sourced from 8 databases. Studies were imported into Covidence and reviewed following the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis' (PRISMA) protocols. Findings were assessed according to 13 neighbourhood environment variables: aesthetics, crime safety, greenness and parks, land use mix and destinations, neighbourhood disadvantage, pedestrian/street infrastructure, public transport, residential density, social environment, street connectivity, traffic safety, walkability, and composite variables. Significant associations in the expected direction were found for land use mix and destinations, walkability, crime safety, greenness and parks, social environment, and neighbourhood disadvantage with physical functioning in mid- and older-aged adults. Weaker evidence of expected associations was found for residential density and aesthetics. Future research avenues on this topic include investigating built and social neighbourhood environments in diverse geographies and populations, considering housing status and length of exposure to the neighbourhood environment, using longitudinal surveys over longer time periods and objective measurements.}, } @article {pmid39401974, year = {2024}, author = {Shekhawat, AS and Sahu, B and Diwan, A and Chaudhary, A and Shrivastav, AM and Srivastava, T and Kumar, R and Saxena, SK}, title = {Insight of Employing Molecular Junctions for Sensor Applications.}, journal = {ACS sensors}, volume = {9}, number = {10}, pages = {5025-5051}, doi = {10.1021/acssensors.4c02173}, pmid = {39401974}, issn = {2379-3694}, mesh = {*Biosensing Techniques/methods ; Humans ; COVID-19/diagnosis/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Explosive Agents/analysis ; }, abstract = {Molecular junctions (MJs) exhibit distinct charge transport properties and have the potential to become the next generation of electronic devices. Advancing molecular electronics for practical uses, such as sensors, is crucial to propel its progress to the next level. In this review, we discussed how MJs can serve as a sensor for detecting a wide range of analytes with exceptional sensitivity and specificity. The primary advances and potential of molecular junctions for the various kinds of sensors including photosensors, explosives (DNTs, TNTs), cancer biomarker detection (DNA, mRNA), COVID detection, biogases (CO, NO, NH), environmental pH, practical chemicals, and water pollutants are listed and examined here. The fundamental ideas of molecular junction formation as well as the sensing mechanism have been examined here. This review demonstrates that MJ-based sensors hold significant promise for real-time and on-site detection. It provides valuable insights into current research and outlines potential future directions for advancing molecular junction-based sensors for practical applications.}, } @article {pmid39253918, year = {2024}, author = {Urakov, A and Urakova, N and Reshetnikov, A and Shklyaev, A and Nikolenko, V and Osipov, A and Klyachko, N and Sorokina, Y and Muhutdinov, N and Okovityi, S and Shabanov, P}, title = {Catalase: A Potential Pharmacologic Target for Hydrogen Peroxide in the Treatment of COVID-19.}, journal = {Current topics in medicinal chemistry}, volume = {24}, number = {25}, pages = {2191-2210}, pmid = {39253918}, issn = {1873-4294}, mesh = {*Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Humans ; *Catalase/metabolism ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; COVID-19 ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the elderly with COVID-19 complicated by airway obstruction with sputum and mucus, and cases of asphyxia with blood, serous fluid, pus, or meconium in newborns and people of different ages can sometimes cause hypoxemia and death from hypoxic damage to brain cells, because the medical standard does not include intrapulmonary injections of oxygen-producing solutions. The physical-chemical repurposing of hydrogen peroxide from an antiseptic to an oxygen-producing antihypoxant offers hope for the development of new drugs.

METHODS: This manuscript is a meta-analysis performed according to PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS: It is shown that replacement of the traditional acidic activity of hydrogen peroxide solutions by alkaline activity with pH 8.4 and heating the solutions to the temperature of +37 - +42 °C allows to repurpose hydrogen peroxide from antiseptics into inhalation and intrapulmonary mucolytics, pyolytics and antihypoxants releasing oxygen. The fact is that warm alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution (WAHPS) in local interaction with sputum, mucus, pus, blood and meconium provides optimal conditions for the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas under the action of the enzyme catalase, always present in these tissues. It was established that WAHPS liquefies these biological masses due to alkaline saponification of lipid and protein-lipid complexes and simultaneously transforms dense masses into soft oxygen foam due to active enzymatic metabolism of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas, the rapidly appearing bubbles of which are formed by the type of "cold boiling" and literally explode these masses. The results of the first experiments showed that inhalation and intrapulmonary injections of WAHPS can significantly optimize the treatment of suffocation and hypoxemia.

DISCUSSION: The results showed that catalase, which is found in sputum, mucus, pus, and blood, may be a target for localized WAHPS because this enzyme provides an intensive metabolism of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas up to the formation of the cold boiling process.

CONCLUSION: These data provide a new perspective way for intrapulmonary drugs and new technologies for the emergency increase of blood oxygenation through the lungs in asphyxia with thick sputum, mucus, pus, meconium and blood.}, } @article {pmid39443720, year = {2022}, author = {Darwich, A and Pozzi, C and Fornasa, G and Lizier, M and Azzolini, E and Spadoni, I and Carli, F and Voza, A and Desai, A and Ferrero, C and Germagnoli, L and , and Mantovani, A and Rescigno, M and Alessio, A and Clement, A and Salvatore, B and Cristina, B and Alice, B and Sara, B and Paola, B and Francesca, C and Michela, C and Assunta, C and Arianna, C and Claudia, C and Sara, C and Silvia, C and Valentina, C and Maurizio, C and Michele, C and Nicolò, C and Abbass, D and Lleo De Nalda, A and Federica, P and Rachele, DD and Elisabeth, D and Barbara, D and Maria, FF and Valentina, F and Giulia, F and Sara, F and Antonio, GG and Silvia, G and Gomes, AR and Michela, L and Antonino, LC and Alessia, M and Alessandro, M and Ilaria, M and Bianca, O and Fabio, P and Anna, P and Erica, P and Chiara, P and Chiara, P and Valeria, R and Monica, R and Alice, S and Carlo, S and Alessandra, S and Marina, S and Ilaria, S and Salvatore, S and Gianmarco, S and Domenico, S and Paolo, T and Aldo, U and Sonia, V and Antonio, V and Elisa, Z and Veronica, Z}, title = {BNT162b2 vaccine induces antibody release in saliva: a possible role for mucosal viral protection?.}, journal = {EMBO molecular medicine}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {EMMM202115326}, pmid = {39443720}, issn = {1757-4684}, support = {COVID-2020-12371640//Ministero della Salute (Ministry of Health, Italy)/ ; }, abstract = {Vaccination against an airborne pathogen is very effective if it induces also the development of mucosal antibodies that can protect against infection. The mRNA-based vaccine-encoding SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein (BNT162b2, Pfizer/BioNTech) protects also against infection despite being administered systemically. Here, we show that upon vaccination, cognate IgG molecules are also found in the saliva and are more abundant in SARS-CoV-2 previously exposed subjects, paralleling the development of plasma IgG. The antibodies titer declines at 3 months from vaccination. We identified a concentration of specific IgG in the plasma above which the relevant IgG can be detected in the saliva. Regarding IgA antibodies, we found only protease-susceptible IgA1 antibodies in plasma while they were present at very low levels in the saliva over the course of vaccination of SARS-CoV-2-naïve subjects. Thus, in response to BNT162b2 vaccine, plasma IgG can permeate into mucosal sites and participate in viral protection. It is not clear why IgA1 are detected in low amount, they may be proteolytically cleaved.}, } @article {pmid39437140, year = {2024}, author = {Northam, KA and Phillips, KM}, title = {Sedation in the ICU.}, journal = {NEJM evidence}, volume = {3}, number = {11}, pages = {EVIDra2300347}, doi = {10.1056/EVIDra2300347}, pmid = {39437140}, issn = {2766-5526}, mesh = {Humans ; *Intensive Care Units ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use ; Critical Care/methods ; Conscious Sedation/methods ; Delirium/prevention & control/therapy ; }, abstract = {AbstractSedation practices are key to improving intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes. Adequate treatment of pain, minimization of sedation, delirium prevention, and improved patient interaction to ensure early rehabilitation and faster ventilator liberation are evidenced-based components of ICU care. Here we review components of appropriate ICU sedation including the use of multicomponent care bundles such as the ABCDEF bundle with a focus on changes in ICU practice that followed the Covid-19 pandemic.}, } @article {pmid39436325, year = {2024}, author = {Laskowski, NM and Brandt, G and Reque, CB and Sabel, L and Pahlenkemper, M and Zaiser, C and Paslakis, G}, title = {The collateral effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: A gender-specific systematic review of disordered eating behaviour in the general population.}, journal = {European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/erv.3141}, pmid = {39436325}, issn = {1099-0968}, support = {01KX2121//German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic initiated public health measures, impacting mental health and exacerbating disordered eating behaviours (DEB). This study aims to fill gaps in understanding DEB in the general population during the pandemic, emphasising gender dynamics and the experiences of gender and/or sexual minority (SGM) individuals.

METHOD: A systematic literature review followed PRISMA guidelines to investigate DEB during the pandemic, focusing on gender-sensitive analyses and SGM populations. Outcomes from the included studies were synthesised to identify patterns and associations related to DEB, particularly considering gender dynamics and SGM experiences.

RESULTS: Significant gender associations with DEB were observed, with women consistently exhibiting higher scores. SGM populations also showed elevated DEB symptoms. Longitudinal studies indicated changes in DEB over time, with some decreases observed among men.

