@article {pmid39033414,
year = {2024},
author = {Rodriguez-Hernandez, Y and Horney, JA and Burke, RV},
title = {A Family-Based Approach to Promoting Pediatric Mental Health Recovery in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {American journal of health promotion : AJHP},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {8901171241266610},
doi = {10.1177/08901171241266610},
pmid = {39033414},
issn = {2168-6602},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review is to identify strategies from existing literature, for school-based professionals to share with parents, that may be used on a family-level to help the recovery from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric mental health.

DATA SOURCE: This scoping review consists of a comprehensive PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar database search.

Studies published between 2020 and 2023 that were written in English, originated in the United States, and evaluated pediatric mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were considered for inclusion in the scoping review.

One researcher independently conducted the PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar literature search. Subsequently, results were reviewed independently by two additional researchers.

RESULTS: Title and abstract review were conducted for 2563 articles. After excluding studies not written in English, studies with international origin, and studies which were not relevant to this scoping review, 101 studies remained for full-text review. After full-text review, 32 studies (31.68%) were deemed relevant and concordant with the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. We identified five prominent themes: 1) maintaining daily life and routines, 2) the importance of physical activity and the pandemic's effect on student athletes' mental health, 3) the use of screen time, 4) the effect of parent and caregiver stress on their children's mental health, and 5) the effect of pandemic-related health disparities and racism on pediatric mental health.

DISCUSSION: This scoping review focused on interventions and practices which can be implemented at the family level to help children and adolescents recover from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on their mental health.},
}

@article {pmid39032810,
year = {2024},
author = {Kant Mehta, S and Bahadur Pradhan, R},
title = {Phytochemicals in antiviral drug development against human respiratory viruses.},
journal = {Drug discovery today},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104107},
doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104107},
pmid = {39032810},
issn = {1878-5832},
abstract = {This review explores the potential antiviral properties of various plant-based compounds, including polyphenols, phytochemicals, and terpenoids. It emphasizes the diverse functionalities of compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, griffithsin (GRFT,) resveratrol, linalool, and carvacrol in the context of respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Emphasizing their effectiveness in modulating immune responses, disrupting viral envelopes, and influencing cellular signaling pathways, the review underlines the imperative for thorough research to establish safety and efficacy. Additionally, the review underscores the necessity of well-designed clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these compounds as potential antiviral agents. This approach would establish a robust framework for future drug development efforts focused on bolstering host defense mechanisms against human respiratory viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid39032604,
year = {2024},
author = {Soni, S and Antonescu, L and Ro, K and Horowitz, JC and Mebratu, YA and Nho, RS},
title = {Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and their Impact on Chronic Lung Diseases and Fibrosis - Exploring Therapeutic Options.},
journal = {The American journal of pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.004},
pmid = {39032604},
issn = {1525-2191},
abstract = {Respiratory tract infections represent a significant global public health concern, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RNA viruses, particularly influenza viruses (IVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs), significantly contribute to respiratory illnesses, especially in immunosuppressed and elderly individuals. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to pose global health threats due to their capacity to cause annual epidemics, with profound implications for public health. Additionally, increasing global life expectancy is influencing the dynamics and outcomes of respiratory viral infections. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 contribute to lung disease progression is therefore crucial. This review aims to comprehensively explore the impact of IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 on chronic lung diseases, with a specific focus on pulmonary fibrosis in the elderly. It also outlines potential preventive and therapeutic strategies and suggests directions for future research.},
}

@article {pmid39032313,
year = {2024},
author = {Officer, A and Pautex, S and Badache, A and Broers, B and Prina, M},
title = {Systematic review on attitudes towards death and dying in adults 50 years and older living in countries with community transmission of COVID-19.},
journal = {Archives of gerontology and geriatrics},
volume = {127},
number = {},
pages = {105573},
doi = {10.1016/j.archger.2024.105573},
pmid = {39032313},
issn = {1872-6976},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored older adults' vulnerability to severe illness or death. Increased public awareness of mortality, with daily reminders of preventive measures, spurred interest in understanding the impact on death-related thoughts. This systematic review analyses existing literature on death attitudes among individuals aged 50 and older during the COVID-19 pandemic and focuses on associated factors.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using the WHO COVID database without any language limit, up until April 2023. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Included studies were systematically analysed and summarized using a predefined data extraction sheet.

RESULTS: Of the 2297 studies identified, 9 met inclusion criteria. The review showed moderate to high levels of death anxiety during the pandemic, linked to direct health risks from COVID-19 rather than mitigation measures. The impact of health and personal factors on older people's death anxiety was complex, with a range of health and personal factors such as chronic conditions, loss of capacity, loneliness, occupation, and resilience associated with it, suggesting potential intervention avenues.

CONCLUSION: The systematic review shows a significant link between COVID-19 and heightened death anxiety among individuals aged 50 and above. Negative attitudes to death can harm physical and mental health, diminish life satisfaction, increase avoidance behaviour, impair coping mechanism and undermine end-of-life decision making. Findings underscore the need for further research into risk and protective factors (personal, health, and environmental) and the importance of standardized data collection to guide interventions and public health strategies aimed at mitigating death anxiety.},
}

@article {pmid39032263,
year = {2024},
author = {Piñana, JL and Cesaro, S and Mikulska, M and Verweij, PE and Bergeron, A and Neofytos, D and Styczynski, J and Sánchez-Ortega, I and Greco, R and Onida, F and Yakoub-Agha, I and Averbuch, D and Cámara, R and Ljungman, P},
title = {Pitfalls in definitions on respiratory viruses and particularities of Adenovirus infection in hematopoietic cell transplantation patients: Recommendations from the EBMT practice harmonization and guidelines committee.},
journal = {Current research in translational medicine},
volume = {72},
number = {3},
pages = {103461},
doi = {10.1016/j.retram.2024.103461},
pmid = {39032263},
issn = {2452-3186},
abstract = {In 2023, the EBMT Practice harmonization and Guidelines Committee partnered with the EBMT Infection Diseases Working Party (IDWP) to undertake the task of delivering best practice recommendations, aiming to harmonize by expert consensus, the already existing definitions and future epidemiological and clinical studies among centers of the EBMT network. To attain this objective, a group of experts in the field was convened. The workgroup identified and discussed some critical aspects in definitions of community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARV) and adenovirus (ADV) infections in recipient of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). The methodology involved literature review and expert consensus. For CARV, expert consensus focused on defining infection severity, infection duration, and establishing criteria for lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD). For ADV, the expert consensus focused on surveillance methods and the definitions of ADV infection, certainty levels of disease, response to treatment, and attributable mortality. This consensus workshop provided indications to EBMT community aimed at facilitating data collection and consistency in the EBMT registry for respiratory viral infectious complications.},
}

@article {pmid37415374,
year = {2024},
author = {Chowdhury, B and Sahoo, BM and Jena, AP and Hiramani, K and Behera, A and Acharya, B},
title = {NOX-2 Inhibitors may be Potential Drug Candidates for the Management of COVID-19 Complications.},
journal = {Current drug research reviews},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {128-133},
pmid = {37415374},
issn = {2589-9783},
mesh = {Humans ; *NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *COVID-19 ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; NADPH Oxidases/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is an RNA virus that attacks the targeting organs, which express angiotensin- converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), such as the lungs, heart, renal system, and gastrointestinal tract. The virus that enters the cell by endocytosis triggers ROS production within the confines of endosomes via a NOX-2 containing NADPH-oxidase. Various isoforms of NADPH oxidase are expressed in airways and alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells, such as alveolar macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and Tlymphocytes. The key NOX isoform expressed in macrophages and neutrophils is the NOX-2 oxidase, whereas, in airways and alveolar epithelial cells, it appears to be NOX-1 and NOX-2. The respiratory RNA viruses induce NOX-2-mediated ROS production in the endosomes of alveolar macrophages. The mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase (NOX) generated ROS can enhance TGF-β signaling to promote fibrosis of the lungs. The endothelium-derived ROS and platelet-derived ROS, due to activation of the NADPH-oxidase enzyme, play a crucial role in platelet activation. It has been observed that NOX-2 is generally activated in COVID-19 patients. The post-COVID complications like pulmonary fibrosis and platelet aggregation may be due to the activation of NOX-2. NOX-2 inhibitors may be a useful drug candidate to prevent COVID-19 complications like pulmonary fibrosis and platelet aggregation.},
}

Humans
*NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*COVID-19
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
NADPH Oxidases/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors

@article {pmid36788690,
year = {2024},
author = {Deborah Omoleye, D and Olubukola Abidakun, O and Oluwadamilola Akinje, R and Hannah Ademuyiwa, O and Mofoluwaso Fasogbon, B},
title = {A Review of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents' Mental Health.},
journal = {Current pediatric reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {129-136},
doi = {10.2174/1573396319666230213104546},
pmid = {36788690},
issn = {1875-6336},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Child ; Adolescent ; *Mental Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Anxiety ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology/psychology ; },
abstract = {Disaster poses a huge threat to physical health as much as mental health, and COVID-19 is not any different. Understanding that physical and social factors can all contribute to mental health disruptions explains the rising concern of the global community about the impacts of COVID-19 on mental health, especially among the vulnerable, including children and adolescents. It is imperative to explore the diverse impacts of COVID-19 on the paediatric age group, especially to better address its effect and adequately strategize for its resulting conditions. This narrative review, therefore, explores literature reports on the effect of the pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents. As observed in the literature, COVID-19 did not only threaten the physical health of children and adolescents but also their mental health, especially in terms of anxiety, depression, sleep alteration, etc. In this paper, we have discussed interventions, such as adequate sleep, healthy lifestyles, and nutritious foods, to improve paediatric mental health even after the pandemic.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
Child
Adolescent
*Mental Health
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Anxiety
Mental Disorders/epidemiology
Depression/epidemiology/psychology

@article {pmid39031904,
year = {2024},
author = {Hussein, S and Eiriksson, L and MacQuarrie, M and Merriam, S and Dalton, M and Stein, E and Twomey, R},
title = {Healthcare system barriers impacting the care of Canadians with myalgic encephalomyelitis: A scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of evaluation in clinical practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jep.14047},
pmid = {39031904},
issn = {1365-2753},
support = {//University of Calgary/ ; /CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS) is a debilitating, complex, multisystem illness. Developing a comprehensive understanding of the multiple and interconnected barriers to optimal care will help advance strategies and care models to improve quality of life for people living with ME in Canada.

OBJECTIVES: To: (1) identify and systematically map the available evidence; (2) investigate the design and conduct of research; (3) identify and categorize key characteristics; and (4) identify and analyse knowledge gaps related to healthcare system barriers for people living with ME in Canada.

METHODS: The protocol was preregistered in July 2022. Peer-reviewed and grey literature was searched, and patient partners retrieved additional records. Eligible records were Canadian, included people with ME/CFS and included data or synthesis relevant to healthcare system barriers.

RESULTS: In total, 1821 records were identified, 406 were reviewed in full, and 21 were included. Healthcare system barriers arose from an underlying lack of consensus and research on ME and ME care; the impact of long-standing stigma, disbelief, and sexism; inadequate or inconsistent healthcare provider education and training on ME; and the heterogeneity of care coordinated by family physicians.

CONCLUSIONS: People living with ME in Canada face significant barriers to care, though this has received relatively limited attention. This synthesis, which points to several areas for future research, can be used as a starting point for researchers, healthcare providers and decision-makers who are new to the area or encountering ME more frequently due to the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid39031223,
year = {2024},
author = {Guerrini-Rousseau, L and Gallon, R and Pineda, M and Brugières, L and Baert-Desurmont, S and Corsini, C and Dangouloff-Ros, V and Gorris, MAJ and Haberler, C and Hoarau, P and Jongmans, MC and Kloor, M and Loeffen, J and Rigaud, C and Robbe, J and Vibert, R and Weijers, D and Wimmer, K and Colas, C and , },
title = {Report of the sixth meeting of the European Consortium 'Care for CMMRD' (C4CMMRD), Paris, France, November 16th 2022.},
journal = {Familial cancer},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39031223},
issn = {1573-7292},
abstract = {Biallelic germline pathogenic variants in one of the four mismatch repair genes (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2) cause a very rare, highly penetrant, childhood-onset cancer syndrome, called constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD). The European consortium "Care for CMMRD" (C4CMMRD) was founded in Paris in 2013 to facilitate international collaboration and improve our knowledge of this rare cancer predisposition syndrome. Following initial publications on diagnostic criteria and surveillance guidelines for CMMRD, several partners collaborating within the C4CMMRD consortium have worked on and published numerous CMMRD-related clinical and biological projects. Since its formation, the C4CMMRD consortium held meetings every 1-2 years (except in 2020 and 2021 due to the Covid 19 pandemic). The sixth C4CMMRD meeting was held in Paris in November 2022, and brought together 42 participants from nine countries involved in various fields of CMMRD healthcare. The aim was to update members on the latest results and developments from ongoing research, and to discuss and initiate new study proposals. As previously done for the fifth meeting of the C4CMMRD group, this report summarizes data presented at this meeting.},
}

@article {pmid39031183,
year = {2024},
author = {da Silva Amorim, AF and Sobalvarro, JVM and Torres, LH and Dos Reis, TM},
title = {Sotrovimab in the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39031183},
issn = {1432-1912},
support = {Finance Code 001//Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Brazil (CAPES)./ ; Finance Code 001//Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Brazil (CAPES)./ ; Finance Code 001//Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Brazil (CAPES)./ ; },
abstract = {This study was carried out to verify the evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of sotrovimab in patients with COVID-19. This is a systematic review of randomized clinical trials retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Lilacs, and Cochrane Library databases. The risk of bias was measured using the Cochrane Risk and Bias Checklist (RoB 2). For the meta-analysis, RStudio Version 2024.04.2 software was used. The certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022355786). A total of 1893 studies were identified and four were included in the study. The total population consisted of 5470 patients with COVID-19, 1921 (35%) in the sotrovimab group and 3549 (65%) in the control group (placebo or BRII-196 + BRII-198 or casirivimab + imdevimab or bamlanivimab + etesevimab, administered in a similar way to sotrovimab, in a single dose with a 60-min intravenous infusion). For the effectiveness outcome, three studies presented low risk and one high risk of bias, while for safety all presented high risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the sotrovimab and control groups in terms of hospitalization rates (95% confidence interval (CI) - 2.10-0.51; p = 0 > 0.05), use of invasive mechanical ventilation (95% CI - 2.78-0.65; p = 0.35) and mortality (95% CI - 0.92-0.59; p = 0.39). However, sensitivity analysis showed that sotrovimab may be effective in reducing hospitalization rates compared to the control (IV = - 1.57; 95% CI - 2.41-0.73; p = 0.99). The use of sotrovimab in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 had no significant impact on mortality and need for mechanical ventilation and did not appear to be safer compared to controls. However, there was evidence of effectiveness in reducing the rate of hospitalization, although the certainty of the evidence is moderate and the risk of bias is high.},
}

@article {pmid39030558,
year = {2024},
author = {Song, Y and Jin, J and Wang, X and Zhang, J and Li, Z},
title = {Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to lung cystic lesions in a case of convalescent COVID-19: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {BMC pulmonary medicine},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {351},
pmid = {39030558},
issn = {1471-2466},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pneumothorax/etiology/therapy/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Recurrence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cysts/complications/diagnostic imaging ; Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Lung Diseases/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While spontaneous pneumothorax has been documented in COVID-19 patients, reports on recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax due to cystic lesions in convalescent COVID-19 patients are scarce. The progression of these lung cystic lesions remains inadequately explored.

An 81-year-old male, a non-smoker with a history of rheumatoid arthritis, presented with fever, cough, and expectoration for 14 days. Initially diagnosed with moderate COVID-19, he deteriorated to severe COVID-19 despite adherence to local treatment guidelines. Successive identification of three cystic lesions termed "bulla" or "pneumatocele", and one cystic lesion with air-fluid level, referred to as "pneumo-hamatocele" (PHC), occurred in his lungs. Gradual improvement followed anti-inflammatory therapy and optimal supportive care. However, on day 42, sudden worsening dyspnea prompted a computed tomography (CT) scan, confirming a right spontaneous pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema, likely due to PHC rupture. Discharge followed chest tube implementation for pneumothorax resolution. On day 116, he returned to the hospital with mild exertional dyspnea. Chest CT revealed recurrent right pneumothorax from a remaining cyst in the right lung. Apart from our patient, literature retrieval identified 22 COVID-19 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax due to cystic lesions, with a male predominance (95.6%; 22/23). Diagnosis of pneumothorax and lung cystic lesions occurred around day 29.5 (range: 18-35) and day 26.4 (± 9.8) since symptom onset, respectively. Except for one patient whose pneumothorax occurred on day seven of illness, all patients eventually recovered.

CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to lung cystic lesions may manifest in convalescent COVID-19 patients, particularly males with COVID-19 pneumonia. Chest CT around 2 to 3 weeks post-symptom onset may be prudent to detect cystic lesion development and anticipate spontaneous pneumothorax.},
}

Humans
*Pneumothorax/etiology/therapy/diagnostic imaging
Male
*COVID-19/complications/therapy
Aged, 80 and over
*Tomography, X-Ray Computed
*Recurrence
SARS-CoV-2
Cysts/complications/diagnostic imaging
Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Lung Diseases/diagnosis

@article {pmid39029739,
year = {2024},
author = {Nugent, K and Berdine, G},
title = {Dyspnea and long COVID patients.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjms.2024.07.024},
pmid = {39029739},
issn = {1538-2990},
abstract = {Patients with prior COVID-19 infections often develop chronic post-COVID symptoms, such as fatigue and dyspnea. Some patients have residual pulmonary disorders with abnormal pulmonary function tests and/or chest radiographs to explain their dyspnea. However, other patients appear to have dyspnea that is out of proportion to any measurable change in lung function. Some of these patients have abnormal cardiopulmonary exercise testing with definite cardiac or respiratory limits. However, others have normal cardiopulmonary exercise testing based on VO2 measurement but pronounced dyspnea during this testing. These patients often have abnormal respiratory patterns, referred to as dysfunctional breathing, with irregular and variable respiratory rates and/or tidal volumes. Consequently, their control of breathing is impaired, and this may represent residual effects from prior COVID-19 infection involving the central nervous system. Alternatively, patients may have acquired "a memory" of respiratory symptoms during their infection which persists post-infection. These patients should participate in pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing retraining.},
}

@article {pmid39028784,
year = {2024},
author = {Grad, R and Ebell, MH},
title = {Top 20 Research Studies of 2023 for Primary Care Physicians.},
journal = {American family physician},
volume = {110},
number = {1},
pages = {65-73},
pmid = {39028784},
issn = {1532-0650},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19 ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; *Primary Health Care ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This article summarizes the top 20 research studies of 2023 identified as POEMs (patient-oriented evidence that matters) and the most highly rated guidelines. A large randomized controlled trial found that the time antihypertensive medications are taken has no effect on important outcomes. A fixed-dose approach to statin prescribing is not inferior to a treat-to-target strategy for management of lipid levels. Blood pressure measurements using 24-hour ambulatory monitoring are better than office measurements for predicting mortality. In patients 80 years and older with atrial fibrillation, direct oral anticoagulants have fewer harms than vitamin K antagonists and similar benefits. In people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the Mediterranean and low-fat diets are the better options among seven dietary programs. An observational study of people with acute COVID-19 in the Omicron phase showed that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was effective in reducing hospitalizations and death. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection requires a higher optimal cutoff to define pyuria on automated microscopy than was thought. A new regimen has been found using one of the most effective treatments for toenail onychomycosis. Dextromethorphan, honey, and inhaled ipratropium do not appear to be effective for acute cough. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are effective for some types of pain syndromes. In a 6-week trial, adults with acute, nonspecific low back or neck pain treated with opioids had similar pain relief as those treated with placebo. In patients with knee osteoarthritis who want to participate in sports and recreation, 70 to 90 minutes of exercise produces better results than 20 to 30 minutes three times per week. Healthy behaviors are associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In patients 50 years and older with type 2 diabetes, cumulative glycemic control with A1C levels of greater than 9% is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are best for improving patient-oriented outcomes for type 2 diabetes. Mindfulness-based stress reduction is not inferior to escitalopram in adults with anxiety disorders. Framing depression as an adaptation to current circumstances can lead to better patient outcomes. People labeled as having a penicillin allergy can complete an amoxicillin oral provocation challenge in the primary care office and, following a negative result, have this label removed. A 5-year surveillance interval can be safely reconsidered in many older patients with colon polyps. Nonprescription hearing aids can be effective without a fitting by an audiologist. We wrap this up with the top guidelines of the year as determined by POEM readers.},
}

Humans
COVID-19
Physicians, Primary Care
Practice Guidelines as Topic
*Primary Health Care
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39027376,
year = {2024},
author = {Prentice, KR and Williams, BA and True, JM and Jones, CH},
title = {Advancing health equity in the aftermath of COVID-19: Confronting intensifying racial disparities.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {27},
number = {7},
pages = {110257},
pmid = {39027376},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated the persistent racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States. The pandemic has also had profound spillover effects on other aspects of health and wellbeing, such as mental health, chronic diseases, education, and income, for marginalized groups. In this article, we provide a thorough analysis of the pandemic's impact on racial and ethnic health disproportionalities, highlighting the multifaceted and interrelated factors that contribute to these inequities. We also argue for a renewed focus on health equity in healthcare policy and practice, emphasizing the need for systemic changes that address both the immediate and long-term consequences of these imbalances. We propose a framework for achieving health equity that involves creating equitable systems, care, and outcomes for all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity.},
}

@article {pmid38865154,
year = {2024},
author = {Pirracchio, R and Venkatesh, B and Legrand, M},
title = {Low-Dose Corticosteroids for Critically Ill Adults With Severe Pulmonary Infections: A Review.},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {332},
number = {4},
pages = {318-328},
doi = {10.1001/jama.2024.6096},
pmid = {38865154},
issn = {1538-3598},
mesh = {Humans ; *Critical Illness ; *Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy ; *Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Adult ; Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/mortality ; Influenza, Human/drug therapy/mortality ; Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy/mortality ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Severe pulmonary infections, including COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, influenza, and Pneumocystis pneumonia, are a leading cause of death among adults worldwide. Pulmonary infections in critically ill patients may cause septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or both, which are associated with mortality rates ranging between 30% and 50%.

OBSERVATIONS: Corticosteroids mitigate the immune response to infection and improve outcomes for patients with several types of severe pulmonary infections. Low-dose corticosteroids, defined as less than or equal to 400 mg hydrocortisone equivalent daily, can reduce mortality of patients with severe COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, and Pneumocystis pneumonia. A randomized clinical trial of 6425 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who required supplemental oxygen or noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation reported that dexamethasone 6 mg daily for 10 days decreased 28-day mortality (23% vs 26%). A meta-analysis that included 7 randomized clinical trials of 1689 patients treated in the intensive care unit for severe bacterial community-acquired pneumonia reported that hydrocortisone equivalent less than or equal to 400 mg daily for 8 days or fewer was associated with lower 30-day mortality compared with placebo (10% vs 16%). In a meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials, low-dose corticosteroids were associated with lower mortality rates compared with placebo for patients with HIV and moderate to severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (13% vs 25%). In a predefined subgroup analysis of a trial of low-dose steroid treatment for septic shock, patients with community-acquired pneumonia randomized to 7 days of intravenous hydrocortisone 50 mg every 6 hours and fludrocortisone 50 μg daily had decreased mortality compared with the placebo group (39% vs 51%). For patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by various conditions, low-dose corticosteroids were associated with decreased in-hospital mortality (34% vs 45%) according to a meta-analysis of 8 studies that included 1091 patients. Adverse effects of low-dose corticosteroids may include hyperglycemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, neuropsychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, hypernatremia, and secondary infections.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Treatment with low-dose corticosteroids is associated with decreased mortality for patients with severe COVID-19 infection, severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and moderate to severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (for patients with HIV). Low-dose corticosteroids may also benefit critically ill patients with respiratory infections who have septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or both.},
}

Humans
*Critical Illness
*Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy
*Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Adult
Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/mortality
Influenza, Human/drug therapy/mortality
Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy/mortality

@article {pmid38393321,
year = {2024},
author = {Kumar, P and Banik, SP and Ohia, SE and Moriyama, H and Chakraborty, S and Wang, CK and Song, YS and Goel, A and Bagchi, M and Bagchi, D},
title = {Current Insights on the Photoprotective Mechanism of the Macular Carotenoids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Safety, Efficacy and Bio-Delivery.},
journal = {Journal of the American Nutrition Association},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {505-518},
doi = {10.1080/27697061.2024.2319090},
pmid = {38393321},
issn = {2769-707X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Zeaxanthins/metabolism ; *Lutein/pharmacology/metabolism ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Macular Degeneration/metabolism/prevention & control ; Macular Pigment/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Ocular health has emerged as one of the major issues of global health concern with a decline in quality of life in an aging population, in particular and rise in the number of associated morbidities and mortalities. One of the chief reasons for vision impairment is oxidative damage inflicted to photoreceptors in rods and cone cells by blue light as well as UV radiation. The scenario has been aggravated by unprecedented rise in screen-time during the COVID and post-COVID era. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are oxygenated carotenoids with proven roles in augmentation of ocular health largely by virtue of their antioxidant properties and protective effects against photobleaching of retinal pigments, age-linked macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis pigmentosa. These molecules are characterized by their characteristic yellow-orange colored pigmentation and are found in significant amounts in vegetables such as corn, spinach, broccoli, carrots as well as fish and eggs. Unique structural signatures including tetraterpenoid skeleton with extensive conjugation and the presence of hydroxyl groups at the end rings have made these molecules evolutionarily adapted to localize in the membrane of the photoreceptor cells and prevent their free radical induced peroxidation. Apart from the benefits imparted to ocular health, lutein and zeaxanthin are also known to improve cognitive function, cardiovascular physiology, and arrest the development of malignancy. Although abundant in many natural sources, bioavailability of these compounds is low owing to their long aliphatic backbones. Under the circumstances, there has been a concerted effort to develop vegetable oil-based carriers such as lipid nano-emulsions for therapeutic administration of carotenoids. This review presents a comprehensive update of the therapeutic potential of the carotenoids along with the challenges in achieving an optimized delivery tool for maximizing their effectiveness inside the body.},
}

Humans
*Zeaxanthins/metabolism
*Lutein/pharmacology/metabolism
COVID-19/prevention & control
Antioxidants/pharmacology
Macular Degeneration/metabolism/prevention & control
Macular Pigment/metabolism

@article {pmid39027071,
year = {2024},
author = {Au Eong, JTW and Chen, KS and Teo, BHK and Lee, SSY and Au Eong, KG},
title = {Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the progression, prevalence, and incidence of myopia: A systematic review.},
journal = {Taiwan journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {159-171},
pmid = {39027071},
issn = {2211-5072},
abstract = {We systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the progression, prevalence, and incidence of myopia. A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases. Studies included in the review assessed myopia progression, prevalence, and/or incidence as the primary outcome. Of 523 articles yielded in the initial search, 23 studies (6 cross-sectional and 17 cohort) were eligible for inclusion. Sixteen of these were conducted in China and one each in Hong Kong, Turkey, Spain, Israel, India, Korea, and Tibet. Quality appraisals were conducted with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Of the included studies, a large majority reported a greater myopic shift and increase in myopia prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID-19 years. All three studies on myopia incidence showed increased incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Myopia progression accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, even in individuals using low-concentration atropine eye drops in two studies but not in those using orthokeratology treatment in one study. Overall, the studies found that the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated home confinement measures generally increased myopia progression, prevalence, and incidence, even in individuals using low-concentration atropine eye drops.},
}

@article {pmid39026941,
year = {2024},
author = {Muthiah, D and Chan, M and Low, YW and Ramasamy, SN and Amin, Z and Chan-Ng, PPL and Low, JL and Low, JM},
title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N): an updated systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1382133},
pmid = {39026941},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to summarize and update clinical features and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N).

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted of studies on MIS-N published in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and WHO COVID-19 databases between 1 December 2019 and 30 June 2023. Reference lists of selected articles, Google Scholar, and pre-print servers were searched for additional studies. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed.

RESULTS: Of 1,572 records screened after the initial search, 35 studies involving a total of 201 neonates with MIS-N were included. One study was retrieved from a pre-print server. For those with available data, 34/47 (78.7%) mothers were infected in the third trimester. Of the 199 mothers (two with twin pregnancies), 183 (92.0%) were from India. The median age of neonates at presentation was 2.0 days (interquartile range 1.0-9.5). Over two-thirds (144/201, 71.6%) presented with respiratory distress, while 112 (55.7%) had cardiac involvement, such as ventricular dysfunctions, involvement of coronary arteries, and atrioventricular blocks. Arrhythmias and thrombosis were reported in 15/201 (7.5%) and 2/201 (3.0%) neonates, respectively. All neonates, except one, required critical care; 64/160 (40.0%) required inotropic support and 105/187 (56.1%) required respiratory support, of whom 59/105 (56.2%) were specified to require intubation. The mortality rate was 5.0% (10/201).

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: MIS-N should be considered in ill neonates presenting with involvement of two or more organ systems, especially among those neonates with cardiorespiratory dysfunctions, in the presence of proven or suspected maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021278717, PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021278717.},
}

@article {pmid39026347,
year = {2024},
author = {Harvey, BJ and McElvaney, NG},
title = {Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.},
journal = {Biology of sex differences},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {56},
pmid = {39026347},
issn = {2042-6410},
support = {Academic Grant//Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Estrogens/metabolism ; *Sex Characteristics ; Female ; Male ; Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism ; COVID-19/immunology ; Asthma/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Biological sex differences exist for many airway diseases in which females have either worse or better health outcomes. Inflammatory airway diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma display a clear male advantage in post-puberty while a female benefit is observed in asthma during the pre-puberty years. The influence of menstrual cycle stage and pregnancy on the frequency and severity of pulmonary exacerbations in CF and asthma point to a role for sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogen, in underpinning biological sex differences in these diseases. There are many ways by which estrogen may aggravate asthma and CF involving disturbances in airway surface liquid (ASL) dynamics, inappropriate hyper-immune and allergenic responses, as well as exacerbation of pathogen virulence. The deleterious effect of estrogen on pulmonary function in CF and asthma contrasts with the female advantage observed in airway diseases characterised by pulmonary edema such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19. Airway surface liquid hypersecretion and alveolar flooding are hallmarks of ARDS and COVID-19, and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of severe forms of these diseases. ASL dynamics encompasses the intrinsic features of the thin lining of fluid covering the airway epithelium which regulate mucociliary clearance (ciliary beat, ASL height, volume, pH, viscosity, mucins, and channel activating proteases) in addition to innate defence mechanisms (pathogen virulence, cytokines, defensins, specialised pro-resolution lipid mediators, and metabolism). Estrogen regulation of ASL dynamics contributing to biological sex differences in CF, asthma and COVID-19 is a major focus of this review.},
}

Humans
*Estrogens/metabolism
*Sex Characteristics
Female
Male
Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism
COVID-19/immunology
Asthma/metabolism/immunology
Animals
Respiratory Tract Diseases/metabolism

@article {pmid39026122,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhang, T and Wang, Y and Teng, X and Deng, R and Li, J},
title = {Preamplification-free viral RNA diagnostics with single-nucleotide resolution using MARVE, an origami paper-based colorimetric nucleic acid test.},
journal = {Nature protocols},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39026122},
issn = {1750-2799},
abstract = {The evolution and mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are urgent concerns as they pose the risk of vaccine failure and increased viral transmission. However, affordable and scalable tools allowing rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants are not readily available, which impedes diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance. Here we present a colorimetric nucleic acid assay named MARVE (multiplexed, preamplification-free, single-nucleotide-resolved viral evolution) that is convenient to perform and yields single-nucleotide resolution. The assay integrates nucleic acid strand displacement reactions with enzymatic amplification to colorimetrically sense viral RNA using a metal ion-incorporated DNA probe (TEprobe). We provide detailed guidelines to design TEprobes for discriminating single-nucleotide variations in viral RNAs, and to fabricate a test paper for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Compared with other nucleic acid assays, our assay is preamplification-free, single-nucleotide-resolvable and results are visible via a color change. Besides, it is smartphone readable, multiplexed, quick and cheap ($0.30 per test). The protocol takes ~2 h to complete, from the design and preparation of the DNA probes and test papers (~1 h) to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 or its variants (30-45 min). The design of the TEprobes requires basic knowledge of molecular biology and familiarity with NUPACK or the Python programming language. The fabrication of the origami papers requires access to a wax printer using the CAD and PDF files provided or requires users to be familiar with AutoCAD to design new origami papers. The protocol is also applicable for designing assays to detect other pathogens and their variants.},
}

@article {pmid39026019,
year = {2024},
author = {Das, S and Nath, S and Shahjahan, and Dey, SK},
title = {Plausible mechanism of drug resistance and side-effects of COVID-19 therapeutics: a bottleneck for its eradication.},
journal = {Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39026019},
issn = {2008-2231},
support = {IoE/2021-2024/12/FRP//Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has turned our world upside down by meddling with our normal lives. While there is no definitive drug against SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drugs that are already in the market, are being repurposed against it, could now complete long-term as well as all age-specific investigations, and they are successful in saving millions of lives. Nevertheless, side-effects are emergingly seen in the patients undergoing treatment, and ineffectiveness is increasingly found due to the emerging notorious variants of the virus. Many of them are also facing serious co-infections including black fungus, Zika, and H1N1 virus to name a few.

OBJECTIVES: Therefore, this review highlights both drug resistance, their side-effects, and the significance for proper and long-term clinical trials of all age groups including children.

METHODS: We have explored and proposed the mechanisms of drug resistance that may arise due to the misuse or overuse of drugs based on available experimental reports.

RESULTS: The review provides solutions to the aforesaid issues of drug-resistance and side-effects by providing combination therapies, ancillary treatments, and other preventive strategies that can be useful in preventing drawbacks thereby curbing COVID-19 or similar future infections to maintain our normal lives.

CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and its long-term effects, if any, can be eradicated with strategic and mindful use of related therapeutics in a controlled manner.},
}

@article {pmid39025685,
year = {2024},
author = {Salas-Bergüés, V and Pereira-Sánchez, M and Martín-Martín, J and Olano-Lizarraga, M},
title = {Development of burnout and moral distress in intensive care nurses: An integrative literature review.},
journal = {Enfermeria intensiva},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.enfie.2024.02.002},
pmid = {39025685},
issn = {2529-9840},
abstract = {AIMS: To describe, through an integrative literature review, the factors contributing to the development of burnout and moral distress in nursing professionals working in intensive care units and to identify the assessment tools used most frequently to assess burnout and moral distress.