CONCLUSIONS: The review underscores significant gender differences in DEB during the pandemic, with women exhibiting higher symptom levels. Lockdown measures had nuanced impacts on DEB, varying across studies. Various factors including pandemic-related stressors influenced DEB. Consideration of these factors can inform tailored interventions for DEB in the general population. Overall, the review enhances our understanding of how gender intersects with the pandemic's impact on DEB, emphasising the need for diverse approaches to address these behaviours.}, } @article {pmid39435941, year = {2024}, author = {Sklar, T and Robertson, C}, title = {The States' Hodgepodge of Physician Licensure Regulations.}, journal = {The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {419-421}, doi = {10.1017/jme.2024.113}, pmid = {39435941}, issn = {1748-720X}, mesh = {United States ; Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Licensure, Medical/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Telemedicine/legislation & jurisprudence ; State Government ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Physicians/legislation & jurisprudence ; }, abstract = {The end of the federal COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) on May 11, 2023, marked a pivotal shift in the landscape of telehealth regulation in the US. Kwan, Jolin, and Shachar analyze the implications of this transition by exposing inconsistencies in access to care. We agree that we now face a "convoluted patchwork of permanent and temporary changes to telehealth law and policy."[1].}, } @article {pmid39435940, year = {2024}, author = {Cholette, F and McLaren, PJ}, title = {A Proposed Research Agenda for Ethical, Legal, Social, and Historical Studies at the Intersection of Infectious and Genetic Disease.}, journal = {The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {456-458}, doi = {10.1017/jme.2024.114}, pmid = {39435940}, issn = {1748-720X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Communicable Diseases ; Genome-Wide Association Study/ethics ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; }, abstract = {Over the past two decades there has been a rapid expansion in our understanding of how human genetic variability impacts susceptibility and severity of disease. Through applications of genome-wide association studies, genome and exome sequencing, researchers have made thousands of discoveries of genetic variants that impact risk of common and rare disorders affecting millions of people. Although these techniques have been primarily applied to highly prevalent chronic disorders such as diabetes[1] and cardiovascular disease[2], infectious diseases have proven to not be immune to genome-wide association, with studies of Tuberculosis[3], HIV[4] and SARS-CoV2[5], to name but a few, identifying host susceptibility loci across the genome. Unlike non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases have the unique element of impacting not only the affected the host, but those who may be most vulnerable to acquiring the infection. Thus, genetic variants that impact one individual's susceptibility to and severity of an infection may also have broader implications to public health, as was brought into keen focus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, as we begin to apply the knowledge gained from genomic studies in the clinic or into policy, there are unique ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) at the intersection of infectious diseases and human genomics. In this issue of the Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Jose et al attempt to address this need by proposing a research agenda for ELSI studies at what they term the "blurred boundaries" of infectious and genetic diseases.[6].}, } @article {pmid39435932, year = {2024}, author = {Harrison, EA}, title = {Reimagining Vaccine Access for Health Equity.}, journal = {The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics}, volume = {52}, number = {2}, pages = {480-483}, doi = {10.1017/jme.2024.97}, pmid = {39435932}, issn = {1748-720X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Health Equity ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Global Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Developing Countries ; }, abstract = {The Covid-19 pandemic elevated global attention to the complex problem of allocating and disseminating newly approved vaccines. Following early calls for vaccine equity,[1] global health leaders made progress but struggled to fully realize distribution goals.[2] With respect to vaccination rates, low and middle income countries have not achieved full parity with high income countries.[3] In this issue, Harmon, Kholina, and Graham follow longstanding critiques of market-based vaccine procurement to propose "legal and practical solutions for realizing a new access to vaccines environment"[4] that will, they suggest, further the goal of global health justice.}, } @article {pmid39435694, year = {2024}, author = {Shekhar Patil, M and Richter, E and Fanning, L and Hendrix, J and Wyns, A and Barrero Santiago, L and Nijs, J and Godderis, L and Polli, A}, title = {Epigenetic changes in patients with post-acute COVID-19 symptoms (PACS) and long-COVID: A systematic review.}, journal = {Expert reviews in molecular medicine}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e29}, doi = {10.1017/erm.2024.32}, pmid = {39435694}, issn = {1462-3994}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/genetics/complications/virology ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *DNA Methylation ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Up to 30% of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 report disabling symptoms 2 years after the infection. Over 100 persistent symptoms have been associated with Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms (PACS) and/or long-COVID, showing a significant clinical heterogeneity. To develop effective, patient-targeted treatment, a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is needed. Epigenetics has helped elucidating the pathophysiology of several health conditions and it might help unravelling inter-individual differences in patients with PACS and long-COVID. As accumulating research is exploring epigenetic mechanisms in PACS and long-COVID, we systematically summarized the available literature on the topic.

METHODS: We interrogated five databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and medXriv/bioXriv) and followed PRISMA and SWiM guidelines to report our results.

RESULTS: Eight studies were included in our review. Six studies explored DNA methylation in PACS and/or long-COVID, while two studies explored miRNA expression in long-COVID associated with lung complications. Sample sizes were mostly small and study quality was low or fair. The main limitation of the included studies was a poor characterization of the patient population that made a homogeneous synthesis of the literature challenging. However, studies on DNA methylation showed that mechanisms related to the immune and the autonomic nervous system, and cell metabolism might be implicated in the pathophysiology of PACS and long-COVID.

CONCLUSION: Epigenetic changes might help elucidating PACS and long-COVID underlying mechanisms, aid subgrouping, and point towards tailored treatments. Preliminary evidence is promising but scarce. Biological and epigenetic research on long-COVID will benefit millions of people suffering from long-COVID and has the potential to be transferable and benefit other conditions as well, such as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). We urge future research to employ longitudinal designs and provide a better characterization of included patients.}, } @article {pmid39435565, year = {2024}, author = {Ezenwaji, CO and Alum, EU and Ugwu, OP}, title = {The role of digital health in pandemic preparedness and response: securing global health?.}, journal = {Global health action}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2419694}, pmid = {39435565}, issn = {1654-9880}, mesh = {Humans ; *Global Health ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Digital Technology ; Telemedicine/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Electronic Health Records/organization & administration ; Public Health ; Digital Health ; Pandemic Preparedness ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Digital health technologies, such as mobile applications, wearable devices, and electronic health record systems, have significantly enhanced global health security by enabling timely data collection and analysis, identifying infectious disease trends, and reducing infection risk through remote services.

OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the role of digital health in pandemic preparedness and global health security response. It examines the application of digital health to early detection, surveillance, and data management in patient care.

METHODS: We gathered data from scholarly articles published between 2019 and 2024 (found in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science), reports from the WHO, and case studies of recent pandemics. Topics discussed include digital health technologies, their use, benefits, and issues. We paid special attention to gathering the informed opinions and perspectives of specialists from various fields, including public health, technology, and government. The commentary synthesises these findings to offer suggestions for incorporating digital health into future pandemic preparedness and response.