METHODS: An integrative literature review was carried out. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SciELO, Dialnet, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were reviewed from January 2012 to February 2023. Additionally, snowball sampling was used. The results were analysed by using integrative synthesis, as proposed by Whittemore et al., the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for literature reviews, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines for quantitative observational studies, and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for qualitative research were used to evaluate evidence quality.

RESULTS: Forty-one articles were selected for review: 36 were cross-sectional descriptive articles, and five were literature reviews. The articles were grouped into five-factor categories: 1) personal factors, 2) organisational factors, 3) labour relations factors, 4) end-of-life care factors, and 5) factors related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey and the Moral Distress Survey-Revised instruments were the most commonly used to measure burnout and moral distress.

CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the multiple personal, organisational, relational, situational, and end-of-life factors promoting burnout and moral distress among critical care nurses. Interventions in these areas are necessary to achieve nurses' job satisfaction and retention while improving nurses' quality of care.},
}

@article {pmid38493312,
year = {2024},
author = {Kalam, N and Balasubramaniam, VRMT},
title = {Crosstalk between COVID-19 and the gut-brain axis: a gut feeling.},
journal = {Postgraduate medical journal},
volume = {100},
number = {1186},
pages = {539-554},
doi = {10.1093/postmj/qgae030},
pmid = {38493312},
issn = {1469-0756},
support = {STG-000131//School Strategic Grants/ ; //Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences/ ; //Monash University Malaysia/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Dysbiosis ; *Brain-Gut Axis/physiology ; *Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The microbes in the gut are crucial for maintaining the body's immune system and overall gut health. However, it is not fully understood how an unstable gut environment can lead to more severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The gut microbiota also plays a role in the gut-brain axis and interacts with the central nervous system through metabolic and neuroendocrine pathways. The interaction between the microbiota and the host's body involves hormonal, immune, and neural pathways, and any disruption in the balance of gut bacteria can lead to dysbiosis, which contributes to pathogen growth. In this context, we discuss how dysbiosis could contribute to comorbidities that increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation have successfully treated infectious and non-infectious inflammatory-related diseases, the most common comorbidities. These treatments could be adjuvant therapies for COVID-19 infection by restoring gut homeostasis and balancing the gut microbiota.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*Dysbiosis
*Brain-Gut Axis/physiology
*Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
*SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid37842893,
year = {2024},
author = {Bakhrushina, E and Mikhel, I and Kondratieva, V and Demina, N and Grebennikova, T and Krasnyuk, I and Krasnyuk, I},
title = {Main Aspects of Pharmaceutical Development of In situ Immunobiological Drugs for Intranasal Administration.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology},
volume = {25},
number = {11},
pages = {1394-1405},
pmid = {37842893},
issn = {1873-4316},
mesh = {*Administration, Intranasal ; Humans ; Drug Development/methods ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The review presents the latest developments in the area of intranasal in situ delivery systems of immunobiological drugs (IBDs). Interest in intranasal administration for IBDs has increased significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, not only intranasal delivery of vaccines is developing, but also bacteriophages, interferons, etc. In situ systems that make a selective phase transition can be a modern solution to intranasal delivery problems caused by mucociliary clearance. In addition, smart-polymers used as the main excipients in in situ systems can be used as specific adjuvants.

METHODS: A scientific search was conducted on the PubMed database of medical publications for the period from 2000 to 2022, using the keywords "intranasal in situ vaccine"; "intranasal in situ immunization". There were analyzed in detail more than 70 scientific studies on intranasal in situ delivery of IBDs.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Despite the large number of new studies, the potential of possibilities of intranasal in situ systems is not being realized. Based on the results of the literature review an algorithm was created for the development of in situ systems for intranasal delivery of IBDs. Such algorithms and the methods of study design organization described in the review will help to facilitate the R&D process and bring the drug to commercial market, which will help to improve the quality of medical care.},
}

*Administration, Intranasal
Humans
Drug Development/methods
Animals
Drug Delivery Systems/methods
COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2/immunology

@article {pmid39025272,
year = {2024},
author = {Nazir, F and John Kombe Kombe, A and Khalid, Z and Bibi, S and Zhang, H and Wu, S and Jin, T},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 replication and drug discovery.},
journal = {Molecular and cellular probes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101973},
doi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101973},
pmid = {39025272},
issn = {1096-1194},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed millions of people and continues to wreak havoc across the globe. This sudden and deadly pandemic emphasizes the necessity for anti-viral drug development that can be rapidly administered to reduce morbidity, mortality, and virus propagation. Thus, lacking efficient anti-COVID-19 treatment, and especially given the lengthy drug development process as well as the critical death tool that has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 since its outbreak, drug repurposing (or repositioning) constitutes so far, the ideal and ready-to-go best approach in mitigating viral spread, containing the infection, and reducing the COVID-19-associated death rate. Indeed, based on the molecular similarity approach of SARS-CoV-2 with previous coronaviruses (CoVs), repurposed drugs have been reported to hamper SARS-CoV-2 replication. Therefore, understanding the inhibition mechanisms of viral replication by repurposed anti-viral drugs and chemicals known to block CoV and SARS-CoV-2 multiplication is crucial, and it opens the way for particular treatment options and COVID-19 therapeutics. In this review, we highlighted molecular basics underlying drug-repurposing strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Notably, we discussed inhibition mechanisms of viral replication, involving and including inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 proteases (3C-like protease, 3CL[pro] or Papain-like protease, PL[pro]) by protease inhibitors such as Carmofur, Ebselen, and GRL017, polymerases (RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, RdRp) by drugs like Suramin, Remdesivir, or Favipiravir, and proteins/peptides inhibiting virus-cell fusion and host cell replication pathways, such as Disulfiram, GC376, and Molnupiravir. When applicable, comparisons with SARS-CoV inhibitors approved for clinical use were made to provide further insights to understand molecular basics in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication and draw conclusions for future drug discovery research.},
}

@article {pmid39025089,
year = {2024},
author = {Feys, S and Carvalho, A and Clancy, CJ and Gangneux, JP and Hoenigl, M and Lagrou, K and Rijnders, BJA and Seldeslachts, L and Vanderbeke, L and van de Veerdonk, FL and Verweij, PE and Wauters, J},
title = {Influenza-associated and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients.},
journal = {The Lancet. Respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00151-6},
pmid = {39025089},
issn = {2213-2619},
abstract = {Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are increasingly recognised as important complications in patients requiring intensive care for severe viral pneumonia. The diagnosis can typically be made in 10-20% of patients with severe influenza or COVID-19, but only when appropriate diagnostic tools are used. Bronchoalveolar lavage sampling for culture, galactomannan testing, and PCR forms the cornerstone of diagnosis, whereas visual examination of the tracheobronchial tract during bronchoscopy is required to detect invasive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis. Azoles are the first-choice antifungal drugs, with liposomal amphotericin B as an alternative in settings where azole resistance is prevalent. Despite antifungal therapy, IAPA and CAPA are associated with poor outcomes, with fatality rates often exceeding 50%. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic and clinical aspects of IAPA and CAPA. Moreover, we identify crucial knowledge gaps and formulate directions for future research.},
}

@article {pmid39024905,
year = {2024},
author = {Park, EJ and Seong, J and Shin, JW and Tate, JA and Choi, J},
title = {Communication intervention for families in adult intensive care units during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.},
journal = {Heart & lung : the journal of critical care},
volume = {68},
number = {},
pages = {175-190},
doi = {10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.07.004},
pmid = {39024905},
issn = {1527-3288},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Restrictions on ICU family visitation during COVID-19 pandemic posed communication challenges for families, patients, and healthcare teams. Diverse approaches were used to overcome communication barriers. As ICUs begin to reinstate family visitation, it is timely to review the lessons learned from these interventions during the pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and evaluate content and qualities of the studies that describe communication interventions for families of adult ICU patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science for studies that (1) involved communication intervention for families in adult ICU settings, (2) were published between January 2020 and September 2022, and (3) were published in English. We excluded studies that were not from peer-reviewed journal articles or in English.

RESULTS: Of 2,628 articles initially identified, we reviewed the 23 selected studies (20 non-experimental and 3 experimental studies). Most of the studies were published in 2022 (n = 14, 60.9 %) and conducted in Europe (n = 13, 56.5 %). Various communication methods (e.g., video calls, telephone, applications) were used to provide information, emotional support, and virtual access to patients and their families. Video calls were the most frequently used intervention. Many interventions included healthcare teams providing updates on the patient's condition or treatment to the family.

CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the adoption of diverse communication approaches for families in ICU settings, despite many limitations, including technical challenges. Insights gained from this experience will help expedite flexibility and diversity in designing communication interventions for ICU family members.},
}

@article {pmid39024833,
year = {2024},
author = {Alonzi, T and Aiello, A and Sali, M and Delogu, G and Villella, VR and Raia, V and Nicastri, E and Piacentini, M and Goletti, D},
title = {Multiple antimicrobial and immune-modulating activities of cysteamine in infectious diseases.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {178},
number = {},
pages = {117153},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117153},
pmid = {39024833},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {Infectious diseases are a major threat to global health and cause millions of deaths every year, particularly in developing countries. The emergence of multidrug resistance challenges current antimicrobial treatments, inducing uncertainty in therapeutic protocols. New compounds are therefore necessary. A drug repurposing approach could play a critical role in developing new treatments used either alone or in combination with standard therapy regimens. Herein, we focused on cysteamine, an aminothiol endogenously synthesized by human cells during the degradation of coenzyme-A, which is a drug approved for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. Cysteamine influences many biological processes due to the presence of the highly reactive thiol group. This review provides an overview of cysteamine-mediated effects on different viruses, bacteria and parasites, with a particular focus on infections caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evidences for a potential use of cysteamine as a direct antimicrobial agent and/or a host-directed therapy, either alone or in combination with other antimicrobial drugs, are described.},
}

@article {pmid39024322,
year = {2024},
author = {Nowrouzi-Kia, B and Haritos, AM and Long, BS and Atikian, C and Fiorini, LA and Gohar, B and Howe, A and Li, Y and Bani-Fatemi, A},
title = {Remote work transition amidst COVID-19: Impacts on presenteeism, absenteeism, and worker well-being-A scoping review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {19},
number = {7},
pages = {e0307087},
pmid = {39024322},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Absenteeism ; *Presenteeism ; *Teleworking ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Pandemics ; Occupational Health ; Mental Health ; Male ; Female ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the transition to remote work, leading to increased attention on presenteeism and absenteeism among remote workers. Understanding the implications of these phenomena on worker health and productivity is crucial for optimizing remote work arrangements and developing policies to improve employee well-being.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aims to examine the occurrence of presenteeism and absenteeism among remote workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the interrelated physical and mental health issues during these periods.

METHODS: PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Eric, Business Source Premier, SCOPUS, and sociological abstracts were searched resulting in 1792 articles. Articles were included if the population of interest was 18+ (i.e., working age), engaged in full or part-time work, and the employees shifted from in-person to remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All study designs, geographical areas, and papers written post-onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were included; however, systematic reviews were excluded. Data was charted into Microsoft Excel by 2 independent reviewers.

RESULTS: The literature search identified 10 studies (i.e., seven cross-sectional studies, two qualitative studies, and one observational study). Five major overarching themes were identified specifically (1) telework and mental health (2) telework and physical health (3) worker benefits (4) gender dynamics and (5) difficulty navigating the teleworking environment. While remote work offers flexibility in terms of saved commute time and flexible work schedules, it also exacerbates challenges related to presenteeism, absenteeism, and work-life balance. These challenges include experiencing psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep deprivation, musculoskeletal pain, difficulties concentrating at work for both women and working parents, struggles disconnecting after hours, and the inability to delineate between the work and home environment.

DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic has both positive and negative implications for worker well-being and productivity. However, future research needs to incorporate the potential effects of telework frequency (full time vs. part time) on employee productivity and its role on presenteeism and absenteeism, to gain a more comprehensive understanding on remote work difficulties. Addressing these challenges requires proactive interventions and support mechanisms to promote worker health and productivity in remote settings.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Absenteeism
*Presenteeism
*Teleworking
SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Pandemics
Occupational Health
Mental Health
Male
Female

@article {pmid39024175,
year = {2024},
author = {Lopes Vendrami, C and Thorson, DL and Borhani, AA and Mittal, PK and Hammond, NA and Escobar, DJ and Gabriel, H and Recht, HS and Horowitz, JM and Kelahan, LC and Wood, CG and Nikolaidis, P and Venkatesh, SK and Miller, FH},
title = {Imaging of Biliary Tree Abnormalities.},
journal = {Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc},
volume = {44},
number = {8},
pages = {e230174},
doi = {10.1148/rg.230174},
pmid = {39024175},
issn = {1527-1323},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biliary Tract/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Biliary Tract Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; },
abstract = {Pathologic conditions of the biliary system, although common, can be difficult to diagnose clinically. Challenges in biliary imaging include anatomic variants and the dynamic nature of the biliary tract, which can change with age and intervention, blurring the boundaries of normal and abnormal. Choledochal cysts can have numerous appearances and are important to diagnose given the risk of cholangiocarcinoma potentially requiring surgical resection. Choledocholithiasis, the most common cause of biliary dilatation, can be difficult to detect at US and CT, with MRI having the highest sensitivity. However, knowledge of the imaging pitfalls of MRI and MR cholangiopancreatography is crucial to avoid misinterpretation. Newer concepts in biliary tract malignancy include intraductal papillary biliary neoplasms that may develop into cholangiocarcinoma. New paradigms in the classification of cholangiocarcinoma correspond to the wide range of imaging appearances of the disease and have implications for prognosis. Accurately staging cholangiocarcinoma is imperative, given expanding curative options including transplant and more aggressive surgical options. Infections of the biliary tree include acute cholangitis or recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, characterized by obstruction, strictures, and central biliary dilatation. Inflammatory conditions include primary sclerosing cholangitis, which features strictures and fibrosis but can be difficult to differentiate from secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis, including more recently described entities such as immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis and COVID-19 secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The authors describe a wide variety of benign and malignant biliary tract abnormalities, highlight differentiating features of the cholangitides, provide an approach to interpretation based on the pattern of imaging findings, and discuss pearls and pitfalls of imaging to facilitate accurate diagnosis. [©]RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.},
}

Humans
*Biliary Tract/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Biliary Tract Diseases/diagnostic imaging
Diagnosis, Differential

@article {pmid39023293,
year = {2024},
author = {Altintas, L and Sahiner, M},
title = {Transformations in postgraduate medical education following the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from advances and challenges.},
journal = {Postgraduate medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/00325481.2024.2379235},
pmid = {39023293},
issn = {1941-9260},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly reshaped postgraduate medical education, driving immediate and significant adaptations in teaching methodologies and educational frameworks. This review examines the multifaceted transformations within medical education environments, particularly in response to the pandemic. Through a structured narrative review of recent literature, we identify key lessons learned and the subsequent shifts in educational practices. Our analysis underscores the critical importance of flexibility in educational delivery, the integration of technology, and the emphasis on mental health and resilience among medical trainees. We also explore the challenges and successes associated with maintaining equality and diversity in a rapidly evolving educational landscape. The findings highlight the necessity for continuous professional development and robust support systems to navigate future challenges effectively. Recommendations are provided for educational institutions to enhance adaptability, foster inclusive learning environments, and prepare for unforeseen global health emergencies. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimizing postgraduate medical education to better prepare health professionals for a dynamic and uncertain future.},
}

@article {pmid39022666,
year = {2024},
author = {Zheng, C and Chen, JJ and Dai, ZH and Wan, KW and Sun, FH and Huang, JH and Chen, XK},
title = {Physical exercise-related manifestations of long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of exercise science and fitness},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {341-349},
pmid = {39022666},
issn = {1728-869X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically assess physical exercise-related symptoms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or long COVID) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors.

METHODS: Eight databases were systematically searched on March 03, 2024. Original studies that compared physical exercise-related parameters measured by exercise testing between COVID-19 survivors who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection over 3 months and non-COVID-19 controls were included. A random-effects model was utilized to determine the mean differences (MDs) or standardized MDs in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 40 studies with 6241 COVID-19 survivors were included. The 6-min walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold were impaired in COVID-19 survivors 3 months post-infection compared with non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing, while VO2 were comparable between the two groups at rest. In contrast, no differences were observed in SpO2, heart rate, blood pressure, fatigue, and dyspnea between COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest an underestimation of the manifestations of PASC. COVID-19 survivors also harbor physical exercise-related symptoms of PASC that can be determined by the exercise testing and are distinct from those observed at rest. Exercise testing should be included while evaluating the symptoms of PASC in COVID-19 survivors.},
}

@article {pmid39022423,
year = {2024},
author = {Herrmann, K and Beese, F and Wollgast, L and Mauz, E and Kersjes, C and Hoebel, J and Wachtler, B},
title = {Temporal dynamics of socioeconomic inequalities in depressive and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1397392},
pmid = {39022423},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Depression/epidemiology ; *Anxiety/epidemiology ; *Socioeconomic Factors ; *Health Status Disparities ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The existence of socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety is widely acknowledged, and individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to exhibit higher rates of symptoms. However, the direction in which the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced these disparities remains uncertain. We therefore aimed to systematically outline the available evidence on the temporal dynamics of socioeconomic inequalities in symptoms related to depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic across high-income countries.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted by searching the databases Embase, Scopus and PsycINFO. According to pre-defined eligibility criteria, two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts as well as full texts of the compiled records. Data from the included studies were extracted using a standardised data-extraction form and analysed numerically and narratively. The scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS: A total of 49 studies comprising 149 analyses of socioeconomic indicators in relation to symptoms of depression and anxiety were included. Despite heterogeneous study designs and results, there was a tendency of increasing (40.9%; n = 61) or persistent (38.2%; n = 57) inequality trends to the detriment of those in socially more disadvantaged positions. Increasing inequalities were most pronounced when income was used as a socioeconomic indicator. Groups with lower socioeconomic status appeared most vulnerable in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Throughout the pandemic, dynamics were diverse, with persistent trends most frequently reported.

CONCLUSION: Overall, to the detriment of those with lower socioeconomic status, mental-health inequalities persisted or increased in most analyses. Continually monitoring socioeconomic inequalities over time is crucial, since this makes it possible to adapt prevention and intervention strategies to specific pandemic phases. Interventions targeting job security, income security and educational attainment could reduce mental-health inequalities. The results can contribute to preparedness plans for future pandemics and crises.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Depression/epidemiology
*Anxiety/epidemiology
*Socioeconomic Factors
*Health Status Disparities
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence

@article {pmid39022174,
year = {2024},
author = {Lu, X and Teng, C and Cai, P and Liang, J and Wang, Y and Abu, H and Wang, YJ and Madias, JE and Liu, K and Liu, Q and Li, P},
title = {Takotsubo Syndrome in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {CJC open},
volume = {6},
number = {6},
pages = {818-825},
pmid = {39022174},
issn = {2589-790X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Respiratory conditions are major physical triggers of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) and portend worse outcomes. However, data on TTS in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 infection (COVID-19) are limited.

METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for case reports for the period 2019-2022 describing TTS in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (TTS-COVID). We summarized the clinical data and outcomes and compared them to those in patients with TTS with an acute respiratory disease other than COVID-19 as a trigger (TTS-acute respiratory disease) and those with TTS with no respiratory disease (TTS-no respiratory disease).

RESULTS: The mortality rate was higher in those with TTS-COVID (26.0%) than those with TTS-acute respiratory disease (5.7%) or TTS-no respiratory disease (4.2%; P < 0.001 for both). The proportion of men was higher in TTS-COVID (33.3%) than it was in TTS-no respiratory disease (9.1%; P < 0.001). The manifestations of TTS in COVID patients were atypical (dyspnea [70.3%] and cough [40.6%]); few had chest pain (23.4%). Cardiovascular risk factors were common in the TTS-COVID cohort, but fewer patients were on cardioprotective medications in this group than in the other 2 groups. Level of catecholamine use was higher in the TTS-COVID group (37.7%) than it was in the TTS-no respiratory disease (10.9%; P < 0.001) group. Apical ballooning (72.6%) was the most common TTS subtype, and basal segment type was seen in 11.0% of TTS-COVID patients.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 patients who developed TTS had high mortality rates and unique features, compared with those in the TTS-acute respiratory disease group or the TTS-no respiratory disease group. Understanding the pathophysiology of TTS in COVID-19 may help prevent TTS and direct therapy in this setting.},
}

@article {pmid39021908,
year = {2024},
author = {Li, Y and Lu, SM and Wang, JL and Yao, HP and Liang, LG},
title = {Progress in SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic and clinical treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {e33179},
pmid = {39021908},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is a global pandemic novel coronavirus infection disease caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although rapid, large-scale testing plays an important role in patient management and slowing the spread of the disease. However, there has been no good and widely used drug treatment for infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

KEY FINDINGS: Therefore, this review updates the body of knowledge on viral structure, infection routes, detection methods, and clinical treatment, with the aim of responding to the large-section caused by SARS-CoV-2. This paper focuses on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 viral protease, RNA polymerase, serine protease and main proteinase-like protease as well as targeted antiviral drugs.

CONCLUSION: In vitro or clinical trials have been carried out to provide deeper thinking for the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, vaccine development and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.},
}

@article {pmid37986554,
year = {2024},
author = {Shukla, N and Shamim, U and Agarwal, P and Pandey, R and Narayan, J},
title = {From bench to bedside: potential of translational research in COVID-19 and beyond.},
journal = {Briefings in functional genomics},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {349-362},
doi = {10.1093/bfgp/elad051},
pmid = {37986554},
issn = {2041-2657},
support = {CLP-0042//Rockefeller Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/virology ; *Translational Research, Biomedical ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been around for more than 3 years now. However, due to constant viral evolution, novel variants are emerging, leaving old treatment protocols redundant. As treatment options dwindle, infection rates continue to rise and seasonal infection surges become progressively common across the world, rapid solutions are required. With genomic and proteomic methods generating enormous amounts of data to expand our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, there is an urgent requirement for the development of novel therapeutic methods that can allow translational research to flourish. In this review, we highlight the current state of COVID-19 in the world and the effects of post-infection sequelae. We present the contribution of translational research in COVID-19, with various current and novel therapeutic approaches, including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, as well as alternate treatment methods such as immunomodulators, currently being studied and reiterate the importance of translational research in the development of various strategies to contain COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/virology
*Translational Research, Biomedical
*SARS-CoV-2
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid39021569,
year = {2024},
author = {Xie, Y and Lv, S and Luo, S and Chen, Y and Du, M and Xu, Y and Yang, D},
title = {The correlation between corona virus disease 2019 and alopecia areata: a literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1347311},
pmid = {39021569},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {*Alopecia Areata/epidemiology/immunology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) is one of the most serious respiratory pandemic diseases threatening human health for centuries. Alopecia areata (AA) is a sudden patchy hair loss, an autoimmune disease, which seriously affects the image and mental health of patients. Evidence shows that the risk of autoimmune diseases significantly increases after COVID-19, and is positively correlated with the severity, with a significant increase in the risk of alopecia in those over 40 years old. The relationship between COVID-19 and AA has become a hot topic of current research. Strengthening the research on the correlation between COVID-19 and AA can help to identify and protect susceptible populations at an early stage. This article reviews the research progress on the epidemiological background of COVID-19 and AA, the situation and possible mechanisms of AA induced by COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccination, and potential treatment methods.},
}

*Alopecia Areata/epidemiology/immunology
Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid39020333,
year = {2024},
author = {Negarandeh, R and Shahmari, M and Zare, L},
title = {Stigmatization experiences of healthcare workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {823},
pmid = {39020333},
issn = {1472-6963},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *Social Stigma ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Stereotyping ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers face the stigmatization of those caring for COVID-19 patients, creating a significant social problem. Therefore, this study investigated the stigmatization of healthcare workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: In this scoping review study, searches were conducted from December 2019 to August 2023 in Persian and English using various databases and search engines including PubMed (Medline), Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, Science Direct, Springer, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and national databases. The study used English keywords such as Social Stigma, Health Personnel, Healthcare Worker, Medical Staff, Medical Personal, Physicians, doctors, Nurses, nursing staff, COVID-19, and coronavirus disease 2019, and their Persian equivalents, and their Persian equivalents to explore healthcare workers' experiences of COVID-19-related stigma.

RESULTS: From a total of 12,200 search results, 77 eligible studies were included in this study. stigmatization of healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients was evident from the literature because of fear, misinformation, and negative self-image. Manifestations were violence and deprivation of social rights, resulting in adverse biopsychosocial, occupational, and economic consequences. This condition can affect negatively health staff themselves, their families, and society as well. Anti-stigmatization measures include informing society about the realities faced by healthcare workers, presenting an accurate and empathetic image of health workers, providing psychosocial support to health workers, and encouraging them to turn to spirituality as a coping mechanism. There are notable research gaps in comprehending the phenomenon, exploring its variations across diverse healthcare roles and cultural contexts, examining its long-term effects, and monitoring shifts in stigma perceptions over time.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the stigmatization of healthcare workers, causing mistreatment and rights violations. This stigma persists even post-pandemic, posing a psychological dilemma for caregivers. Addressing this requires comprehensive strategies, including tailored stigma prevention programs and research to understand its psychological impact.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Health Personnel/psychology
*Social Stigma
*SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Stereotyping
Attitude of Health Personnel

@article {pmid39019510,
year = {2024},
author = {Jean Simon, D and Lessard, G and Lévesque, S},
title = {[Domestic violence among Quebec women during the health crisis: Trends and risk factors].},
journal = {Soins; la revue de reference infirmiere},
volume = {69},
number = {887},
pages = {15-19},
doi = {10.1016/j.soin.2024.05.007},
pmid = {39019510},
issn = {0038-0814},
mesh = {Humans ; Quebec/epidemiology ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; Risk Factors ; *Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Adult ; },
abstract = {This article examines the evolution of domestic violence (DV) among Quebec women during the Covid-19 pandemic and the factors associated with this phenomenon. Based on the literature, we observed that DV increased significantly in Quebec during the health crisis. Furthermore, it appears that job loss, which affected more women than men, increased social isolation, deterioration of the mental health of spouses, increased alcohol and cannabis consumption, and difficulties in reconciling work and family life are the factors that contribute most to the increase in DV in Quebec during this period.},
}

Humans
Quebec/epidemiology
Female
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
Risk Factors
*Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data
Pandemics
Social Isolation/psychology
Adult

@article {pmid39019390,
year = {2024},
author = {Lee, S and Williams, ZM},
title = {Role of Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry in Maintaining Social Homeostasis.},
journal = {Biological psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.007},
pmid = {39019390},
issn = {1873-2402},
abstract = {Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in biology and ensures the stability of life by maintaining the constancy of physiological processes. Recent years have witnessed a surge in research interest in these physiological processes, with a growing focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying social homeostasis. This shift in focus underscores our increasing understanding of the importance of social interactions and their impact on individual well-being. In this review, we explore the interconnected research across three primary categories: understanding the neural mechanisms influencing set-points, defining contemporary factors that can disrupt social homeostasis, and identifying the potential contributions of social homeostatic failure in the development of psychiatric diseases. We also delve into the role of the prefrontal cortex and its circuitry in regulating social behavior, decision-making processes, and the manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Finally, we examine the influence of more recent factors such as growing social media exposure and the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, highlighting their disruptive effects. We also identify gaps in current literature through the analysis of research trends and propose future research directions to advance our understanding of social homeostasis, with implications for mental health interventions.},
}

@article {pmid39016564,
year = {2024},
author = {Ahmed, S and Herschhorn, A},
title = {mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0004124},
doi = {10.1128/cmr.00041-24},
pmid = {39016564},
issn = {1098-6618},
abstract = {SUMMARYThe success of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines to lessen/prevent severe COVID-19 opened new opportunities to develop RNA vaccines to fight other infectious agents. HIV-1 is a lentivirus that integrates into the host cell genome and persists for the lifetime of infected cells. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have posed significant obstacles to the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine over the last four decades since the identification of HIV-1. Recently, attempts to address some of these challenges have led to multiple studies that manufactured, optimized, and tested, in different animal models, mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines. Several clinical trials have also been initiated or are planned to start soon. Here, we review the current strategies applied to HIV-1 mRNA vaccines, discuss different targeting approaches, summarize the latest findings, and offer insights into the challenges and future of HIV-1 mRNA vaccines.},
}

@article {pmid39016172,
year = {2024},
author = {MacIntyre, CR and de Sousa, JC and Heininger, U and Kardos, P and Konstantopoulos, A and Middleton, D and Nolan, T and Papi, A and Rendon, A and Rizzo, A and Sampson, K and Sette, A and Sobczyk, E and Tan, T and Weil-Olivier, C and Weinberger, B and Wilkinson, T and von König, CHW},
title = {Public health management of pertussis in adults: Practical challenges and future strategies.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {2377904},
pmid = {39016172},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Whooping Cough/prevention & control/epidemiology/diagnosis ; Adult ; *Vaccination ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Pertussis Vaccine/immunology/administration & dosage ; Public Health Administration/methods ; Public Health ; },
abstract = {A panel of 24 international experts met in July 2022 to discuss challenges associated with pertussis detection, monitoring, and vaccination in adults; conclusions from this meeting are presented. There has been a shift in the epidemiology of pertussis toward older children and adults. This shift has been attributed to the waning of infection- or vaccine-induced immunity, newer detection techniques causing detection bias, and possibly the replacement of whole-cell pertussis with acellular vaccines in high-income countries, which may lead to immunity waning more quickly. The burden of adult pertussis is still likely under-ascertained due to widespread under-recognition by healthcare professionals (HCPs), under-diagnosis, and under-reporting in this age group. Non-standardized testing guidance and varied case definitions have contributed to under-reporting. Key barriers to HCP engagement with the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine include low awareness, lack of time/funding, and lack of motivation due to low prioritization of Tdap.},
}

Humans
*Whooping Cough/prevention & control/epidemiology/diagnosis
Adult
*Vaccination
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Pertussis Vaccine/immunology/administration & dosage
Public Health Administration/methods
Public Health

@article {pmid39016519,
year = {2024},
author = {Hussain, A and Wang, M and Yu, D and Zhang, J and Naseer, QA and Ullah, A and Milon Essola, J and Zhang, X},
title = {Medical and molecular biophysical techniques as substantial tools in the era of mRNA-based vaccine technology.},
journal = {Biomaterials science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d4bm00561a},
pmid = {39016519},
issn = {2047-4849},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the advancement of vaccine technology using mRNA delivery into the host cells. Consequently, mRNA-based vaccines have emerged as a practical approach against SARS-CoV-2 owing to their inherent properties, such as cost-effectiveness, rapid manufacturing, and preservation. These features are vital, especially in resource-constrained regions. Nevertheless, the design of mRNA-based vaccines is intricately intertwined with the refinement of biophysical technologies, thereby establishing their high potential. The preparation of mRNA-based vaccines involves a sequence of phases combining medical and molecular biophysical technologies. Furthermore, their efficiency depends on the capability to optimize their positive attributes, thus paving the way for their subsequent preclinical and clinical evaluations. Using biophysical techniques, the characterization of nucleic acids extends from their initial formulation to their cellular internalization abilities and encapsulation in biomolecule complexes, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), for designing mRNA-based LNPs. Furthermore, nanoparticles are subjected to a series of careful screening steps to assess their physical and chemical characteristics before achieving an optimum formulation suitable for preclinical and clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental role of biophysical techniques in the complex development of mRNA-based vaccines and their role in the recent success during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid39015690,
year = {2024},
author = {Pyarali, M and Adeel, M and Nawaz, A and Uneeb, S and Fazal Dad, AB and Amir, S},
title = {Bell's Palsy, an Adverse Event Following COVID Vaccines.},
journal = {Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {527-535},
pmid = {39015690},
issn = {2251-7251},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Bell's palsy is one of the most concerning complications of the COVID vaccine that has impacted vaccine acceptance among the general population. These vaccines were introduced to provide immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and have been found to be quite effective. Little did we know that Bell's palsy could be one of its serious complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used various search engines to gather data in the form of a case series and case reports related to patients who were affected by the vaccine and had developed Bell's palsy.

RESULTS: A total of eleven case reports and 4 case series were included in the analysis. The vaccines mentioned in the case reports were Pfizer, Moderna, Sinovac, AstraZeneca, and Janssen, while the case series included Pfizer and Sinovac. The majority of patients were female and aged between 31-40 years. Right-sided laterality was observed in 45.45% of patients, left-sided laterality in 45.45% of patients, and bilateral laterality in 9.1% of patients. Three patients had a history of Bell's palsy or stroke. After treatment, three patients showed partial improvement, six patients fully recovered, and the status of two patients was unknown.

CONCLUSIONS: Bell's palsy is a rare complication that can occur after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aims to increase awareness about this rare adverse event of the vaccine so that it can be properly addressed and managed. Additionally, it will serve as a foundation for future research on the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine.},
}

@article {pmid39012917,
year = {2024},
author = {Utunen, H and Balaciano, G and Arabi, E and Tokar, A and Bhatiasevi, A and Noyes, J},
title = {Learning interventions and training methods in health emergencies: A scoping review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {19},
number = {7},
pages = {e0290208},
pmid = {39012917},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *Emergencies ; Health Personnel/education ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Learning ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Keeping the health workforce and the public informed about the latest evolving health information during a health emergency is critical to preventing, detecting and responding to infectious disease outbreaks or other health emergencies. Having a well-informed, ready, willing, and skilled workforce and an informed public can help save lives, reduce diseases and suffering, and minimize socio-economic loss in affected communities and countries. Providing "just in time" support and opportunities for learning in health emergencies is much needed for capacity building. In this paper, 'learning intervention' refers to the provision of ad-hoc, focused, or personalized training sessions with the goal of preparing the health workers for emergencies or filling specific knowledge or skill gaps. We refer to 'training methods' as instructional design strategies used to teach someone the necessary knowledge and skills to perform a task.

METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to map and better understand what learning interventions and training methods have been used in different types of health emergencies and by whom. Studies were identified using six databases (Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Hinari, WorldCat, CABI and Web of Science) and by consulting with experts. Characteristics of studies were mapped and displayed and major topic areas were identified.