RESULTS: Digital tools improve communication, combat fake news, and reach the public, but data protection and public health remain challenges. Integration requires extensive research and collaboration between governments and the private sector.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 outbreak demonstrated the importance of digital technology in outbreak management, patient care, communication, and data sharing. As the world transitions into the post-pandemic phase, it will be important to build on these innovations and prepare for the challenges ahead in order to strengthen healthcare systems for future pandemics.}, } @article {pmid39435212, year = {2024}, author = {Zacharia, A and Thomas, AC and Mathew, PC and Cleetus, RS and John, SE and Joseph, J}, title = {Exploring the Intersection of E-commerce and Healthcare: A Visual Analysis of Research Trends.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {e69865}, pmid = {39435212}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {The role of e-commerce in healthcare is one of the key research areas emerging from the broader digital transformation of health services and consumer interactions. This study presents the bibliometric analysis of literature on e-commerce in healthcare based on publications from 1993 to 2024 in Scopus. In particular, this analysis shows trends in the publication record that have been constantly growing, with prominent increases during the COVID-19 pandemic, now hardwiring the fact that digital technologies are key in promoting global health. The study surveys the thematic evolution of key technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), which is transforming predictive healthcare analytics; blockchain, which is enhancing security in health data transactions; and telemedicine, which is revolutionizing remote patient care, alongside other emerging technologies that are reshaping global healthcare systems. The research also showcases global collaboration patterns, underlining the international dimensions of scholarly contributions to the area under review. These insights provide a foundation for understanding the current state of e-commerce in healthcare and suggest future directions for research and policy development in this fast-evolving field.}, } @article {pmid39434774, year = {2024}, author = {Smail, SW and Hirmiz, SM and Ahmed, AA and Albarzinji, N and Awla, HK and Amin, K and Janson, C}, title = {Decoding the intricacies: a comprehensive analysis of microRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {1430974}, pmid = {39434774}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {The pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), provoked by the appearance of a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), required a worldwide healthcare emergency. This has elicited an immediate need for accelerated research into its mechanisms of disease, criteria for diagnosis, methods for forecasting outcomes, and treatment approaches. microRNAs (miRNAs), are diminutive RNA molecules, that are non-coding and participate in gene expression regulation post-transcriptionally, having an important participation in regulating immune processes. miRNAs have granted substantial interest in their impact on viral replication, cell proliferation, and modulation of how the host's immune system responds. This narrative review delves into host miRNAs' multifaceted roles within the COVID-19 context, highlighting their involvement in disease progression, diagnostics, and prognostics aspects, given their stability in biological fluids and varied expression profiles when responding to an infection. Additionally, we discuss complicated interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and host cellular machinery facilitated by host miRNAs revealing how dysregulation of host miRNA expression profiles advances viral replication, immune evasion, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, it investigates the potential of host miRNAs as therapeutic agents, whether synthetic or naturally occurring, which could be harnessed to either mitigate harmful inflammation or enhance antiviral responses. However, searching more deeply is needed to clarify how host's miRNAs are involved in pathogenesis of COVID-19, its diagnosis processes, prognostic assessments, and treatment approaches for patients.}, } @article {pmid39434532, year = {2024}, author = {Zyuzya, YR}, title = {[Issues of morphological diagnosis and pathogenesis of tuberculosis].}, journal = {Arkhiv patologii}, volume = {86}, number = {5}, pages = {81-93}, doi = {10.17116/patol20248605181}, pmid = {39434532}, issn = {0004-1955}, mesh = {Humans ; *Tuberculosis/pathology/diagnosis/microbiology ; COVID-19/pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; HIV Infections/pathology/microbiology/complications ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity/isolation & purification ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Granuloma/pathology/microbiology/diagnosis ; }, abstract = {Tuberculosis remains a serious global problem of our time. The epidemiological situation regarding tuberculosis in the Russian Federation and in Moscow is quite favorable, however, many manifestations of diseases and morphological changes in tuberculosis require a serious approach to the timely diagnosis of the disease, especially intravital morphological verification of the process. The article outlines the main aspects of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, including deep immunosuppression associated with HIV. A typical microscopic picture of tuberculosis inflammation is described with an algorithm for identifying the causative agent of tuberculosis in histological sections and cytological preparations, and species identification of mycobacteria in material from paraffin blocks. Attention is paid to the morphology of HIV-associated tuberculosis, which is characterized by the loss of signs of granulomatous inflammation in condition of deep immune suppression. The need for differential diagnosis of tuberculosis with many infectious and non-infectious granulomatous-necrotic processes is noted, which requires the morphologist to compare the cellular composition of granulomas, study perifocal tissue reactions and features of vascular damage, correctly assess the activity of inflammatory changes, etc. Attention is drawn to the features of the morphological diagnostic search in cases combined pathology of tuberculosis with other infectious diseases, incl. with Covid 19. Changes are difficult to analyze due to the combination of morphological manifestations of several diseases, each of which may have atypical microscopic manifestations, as well as the varying activity of several simultaneously occurring infectious processes.}, } @article {pmid39434527, year = {2024}, author = {Kolobov, AV}, title = {[Methodological approaches to the morphological study of placenta, extraplacental membranes and umbilical cord in infectious pathology].}, journal = {Arkhiv patologii}, volume = {86}, number = {5}, pages = {53-59}, doi = {10.17116/patol20248605153}, pmid = {39434527}, issn = {0004-1955}, mesh = {Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; *Umbilical Cord/pathology ; *Placenta/pathology/virology ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology/virology ; COVID-19/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Infant, Newborn ; Extraembryonic Membranes/pathology/microbiology ; Placenta Diseases/pathology/virology ; }, abstract = {The functional state of the placenta and extraplacental membranes, determined by their morphological characteristics, is of key importance in the implementation of both physiological and complicated pregnancy. Of great practical value for the diagnosis of congenital infections is the morphological study of the placenta, extraplacental membranes and umbilical cord, which allows optimizing the supervision of newborns and preventing the development of severe perinatal complications. This article presents methodological approaches to the morphological study of the placenta, extraplacental membranes and umbilical cord in infectious pathologies of both bacterial (ascending intraamniotic infection) etiology and viral placentitis caused by parvovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory syncytial virus, viruses of the Herpesviridae family - herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus and Epstein - Barr virus) and SARS-CoV-2 with a description of the morphological features of typical changes and immunohistochemical verification of their etiology.}, } @article {pmid39434493, year = {2024}, author = {Beck, AE and Kampman, M and Huynh, C and Simon, C and Plueschke, K and Cohet, C and Verpillat, P and Robinson, K and Arlett, P}, title = {Collaborative Real-World Evidence Among Regulators: Lessons and Perspectives.}, journal = {Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/cpt.3457}, pmid = {39434493}, issn = {1532-6535}, abstract = {The International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities (ICMRA), comprising 38 global medicines regulatory authorities, collaborates on shared challenges, notably during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on the ICMRA COVID-19 Real-World Evidence (RWE) and Observational Studies Working Group. The Working Group aimed to address challenges related to RWE and observational studies during the pandemic, resulting in impactful studies and ICMRA statements on international collaboration for RWE and COVID-19 vaccine safety. Reflecting on 3 years of collaboration, the Working Group surveyed members for insights, and recommendations were formulated to enhance research preparedness, collaboration, and response to future public health emergencies. The lessons learned highlight the importance of global collaborations, governance structures for rapid decision-making, and effective utilization of existing networks. Recommendations include the establishment of an international governance structure, a "coalition of the willing" for swift research collaboration, dedicated sub-groups, periodic workshops, common protocols, joint timelines, and data model templates, leveraging existing infrastructure, and strengthening outreach for transparency and engagement. The Working Group envisions repurposing into an RWE strategic and operational entity, contributing to global public health emergency response mechanisms. In conclusion, the Working Group's success lies in effective communication, collaborative research, and leveraging existing infrastructure, with ongoing contributions to global emergency response mechanisms.}, } @article {pmid39368535, year = {2024}, author = {Raza, ML and Imam, MH and Zehra, W and Jamil, S}, title = {Neuro-inflammatory pathways in COVID-19-induced central nervous system injury: Implications for prevention and treatment strategies.}, journal = {Experimental neurology}, volume = {382}, number = {}, pages = {114984}, doi = {10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114984}, pmid = {39368535}, issn = {1090-2430}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/etiology/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology/prevention & control ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Animals ; Microglia ; }, abstract = {This review explores the neuroinflammatory pathways underlying COVID-19-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury, with a focus on mechanisms of brain damage and strategies for prevention. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarize current knowledge on the pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 reaches the brain, the neuroinflammatory responses triggered by viral infection, neurological symptoms and long COVID. Results: We discuss the mechanisms of neuroinflammation in COVID-19, including blood-brain barrier disruption, cytokine storm, microglial activation, and peripheral immune cell infiltration. Additionally, we highlight potential strategies for preventing CNS injury, including pharmacological interventions, immunomodulatory therapies, and lifestyle modifications. Conclusively, Understanding the neuroinflammatory pathways in COVID-19-induced CNS injury is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies to protect brain health during and after viral infection.}, } @article {pmid39156031, year = {2024}, author = {Montero-Gómez, A}, title = {[Diagnosis by isothermal amplification of nucleic acids. Opportunity for community pharmacies].}, journal = {Farmaceuticos comunitarios}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {46-53}, pmid = {39156031}, issn = {2173-9218}, abstract = {This review focuses on describing new commercially available POC-type molecular diagnostic systems that can be easily implemented in community pharmacies and have the potential to expand the portfolio of pharmaceutical services and make a significant contribution to the improvement of public health.Knowledge of new molecular diagnostic techniques other than PCR is relatively unexplored. However, the available options are diverse and have reached sufficient technological maturity for large-scale use. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought diagnostic tests to market that, in some cases, have been used exclusively in research for decades.Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology continues to evolve and it is likely that in the coming years we will witness an exponential increase in its use, as well as the development of new improvements that further simplify and reduce the cost of each assay.Furthermore, we cannot ignore the fact that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the public has become accustomed to self-diagnosing through mass distribution channels such as community pharmacies. Which can open the sector to other diseases - such as sexually transmitted diseases or animal health -, food control, water and air contamination (fungi) or the presence of allergens.Knowledge of them is an essential technological surveillance strategy for the pharmaceutical sector.}, } @article {pmid39434123, year = {2024}, author = {Caputo, EL and Costa, DJS and Mariano, IM and Lobo, LG and Ribeiro, ALA and Gonçalves, JC and Freitas, MP and Zuchinali, P and Jeronimo, JS and Ribeiro, PAB and Reichert, FF}, title = {Studies of physical activity and COVID-19 during the pandemic: an updated scoping review.}, journal = {BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {218}, pmid = {39434123}, issn = {2052-1847}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This review is an update of the previous study aiming to identify the available evidence related to physical activity (PA) in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

METHODS: We searched 6 databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL) in April 2024. Medical subject headings and keywords related to PA and COVID-19 were combined to conduct the online search, which covered the period from July 2020 to April 2024.

RESULTS: Overall, 49,579 articles were retrieved. After duplicate removal and title, abstract, and full-text screening, 1,976 articles were included in this update. Most of the studies were observational with a cross-sectional design (68.0%). Most of COVID-19 and PA studies came from high-income countries. Most studies explored the changes in PA levels due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on mental health outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Research on PA and COVID-19 prioritized online approach and cross-sectional designs. Most of the evidence identified a decrease in PA levels due to social distancing measures.}, } @article {pmid39433939, year = {2024}, author = {Gupta, A and Rudra, A and Reed, K and Langer, R and Anderson, DG}, title = {Advanced technologies for the development of infectious disease vaccines.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Drug discovery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {39433939}, issn = {1474-1784}, abstract = {Vaccines play a critical role in the prevention of life-threatening infectious disease. However, the development of effective vaccines against many immune-evading pathogens such as HIV has proven challenging, and existing vaccines against some diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria have limited efficacy. The historically slow rate of vaccine development and limited pan-variant immune responses also limit existing vaccine utility against rapidly emerging and mutating pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, reactogenic effects can contribute to vaccine hesitancy, further undermining the ability of vaccination campaigns to generate herd immunity. These limitations are fuelling the development of novel vaccine technologies to more effectively combat infectious diseases. Towards this end, advances in vaccine delivery systems, adjuvants, antigens and other technologies are paving the way for the next generation of vaccines. This Review focuses on recent advances in synthetic vaccine systems and their associated challenges, highlighting innovation in the field of nano- and nucleic acid-based vaccines.}, } @article {pmid39433386, year = {2024}, author = {Farrell, AH and Szatmari, P and Vaillancourt, T}, title = {Epidemiology of Mental Health Challenges in Children and Adolescents.}, journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, pages = {999-1011}, doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.07.009}, pmid = {39433386}, issn = {1557-8240}, mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; Child ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; *Mental Health ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {In this narrative review, we will discuss current understandings and evidence on child and adolescent mental health including epidemiologic research methods, prevalence rates of mental health difficulties before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, changes in mental health challenges after the pandemic onset, and clinical implications.}, } @article {pmid39433380, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, Y and Zhong, D and Roby, E and Canfield, C and Mendelsohn, A}, title = {Pediatric Mental Health Prevention Programs in Primary Care.}, journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, pages = {1087-1099}, doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.07.015}, pmid = {39433380}, issn = {1557-8240}, mesh = {Humans ; *Primary Health Care ; Child ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Mental Disorders/therapy/prevention & control ; United States ; Mental Health ; Pediatrics ; Adolescent ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Children's mental health problems are pressing social, economic, and public health concerns in the U.S. While pediatric primary care offers important venues to integrate mental health services for children and their families, new challenges, including widening educational, economic, and health disparities in the context of structural racism and COVID-related social isolation, underscore the need for innovative approaches. The authors reviewed 6 innovative methods in pediatric care that have helped address these issues and amplify intervention efforts focused on children's mental health. Limitations and future directions for research and clinical practice in pediatric mental health services are also discussed.}, } @article {pmid39433212, year = {2024}, author = {Fridy, PC and Rout, MP and Ketaren, NE}, title = {Nanobodies: from high-throughput identification to therapeutic development.}, journal = {Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100865}, doi = {10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100865}, pmid = {39433212}, issn = {1535-9484}, abstract = {The camelid single-domain antibody fragment, commonly referred to as a nanobody, achieves the targeting power of conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at only a fraction of their size. Isolated from camelid species (including llamas, alpacas, and camels), their small size at ∼15 kDa, low structural complexity and high stability compared with conventional antibodies have propelled nanobody technology into the limelight of biologic development. Nanobodies are proving themselves to be a potent complement to traditional mAb therapies, showing success in the treatment of e.g. autoimmune diseases and cancer, and more recently as therapeutic options to treat infectious diseases caused by rapidly evolving biological targets such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights the benefits of applying a proteomic approach to identify diverse nanobody sequences against a single antigen. This proteomic approach coupled with conventional yeast/phage display methods enables the production of highly diverse repertoires of nanobodies able to bind the vast epitope landscape of an antigen, with epitope sampling surpassing that of mAbs. Additionally, we aim to highlight recent findings illuminating the structural attributes of nanobodies that make them particularly amenable to comprehensive antigen sampling and to synergistic activity - underscoring the powerful advantage of acquiring a large, diverse nanobody repertoire against a single antigen. Lastly, we highlight the efforts being made in the clinical development of nanobodies, which have great potential as powerful diagnostic reagents and treatment options, especially when targeting infectious disease agents.}, } @article {pmid39433026, year = {2024}, author = {Sasikumar, S and Unniappan, S}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Neuroendocrine System.}, journal = {Neuroendocrinology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-38}, doi = {10.1159/000542164}, pmid = {39433026}, issn = {1423-0194}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 triggered the COVID-19 pandemic with severe economic and social ramifications. As the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory system becomes more understood, growing evidence suggests that the virus also impacts the homeostasis-regulating neuroendocrine systems, potentially affecting other organ systems.