RESULTS: Of the 319 records that were included, contexts most frequently covered were COVID-19, disasters in general, Ebola and wars. Four prominent topic areas were identified: 1) Knowledge acquisition, 2) Emergency plans, 3) Impact of the learning intervention, and 4) Training methods. Much of the evidence was based on observational methods with few trials, which likely reflects the unique context of each health emergency. Evolution of methods was apparent, particularly in virtual learning. Learning during health emergencies appeared to improve knowledge, general management of the situation, quality of life of both trainers and affected population, satisfaction and clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION: This is the first scoping review to map the evidence, which serves as a first step in developing urgently needed global guidance to further improve the quality and reach of learning interventions and training methods in this context.},
}

Humans
*Emergencies
Health Personnel/education
COVID-19/epidemiology
Learning
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39012087,
year = {2024},
author = {Du, Z and Liu, C and Bai, Y and Wang, L and Lim, WW and Lau, EHY and Cowling, BJ},
title = {Predicting Efficacies of Fractional Doses of Vaccines by Using Neutralizing Antibody Levels: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {JMIR public health and surveillance},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {e49812},
doi = {10.2196/49812},
pmid = {39012087},
issn = {2369-2960},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; *Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Vaccine Efficacy/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have eluded immunity from vaccines and prior infections, vaccine shortages and vaccine effectiveness pose unprecedented challenges for governments in expanding booster vaccination programs. The fractionation of vaccine doses might be an effective strategy for helping society to face these challenges, as fractional doses may have efficacies comparable with those of the standard doses.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between vaccine immunogenicity and protection and to project efficacies of fractional doses of vaccines for COVID-19 by using neutralizing antibody levels.

METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the relationship between in vitro neutralization levels and the observed efficacies against both asymptomatic infection and symptomatic infection, using data from 13 studies of 10 COVID-19 vaccines and from convalescent cohorts. We further projected efficacies for fractional doses, using neutralization as an intermediate variable, based on immunogenicity data from 51 studies included in our systematic review.

RESULTS: In comparisons with the convalescent level, vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic infection and symptomatic infection increased from 8.8% (95% CI 1.4%-16.1%) to 71.8% (95% CI 63%-80.7%) and from 33.6% (95% CI 23.6%-43.6%) to 98.6% (95% CI 97.6%-99.7%), respectively, as the mean neutralization level increased from 0.1 to 10 folds of the convalescent level. Additionally, mRNA vaccines provided the strongest protection, which decreased slowly for fractional dosing with dosages between 50% and 100% of the standard dose. We also observed that although vaccine efficacy increased with the mean neutralization level, the rate of this increase was slower for vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic infection than for vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infection.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with studies on immune protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on our study, we expect that fractional-dose vaccination could provide partial immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the efficacy of fractional-dose vaccines, serving as reference evidence for implementing fractional dosing vaccine policies in areas facing vaccine shortages and thereby mitigating disease burden. Fractional-dose vaccination could be a viable vaccination strategy comparable to full-dose vaccination and deserves further exploration.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology
*Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Vaccine Efficacy/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Immunogenicity, Vaccine
Antibodies, Viral/blood

@article {pmid38415433,
year = {2024},
author = {Eftekhar, Z and Haybar, H and Mohebbi, A and Saki, N},
title = {Cardiac Complications and COVID-19: A Review of Life-threatening Co-morbidities.},
journal = {Current cardiology reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {1-12},
pmid = {38415433},
issn = {1875-6557},
mesh = {*COVID-19/complications ; Humans ; *Comorbidity ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology ; },
abstract = {The novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in the last days of December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The presence of certain co-morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), are the basis for worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Relevant English-language literature was searched and retrieved from the Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database up to 2023 using COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Heart failure, Myocardial infarction, and Arrhythmia and Cardiac complication as keywords. Increased hemodynamic load, ischemia-related dysfunction, ventricular remodeling, excessive neurohumoral stimulation, abnormal myocyte calcium cycling, and excessive or insufficient extracellular matrix proliferation are associated with heart failure (HF) in COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory reaction due to the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines, leads to myocardial infarction (MI) in these patients. The virus can induce heart arrhythmia through cardiac complications, hypoxia, decreased heart hemodynamics, and remarkable inflammatory markers. Moreover, studies have linked cardiac complications in COVID-19 with poor outcomes, extended hospitalization time, and increased mortality rate. Patients with COVID-19 and CVDs are at higher mortality risk and they should be given high priority when receiving the treatment and intensive care during hospitalization.},
}

*COVID-19/complications
Humans
*Comorbidity
*SARS-CoV-2
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology

@article {pmid38318833,
year = {2024},
author = {Dobhal, K and Garg, R and Singh, A and Semwal, A},
title = {Insight into the Natural Biomolecules (BMs): Promising Candidates as Zika Virus Inhibitors.},
journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets},
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {e020224226681},
pmid = {38318833},
issn = {2212-3989},
mesh = {Humans ; *Zika Virus/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; *Zika Virus Infection/drug therapy/virology ; Animals ; Biological Products/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) is among the relatively new infectious disease threats that include SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, monkeypox (Mpox) virus, etc. ZIKV has been reported to cause severe health risks to the fetus. To date, satisfactory treatment is still not available for the treatment of ZIKV infection. This review examines the last five years of work using natural biomolecules (BMs) to counteract the ZIKV through virtual screening and in vitro investigations. Virtual screening has identified doramectin, pinocembrin, hesperidins, epigallocatechin gallate, pedalitin, and quercetin as potentially active versus ZIKV infection. In vitro, testing has shown that nordihydroguaiaretic acid, mefloquine, isoquercitrin, glycyrrhetinic acid, patentiflorin-A, rottlerin, and harringtonine can reduce ZIKV infections in cell lines. However, in vivo, testing is limited, fortunately, emetine, rottlerin, patentiflorin-A, and lycorine have shown in vivo anti- ZIKV potential. This review focuses on natural biomolecules that show a particularly high selective index (>10). There is limited in vivo and clinical trial data for natural BMs, which needs to be an active area of investigation. This review aims to compile the known reference data and discuss the barriers associated with discovering and using natural BM agents to control ZIKV infection.},
}

Humans
*Zika Virus/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
*Zika Virus Infection/drug therapy/virology
Animals
Biological Products/pharmacology

@article {pmid38251692,
year = {2024},
author = {Kaur, G and Kaur, R and Sumanpreet, and Kaur, M},
title = {Association of COVID with Mycosis in General.},
journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {e190124225866},
pmid = {38251692},
issn = {2212-3989},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Mucormycosis/epidemiology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; India/epidemiology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; Hyperglycemia/complications/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory disease which created havoc worldwide, was accompanied by another peculiar, otherwise rare, secondary fungal infection Mucormycosis which was observed at exceptionally high incidence in India during the second wave of COVID-19. The article explores possible links between the two infectious diseases to understand a higher-than-normal occurrence of Mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients. Coronavirus enters the patients through ACE-2 and many other receptors like- NRP-1, TfR, CD-126, and CD-26. Virus bind to cells possessing these receptors and affect their proper functioning, disturbing homeostatic metabolism and resulting in conditions like hyperglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), low serum pH, iron overload, anemia, hypoxia, and immunosuppression as explained in the article. All these outcomes provide a very supportive environment for the attack and spread of Mucormycosis fungi. The major receptor for Mucormycosis in humans is the GRP-78. Its expression is upregulated by coronavirus entry and by hyperferritinemia, hyperglycemia, and acidic conditions prevalent in COVID patients, thus providing an easy entry for the fungal species. Upregulation of GRP-78 furthermore damages pancreatic β-cells and intensifies hyperglycemia, showing quite a synergic relationship. Inordinate rise of Mucormycosis cases in India might be explained by facts like- India possessing a large proportion of diabetic patients, emergence of a very deadly strain of coronavirus- Delta strain, higher doses of steroids and antibodies used to treat patients against this strain, overburdened health care services, sudden much higher need of oxygen supply and use of industrial oxygen could explain the Mucormycosis outbreak observed in India during the second wave of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: The present review discusses the functional interdependence between COVID-19 and Mucormycosis and summarizes the possible synergic links between COVID and Mucormycosis.

CONCLUSION: The receptors and metabolic pathways affected by COVID-19 result in severe physiological conditions- hyperglycemia, DKA, anemia, iron overload, immunosuppression, and hypoxia. All these conditions not only increase the expression of GRP-78, the major receptor for entry of fungi but also play a crucial role in providing quality media for Mucormycosis fungus to establish and grow. Hence explains the fungal epidemic observed in India during the second wave of COVID-19 in India.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*Mucormycosis/epidemiology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2
India/epidemiology
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
Hyperglycemia/complications/epidemiology

@article {pmid39010851,
year = {2024},
author = {Leonard, R and O'Connor, SR and Hanratty, J and Keenan, C and Chi, Y and Ferguson, J and Axiaq, A and Volz, A and Welsh, C and Campbell, K and Hawkins, V and Miller, S and Bradley, D and Dempster, M},
title = {Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID-related handwashing behaviours: A systematic review.},
journal = {Campbell systematic reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {e1421},
pmid = {39010851},
issn = {1891-1803},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in illness, deaths and societal disruption on a global scale. Societies have implemented various control measures to reduce transmission of the virus and mitigate its impact. Individual behavioural changes are crucial to the successful implementation of these measures. One commonly recommended measure to limit risk of infection is frequent handwashing. It is important to identify those factors that can predict the uptake and maintenance of handwashing.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify and synthesise the evidence on malleable psychological and psychosocial factors that determine uptake and adherence to handwashing aimed at reducing the risk of infection or transmission of COVID-19.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched various literature sources including electronic databases (Medline ALL, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Web of Science), web searches, conference proceedings, government reports, other repositories of literature and grey literature. The search strategy was built around three concepts of interest including (1) context (terms relating to COVID-19), (2) behaviour of interest and (3) terms related to psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health-Related Behaviours and adherence or compliance with handwashing, to capture malleable determines. Searches capture studies up until October 2021.

SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligibility criteria included observational studies (both retrospective and prospective) and experimental studies that measure and report malleable psychological and psychosocial determinants and handwashing at an individual level, amongst the general public. Screening was supported by the Cochrane Crowd. Titles and abstracts were screened against the eligibility criteria by three independent screeners. Following this, all potentially relevant studies were screened at full-text level by the research team. All conflicts between screeners were resolved by discussion between the core research team.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All data extraction was managed in EPPI-Reviewer software. All eligible studies, identified through full-text screening were extracted by one author. We extracted data on study information, population, determinant, behaviour and effects. A second author checked data extraction on 20% of all included papers. All conflicts were discussed by the two authors until consensus was reached.We assessed methodological quality of all included studies using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Quality appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies.

MAIN RESULTS: Our initial searches yielded 23,587 results, of which 56 studies were included in this review. The included studies were cross sectional in design, came from 22 countries and had a combined sample of 199,376 participants. The vast majority of studies had samples from the general public, with eight of the studies focusing on specific samples. All included studies considered people over the age of 18. The quality of the majority of the studies was good (n = 30 rated low risk of bias), with 8 rated high risk of bias, predominately due to lack of reporting of recruitment, sample characteristics and methodology. Thirty-four studies were included in the narrative synthesis and 28 in the meta-analysis.Findings indicated that emotions about COVID-19 (worry [0.381, confidence interval [CI] = 0.270-0.482, I [2] = 92%) and anxiety (0.308, CI = 0.154-0.448, I [2] = 91%]), knowledge of COVID-19 (0.323, CI = 0.223-0.417, I [2] = 94%), and perceived social norms (0.303, CI = 0.184-0.413, I [2] = 92%) were among the malleable determinants most associated with handwashing. Perceived severity (0.006, CI = -0.011-0.023) and susceptibility of COVID-19 (0.041, CI = -0.034 to 0.115) had little to no effect on handwashing behaviour.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the effects of various malleable determinants on COVID-related handwashing can aid in the development and implementation of interventions and public health campaigns to promote handwashing behaviour in potential new waves of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Emotions about COVID, knowledge of COVID and perceived social norms warrant further consideration in future research and policy.},
}

@article {pmid39010718,
year = {2024},
author = {Gray, B and Lubbock, K and Love, C and Ryder, E and Hudson, S and Scarth, J},
title = {Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023.},
journal = {Drug testing and analysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/dta.3760},
pmid = {39010718},
issn = {1942-7611},
abstract = {The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2-year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of 'small' and 'large' molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of 'endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.},
}

@article {pmid39009199,
year = {2024},
author = {Nithya Shree, J and Premika, T and Sharlin, S and Annie Aglin, A},
title = {Diverse approaches to express recombinant spike protein: A comprehensive review.},
journal = {Protein expression and purification},
volume = {223},
number = {},
pages = {106556},
doi = {10.1016/j.pep.2024.106556},
pmid = {39009199},
issn = {1096-0279},
abstract = {The spike protein of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for infecting host cells. It has two segments, S1 and S2. The S1 segment has a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that attaches to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S2 segment helps in the fusion of the viral cell membrane by creating a six-helical bundle through the two-heptad repeat domain. To develop effective vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19, it is critical to express and purify the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Extensive studies have been conducted on expression of a complete recombinant spike protein or its fragments. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the different expression systems employed for spike protein expression, along with their advantages and disadvantages.},
}

@article {pmid39009118,
year = {2024},
author = {Choinski, K and Smolock, C and Phair, J},
title = {The Top One Hundred Most Cited Articles in Venous Disease and Management.},
journal = {Annals of vascular surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.avsg.2024.05.028},
pmid = {39009118},
issn = {1615-5947},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Advancements in the management of venous disease have been documented in scientific literature. We performed a bibliometric analysis using citations as an indication of impact to analyze the most influential articles on venous disease and treatment.

METHODS: A retrospective search of the Web of Science database was conducted in May 2023. Key search terms were queried to generate relevant articles. Articles were ranked on total number of citations and average number of citations per year. Metrics analyzed included top journals, impact factor, journal discipline, institution and country of publication, author degree and gender, number of publications per year, level of evidence, and article topic area.

RESULTS: The top 100 articles on venous disease were published between 1994 and 2020, with a total of 102,856 citations, average 1028 citations/article, and mean of 70 citations/year. The most popular article was "Incidence of thrombotic complications of in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19" with 3,482 citations in total. The most popular journals were New England Journal of Medicine (22 articles), Lancet (14 articles), and CHEST (13 articles), pertaining to management of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The Journal of Vascular surgery had 2 influential articles, focused on management of chronic venous disease. Many articles were published in the United States (52), Canada (38), and Netherlands (25). Prolific authors were predominantly male (96%) and 59% were MDs versus 29% combined MD/PhD and 12% PhDs. Popular venous articles included guidelines/standards for DVT management (12%), epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (12%), and anticoagulation for DVT (12%). Specific VTE risk factors within popular literature included prothrombotic genes, malignancy, pregnancy, trauma, and COVID-19. Articles on surgical interventions included inferior vena cava filter placement, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and risks of femoral and subclavian vein catheterization. Venous stenting and mechanical thrombectomy were not within the top articles.

CONCLUSIONS: Top cited articles on venous disease emphasized management of DVT, followed by chronic venous disease, through the collaboration of multiple medical and surgical specialties. The largest number of citations in recent DVT literature was driven by COVID-19 complications.},
}

@article {pmid39008602,
year = {2024},
author = {Sotnikova-Meleshkina, ZV and Yatsyk, YO and Bobrova, OV and Kryvonos, KA},
title = {The influence of vitamin and mineral consumption on the course of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).},
journal = {Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)},
volume = {77},
number = {5},
pages = {1086-1092},
doi = {10.36740/WLek202405132},
pmid = {39008602},
issn = {0043-5147},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Vitamins/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Minerals/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Dietary Supplements ; Micronutrients/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Aim: The study of the role of micronutrients in the prevention of the severe course of the coronavirus disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: In order to fulfill the task, there was conducted an analytical review of medical and biological publications in English in the electronic databases PubMed Medline of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the period from 2015 to November 2023, where included 50 published articles, 28 preprints and 109 trials. In the course of the study, the bibliographic-semantic research method was used according to the "Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) protocol. According to this protocol, identified literary sources were sequentially analyzed by title, keywords, abstract and full text of articles. Based on the results of 16 searches, 2650 articles from PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Embase, 3162 articles from preprint servers and 237 trials were rejected. In the final article synthesis, we included 50 published articles, 28 preprints, and 109 trials.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The most effective in preventing complications of the coronavirus disease are vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B3, B6, B9, B12 and such mineral substances as Mg, Se and Zn. The consumption of appropriate bioactive complexes and source products can be considered a clinically and economically effective strategy for the prevention of a severe course of the coronavirus disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Vitamins/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Minerals/therapeutic use
SARS-CoV-2
Dietary Supplements
Micronutrients/therapeutic use

@article {pmid39008244,
year = {2024},
author = {da Silva, MBF and Teixeira, CMLL},
title = {Cyanobacterial and microalgae polymers: antiviral activity and applications.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39008244},
issn = {1678-4405},
abstract = {At the end of 2019, the world witnessed the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. As an aggressive viral infection, the entire world remained attentive to new discoveries about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its effects in the human body. The search for new antivirals capable of preventing and/or controlling the infection became one of the main goals of research during this time. New biocompounds from marine sources, especially microalgae and cyanobacteria, with pharmacological benefits, such as anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral attracted particular interest. Polysaccharides (PS) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially those containing sulfated groups in their structure, have potential antiviral activity against several types of viruses including HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1, and SARS-CoV-2. We review the main characteristics of PS and EPS with antiviral activity, the mechanisms of action, and the different extraction methodologies from microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass.},
}

@article {pmid39008157,
year = {2024},
author = {Kim, S and Park, J and Lee, H and Lee, H and Woo, S and Kwon, R and Kim, S and Koyanagi, A and Smith, L and Rahmati, M and Fond, G and Boyer, L and Kang, J and Lee, JH and Oh, J and Yon, DK},
title = {Global public concern of childhood and adolescence suicide: a new perspective and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era.},
journal = {World journal of pediatrics : WJP},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39008157},
issn = {1867-0687},
support = {RS-2023-00248157//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Suicide is the second leading cause of death in young people worldwide and is responsible for about 52,000 deaths annually in children and adolescents aged 5-19 years. Familial, social, psychological, and behavioral factors play important roles in suicide risk. As traumatic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to suicidal behaviors in young people, there is a need to understand the current status of suicide in adolescents, including its epidemiology, associated factors, the influence of the pandemic, and management initiatives.

DATA SOURCES: We investigated global and regional suicide mortality rates among children and adolescents aged 5-19 years using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The suicide mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were examined in 204 countries and territories across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Additionally, we utilized electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, and employed various combinations of terms such as "suicide", "adolescents", "youth", "children", "risk factors", "COVID-19 pandemic", "prevention", and "intervention" to provide a narrative review on suicide within the pediatric population in the post-pandemic era.

RESULTS: Despite the decreasing trend in the global suicide mortality rate from 1990 to 2019, it remains high. The mortality rates from suicide by firearms or any other specified means were both greater in males. Additionally, Southeast Asia had the highest suicide rate among the six WHO regions. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to contribute to suicide risk in young people; thus, there is still a strong need to revisit appropriate management for suicidal children and adolescents during the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: The current narrative review integrates up-to-date knowledge on suicide epidemiology and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, risk factors, and intervention strategies. Although numerous studies have characterized trends in suicide among young people during the pre-pandemic era, further studies are required to investigate suicide during the pandemic and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era. It is necessary to identify effective prevention strategies targeting young people, particularly those at high risk, and successful treatment for individuals already manifesting suicidal behaviors. Care for suicidal children and adolescents should be improved with parental, school, community, and clinical involvement.},
}

@article {pmid39008087,
year = {2024},
author = {Heinz, A and Gutwinski, S and Krausz, M and Ernst, G and Vogel, M and Scherbaum, N},
title = {[Challenges in the treatment of opioid dependence].},
journal = {Der Nervenarzt},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39008087},
issn = {1433-0407},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The number of persons using opioids has increased worldwide in the last decade, particularly the use of opioid analgesics in North America and Africa. In Germany, the prevalence of heroin addiction has remained relatively stable.

METHOD: Narrative review of the literature.

RESULTS: Opioid-assisted maintenance treatment (OMT) with the established substances methadone, levomethadone, slow-release morphine and buprenorphine is recommended as the first-line treatment for heroin dependence. The OMT reduces the use of heroin, mortality and individual suffering and improves the quality of life and physical health. A diamorphine and heroine-assisted treatment is an option for people who do not benefit from conventional OMT. An alternative to the use of diamorphine could be treatment with hydromorphone hydrochloride. The regulations on carrying out maintenance treatment in the Controlled Substances Prescription Act and the guidelines of the Federal Medical Association in Germany have been loosened based on the experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic, for example with respect to take-home prescriptions. There is an ongoing intensive discussion on how to deal with the decreasing number of outpatient clinics offering OMT.

CONCLUSION: The first-line treatment for opioid addiction is opioid-assisted substitution treatment, including diamorphine and heroin-assisted treatment. Long-acting depot medications and implants still play a subordinate role.},
}

@article {pmid39008060,
year = {2024},
author = {Kontandreopoulou, CN and Solomou, EE and Kolorizos, E and Diamantopoulos, PT},
title = {Vaccine challenges in CLL: a comprehensive exploration of efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 immunization for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.},
journal = {Annals of hematology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39008060},
issn = {1432-0584},
abstract = {Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by disease- and treatment-related immunosuppression. Patients with CLL comprise a vulnerable population to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination remains uncertain.We conducted a systematic review to evaluate published data reporting response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with CLL. The primary outcome was the rate of seropositivity after full primary vaccination, while secondary outcomes were rates of positive neutralizing antibodies, cellular responses, and adverse events. Response after booster doses of vaccination was also evaluated.Twenty-three studies of full primary vaccination (12 CLL-specific with 1747 patients, 11 with mixed hematologic diseases including 1044 patients with CLL) with a total of 2791 patients, and eight studies on booster doses with 389 patients were included in the analysis. The serologic response varied between studies with a median of 55%. Where reported, the median neutralizing antibody response rate was 61.2% and the cellular response rate was 44.2%. Poor serologic response was noted in patients under active treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, BCL2, and BTK inhibitors.The present review highlights the substantially impaired humoral and cellular response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with CLL with patients under active treatment being the most vulnerable.},
}

@article {pmid39007954,
year = {2024},
author = {Ding, Z and Wei, X and Pan, H and Shi, H and Shi, Y},
title = {Unveiling the intricacies of COVID-19: Autoimmunity, multi-organ manifestations and the role of autoantibodies.},
journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology},
volume = {99},
number = {2},
pages = {e13344},
doi = {10.1111/sji.13344},
pmid = {39007954},
issn = {1365-3083},
support = {//Shanghai Gaofeng & Gaoyuan Project for University Academic Program Development/ ; //Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai/ ; //National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance/ ; //Shanghai Sailing Program/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Autoantibodies/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Autoimmunity/immunology ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; Molecular Mimicry/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease caused by a SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has caused a global pandemic and can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Beyond the respiratory system, the disease manifests in multiple organs, producing a spectrum of clinical symptoms. A pivotal factor in the disease's progression is autoimmunity, which intensifies its severity and contributes to multi-organ injuries. The intricate interaction between the virus' spike protein and human proteins may engender the generation of autoreactive antibodies through molecular mimicry. This can further convolute the immune response, with the potential to escalate into overt autoimmunity. There is also emerging evidence to suggest that COVID-19 vaccinations might elicit analogous autoimmune responses. Advanced technologies have pinpointed self-reactive antibodies that target diverse organs or immune-modulatory proteins. The interplay between autoantibody levels and multi-organ manifestations underscores the importance of regular monitoring of serum antibodies and proinflammatory markers. A combination of immunosuppressive treatments and antiviral therapy is crucial for managing COVID-19-associated autoimmune diseases. The review will focus on the generation of autoantibodies in the context of COVID-19 and their impact on organ health.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology
*Autoantibodies/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Autoimmunity/immunology
Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
Molecular Mimicry/immunology
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
Antibodies, Viral/immunology

@article {pmid39007934,
year = {2024},
author = {Voormann, AJ and Specker, C},
title = {[The German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (DGRh) and the COVID-19 pandemic].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39007934},
issn = {1435-1250},
abstract = {The pandemic led to a global disruption of public life unprecedented in modern times due to an infectious disease, which certainly caused additional special burdens for patients with chronic diseases as well as for personnel in the healthcare system. The German Society of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (DGRh), with its Executive Board and two ad hoc commissions, responded promptly to the complex challenges posed by the pandemic for rheumatological care in Germany with provision of a comprehensive and professionally sound range of information and provided concrete assistance in many situations. The diverse activities of the DGRh in the context of the pandemic led to national and international attention and consideration of its committees and recommendations in national committees and guidelines.},
}

@article {pmid39007473,
year = {2024},
author = {Dobrek, Ł},
title = {A review on the current approaches and perspectives of Covid-19 treatment.},
journal = {Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego},
volume = {52},
number = {3},
pages = {337-346},
doi = {10.36740/Merkur202403111},
pmid = {39007473},
issn = {1426-9686},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {At the beginning of 2020, the world was faced with the challenge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic announced by the WHO on March 11, caused by the betacoronavirus type 2 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which had profound health, sociological and even economic consequences. The quickly implemented and large-scale research resulted in the introduction of widely available vaccines that reduced the further development of the pandemic and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, 11 antiviral drugs (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab, Regdanvimab, Casirivimab/Imdevimab, Sotrovimab, Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir, Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, Baricitinib, Anakinra, Tocilizumab, Vilobelimab) have been approved or conditionally approved by the European Medicines Agency and/or by the Food and Drug Administration and are available on the pharmaceutical market. The progress in the pathophysiological description of the SARS-CoV-2 infection has allowed the identif i cation of potential targets for drugs against SARS-CoV-2: inhibitors of intracellular entry of the virus (the interaction between the viral spike (S) protein and the cellular angiotensin converting enzyme-2; ACE2 receptor), inhibitors of viral and cellular proteases, and immunomodulatory drugs (antagonists of pro-inf l ammatory cytokines or complement components). Novel agents against SARS-CoV-2 are also sought among the previously routinely used drugs as their repositioning and among plant-derived compounds. It is expected that ongoing research should result in the introduction of new drugs used in COVID-19 in the near future. The article brief l y describes the current epidemiological situation regarding COVID-19 and the currently used vaccines. Moreover, the paper outlines currently used and researched potential drugs in the pharmacotherapy of this disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
*SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/epidemiology
Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology

@article {pmid39007153,
year = {2024},
author = {Liang, G and Han, Y and He, H and Lu, C and Zhu, C},
title = {Case report and brief literature review: possible association of secukinumab with Guillain-Barré syndrome in psoriasis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1412470},
pmid = {39007153},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Guillain-Barre Syndrome/chemically induced/etiology ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Aged ; Male ; *Psoriasis/drug therapy/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/complications ; },
abstract = {The etiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) may be autoimmune. About two-thirds of patients typically experience their first symptoms within 5 days to 3 weeks after common infectious diseases, surgery, or vaccination. Infection is a triggering factor for over 50% of patients. In recent years, a growing number of studies have indicated that some immune checkpoint inhibitors and COVID-19 may also contribute to the occurrence of GBS. However, drugs are considered a rare cause of GBS. The patient in our case was a 70-year-old man who developed GBS after initiating secukinumab for psoriasis. Upon diagnosis suggesting a potential association between secukinumab and the development of GBS, as per the Naranjo adverse drug reaction (ADR) probability scale, we decided to discontinue the drug. Following this intervention, along with the administration of immunoglobulin, the patient exhibited a significant improvement in extremity weakness. The association of GBS with secukinumab treatment, as observed in this case, appears to be uncommon. The underlying mechanisms that may link secukinumab to the development of GBS are not yet fully understood and warrant further scientific inquiry and rigorous investigation. However, we hope that this report can raise greater awareness and vigilance among medical professionals to enhance the safety of patients' medication.},
}

Humans
*Guillain-Barre Syndrome/chemically induced/etiology
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Aged
Male
*Psoriasis/drug therapy/complications
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19/complications

@article {pmid39006340,
year = {2024},
author = {Çakır, GY and Paşaoğlu, IB and Çakır, İ and Solmaz, B},
title = {Adie's tonic pupil after COVID-19: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Romanian journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {68},
number = {2},
pages = {89-91},
pmid = {39006340},
issn = {2501-2533},
mesh = {Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Anisocoria/diagnosis/etiology ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Tonic Pupil/diagnosis/etiology ; },
abstract = {Objective: Various neurological complications have been reported after COVID-19. The study aimed to document an unusual case of Adie's tonic pupil following COVID-19. Methods: The study was a case report. Results: A 28-year-old female had suffered a flu-like disease about 2 months before and the SARSCoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test at that time was positive. Two weeks after infection she noticed an asymmetry between the pupils. The only pathological finding on examination was anisocoria with a larger left pupil in ambient light. Light reflexes were observed in the right eye, while in the left eye, they were absent. Also, there was no near response in the left pupil. A 0.1% pilocarpine test results validated Adie's pupil diagnosis. After one year of follow-up, the anisocoria decreased but did not completely recover. Discussion: COVID-19 may cause damage to neural structures due to autoimmune ways by activating immune pathways or because of vascular complications that may affect the vasa nervorum. Adie's tonic pupil is often idiopathic, but it may develop following viral infection. Conclusions: Ocular complications that involve pupil abnormalities may manifest following COVID-19. In the cases of Adie's tonic pupil, infectious diseases, including COVID-19, should be questioned. Abbreviations: RT PCR = reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.},
}

Adult
Female
Humans
Anisocoria/diagnosis/etiology
*COVID-19/diagnosis/complications
*SARS-CoV-2
*Tonic Pupil/diagnosis/etiology

@article {pmid39006140,
year = {2024},
author = {Nasir, N and Khanum, I and Habib, K and Wagley, A and Arshad, A and Majeed, A},
title = {Insight into COVID-19 associated liver injury: Mechanisms, evaluation, and clinical implications.},
journal = {Hepatology forum},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {139-149},
pmid = {39006140},
issn = {2757-7392},
abstract = {COVID-19 has affected millions worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality. While predominantly involving the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 has also caused systemic illnesses involving other sites. Liver injury due to COVID-19 has been variably reported in observational studies. It has been postulated that liver damage may be due to direct damage by the SARS-CoV-2 virus or multifactorial secondary to hepatotoxic therapeutic options, as well as cytokine release syndrome and sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction. The approach to a COVID-19 patient with liver injury requires a thorough evaluation of the pattern of hepatocellular injury, along with the presence of underlying chronic liver disease and concurrent medications which may cause drug-induced liver injury. While studies have shown uneventful recovery in the majority of mildly affected patients, severe COVID-19 associated liver injury has been associated with higher mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and greater morbidity in survivors. Furthermore, its impact on long-term outcomes remains to be ascertained as recent studies report an association with metabolic-fatty liver disease. This present review provides insight into the subject by describing the postulated mechanism of liver injury, its impact in the presence of pre-existing liver disease, and its short- and long-term clinical implications.},
}

@article {pmid38981321,
year = {2024},
author = {Huang, X and Chen, X and Xian, Y and Jiang, F},
title = {Anti-virus activity and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides from medicinal herbs.},
journal = {Carbohydrate research},
volume = {542},
number = {},
pages = {109205},
doi = {10.1016/j.carres.2024.109205},
pmid = {38981321},
issn = {1873-426X},
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Polysaccharides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {There has been a sudden increase in viral diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing significant harm to human and animal well-being, as well as economic development. Medicinal herbs, with a history of thousands of years in clinical use, contain versatile polysaccharides as one of their primary compounds. This review offers an overview of the antiviral effects of polysaccharides from medicinal herbs on viruses in humans, poultry, swine and aquaculture in recent years. The mechanism of these antiviral polysaccharides, involved in hindering various stages of the viral life cycle thereby blocking virus infection, is summarized. The review also explores other underlying mechanisms of antiviral effects, such as enhancing the immune response, regulating inflammatory reactions, balancing gut flora, reducing oxidative stress, and suppressing apoptosis through various corresponding signaling pathways. The structure-function relationships discussed in this article also aid in understanding the antiviral mechanism of natural polysaccharides, indicating the need for more in-depth research and analysis. Natural polysaccharides from medicinal herbs have emerged as valuable resources in the fight against viral infections, exhibiting high effectiveness. This review emphasizes the promising role of polysaccharides from medicinal herbs as potential candidates for blocking viral infections in humans and animals.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Polysaccharides/chemistry/pharmacology
Humans
*Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
Animals
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid38656976,
year = {2024},
author = {Rafiee, MJ and Friedrich, MG},
title = {MRI of cardiac involvement in COVID-19.},
journal = {The British journal of radiology},
volume = {97},
number = {1160},
pages = {1367-1377},
doi = {10.1093/bjr/tqae086},
pmid = {38656976},
issn = {1748-880X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/diagnostic imaging ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; *Myocarditis/diagnostic imaging ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Myocardium/pathology ; Heart/diagnostic imaging ; Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging/etiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to a diverse pattern of myocardial injuries, including myocarditis, which is linked to adverse outcomes in patients. Research indicates that myocardial injury is associated with higher mortality in hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients (75.8% vs 9.7%). Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has emerged as a crucial tool in diagnosing both ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardial injuries, providing detailed insights into the impact of COVID-19 on myocardial tissue and function. This review synthesizes existing studies on the histopathological findings and CMR imaging patterns of myocardial injuries in COVID-19 patients. CMR imaging has revealed a complex pattern of cardiac damage in these patients, including myocardial inflammation, oedema, fibrosis, and ischaemic injury, due to coronary microthrombi. This review also highlights the role of LLC criteria in diagnosis of COVID-related myocarditis and the importance of CMR in detecting cardiac complications of COVID-19 in specific groups, such as children, manifesting multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and athletes, as well as myocardial injuries post-COVID-19 infection or following COVID-19 vaccination. By summarizing existing studies on CMR in COVID-19 patients and highlighting ongoing research, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the cardiac impacts of COVID-19. It emphasizes the effectiveness of CMR in assessing a broad spectrum of myocardial injuries, thereby enhancing the management and prognosis of patients with COVID-19 related cardiac complications.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/diagnostic imaging
*Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
*Myocarditis/diagnostic imaging
SARS-CoV-2
Myocardium/pathology
Heart/diagnostic imaging
Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging/etiology