SUMMARY: This review explores the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the neuroendocrine system, highlighting the effect of this virus on various endocrine glands, including the brain, hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, gonads and adipose tissue. The viral invasion disrupts normal hormonal pathways, leading to a range of endocrine disorders, including hormonal imbalances, immune dysregulation, and metabolic disturbances.

KEY MESSAGES: There is potential for SARS-CoV-2 to induce autoimmune responses, exacerbate existing endocrine conditions and trigger new-onset disorders. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing treatment strategies that address not only the respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 but also its endocrine complications. The review emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on endocrine health. .}, } @article {pmid39432643, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, Y and Zong, L and Zhao, Q and Liu, C}, title = {Advances in research on medications for the treatment of alcohol use disorders: A review.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {103}, number = {42}, pages = {e40045}, pmid = {39432643}, issn = {1536-5964}, mesh = {Humans ; *Alcoholism/drug therapy ; COVID-19 ; Alcohol Deterrents/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has become a global public health challenge, with the social and economic costs of alcohol abuse escalating, drawing widespread attention from healthcare professionals and the public worldwide. Particularly in recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have led to a significant increase in global alcohol consumption, further exacerbating the risk of AUD and sparking in-depth discussions on its prevention and treatment methods. Given that the current mainstay of AUD treatment relies on pharmacotherapy, the aim of this article is to review the progress of existing drug research for the treatment of AUD, and at the same time to focus on drug classes that have not yet been applied to the clinic, but have been shown in recent studies to be potentially exploitable for the treatment of AUD, in order to provide new ideas and directions for future drug research and development efforts.}, } @article {pmid39432412, year = {2024}, author = {Prieto, J and Wilson, J and Tingle, A and Cooper, E and Handley, M and Rycroft-Malone, J and Bostock, J and Williams, L and Loveday, H}, title = {Strategies for older people living in care homes to prevent urinary tract infection: the StOP UTI realist synthesis.}, journal = {Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)}, volume = {28}, number = {68}, pages = {1-139}, doi = {10.3310/DADT3410}, pmid = {39432412}, issn = {2046-4924}, mesh = {Humans ; *Urinary Tract Infections/prevention & control ; Aged ; Nursing Homes ; Homes for the Aged ; United Kingdom ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is the most diagnosed infection in older people. It accounts for more than 50% of antibiotic prescriptions in care homes and is a frequent reason for care home residents being hospitalised.

OBJECTIVE: This realist review developed and refined programme theories for preventing and recognising urinary tract infection, exploring what works, for whom and in what circumstances.

DESIGN: The review used realist synthesis to explore existing literature on the detection and prevention of urinary tract infection, complemented by stakeholder consultation. It applies to the UK context, although other healthcare systems may identify synergies in our findings.

DATA SOURCES: Bibliographic databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection (including the Social Sciences Citation Index), Sociological Abstracts, Bibliomap and National Institute for Health and Care Research Journals Library.

DATA SELECTION AND EXTRACTION: Title and abstract screening were undertaken by two researchers independently of each other. Selection and assessment were based on relevance and rigour and cross-checked by a second researcher. Data extracted from the included studies were explored for explanations about how the interventions were considered to work (or not). Evidence tables were constructed to enable identification of patterns across studies that offered insight about the features of successful interventions.

DATA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS: Programme theories were constructed through a four-stage process involving scoping workshops, examination of relevant extant theory, analysis and synthesis of primary research, teacher-learner interviews and a cross-system stakeholder event. A process of abductive and retroductive reasoning was used to construct context-mechanism-outcome configurations to inform programme theory.

RESULTS: The scoping review and stakeholder engagement identified three theory areas that address the prevention and recognition of urinary tract infection and show what is needed to implement best practice. Nine context-mechanism-outcome configurations provided an explanation of how interventions to prevent and recognise urinary tract infection might work in care homes. These were (1) recognition of urinary tract infection is informed by skills in clinical reasoning, (2) decision-support tools enable a whole care team approach to communication, (3) active monitoring is recognised as a legitimate care routine, (4) hydration is recognised as a care priority for all residents, (5) systems are in place to drive action that helps residents to drink more, (6) good infection prevention practice is applied to indwelling urinary catheters, (7) proactive strategies are in place to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection, (8) care home leadership and culture fosters safe fundamental care and (9) developing knowledgeable care teams.

LIMITATIONS: We adapted our approach and work to online interactions with stakeholders and as a research team because of COVID-19. This also had an impact on bringing stakeholders together at a face-to-face event at the end of the project. Studies focusing on the prevention of urinary tract infection in care home settings were predominantly from the USA and Europe where the regulatory and funding systems for the long-term care of the elderly have some differences, particularly in the USA where national reporting plays a significant role in driving improvements in care.

CONCLUSIONS: Care home staff have a vital role in the prevention and recognition of urinary tract infection, which can be enabled through integration and prioritisation within the systems and routines of care homes and delivery of person-centred care. Promoting fundamental care as a means of facilitating a holistic approach to prevention and recognition of urinary tract infection helps staff to recognise how they can contribute to antimicrobial stewardship and recognition of sepsis. Challenging assumptions made by staff about the presentation of urinary tract infection is complex and requires education that facilitates 'unlearning' and questioning of low-value practices. Programmes to prevent urinary tract infection need to be co-designed and supported through active and visible leadership by care home managers with support from specialist practitioners.

FUTURE WORK: We will focus on co-designing tools that facilitate implementation of our findings to ensure they fit with the care home context and address some of the challenges faced by care home leaders. This will underpin action at care home and system levels. Further research is needed to better understand the perspectives of residents and family carers, the effectiveness of non-pharmacological, pharmacological and specialist practitioner interventions and non-traditional approaches to training and educating the workforce in care home settings.

STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020201782.

FUNDING: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR130396) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 68. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.}, } @article {pmid39432143, year = {2024}, author = {Mormile, R and Mormile, C and Picone, C}, title = {Potential hypothesis for the increased risk of Parkinson´s disease following COVID-19.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {1085}, pmid = {39432143}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Parkinson Disease/virology/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Risk Factors ; }, abstract = {Patients with severe COVID-19 may be more likely to develop PD as a result of shared biological pathways including a great expansion of MDSCs and an imbalance in Th17/Tregs ratio. We think that these shared pathogenic features may mechanistically explain the COVID-19 - PD axis. Thus, we assume that patients who recovered from critical COVID-19 should be selected based upon a potential higher risk of developing PD. Further studies are needed to better define the possible relationship between COVID-19 and neuroinflammation and identify whether some people are more likely to develop PD after contracting COVID-19 than others with special emphasis to ascertain possible vulnerable genetic backgrounds or epigenetic factors acting on brain which may promote PD during SARS COV-2 infection. Finally, we think that regular physical activity should be performed and encouraged in patients with PD.}, } @article {pmid39431651, year = {2024}, author = {Mostafavi, F and Bahardoust, M and Sera, F and Amirabadizadeh, A and Allahyari, S and Ssentongod, P and Karami, M and Hashemi Nazari, SS}, title = {COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness of Booster Doses Against Delta and Omicron Variants Over Follow-up Times Using Longitudinal Meta-analysis.}, journal = {Journal of research in health sciences}, volume = {24}, number = {4}, pages = {e00626}, pmid = {39431651}, issn = {2228-7809}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; *Immunization, Secondary ; *Vaccine Efficacy ; Longitudinal Studies ; Hospitalization ; Follow-Up Studies ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, leading to several variants. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of booster doses against the Delta and Omicron variants over different follow-up times. Study Design: This was a longitudinal meta-analysis.

METHODS: Searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and eighty studies were selected for investigation. The analyses were separately performed on the unvaccinated control group (UNVCG) and the complete two doses of the vaccine control group (C2DCG) against Delta and Omicron variants. Three outcomes were examined, including symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death.

RESULTS: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) in UNVCG studies for symptomatic infection revealed a non-linear trend against Omicron with a peak of 67.3%, declining to 27.1% after 25 weeks after a booster dose. The mean of VE for hospitalization over time started to decrease after four weeks against Omicron and after eight weeks against Delta. The VE reached a peak at week eight (96.0%) and started to decline with a VE of 93.3% after 20 weeks after the booster dose against Delta. It was 90.8% at week four and decreased to 73.4% after 25 weeks after the booster dose against Omicron. VE in the C2DCG studies demonstrated more decreases in outcomes over time.

CONCLUSION: Our findings showed a tendency to decrease effectiveness over time based on outcomes and variants. The early protection levels were lower in Omicron. Moreover, the VE decrease over time was stronger in Omicron compared to the Delta variant.}, } @article {pmid39431206, year = {2024}, author = {Connelly, DM and Guitar, NA and Garnett, A and Smith-Carrier, T and Prentice, K and Calver, J and King, E and McKay, S and Pearson, D and Sinha, S and Snobelen, N}, title = {A Leave of Absence Might Not Be a Bad Thing: Registered Practical Nurses Working in Home Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Home health care management & practice}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {334-344}, pmid = {39431206}, issn = {1084-8223}, abstract = {To describe the resilience and emotional intelligence of Registered Practical Nurses working in Home and Community Care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, to determine if there was a relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence based on whether a nurse: (1) left the sector, (2) considered leaving, or (3) took a leave of absence during the pandemic. An online cross-sectional survey was used to capture respondents' demographic information and scores on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Resilience at Work Scale[®], and Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale. Registered Practical Nurses working, or who had worked, in Home and Community Care January 2020 to September 2022 were eligible to participate. The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys was used. The survey was available June to September 2022 and advertised by the Registered Practical Nurses Association of Ontario to approximately 2105 members. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests were used to analyze results at a level of P < .05 was used for all analyses. A total of 672 respondents participated (completion rate = 92.8%). There were no differences on resilience or emotional intelligence scores based on whether a nurse left, or considered leaving, the Home and Community Care sector during the pandemic. However, nurses who took a leave of absence scored significantly higher on resilience and emotional intelligence measures when compared to those who did not. Results suggest that a leave of absence for these nurses during the pandemic may have been a supportive coping strategy.}, } @article {pmid39429966, year = {2024}, author = {Prosperini, L and Arrambide, G and Celius, EG and Goletti, D and Killestein, J and Kos, D and Lavorgna, L and Louapre, C and Sormani, MP and Stastna, D and Ziemssen, T and Di Filippo, M}, title = {COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis: challenges and lessons for patient care.}, journal = {The Lancet regional health. Europe}, volume = {44}, number = {}, pages = {100979}, pmid = {39429966}, issn = {2666-7762}, abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their healthcare providers have faced unique challenges related to the interaction between SARS-CoV-2, underlying neurological disease and the use of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). Key concerns arose, primarily related to the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 infection could trigger the initial demyelinating event or exacerbate disease activity. Another major concern was the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines, especially for patients undergoing specific treatments that could weaken their antibody responses. In the post-infection phase, identifying long COVID in patients with MS has been complicated due to the large overlap between post-infection sequelae and MS symptoms. In addition, disruptions in health and rehabilitation services have made it difficult for MS patients to access care. This Series article explores current evidence on the interaction between MS and SARS-CoV-2, identifies the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in the care of patients with MS, and discusses the significant adoption of digital health solutions, including telemedicine and new technology-based rehabilitation approaches. Based on lessons learned, recommendations and future directions are offered for managing patients with MS, rethinking healthcare systems and improving health outcomes in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.}, } @article {pmid39429741, year = {2024}, author = {Zhang, S and Wu, Y and Mprah, R and Wang, M}, title = {COVID-19 and persistent symptoms: implications for polycystic ovary syndrome and its management.}, journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1434331}, pmid = {39429741}, issn = {1664-2392}, mesh = {Humans ; *Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/therapy/complications ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy/epidemiology ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has left a profound mark on global health, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Beyond the immediate symptoms of infection, the emergence of "long COVID", the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2, has become a significant public health concern. Long COVID is a multifaceted condition affecting various organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, digestive, nervous, and endocrine systems. Individuals diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may face an increased risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms and infection. It is crucial to comprehend how long COVID affects PCOS patients to devise effective treatment and care strategies. Here, we review the detrimental effects of COVID-19 and its long-term effects on reproductive health, endocrine function, inflammation, metabolism, cardiovascular health, body composition, lifestyle, and mental health in patients with PCOS. We offer recommendations for the post-covid-19 management of PCOS, emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to patient care. Furthermore, we discuss prospective research directions, highlighting the significance of continued investigations and clinical trials to evaluate treatment approaches for long COVID and its ramifications in individuals with PCOS.}, } @article {pmid39429670, year = {2024}, author = {Khaleghparast, S and Maleki, M and Noohi, F and Fathollahi, MS and Khalili, Y and Pasebani, Y and Rafiee, F and Farrokhzadeh, F and Biglari, S and Mazloomzadeh, S}, title = {Outcomes of STEMI Patients in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Iranian journal of public health}, volume = {53}, number = {9}, pages = {1964-1975}, pmid = {39429670}, issn = {2251-6093}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has disrupted health systems and put a huge strain on hospitals and healthcare workers. Prioritizing COVID-19 patients in hospitals caused irreversible harm to cardiac patients. Although multiple studies have shown that ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients have worse admission circumstances than before the pandemic, the hospital outcomes of these patients have remained limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined STEMI patient outcomes during the COVID-19 epidemic.

METHODS: We conducted systematic searches of MEDLINE (through PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase through Jan 10, 2021. All studies with reporting in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and door-to-balloon time with over twenty participants were included. Articles without clear definitions or results were excluded. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. The outcomes of interest were door-to-balloon time, death, and hospital stay during COVID-19 pandemic compared prior.

RESULTS: Our meta-analysis included 12 studies and 21170 people (115-6609). The pooled analysis showed significantly more pandemic mortality (OR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.07-1.43). Ten studies (13,091) recorded door-to-balloon times. Door-to-balloon time (in minutes) significantly increased during the pandemic (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]= 0.46; 95% CI: 0.03-0.89). The length of hospital stay was reported by five studies (n=9448). Length of hospital stay (in days) was not significantly longer during the pandemic than before the outbreak (SMD= 0.04; 95% CI: -0.19-0.26).

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased mortality and door-to-balloon delay that might be attributable to the strict infection control measures in outbreak. Studies with a longer follow-up time are needed to investigate the outcomes of STEMI patients.}, } @article {pmid39394962, year = {2024}, author = {Wilson, A and McCormick, C}, title = {Reticulophagy and viral infection.}, journal = {Autophagy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-18}, doi = {10.1080/15548627.2024.2414424}, pmid = {39394962}, issn = {1554-8635}, abstract = {All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that use host machinery to synthesize viral proteins. In infected eukaryotes, viral secreted and transmembrane proteins are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Many viruses refashion ER membranes into bespoke factories where viral products accumulate while evading host pattern recognition receptors. ER processes are tightly regulated to maintain cellular homeostasis, so viruses must either conform to ER regulatory mechanisms or subvert them to ensure efficient viral replication. Reticulophagy is a catabolic process that directs lysosomal degradation of ER components. There is accumulating evidence that reticulophagy serves as a form of antiviral defense; we call this defense "xERophagy" to acknowledge its relationship to xenophagy, the catabolic degradation of microorganisms by macroautophagy/autophagy. In turn, viruses can subvert reticulophagy to suppress host antiviral responses and support efficient viral replication. Here, we review the evidence for functional interplay between viruses and the host reticulophagy machinery.Abbreviations: AMFR: autocrine motility factor receptor; ARF4: ADP-ribosylation factor 4; ARL6IP1: ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 interacting protein 1; ATL3: atlastin GTPase 3; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; BPIFB3: BPI fold containing family B, member 3; CALCOCO1: calcium binding and coiled coil domain 1; CAMK2B: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, beta; CANX: calnexin; CDV: canine distemper virus; CCPG1: cell cycle progression 1; CDK5RAP3/C53: CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 3; CIR: cargo-interacting region; CoV: coronavirus; CSNK2/CK2: casein kinase 2; CVB3: coxsackievirus B3; DAPK1: death associated protein kinase 1; DENV: dengue virus; DMV: double-membrane vesicles; EBOV: Ebola virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr Virus; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EMCV: encephalomyocarditis virus; EMV: extracellular microvesicle; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signalling 1; EV: extracellular vesicle; EV71: enterovirus 71; FIR: RB1CC1/FIP200-interacting region; FMDV: foot-and-mouth disease virus; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSPA5/BiP: heat shock protein 5; IFN: interferon; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; KSHV: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; LNP: lunapark, ER junction formation factor; MAP1LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K5/ASK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MeV: measles virus; MHV: murine hepatitis virus; NS: non-structural; PDIA3: protein disulfide isomerase associated 3; PRR: pattern recognition receptor; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RHD: reticulon homology domain; RTN3: reticulon 3; RTN3L: reticulon 3 long; sAIMs: shuffled Atg8-interacting motifs; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SINV: Sindbis virus; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; SVV: Seneca Valley virus; SV40: simian virus 40; TEX264: testis expressed gene 264 ER-phagy receptor; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TRAF2: TNF receptor-associated factor 2; UIM: ubiquitin-interacting motif; UFM1: ubiquitin-fold modifier 1; UPR: unfolded protein response; VAPA: vesicle-associated membrane protein, associated protein A; VAPB: vesicle-associated membrane protein, associated protein B and C; VZV: varicella zoster virus; WNV: West Nile virus; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; XBP1s: XBP1 spliced; xERophagy: xenophagy involving reticulophagy; ZIKV: Zika virus.}, } @article {pmid39324475, year = {2024}, author = {Abel, G and Atherton, H and Sussex, J and Akter, N and Aminu, AQ and Bak, W and Bryce, C and Clark, CE and Cockcroft, E and Evans, H and Gkousis, E and Jenkins, G and Jenkinson, C and Khan, N and Lambert, J and Leach, B and Marriott, C and Newbould, J and Parkinson, S and Parsons, J and Pitchforth, E and Sheard, L and Stockwell, S and Thomas, C and Treadgold, B and Winder, R and Campbell, JL}, title = {Current experience and future potential of facilitating access to digital NHS primary care services in England: the Di-Facto mixed-methods study.}, journal = {Health and social care delivery research}, volume = {12}, number = {32}, pages = {1-197}, doi = {10.3310/JKYT5803}, pmid = {39324475}, issn = {2755-0079}, mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Male ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; England ; General Practice/organization & administration ; *Health Services Accessibility ; *Primary Health Care/organization & administration ; *State Medicine/organization & administration ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telemedicine ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Current National Health Service policy in England encourages enhanced digital access in primary care service provision. In this study, we investigate 'digital facilitation' - that range of processes, procedures and personnel which seeks to support National Health Service primary care patients in their uptake and use of online services.

OBJECTIVES: Identify, characterise and explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with different models of digital facilitation currently in use in general practice which are aimed at improving patient access to online services in general practice in England. Use the resulting intelligence to design a framework for future evaluations of the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of such interventions. Explore how patients with mental health conditions experience digital facilitation and gauge their need for this support.

DESIGN: Observational mixed-methods study (literature review, surveys, ethnographic observation and interviews); formal synthesis of findings.

SETTING: General practice in four regions of England.

PARTICIPANTS: Practice survey: 156 staff. Patient survey: 3051 patients. Mental health survey: 756 patients. General practitioner patient survey: 3 million responders. Ethnographic case-studies: 8 practices; interviews with 36 staff, 33 patients and 10 patients with a mental health condition. Stakeholder interviews: 19 participants.

INTERVENTION: Digital facilitation as undertaken in general practice.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient and practice staff reported use of, and views of, digital facilitation.

DATA SOURCES: Surveys, qualitative research; national General Practitioner Patient Survey (2019-22).

REVIEW METHODS: Scoping-review methodology applied to academic and grey literature published 2015-20.

RESULTS: While we did find examples of digital facilitation in routine practice, these often involved using passive or reactive modes of support. The context of COVID, and the necessary acceleration (at that time) of the move to a digital-first model of primary care, shaped the way digital facilitation was delivered. There was lack of clarity over where the responsibility for facilitation efforts lay; it was viewed as the responsibility of 'others'. Patients living with mental health conditions had similar needs and experiences regarding digital facilitation to other patients.

LIMITATIONS: The context of the COVID pandemic placed limitations on the project. Fewer practices responded to the practice survey than anticipated; reconfiguration of general practices to support COVID measures was a key consideration during non-participant observation with social distancing and other measures still in place during fieldwork.

CONCLUSIONS: Digital facilitation, while not a widely recognised concept, is important in supporting the move to a National Health Service with enhanced digital opportunities and enhanced digital access. General practice staff are allocating resources to provide such efforts in general practices in England. The establishment of clear lines of responsibility, the development of digital tools and platforms that work for patients and practice staff, and investment in staff time and training are needed if digital facilitation is to support the intended digital revolution.

FUTURE WORK: We did not find one single dominant or preferred model of digital facilitation which might reasonably be considered to form the basis of an intervention to be tested. Rather, there is a need to co-develop such an intervention with patients, general practice staff and relevant policy experts. We outline a framework for a future evaluation of such an intervention.

STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as ResearchRegistry6523 (www.researchregistry.com/browse-the-registry#home/?view_2_search=Di-Facto&view_2_page=1) and PROSPERO CRD42020189019 (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=189019).