@article {pmid39004185,
year = {2024},
author = {Lee, JH and Sergi, C and Kast, RE and Kanwar, BA and Bourbeau, J and Oh, S and Sohn, MG and Lee, CJ and Coleman, MD},
title = {Basic implications on three pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Biomedical journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100766},
doi = {10.1016/j.bj.2024.100766},
pmid = {39004185},
issn = {2320-2890},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) interacts between the host and virus and govern induction, resulting in multiorgan impacts. Its pathophysiology involves the followings: 1) the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways: 2) the neuropilin (NRP) pathway: 3) the spike protein pathway. Therefore, it is necessary to block the pathological course with modulating innate lymphoid cells against diverse corona variants in the future.},
}

@article {pmid39004033,
year = {2024},
author = {Wilson, JD and Dworsky-Fried, M and Ismail, N},
title = {Neurodevelopmental implications of COVID-19-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis in pregnant women.},
journal = {Journal of reproductive immunology},
volume = {165},
number = {},
pages = {104300},
doi = {10.1016/j.jri.2024.104300},
pmid = {39004033},
issn = {1872-7603},
abstract = {The global public health emergency of COVID-19 in January 2020 prompted a surge in research focusing on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the virus. While numerous reports have been published on the acute effects of COVID-19 infection, the review explores the multifaceted long-term implications of COVID-19, with a particular focus on severe maternal COVID-19 infection, gut microbiome dysbiosis, and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Severe COVID-19 infection has been associated with heightened immune system activation and gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe COVID-19 may also result in gut microbiome dysbiosis and a compromised intestinal mucosal barrier, often referred to as 'leaky gut'. Increased gut permeability facilitates the passage of inflammatory cytokines, originating from the inflamed intestinal mucosa and gut, into the bloodstream, thereby influencing fetal development during pregnancy and potentially elevating the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. The current review discusses the role of cytokine signaling molecules, microglia, and synaptic pruning, highlighting their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders following maternal COVID-19 infection. Additionally, this review addresses the potential of probiotic interventions to mitigate gut dysbiosis and inflammatory responses associated with COVID-19, offering avenues for future research in optimizing maternal and fetal health outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid39003921,
year = {2024},
author = {Fazel, F and Doost, JS and Raj, S and Boodhoo, N and Karimi, K and Sharif, S},
title = {The mRNA vaccine platform for veterinary species.},
journal = {Veterinary immunology and immunopathology},
volume = {274},
number = {},
pages = {110803},
doi = {10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110803},
pmid = {39003921},
issn = {1873-2534},
abstract = {Vaccination has proven to be an effective means of controlling pathogens in animals. Since the introduction of veterinary vaccines in the 19th century, several generations of vaccines have been introduced. These vaccines have had a positive impact on global animal health and production. Despite, the success of veterinary vaccines, there are still some pathogens for which there are no effective vaccines available, such as African swine fever. Further, animal health is under the constant threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, some of which are zoonotic and can pose a threat to human health. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has highlighted the need for new vaccine platforms that are safe and efficacious, but also importantly, are adaptable and can be modified rapidly to match the circulating pathogens. mRNA vaccines have been shown to be an effective vaccine platform against various viral and bacterial pathogens. This review will cover some of the recent advances in the field of mRNA vaccines for veterinary species. Moreover, various mRNA vaccines and their delivery methods, as well as their reported efficacy, will be discussed. Current limitations and future prospects of this vaccine platform in veterinary medicine will also be discussed.},
}

@article {pmid38847531,
year = {2024},
author = {Chin, T and Foxman, EF and Watkins, TA and Lipsitch, M},
title = {Considerations for viral co-infection studies in human populations.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {e0065824},
doi = {10.1128/mbio.00658-24},
pmid = {38847531},
issn = {2150-7511},
support = {2T32AI007535//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; //Rita Allen Foundation (RAF)/ ; T32AI007019//HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; 1U01CA261277//HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)/ ; FastGrants for COVID-19//GMU | Mercatus Center, George Mason University (Mercatus Center)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Coinfection/virology/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Viral Interference ; Selection Bias ; Prevalence ; Viruses/genetics/classification/isolation & purification ; Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {When respiratory viruses co-circulate in a population, individuals may be infected with multiple pathogens and experience possible virus-virus interactions, where concurrent or recent prior infection with one virus affects the infection process of another virus. While experimental studies have provided convincing evidence for within-host mechanisms of virus-virus interactions, evaluating evidence for viral interference or potentiation using population-level data has proven more difficult. Recent studies have quantified the prevalence of co-detections using populations drawn from clinical settings. Here, we focus on selection bias issues associated with this study design. We provide a quantitative account of the conditions under which selection bias arises in these studies, review previous attempts to address this bias, and propose unbiased study designs with sample size estimates needed to ascertain viral interference. We show that selection bias is expected in cross-sectional co-detection prevalence studies conducted in clinical settings, except under a strict set of assumptions regarding the relative probabilities of being included in a study limited to individuals with clinical disease under different viral states. Population-wide studies that collect samples from participants irrespective of their clinical status would meanwhile require large sample sizes to be sufficiently powered to detect viral interference, suggesting that a study's timing, inclusion criteria, and the expected magnitude of interference are instrumental in determining feasibility.},
}

Humans
*Coinfection/virology/epidemiology
Virus Diseases/epidemiology/virology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Viral Interference
Selection Bias
Prevalence
Viruses/genetics/classification/isolation & purification
Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology

@article {pmid39005515,
year = {2022},
author = {Permana, H and Soeriadi, EA and Damara, FA and Soetedjo, NNM},
title = {The Prognostic Properties of Thyroid Disorders, Hypothyroidism, and Hyperthyroidism in Predicting COVID-19 Poor Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Diagnostic Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {510-517},
pmid = {39005515},
issn = {2230-8210},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The relationship between thyroid metabolism and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inflammation has been extensively investigated. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic properties of unspecified thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism for predicting poor COVID-19 outcomes.

METHODS: We conducted systematic literature searching through multiple databases-PubMed, EBSCO and CENTRAL up until 27 September 2021. The main exposure was unspecified thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism or hypothyroidism on-admission status. The outcome of interest was the COVID-19 composite poor outcome that comprises severity, mortality, ICU admission and hospitalisation.

RESULTS: There were 24517 patients from 20 studies. Meta-analysis showed that thyroid disorder, regardless of its type, was associated with COVID-19 poor outcome (OR 2.92 (95% CI 2.09 - 4.08), P < 0.001; I[2] = 71%, P < 0.001). Unspecified thyroid disorder has a sensitivity of 0.17 (0.08-0.33), specificity of 0.94 (0.88-0.97) and Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.66. Hypothyroidism has a sensitivity of 0.24 (0.12-0.42), specificity of 0.92 (0.87-0.96) and AUC of 0.77. Hyperthyroidism has a sensitivity of 0.05 (0.02-0.11), specificity of 0.98 (0.88-1.00) and AUC of 0.36. In this pooled analysis, the posttest probability of unspecified thyroid disease, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were 42%, 27% and 8% for poor outcomes, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Thyroid disorders are associated with poor COVID-19 prognosis.},
}

@article {pmid39003721,
year = {2024},
author = {Khubieva, DH and Amlaev, KR and Mazharov, VN and Kravchenko, OO and Zafirova, VB},
title = {[The impact of alcohol and other psychoactive substance use during the covid-19 pandemic: problems and consequences].},
journal = {Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniia i istorii meditsiny},
volume = {32},
number = {Special Issue 1},
pages = {681-686},
doi = {10.32687/0869-866X-2024-32-s1-681-686},
pmid = {39003721},
issn = {0869-866X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/psychology ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology/psychology/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Mental Health ; Quarantine/psychology ; },
abstract = {This article discusses issues related to the use of surfactants during the COVID-19 pandemic. The global nature of this crisis has had a significant impact on the lives of people around the world, including their mental health. The introduction of quarantine and «isolation» measures have become one of the measures to control the spread of the disease, but such restrictions have led to various adverse psychological reactions such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as cases of self-mutilation and even suicide. All of these factors can negatively affect other aspects of health and lead to increased use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances. Stress, social isolation, the unpredictability of the future, loss of a job or income - all these can be motivating factors for people to turn to alcohol or other substances in search of relaxation or emotional support. However, such strategies are short-term and irrational, since alcohol consumption only worsens the mental state and further increases the risk of developing mental problems.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/psychology
Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology/psychology/adverse effects
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Mental Health
Quarantine/psychology

@article {pmid38898690,
year = {2024},
author = {Cracowski, JL and Molimard, M and Richard, V and Roustit, M and Khouri, C},
title = {Assessing the benefit-risk balance of drugs. Some lessons from the COVID pandemic.},
journal = {Expert opinion on drug safety},
volume = {23},
number = {8},
pages = {959-967},
doi = {10.1080/14740338.2024.2368811},
pmid = {38898690},
issn = {1744-764X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pharmacovigilance ; Risk Assessment ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Drug Interactions ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Drug efficacy and effectiveness are assessed respectively through clinical trials and pharmaco-epidemiological studies. However, relative and absolute benefits of drugs are distinct measures that must be considered in relation to the baseline risk of disease incidence, complication or progression. On the other hand, adverse drug reactions are independent of the basic risk but depend on the characteristics of the population treated. Given these prerequisites, how can we balance the benefits and risks of drugs?

AREAS COVERED: We use the example of therapeutics evaluated during Covid to describe how assessing the benefit-risk balance of drugs is a complex process.

EXPERT OPINION: Clinical trials are not designed to identify rare adverse events, underscoring the necessity for a pharmacovigilance system. Evaluating the balance between the benefits and risks of drugs is an ongoing process, demanding the simultaneous analysis of data from clinical trials, potential drug-drug interactions, pharmacovigilance monitoring and pharmaco-epidemiological studies, to identify potential safety concerns. In addition, pharmacologists must play a major role in educating the general public about drugs, aiding in the accurate interpretation of the benefit-risk balance and preventing misinformation.},
}

Humans
*Pharmacovigilance
Risk Assessment
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology/prevention & control
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Drug Interactions
Clinical Trials as Topic

@article {pmid38825565,
year = {2024},
author = {Dong, Y and Guo, C and Wang, J and Ye, C and Min, Q},
title = {Recent Advances in DNA Nanotechnology-Based Sensing Platforms for Rapid Virus Detection.},
journal = {Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e202400230},
doi = {10.1002/cbic.202400230},
pmid = {38825565},
issn = {1439-7633},
support = {22374069//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52303153//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 020514380255//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; },
abstract = {Several major viral pandemics in history have significantly impacted the public health of human beings. The COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the critical need for early detection and screening of infected individuals. However, current detection techniques are confronted with deficiencies in sensitivity and accuracy, restricting the capability of detecting trace amounts of viruses in human bodies and in the environments. The advent of DNA nanotechnology has opened up a feasible solution for rapid and sensitive virus determination. By harnessing the designability and addressability of DNA nanostructures, a range of rapid virus sensing platforms have been proposed. This review overviewed the recent progress, application, and prospect of DNA nanotechnology-based rapid virus detection platforms. Furthermore, the challenges and developmental prospects in this field were discussed.},
}

@article {pmid39003473,
year = {2024},
author = {Cheng, L and Rui, Y and Wang, Y and Chen, S and Su, J and Yu, XF},
title = {A glimpse into viral warfare: decoding the intriguing role of highly pathogenic coronavirus proteins in apoptosis regulation.},
journal = {Journal of biomedical science},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {70},
pmid = {39003473},
issn = {1423-0127},
support = {82341055//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 92169203//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 31970151//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 82172239//National Science Foundation of China/ ; 226-2023-00088//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University/ ; LY22C080002//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; 82102384//National Science foundation of China/ ; 82271778//National Science foundation of China/ ; 82303726//National Science foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Apoptosis ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Viral Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/physiology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19/virology ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses employ various strategies for survival, among which the activation of endogenous or exogenous apoptosis stands out, with viral proteins playing a pivotal role. Notably, highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV exhibit a greater array of non-structural proteins compared to low-pathogenic strains, facilitating their ability to induce apoptosis via multiple pathways. Moreover, these viral proteins are adept at dampening host immune responses, thereby bolstering viral replication and persistence. This review delves into the intricate interplay between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and apoptosis, systematically elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning apoptosis induction by viral proteins. Furthermore, it explores the potential therapeutic avenues stemming from apoptosis inhibition as antiviral agents and the utilization of apoptosis-inducing viral proteins as therapeutic modalities. These insights not only shed light on viral pathogenesis but also offer novel perspectives for cancer therapy.},
}

*Apoptosis
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Viral Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/physiology
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/physiology
COVID-19/virology

@article {pmid39003393,
year = {2024},
author = {Ye, X and Li, Y and Luo, F and Xu, Z and Kasimu, K and Wang, J and Xu, P and Tan, C and Yi, H and Luo, Y},
title = {Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids in the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental medicine},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {157},
pmid = {39003393},
issn = {1591-9528},
support = {C3230125//Guangzhou Clinical Characteristic Technology Project/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; *Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Treatment Outcome ; COVID-19/mortality ; Hospitalization ; },
abstract = {In the realm of acute respiratory infections, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a global public health challenge. The application of corticosteroids (CSs) in COVID-19 remains a contentious topic among researchers. Accordingly, our team performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to meticulously evaluate the safety and efficacy of CSs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. To explore efficacy of CSs in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, we meticulously screened RCTs across key databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, as well as China's CNKI and Wanfang Data. We focused on assessing the 28 days mortality rates. We evaluated the data heterogeneity using the Chi-square test and I[2] values, setting significance at 0.1 and 50%. Data from 21 RCTs involving 5721 participants were analyzed. The analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between CSs intervention and the 28 days mortality risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (relative risk [RR] = 0.93; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.84-1.03; P = 0.15). However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in 28 days mortality among patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 (RR at 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.95; P = 0.004). Specifically, short-term CS administration (≤ 3 days) was associated with a substantial improvement in clinical outcomes (RR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09-0.63; P = 0.004), as was longer-term use (≥ 8 days) (RR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.77-0.99; P = 0.04). Additionally, in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, the administration of dexamethasone increased the number of 28 days ventilator-free days (Mean Difference = 1.92; 95% CI: 0.44-3.40; P = 0.01). Methylprednisolone also demonstrated significant benefits in improving clinical outcomes (RR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09-0.63; P = 0.004). Our meta-analysis demonstrated that although there is no significant difference in 28 days mortality rates among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the use of CSs may be beneficial in improving clinical outcomes in moderate or severe COVID-19 patients. There was no significant increase in the occurrence of adverse events associated with the use of CSs. Our meta-analysis provides evidence that while CSs may not be suitable for all COVID-19 patients, they could be effective and safe in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Consequently, it is recommended to administer CSs for personalized treatments in COVID-19 cases to improve the clinical outcomes while minimizing adverse events.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
*Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use/adverse effects
*SARS-CoV-2
Treatment Outcome
COVID-19/mortality
Hospitalization

@article {pmid39003388,
year = {2024},
author = {Shandera, WX},
title = {COVID-19 ethics: unique aspects and a review as of early 2024.},
journal = {Monash bioethics review},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39003388},
issn = {1836-6716},
abstract = {COVID-19 presents a variety of ethical challenges in a set of arenas, arenas not always considered in past pandemics. These challenges include issues related to autonomy, distributive ethics, and the establishment of policies of equity and justice. Methods are a literature review based on regular editing of an online textbook during the COVID-19 outbreak and a literature review using key ethical terms. Patients are confronted with new issues related to autonomy. Providers need to expand their concepts of ethical issues to include decisions based on proportionality and public health ethics. The public health sector needs to assess the beneficence of alternative modes of disease control. The research community needs to redefine the concept of informed consent in emergent conditions. All elements of the medical spectrum-physicians, scientists, and the community-at-large including the pharmaceutical industry-need to consider the multifaceted methods for preventing future pandemics. This will require giving particular emphasis to public health funding and ending the documented discrimination that exists in the provision of proven therapies. The developing world is especially at risk for most of the ethical issues, especially those related to equity and justice. The ethical issues associated with the COVID-19 outbreak are not unique but provide a diverse set of issues that apply to patients, providers, social groups, and investigators. The further study of such issues can help with preventing future outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid39003014,
year = {2024},
author = {Thurston, IB and Fix, RL and Getzoff Testa, E},
title = {Anti-racism, Heterosexism, and Transphobia: Strategies for Adolescent Health Promotion Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {745-760},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.008},
pmid = {39003014},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Adolescent Health ; Black or African American ; *Health Promotion/methods ; Homophobia ; *Racism ; *Sexual and Gender Minorities ; },
abstract = {Anti-Black racism, heterosexism, and transphobia are significant public health concerns contributing to poor adolescent health outcomes. The authors introduce the health-equity adapted STYLE framework to increase knowledge and awareness of Black and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, questioning, asexual, or intersex (LGBTQ) + intersectionality. Guided by case examples, the authors identify key strategies to promote anti-racist, anti-heterosexist, and anti-transphobic practices. Utilization of this framework by adolescent health providers could promote the health and well-being of Black and LGBTQ + adolescents.},
}

Adolescent
Female
Humans
Male
*Adolescent Health
Black or African American
*Health Promotion/methods
Homophobia
*Racism
*Sexual and Gender Minorities