FUNDING: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR128268) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 32. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.}, } @article {pmid39428551, year = {2024}, author = {Horsburgh, BA and Walker, GJ and Kelleher, A and Lloyd, AR and Bull, RA and Giallonardo, FD}, title = {Next-Generation Sequencing Methods for Near-Real-Time Molecular Epidemiology of HIV and HCV.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, pages = {e70001}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.70001}, pmid = {39428551}, issn = {1099-1654}, support = {//Australian Government/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Hepatitis C/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; *HIV Infections/epidemiology/virology/transmission ; *Molecular Epidemiology/methods ; *Hepacivirus/genetics/classification/isolation & purification ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; HIV-1/genetics ; }, abstract = {The World Health Organisation has set targets of reducing the transmission of new hepatitis C (HCV) infections by 90%, and ending human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) as a public health threat, by 2030. To achieve this, efficient and timely viral surveillance, and effective public health interventions, are required. Traditional epidemiological methods are largely dependent on the recognition of incident cases with symptomatic illness; acute HIV and HCV infections are commonly asymptomatic, which may lead to delays in the recognition of such new infections. Instead, for these viruses, molecular epidemiology may improve the detection of, and response to, clusters of viral transmission. Molecular epidemiology using historical datasets has highlighted key populations that may have benefitted from a timely intervention. Similar analyses performed on contemporary samples are needed to underpin the 2030 targets, but this requires the generation of a cohesive dataset of viral genome sequences in near-real-time. To generate such data, methodologies harnessing next-generation sequencing (NGS) should be utilised. Here we discuss the opportunity presented by NGS for public health surveillance of HIV and HCV, and discuss three methods that can generate sequences for such analysis. These include full-length genome amplification, utilised for analysis of HCV in the research space; tiling PCR, which was the method of choice for many diagnostic laboratories in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; and bait-capture hybridisation, which has been utilised in local HIV outbreaks. These techniques could be applied for near-real-time HIV and HCV surveillance, informing public health strategies that will be key to achieving 2030 targets.}, } @article {pmid39427331, year = {2024}, author = {Donnellan, C and Chakkittakandy, D and Lydon, C}, title = {Conceptual Considerations for Understanding Resilience in Healthcare Students.}, journal = {Nursing open}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e70061}, pmid = {39427331}, issn = {2054-1058}, mesh = {Humans ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *COVID-19/psychology ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Students, Health Occupations/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Increasing attention has been given to the concept resilience in the context of healthcare especially during and post the COVID pandemic. Much of the inquiry and evidence reported has focused on promoting or enhancing resilience in healthcare for improving the quality of care and reducing medical negligence. This discursive paper aims to highlight how resilience is conceptualised and identify any potential limitations or gaps in the context of healthcare students, acknowledging considerations for further development and research into this topic.

DESIGN AND METHODS: This discursive discussion draws on relevant theoretical underpinnings from the fields of adjustment and coping psychology, and research and evidence from health sciences, for facilitating an understanding of resilience in supporting healthcare students to adapt into professional practice.

RESULTS: Investigation of resilience in healthcare students is mainly identified at an individual level as personal traits or skills for working within complex healthcare systems and clinical environments. Less attention has been given to examining resilience at the organisation or systemic level. This is primarily because of limited frameworks for investigating resilience from a multidimensional perspective recognising a wider systemic level influenced by external factors including socioecological determinants, for example, available support services for healthcare students.

CONCLUSIONS: The link between resilience and its function to mitigate against associated neuropsychological distress and subsequent pathopsychological disorders in healthcare student cohorts is recognised; however, greater understanding of resilience as a multidimensional construct is warranted.

A multidimensional investigation of resilience is critical for the preparation and readiness of healthcare structures and organisations in facilitating the needs of healthcare students entering challenging and diverse healthcare working environments.

No patient or public contribution.}, } @article {pmid39426876, year = {2024}, author = {Gaudry, C and Dhersin, R and Dubée, V}, title = {[Mechanisms of prolonged symptoms following acute COVID-19: Some pathophysiological pathways].}, journal = {Revue des maladies respiratoires}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.rmr.2024.07.009}, pmid = {39426876}, issn = {1776-2588}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Following the Omicron wave in early 2022, an estimated 60-70% of the French population was infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. One out of ten infected subjects could have persistent symptoms three months after infection, representing a public health challenge.

CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: The persistent symptoms may be secondary to diverse entities with distinct mechanisms. While organic infection sequelae occur mainly after severe COVID-19, some symptoms appear to be essentially psychological in origin; in addition, many subjects present stereotyped symptoms of fluctuating intensity with no identified anatomical or psychic substratum, often in the aftermath of a benign infection. The most frequent complaints are fatigue, pain, dyspnea and difficulty concentrating.

PERSPECTIVES: The hypotheses explored to explain these symptoms include: persistent immune dysfunction, inducted autoimmunity, and microbiome disturbances. Persistent viral antigens may lie at the crossroads of these mechanisms. To date, these different etiological avenues have yet to lead to the development of diagnostic tests or specific therapeutic strategies.

CONCLUSION: Prolonged symptoms after COVID-19 correspond to heterogeneous nosological entities with poorly understood mechanisms.}, } @article {pmid39426778, year = {2024}, author = {Asediya, VS and Anjaria, PA and Mathakiya, RA and Koringa, PG and Nayak, JB and Bisht, D and Fulmali, D and Patel, VA and Desai, DN}, title = {Vaccine development using artificial intelligence and machine learning: A review.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {136643}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136643}, pmid = {39426778}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of effective vaccines, yet their development is a challenging and demanding process. It requires identifying antigens that elicit protective immunity, selecting adjuvants that enhance immunogenicity, and designing delivery systems that ensure optimal efficacy. Artificial intelligence (AI) can facilitate this process by using machine learning methods to analyze large and diverse datasets, suggest novel vaccine candidates, and refine their design and predict their performance. This review explores how AI can be applied to various aspects of vaccine development, such as predicting immune response from protein sequences, discovering adjuvants, optimizing vaccine doses, modeling vaccine supply chains, and predicting protein structures. We also address the challenges and ethical issues that emerge from the use of AI in vaccine development, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and health data sensitivity. We contend that AI has immense potential to accelerate vaccine development and respond to future pandemics, but it also requires careful attention to the quality and validity of the data and methods used.}, } @article {pmid39425220, year = {2024}, author = {Amzat, J and Oduwole, E and Lawal, SA and Aluko-Arowolo, O and Afolabi, R and Adedeji, IA and Temisan, IA and Oludiran, A and Aminu, K and Salami, AA and Kanmodi, KK}, title = {Challenges associated with the implementation of institutional quarantine and isolation strategies during major multicountry viral outbreaks in Africa (2000-2023): a scoping review.}, journal = {Global health research and policy}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {44}, pmid = {39425220}, issn = {2397-0642}, support = {NRF/HSS/GPL/00048//TETFund/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Quarantine/statistics & numerical data/methods ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Africa/epidemiology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Lassa Fever/epidemiology/prevention & control ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Quarantine and isolation (Q&I) are interrelated but not mutually exclusive public health practices for disease control, which may face public resistance in the context of health emergencies due to associated challenges. Hence, it is often tough for most countries to implement Q&I even in the context of health emergencies. Therefore, this scoping review examines the challenges associated with the implementation of institutional Q&I strategies during major multicountry viral outbreaks (Ebola, Lassa and COVID-19) in Africa between 2000 and 2023.

METHODS: This scoping review was designed based on Arksey and O'Malley's guidelines. A systematic literature search, using nine online research databases, was conducted with the aid of relevant search terms, Boolean operators and truncations. All articles obtained from the literature search were electronically imported into Rayyan web application for deduplication based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the included literature, relevant data were charted, summarized, collated, and presented.

RESULTS: This review included 24 of the 787 retrieved articles. Sixteen of the 24 selected articles investigated issues related to COVID-19 prevention and control in Africa. Two assessed precautionary practices for Lassa fever, while five were on Ebola virus disease. However, one article explored knowledge, preventive practices, and general isolation precautions. The review identified various challenges that hindered the implementation of successful Q&I practices during viral infection outbreaks in Africa. Essential healthcare infrastructure, equipment (medical supplies including personal protective equipment and testing kits) and facilities that are essential for Q&I were deficient. Q&I implementation was often threatened by low human resource capacity and inefficiencies in the healthcare system which portray Africa as unprepared to handle complex public health crises.

CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that Q&I implementation in Africa is often threatened by low human resource capacity and inefficiencies in the healthcare system and also portrays Africa as unprepared to handle complex public health crises. Hence, Q&I for major multicountry outbreaks in Africa is very challenging. Therefore, continuous efforts to address these identified challenges are crucial to enhancing health emergency preparedness in Africa.}, } @article {pmid39424577, year = {2024}, author = {Rafin, R and Dehingia, N and Plazaola-Castaño, J and Raj, A}, title = {Rapid surveys on violence against women in crisis contexts: decision-making guidance based on the UN Women Rapid Gender Assessment surveys on violence against women during COVID-19.}, journal = {The Lancet. Global health}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {e1899-e1904}, pmid = {39424577}, issn = {2214-109X}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Female ; *Decision Making ; *Gender-Based Violence/statistics & numerical data/prevention & control ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Nations ; }, abstract = {Rapid surveys or assessments offer the possibility to collect data in contexts where classic data collection is not feasible (such as health, humanitarian, or climate crises) and when evidence-based urgent action is needed to mitigate the effects of the crisis. Until the past 5 years, rapid surveys were not widely used by practitioners, researchers, or policy makers to measure the effect of crises on violence against women due to a paucity of empirical evidence on their safety and likely utility in such contexts. In recent years, and particularly during the COVID-19 global pandemic, UN Women led the piloting and implementation of such surveys in various countries. We use our experiences from this work and other studies to offer concrete decision-making guidance-in the form of a checklist-for whether to conduct rapid surveys on violence against women in crisis contexts, with consideration of their value, risks, and the minimum safeguards needed to implement this type of work.}, } @article {pmid39424320, year = {2024}, author = {Hurraß, J and Heinzow, B and Walser-Reichenbach, S and Aurbach, U and Becker, S and Bellmann, R and Bergmann, KC and Cornely, OA and Engelhart, S and Fischer, G and Gabrio, T and Herr, CEW and Joest, M and Karagiannidis, C and Klimek, L and Köberle, M and Kolk, A and Lichtnecker, H and Lob-Corzilius, T and Mülleneisen, N and Nowak, D and Rabe, U and Raulf, M and Steinmann, J and Steiß, JO and Stemler, J and Umpfenbach, U and Valtanen, K and Werchan, B and Willinger, B and Wiesmüller, GA}, title = {[Medical clinical diagnostics for indoor mould exposure - Update 2023 (AWMF Register No. 161/001)].}, journal = {Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {78}, number = {10}, pages = {693-784}, doi = {10.1055/a-2194-6914}, pmid = {39424320}, issn = {1438-8790}, mesh = {Humans ; *Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects ; *Fungi ; Germany ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Mycoses/diagnosis ; Pulmonary Medicine/standards ; }, abstract = {This article is an abridged version of the updated AWMF mould guideline "Medical clinical diagnostics in case of indoor mould exposure - Update 2023", presented in July 2023 by the German Society of Hygiene, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Medicine (Gesellschaft für Hygiene, Umweltmedizin und Präventivmedizin, GHUP), in collaboration with German and Austrian scientific medical societies, and experts. Indoor mould growth is a potential health risk, even if a quantitative and/or causal relationship between the occurrence of individual mould species and health problems has yet to be established. There is no evidence for a causal relationship between moisture/mould damage and human diseases, mainly because of the ubiquitous presence of fungi and hitherto inadequate diagnostic methods. Sufficient evidence for an association between moisture/mould damage and the following health effects has been established for: allergic respiratory diseases, allergic rhinitis, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), other allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM), aspergilloma, Aspergillus bronchitis, asthma (manifestation, progression, exacerbation), bronchitis (acute, chronic), community-acquired Aspergillus pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EEA)), invasive Aspergillosis, mycoses, organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) [workplace exposure], promotion of respiratory infections, pulmonary aspergillosis (subacute, chronic), and rhinosinusitis (acute, chronically invasive, or granulomatous, allergic). In this context the sensitizing potential of moulds is obviously low compared to other environmental allergens. Recent studies show a comparatively low sensitization prevalence of 3-22,5 % in the general population across Europe. Limited or suspected evidence for an association exist with respect to atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis; manifestation), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mood disorders, mucous membrane irritation (MMI), odor effects, and sarcoidosis. (iv) Inadequate or insufficient evidence for an association exist for acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage in infants, airborne transmitted mycotoxicosis, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), endocrinopathies, gastrointestinal effects, multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), multiple sclerosis, neuropsychological effects, neurotoxic effects, renal effects, reproductive disorders, rheumatism, sick building syndrome (SBS), sudden infant death syndrome, teratogenicity, thyroid diseases, and urticaria.The risk of infection posed by moulds regularly occurring indoors is low for healthy persons; most species are in risk group 1 and a few in risk group 2 (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus) of the German Biological Agents Act (Biostoffverordnung). Only moulds that are potentially able to form toxins can be triggers of toxic reactions. Whether or not toxin formation occurs in individual cases is determined by environmental and growth conditions, water activity, temperature and above all the growth substrates.In case of indoor moisture/mould damage, everyone can be affected by odor effects and/or mood disorders.However, this is not an acute health hazard. Predisposing factors for odor effects can include genetic and hormonal influences, imprinting, context and adaptation effects. Predisposing factors for mood disorders may include environmental concerns, anxiety, condition, and attribution, as well as various diseases. Risk groups to be protected particularly regarding infection risk are immunocompromised persons according to the classification of the German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, KRINKO) at the Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), persons suffering from severe influenza, persons suffering from severe COVID-19, and persons with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis); with regard to allergic risk, persons with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) and patients with bronchial asthma must be protected. The rational diagnostics include the medical history, physical examination, and conventional allergy diagnostics including provocation tests if necessary; sometimes cellular test systems are indicated. In the case of mould infections, the reader is referred to the specific guidelines. Regarding mycotoxins, there are currently no useful and validated test procedures for clinical diagnostics. From a preventive medical point of view, it is important that indoor mould infestation in relevant magnitudes cannot be tolerated for precautionary reasons.For evaluation of mould damage in the indoor environment and appropriate remedial procedures, the reader is referred to the mould guideline issued by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA).}, } @article {pmid39423009, year = {2024}, author = {Chiu, YH and Lee, YF and Lin, HL and Cheng, LC}, title = {Exploring the Role of Mobile Apps for Insomnia in Depression: Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of medical Internet research}, volume = {26}, number = {}, pages = {e51110}, doi = {10.2196/51110}, pmid = {39423009}, issn = {1438-8871}, mesh = {Humans ; *Mobile Applications ; *Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/therapy/psychology ; *Depression/therapy ; COVID-19/psychology ; Telemedicine ; Adult ; Artificial Intelligence ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected mental health, leading to an increased prevalence of depression and insomnia. Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning have thoroughly transformed health care-related mobile apps, offered more effective mental health support, and alleviated the psychological stress that may have emerged during the pandemic. Early reviews outlined the use of mobile apps for dealing with depression and insomnia separately. However, there is now an urgent need for a systematic evaluation of mobile apps that address both depression and insomnia to reveal new applications and research gaps.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically review and evaluate mobile apps targeting depression and insomnia, highlighting their features, effectiveness, and gaps in the current research.

METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2017 and 2023. The inclusion criteria were studies that (1) focused on mobile apps addressing both depression and insomnia, (2) involved young people or adult participants, and (3) provided data on treatment efficacy. Data extraction was independently conducted by 2 reviewers. Title and abstract screening, as well as full-text screening, were completed in duplicate. Data were extracted by a single reviewer and verified by a second reviewer, and risk of bias assessments were completed accordingly.

RESULTS: Of the initial 383 studies we found, 365 were excluded after title, abstract screening, and removal of duplicates. Eventually, 18 full-text articles met our criteria and underwent full-text screening. The analysis revealed that mobile apps related to depression and insomnia were primarily utilized for early detection, assessment, and screening (n=5 studies); counseling and psychological support (n=3 studies); and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; n=10 studies). Among the 10 studies related to depression, our findings showed that chatbots demonstrated significant advantages in improving depression symptoms, a promising development in the field. Additionally, 2 studies evaluated the effectiveness of mobile apps as alternative interventions for depression and sleep, further expanding the potential applications of this technology.

CONCLUSIONS: The integration of AI and deep learning into mobile apps, particularly chatbots, is a promising avenue for personalized mental health support. Through innovative features, such as early detection, assessment, counseling, and CBT, these apps significantly contribute toward improving sleep quality and addressing depression. The reviewed chatbots leveraged advanced technologies, including natural language processing, machine learning, and generative dialog, to provide intelligent and autonomous interactions. Compared with traditional face-to-face therapies, their feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy highlight their user-friendly, cost-effective, and accessible nature with the aim of enhancing sleep and mental health outcomes.}, } @article {pmid39422472, year = {2024}, author = {See, WR and Yousefi, M and Ooi, YS}, title = {A review of virus host factor discovery using CRISPR screening.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0320523}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03205-23}, pmid = {39422472}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {The emergence of genome-scale forward genetic screening techniques, such as Haploid Genetic screen and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knockout screen has opened new horizons in our understanding of virus infection biology. CRISPR screening has become a popular tool for the discovery of novel host factors for several viruses due to its specificity and efficiency in genome editing. Here, we review how CRISPR screening has revolutionized our understanding of virus-host interactions from scientific and technological viewpoints. A summary of the published screens conducted thus far to uncover virus host factors is presented, highlighting their experimental design and significant findings. We will outline relevant methods for customizing the CRISPR screening process to answer more specific hypotheses and compile a glossary of conducted CRISPR screens to show their design aspects. Furthermore, using flaviviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as examples, we hope to offer a broad-based perspective on the capabilities of CRISPR screening to serve as a reference point to guide future unbiased discovery of virus host factors.}, } @article {pmid39421944, year = {2024}, author = {Beukens, A and Smith, J}, title = {Intersecting inequities: a scoping review of the gendered relationship between unpaid care work and intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Canada.}, journal = {Global health action}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2411743}, pmid = {39421944}, issn = {1654-9880}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Intimate Partner Violence ; Canada ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Male ; Caregivers/psychology ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: While there is now extensive research on how COVID-19 lockdowns negatively affected unpaid care burdens and intimate partner violence (IPV), the structural determinants shaping both experiences are less well understood.

OBJECTIVES: The review seeks to answer: how did structural determinants of gender inequality shape both the experiences of increased unpaid care burdens and IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown? Which policy proposals might mitigate these effects during future pandemic preparedness and response?

METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of two sets of literature: on COVID-19 and unpaid care and COVID-19 on IPV. Following systematic searches of key databases and the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, we analyzed articles using a gender matrix framework to identify common themes and policy recommendations.

RESULTS: Common themes include adherence to traditional gender norms, power dynamics featuring coercive control, narrowed pathways to formal and informal supports, and compounding emotional tolls. Policy recommendations from the literature aimed at addressing structural determinants of gender inequality common to both unpaid care and IPV, including expanded access to virtual support services, workplace policies that value the contributions of caregivers, enhanced engagement efforts to incorporate intersectional understandings, and funding for caregiver support services and the anti-violence sector which recognize the value of their contributions.

CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced understanding of the structural determinants of gender inequality at play in experiences of unpaid care work and IPV highlights gaps in pandemic response, which overlooked the role of gender inequities in shaping relationship dynamics, as well as areas for more gender transformative policies.}, } @article {pmid39421902, year = {2024}, author = {Chen, P and Cao, Y and Tanglai, W and Zhu, B and Fink, AM and Izci-Balserak, B}, title = {Sleep Disturbances in Health Professional Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concept Analysis.}, journal = {Nursing open}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e70059}, pmid = {39421902}, issn = {2054-1058}, mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology/psychology ; Pandemics ; Students, Health Occupations/psychology ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; }, abstract = {AIM: The aim is to delineate the concept of sleep disturbances in health professional students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN: A concept analysis was conducted.

METHODS: A systematic search was conducted for relevant articles published and performed from inception to July 5, 2024. Electronic databases searched included PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase and Web of Science. Rodgers' method of evolutionary concept analysis was used.

RESULTS: A total of 50 pertinent articles were included in our analysis. Utilising inductive thematic analysis, this study identified attributes, antecedents and consequences of sleep disturbances. Important attributes included insomnia, disrupted sleep patterns, altered sleep duration/nocturnal sleep duration and poor sleep quality. Antecedents encompassed factors such as gender, age/grade levels, physical activity, screen time of digital production, mental health issues, COVID-19-related stressors, financial strain and academic stress. Consequences included both mental and physical health implications. By addressing sleep disturbances and promoting better sleep health among students, we can enhance their learning and performance, which could translate to improved patient care outcomes. Additionally, understanding and mitigating sleep disturbances can contribute to the development of a more resilient and effective health care workforce, capable of providing high-quality care even during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.

No patient or public contribution.}, } @article {pmid39421504, year = {2024}, author = {Chauhan, A and Parmar, M and Dash, G and Solanki, H and Chauhan, S and Sahoo, KC and Vadera, B and Rao, R and Kumar, R and Rade, K and Pati, S}, title = {Prevalence of Tuberculosis Infection among Various Risk Groups in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine}, volume = {49}, number = {5}, pages = {669-680}, pmid = {39421504}, issn = {0970-0218}, abstract = {Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) infection (TBI) to prevent active TB disease is a key component of the National Strategic Plan to end TB in India, without which the strategies to end TB would be futile. There is a need to rapidly scale up access to effective shorter regimens for tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to a wider set of risk groups. This applies for identifying high-risk groups for TPT expansion. Thus, our aim with this review is to determine the TBI prevalence in different risk groups in India. We searched databases like Embase, Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL for studies published between 2012 and 2023 to estimate TBI in different risk groups in India. The PRISMA guidelines were followed when reviewing the publications, and a predetermined search strategy was used to find relevant sources across various databases. Using MetaXL (MS excel) software, we pooled data based on a random-effects model, along with heterogeneity testing using Cochrane's Q and I[2] statistic. A total of 68 studies were included from 10,521 records. TBI pooled prevalence was estimated using the IGRA data, while in the absence of IGRA data, TST data were utilized. The key findings revealed a total of 36% pooled TBI prevalence for all risk factors, 59% among smokers, 53% among diabetics and alcoholics, 48% among malnourished, 47% among contacts of TB patients, 44% among HIV, 36% among pregnant women, 35% among COVID-19 patients, 31% among healthcare workers, 18% among sarcoidosis patients, and 15% among rheumatoid arthritis patients in India. Our review depicted a high TBI burden among groups such as diabetes mellitus, smokers, malnourished, and alcoholics. WHO has yet to recommend for systematic screening and treatment for TBI among these groups for want of evidence which this study provides, highlighting the need to reprioritize the risk groups for tailored TPT strategies.}, } @article {pmid39421308, year = {2024}, author = {Zeng, N and Liu, MC and Zhong, XY and Wang, SG and Xia, QD}, title = {Knowledge mapping of telemedicine in urology in the past 20 years: A bibliometric analysis (2004-2024).}, journal = {Digital health}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {20552076241287460}, pmid = {39421308}, issn = {2055-2076}, abstract = {Telemedicine refers to the process of utilizing communication technologies to exchange disease information, perform surgery and educate care providers remotely, breaking through the distance limit and promoting the health of individuals and communities. The fifth-generation (5G) technology and the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly boosted studies on the application of telemedicine in urology. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of telemedicine in urology through bibliometrics. We searched publications related to telemedicine in urology from 2004 to 2024 on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and R package "bibliometrix" were employed in this bibliometric analysis. A total of 1,357 articles from 97 countries and 2,628 institutions were included. The number of annual publications on telemedicine in urology witnessed a steady increase in the last two decades. Duke University was the top research institution. Urology was the most popular journal, and Journal of Medical Internet Research was the most co-cited journal. Clarissa Diamantidis and Chad Ellimoottil published the most papers, and Boyd Viers was co-cited most frequently. Effectiveness evaluation of telemonitoring, cost-benefit analysis of teleconsultation and exploration of telesurgery are three main research hotspots. As the first bibliometric analysis of research on telemedicine in urology, this study reviews research progress and highlights frontiers and trending topics, offering valuable insights for future studies.}, } @article {pmid39421135, year = {2024}, author = {Davey, SA and Gaffiero, D}, title = {COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11: a systematic review of parental barriers and facilitators in Western countries.}, journal = {Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {25151355241288115}, pmid = {39421135}, issn = {2515-1355}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parental decision-making regarding vaccination, particularly for coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) where significant debate surrounds children aged 5-11, is influenced by various factors. Understanding the motivations behind parents' vaccination choices for their children is crucial for maintaining vaccine uptake, in line with the National Health Service United Kingdom vaccination strategy.

OBJECTIVES: The present systematic review aims to identify the barriers and facilitators affecting parents' decisions to vaccinate children aged 5-11 against COVID-19 in Western countries.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: The first search was conducted using PsychINFO, MEDLINE and Google Scholar in June 2023 with an additional follow-up search a year later in June 2024 for full-text papers focusing on COVID-19 vaccine decision-making among parents or caregivers of children aged 5-11. The language of the included studies was set as English and originating from Western countries specifically examining barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination, excluding children with chronic conditions. The risk of bias was independently assessed by both authors using the JBI Checklist for Prevalence Studies, with disagreements resolved through discussion.

RESULTS: A total of four cross-sectional questionnaire studies involving a total of 5,812 participants from Western countries (the United States and Europe) were included in the present review. Only 46.35% of parents intended to vaccinate their children aged 5-11 against COVID-19. The primary barriers identified were concerns about side effects and distrust in institutions. Key facilitators included recommendations from healthcare professionals and parents' own COVID-19 vaccination status. Demographic factors including ethnicity and gender showed mixed influence.

CONCLUSION: Persistent concerns about side effects and institutional distrust have reduced parental intention to vaccinate their children. However, healthcare professionals play an important role in increasing vaccine uptake through recommendations to their patients. Future interventions should focus on equipping healthcare professionals with the necessary tools to effectively promote vaccination and address parental concerns about side effects.}, } @article {pmid39420230, year = {2024}, author = {Yang, S and Aggarwal, K and Jurczyszak, J and Brown, N and Sridhar, S}, title = {Nanomedicine Therapies for Pediatric Diseases.}, journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {e1996}, pmid = {39420230}, issn = {1939-0041}, support = {5R25CA174650/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Nanomedicine ; Child ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Animals ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Pediatrics ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Nanoparticles/chemistry/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {In 2020, the top 10 causes of death among children and adolescents between the ages of 1 and 19 years old included cancer, congenital anomalies, heart disease, and chronic respiratory disease; all these conditions are potentially treatable with medical intervention. However, children exhibit specific physiological and developmental characteristics that can significantly impact drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety profile. These factors illustrate the importance of a heightened focus on pediatric drug development. Traditional drugs lack proper circulation, permeability, targeting, accumulation, and release, and they often require dose adjustments or modifications, which can result in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and increased risks of adverse effects in pediatric patients. Nanomedicines have emerged as efficient drug delivery systems because of their unique properties, which can improve the solubility and stability of drugs by encapsulating them in different forms of nanoparticles. This review discusses the challenges of pediatric therapy, and the current state of nanomedicines for pediatric diseases in terms of Food and Drug Administration-approved nanomedicines, the types of diseases treated or diagnosed, and preclinical studies that have the potential to be translated to the clinic. In summary, nanomedicine holds significant potential for addressing the unique and pressing challenges associated with diagnosing and treating pediatric diseases.}, } @article {pmid39419924, year = {2024}, author = {Thille, AW and Balen, F and Carteaux, G and Chouihed, T and Frat, JP and Girault, C and L'Her, E and Marjanovic, N and Nay, MA and Ray, P and Reffienna, M and Retenauer, L and Roch, A and Thiery, G and Truchot, J}, title = {Oxygen therapy and noninvasive respiratory supports in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a narrative review.}, journal = {Annals of intensive care}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {158}, pmid = {39419924}, issn = {2110-5820}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This narrative review was written by an expert panel to the members of the jury to help in the development of clinical practice guidelines on oxygen therapy.

RESULTS: According to the expert panel, acute hypoxemic respiratory failure was defined as PaO2 < 60 mm Hg or SpO2 < 90% on room air, or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg. Supplemental oxygen should be administered according to the monitoring of SpO2, with the aim at maintaining SpO2 above 92% and below 98%. Noninvasive respiratory supports are generally reserved for the most hypoxemic patients with the aim of relieving dyspnea. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC) seems superior to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) as a means of avoiding intubation and may therefore be should probably be used as a first-line noninvasive respiratory support in patients requiring more than 6 L/min of oxygen or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg and a respiratory rate above 25 breaths/minute or clinical signs of respiratory distress, but with no benefits on mortality. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) cannot currently be recommended as a first-line noninvasive respiratory support, since its beneficial effects on intubation remain uncertain. Despite older studies favoring noninvasive ventilation (NIV) over COT, recent clinical trials fail to show beneficial effects with NIV compared to HFNC. Therefore, there is no evidence to support the use of NIV or CPAP as first-line treatment if HFNC is available. Clinical trials do not support the hypothesis that noninvasive respiratory supports may lead to late intubation. The potential benefits of awake prone positioning on the risk of intubation in patients with COVID-19 cannot be extrapolated to patients with another etiology.

CONCLUSIONS: Whereas oxygen supplementation should be initiated for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure defined as PaO2 below 60 mm Hg or SpO2 < 90% on room air, HFNC should be the first-line noninvasive respiratory support in patients with PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg with increased respiratory rate. Further studies are needed to assess the potential benefits of CPAP, NIV through a helmet and awake prone position in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure not related to COVID-19.}, } @article {pmid38190131, year = {2024}, author = {Lew, SQ and Manani, SM and Ronco, C and Rosner, MH and Sloand, JA}, title = {Effect of Remote and Virtual Technology on Home Dialysis.}, journal = {Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN}, volume = {19}, number = {10}, pages = {1330-1337}, pmid = {38190131}, issn = {1555-905X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Hemodialysis, Home ; *Telemedicine ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Artificial Intelligence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; }, abstract = {In the United States, regulatory changes dictate telehealth activities. Telehealth was available to patients on home dialysis as early as 2019, allowing patients to opt for telehealth with home as the originating site and without geographic restriction. In 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 was an unexpected accelerant for telehealth use in the United States. Within nephrology, remote patient monitoring has most often been applied to the care of patients on home dialysis modalities. The effect that remote and virtual technologies have on home dialysis patients, telehealth and health care disparities, and health care providers' workflow changes are discussed here. Moreover, the future use of remote and virtual technologies to include artificial intelligence and artificial neural network model to optimize and personalize treatments will be highlighted. Despite these advances in technology challenges continue to exist, leaving room for future innovation to improve patient health outcome and equity. Prospective studies are needed to further understand the effect of using virtual technologies and remote monitoring on home dialysis outcomes, cost, and patient engagement.}, } @article {pmid39419616, year = {2024}, author = {Adeyinka, DA and Amah, A and Husband, A and Miller, L and Hedlund, D and Alphonsus, KB and Groot, G}, title = {Mapping the landscape of mental health and long COVID: a protocol for scoping review.}, journal = {BMJ open}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {e087436}, pmid = {39419616}, issn = {2044-6055}, mesh = {Humans ; *Mental Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Research Design ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Mental health concerns are prevalent among adult patients with long COVID (LC), but the current state of knowledge regarding mental health in the context of LC is not fully understood. The objective of this scoping review is to map and summarise the existing research on mental health conditions among LC patients and highlight the knowledge gaps. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of research in the area.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The concept of interest is mental health in adult LC patients. This scoping review will be guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and reported according to the recommendations in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review guidelines. Using predefined search parameters, a comprehensive search of two electronic databases (Medline and APA PsycINFO) and grey literature sources identified 3104 potentially eligible articles published from 1 January 2020 to 4 April 2024. Following the removal of duplicates, 2767 articles were imported for screening in Covidence. The study selection p