@article {pmid39003013,
year = {2024},
author = {McNamara, M and Barondeau, J and Brown, J},
title = {Mental Health, Climate Change, and Bodily Autonomy: An Analysis of Adolescent Health Policy in the Post-Pandemic Climate.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {729-744},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.05.004},
pmid = {39003013},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Health Policy ; *Mental Health ; *Climate Change ; *Adolescent Health ; *Personal Autonomy ; Young Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the vulnerability of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) who face economic disadvantage, depend on social safety net resources, have politically targeted identities, are geopolitically displaced, and/or are racially or ethnically marginalized. A rapid change in social safety net policies has impacts that reverberate throughout interrelated domains of AYA health, especially for vulnerable AYAs. The authors analyze policy-related changes in mental health, climate change, and bodily autonomy to offer a paradigm for an equitable path forward.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Health Policy
*Mental Health
*Climate Change
*Adolescent Health
*Personal Autonomy
Young Adult
SARS-CoV-2
United States/epidemiology

@article {pmid39003010,
year = {2024},
author = {Craig, LN and Arrington-Sanders, R},
title = {Social Media Use During Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Impact on Adolescent Health.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {683-691},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.05.003},
pmid = {39003010},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *Social Media ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; *Adolescent Health ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {During the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown, adolescents spent a great deal of time using social media. There have always been a host of positives and negatives associated with social media use. The negatives are more notable with heavier use. Once restrictions lifted and normalcy returned, social media usage appears to be returning to prepandemic rates in adolescents. Adolescents are reporting mostly positive and neutral personal effects of social media on their postpandemic lives.},
}

Humans
*Social Media
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
Adolescent
*Adolescent Health
Adolescent Behavior/psychology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39003009,
year = {2024},
author = {Desai, N and Holliday, S and Braun-Courville, D},
title = {Addressing Post-Pandemic Adolescent Health in Schools.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {671-682},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.05.001},
pmid = {39003009},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Adolescent Health ; *School Health Services/organization & administration ; Schools ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disrupted in-person learning for adolescents and young adults across the world. Inequities in learning outcomes were primarily caused by digital inequalities. Social needs of adolescent and young adult (AYA) emerged during the pandemic and school is a key part of supporting AYA social health. School-based health clinics can serve as a method to improve mental and physical health outcomes for AYA.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Adolescent Health
*School Health Services/organization & administration
Schools
SARS-CoV-2
Young Adult
Pandemics

@article {pmid39003008,
year = {2024},
author = {Hammond, CJ and Van Eck, K and Adger, H},
title = {Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Youth Substance Use and Substance-Related Risk Factors and Outcomes: Implications for Prevention, Treatment, and Policy.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {653-669},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.05.002},
pmid = {39003008},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Health Policy ; Child ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Youth substance use and substance use disorders (SUD) are major public health issues associated with significant societal cost. The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and pandemic-related lockdowns, school closures, and social distancing dramatically impacted the daily lives of young people worldwide, resulting in major disruptions to normal developmental trajectories and complex (and at times opposing effects) on different SUD risk and protective factors, which contributed to inconsistent outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, substance use prevalence rates decreased in the general population of US youth, but increased for certain vulnerable subgroups. Additionally, overdose deaths related to fentanyl rose significantly among US youth.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Adolescent
*Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
Risk Factors
United States/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Health Policy
Child
Pandemics

@article {pmid39003007,
year = {2024},
author = {Swamy, AM},
title = {Obesity: Post-Pandemic Weight Management.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {645-652},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.007},
pmid = {39003007},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pediatric Obesity/therapy/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Weight Loss ; },
abstract = {Societal changes secondary to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to increased prevalence of adolescents with obesity and heightened awareness of weight stigma and size bias. During this time the American Academy of Pediatrics published its first clinical practice guidelines, and the Food and Drug Administration approved new weight loss drugs for adolescents, but insurance coverage is largely unavailable.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Pediatric Obesity/therapy/epidemiology
Adolescent
United States/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Weight Loss

@article {pmid39003006,
year = {2024},
author = {Hartman-Munick, SM and Allen, S and Powell, A},
title = {Disordered Eating/Eating Disorders in Adolescents.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {631-643},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.005},
pmid = {39003006},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; *Feeding and Eating Disorders/therapy/psychology ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Telemedicine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was as tressful time for adolescents, with increased isolation, loss of routines, and changes in access to medical care. In this setting, the medical system saw a significant rise in the number of adolescents seeking care for eating disorders, as well as increased severity of patient presentation. Telehealth treatment for eating disorders was a unique shift during the pandemic, with some benefits but not universally positive experiences among patients, families and providers.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
*Feeding and Eating Disorders/therapy/psychology
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Telemedicine
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39003005,
year = {2024},
author = {Broussard, CA and Azola, A and Rowe, PC},
title = {Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Impact on Adolescents and Young Adults.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {613-630},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.004},
pmid = {39003005},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This review discusses the varying definitions for post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection (PASC) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), symptom profiles of AYAs with PASC, and assessment and management strategies when AYAs present with symptoms concerning for PASC. Additionally, it reviews the impact that PASC can have on AYAs and includes strategies for providers to support AYAs with PASC. Finally, it concludes with a discussion around equity in the care of AYAs with possible PASC.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Adolescent
Young Adult
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid38914284,
year = {2024},
author = {Potter, JA and Aitken, A and Yang, L and Hill, J and Tortajada, A and Hurwitz, JL and Jones, BG and Alias, N and Zhou, M and Connaris, H},
title = {HEX17(Neumifil): An intranasal respiratory biotherapeutic with broad-acting antiviral activity.},
journal = {Antiviral research},
volume = {228},
number = {},
pages = {105945},
doi = {10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105945},
pmid = {38914284},
issn = {1872-9096},
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/drug therapy ; Animals ; *Administration, Intranasal ; Virus Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control/virology ; Viruses/drug effects ; Mice ; },
abstract = {Broad-acting antiviral strategies to prevent respiratory tract infections are urgently required. Emerging or re-emerging viral diseases caused by new or genetic variants of viruses such as influenza viruses (IFVs), respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs), human rhinoviruses (HRVs), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) or coronaviruses (CoVs), pose a severe threat to human health, particularly in the very young or old, or in those with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although vaccines remain a key component in controlling and preventing viral infections, they are unable to provide broad-spectrum protection against recurring seasonal infections or newly emerging threats. HEX17 (aka Neumifil), is a first-in-class protein-based antiviral prophylactic for respiratory viral infections. HEX17 consists of a hexavalent carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) with high affinity to sialic acids, which are typically present on terminating branches of glycans on viral cellular receptors. This allows HEX17 to block virus engagement of host receptors and inhibit infection of a wide range of viral pathogens and their variants with reduced risk of antiviral resistance. As described herein, HEX17 has demonstrated broad-spectrum efficacy against respiratory viral pathogens including IFV, RSV, CoV and HRV in multiple in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition, HEX17 can be easily administered via an intranasal spray and is currently undergoing clinical trials.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/administration & dosage
Humans
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/drug therapy
Animals
*Administration, Intranasal
Virus Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control/virology
Viruses/drug effects
Mice

@article {pmid38768458,
year = {2024},
author = {Chou, R and Herman, E and Ahmed, A and Anderson, J and Selph, S and Dana, T and Williams, L and Ivlev, I},
title = {Long COVID Definitions and Models of Care : A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {177},
number = {7},
pages = {929-940},
doi = {10.7326/M24-0677},
pmid = {38768458},
issn = {1539-3704},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Terminology as Topic ; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Definitions of long COVID are evolving, and optimal models of care are uncertain.

PURPOSE: To perform a scoping review on definitions of long COVID and provide an overview of care models, including a proposed framework to describe and distinguish models.

DATA SOURCES: English-language articles from Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, SocINDEX, Scopus, Embase, and CINAHL published between January 2021 and November 2023; gray literature; and discussions with 18 key informants.

STUDY SELECTION: Publications describing long COVID definitions or models of care, supplemented by models described by key informants.

DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified for accuracy by another reviewer.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 1960 screened citations, 38 were included. Five clinical definitions of long COVID varied with regard to timing since symptom onset and the minimum duration required for diagnosis; 1 additional definition was symptom score-based. Forty-nine long COVID care models were informed by 5 key principles: a core "lead" team, multidisciplinary expertise, comprehensive access to diagnostic and therapeutic services, a patient-centered approach, and providing capacity to meet demand. Seven characteristics provided a framework for distinguishing models: home department or clinical setting, clinical lead, collocation of other specialties, primary care role, population managed, use of teleservices, and whether the model was practice- or systems-based. Using this framework, 10 representative practice-based and 3 systems-based models of care were identified.

LIMITATIONS: Published literature often lacked key model details, data were insufficient to assess model outcomes, and there was overlap between and variability within models.

CONCLUSION: Definitions of long COVID and care models are evolving. Research is needed to optimize models and evaluate outcomes of different models.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (Protocol posted at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/long-covid-models-care/protocol.).},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy
*SARS-CoV-2
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Terminology as Topic
Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration

@article {pmid38768451,
year = {2024},
author = {},
title = {Annals Video Summary - Long COVID Definitions and Models of Care: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {177},
number = {7},
pages = {eM240874},
doi = {10.7326/M24-0874},
pmid = {38768451},
issn = {1539-3704},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Pandemics ; },
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Pandemics

@article {pmid38586936,
year = {2024},
author = {Frangogiannis, NG},
title = {The fate and role of the pericytes in myocardial diseases.},
journal = {European journal of clinical investigation},
volume = {54},
number = {8},
pages = {e14204},
doi = {10.1111/eci.14204},
pmid = {38586936},
issn = {1365-2362},
support = {R01 HL76246/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL149407/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL85440/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL76246/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL149407/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL85440/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; PR211352//Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs/ ; },
mesh = {*Pericytes/physiology ; Humans ; *Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology ; Fibrosis ; COVID-19 ; Myocardium/pathology ; Heart Failure/physiopathology ; Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology ; Animals ; Myofibroblasts/physiology ; },
abstract = {The adult mammalian heart contains a large population of pericytes that play important roles in homeostasis and disease. In the normal heart, pericytes regulate microvascular permeability and flow. Myocardial diseases are associated with marked alterations in pericyte phenotype and function. This review manuscript discusses the role of pericytes in cardiac homeostasis and disease. Following myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac pericytes participate in all phases of cardiac repair. During the inflammatory phase, pericytes may secrete cytokines and chemokines and may regulate leukocyte trafficking, through formation of intercellular gaps that serve as exit points for inflammatory cells. Moreover, pericyte contraction induces microvascular constriction, contributing to the pathogenesis of 'no-reflow' in ischemia and reperfusion. During the proliferative phase, pericytes are activated by growth factors, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and contribute to fibrosis, predominantly through secretion of fibrogenic mediators. A fraction of pericytes acquires fibroblast identity but contributes only to a small percentage of infarct fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. As the scar matures, pericytes form a coat around infarct neovessels, promoting stabilization of the vasculature. Pericytes may also be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure, by regulating inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and myocardial perfusion. Pericytes are also important targets of viral infections (such as SARS-CoV2) and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac complications of COVID19. Considering their role in myocardial inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis, pericytes may be promising therapeutic targets in myocardial disease.},
}

*Pericytes/physiology
Humans
*Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
Fibrosis
COVID-19
Myocardium/pathology
Heart Failure/physiopathology
Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology
Animals
Myofibroblasts/physiology

@article {pmid38009837,
year = {2024},
author = {Ripoll, JG and Chang, MG and Nabzdyk, CS and Balakrishna, A and Ortoleva, J and Bittner, EA},
title = {Should Obesity Be an Exclusion Criterion for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support? A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Anesthesia and analgesia},
volume = {139},
number = {2},
pages = {300-312},
doi = {10.1213/ANE.0000000000006745},
pmid = {38009837},
issn = {1526-7598},
mesh = {*Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects/methods ; Humans ; *Obesity/therapy/complications/diagnosis ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Patient Selection ; },
abstract = {Obesity is often considered a contraindication to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) candidacy due to technical challenges with vascular access, higher cardiac output requirements, and known associations between obesity and overall increased morbidity and mortality due to chronic health conditions. However, a growing body of literature suggests that ECMO may be as safe and efficacious in both obese and nonobese patients. This scoping review provides a synthesis of the available literature on the outcomes of obese patients supported with (1) venovenous (VV)-ECMO in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) not due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), (2) VV-ECMO in ARDS due to COVID-19, (3) venoarterial (VA)-ECMO for all indications, and (4) studies combining data of patients supported with VA- and VV-ECMO. A librarian-assisted search was performed using 4 primary electronic medical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database [Embase], and Cochrane Library) from January 2003 to March 2023. Articles that reported outcomes of obese patients requiring ECMO support were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full text of articles to determine eligibility. Data extraction was performed using customized fields established a priori within a systematic review software system. A total of 354 publications were imported for screening on titles and abstracts, and 30 studies were selected for full-text review. A total of 26 publications met the inclusion criteria: 7 on VV-ECMO support in non-COVID-19 ARDS patients, 6 on ECMO in COVID-19 ARDS patients, 8 in patients supported with VA-ECMO, and 5 combining both VA- and VV-ECMO data. Although the included studies are limited to retrospective analyses and display a heterogeneity in definitions of obesity and comparison groups, the currently available literature suggests that outcomes and complications of ECMO therapy are equivalent in obese patients as compared to nonobese patients. Hence, obesity as measured by body mass index alone should not be considered an exclusion criterion in the decision to initiate ECMO.},
}

*Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects/methods
Humans
*Obesity/therapy/complications/diagnosis
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
*Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy
Treatment Outcome
Patient Selection

@article {pmid37711004,
year = {2024},
author = {Ali, F and Alom, S and Ali, SR and Kondoli, B and Sadhu, P and Borah, C and Kakoti, BB and Ghosh, SK and Shakya, A and Ahmed, AB and Singh, UP and Bhat, HR},
title = {Ebselen: A Review on its Synthesis, Derivatives, Anticancer Efficacy and Utility in Combating SARS-COV-2.},
journal = {Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry},
volume = {24},
number = {12},
pages = {1203-1225},
pmid = {37711004},
issn = {1875-5607},
support = {8-21/FDC/RPS (NER)/POLICY-1/2020-21//All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, India/ ; },
mesh = {*Organoselenium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Isoindoles/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; *Azoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; COVID-19/virology ; Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Ebselen is a selenoorganic chiral compound with antioxidant properties comparable to glutathione peroxidase. It is also known as 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one. In studies examining its numerous pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and anti- Alzheimer's, ebselen has demonstrated promising results. This review's primary objective was to emphasize the numerous synthesis pathways of ebselen and their efficacy in fighting cancer. The data were collected from multiple sources, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Publons. The starting reagents for the synthesis of ebselen are 2-aminobenzoic acid and N-phenyl benzamide. It was discovered that ebselen has the ability to initiate apoptosis in malignant cells and prevent the formation of new cancer cells by scavenging free radicals. In addition, ebselen increases tumor cell susceptibility to apoptosis by inhibiting TNF-α mediated NF-kB activation. Ebselen can inhibit both doxorubicin and daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Allopurinol and ebselen administered orally can be used to suppress renal ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Due to excessive administration, diclofenac can induce malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract, which ebselen can effectively suppress. Recent research has demonstrated ebselen to inhibit viral function by binding to cysteinecontaining catalytic domains of various viral proteases. It was discovered that ebselen could inhibit the catalytic dyad function of M[pro] by forming an irreversible covalent bond between Se and Cys145, thereby altering protease function and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2. Ebselen may also inhibit the activation of endosomal NADPH oxidase of vascular endothelial cells, which is believed to be required for thrombotic complications in COVID-19. In this review, we have included various studies conducted on the anticancer effect of ebselen as well as its inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.},
}

*Organoselenium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
*Isoindoles/pharmacology/chemistry
Humans
*Azoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
COVID-19/virology
Antioxidants/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
Apoptosis/drug effects
Neoplasms/drug therapy
Animals

@article {pmid37680157,
year = {2024},
author = {Dos Santos Nascimento, IJ and Gomes, JNS and de Oliveira Viana, J and de Medeiros E Silva, YMS and Barbosa, EG and de Moura, RO},
title = {The Power of Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Their Applications to Discover Cysteine Protease Inhibitors.},
journal = {Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry},
volume = {24},
number = {11},
pages = {1125-1146},
pmid = {37680157},
issn = {1875-5607},
mesh = {*Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/metabolism ; Humans ; Cysteine Proteases/metabolism/chemistry ; Drug Discovery ; SARS-CoV-2/enzymology/drug effects ; },
abstract = {A large family of enzymes with the function of hydrolyzing peptide bonds, called peptidases or cysteine proteases (CPs), are divided into three categories according to the peptide chain involved. CPs catalyze the hydrolysis of amide, ester, thiol ester, and thioester peptide bonds. They can be divided into several groups, such as papain-like (CA), viral chymotrypsin-like CPs (CB), papainlike endopeptidases of RNA viruses (CC), legumain-type caspases (CD), and showing active residues of His, Glu/Asp, Gln, Cys (CE). The catalytic mechanism of CPs is the essential cysteine residue present in the active site. These mechanisms are often studied through computational methods that provide new information about the catalytic mechanism and identify inhibitors. The role of computational methods during drug design and development stages is increasing. Methods in Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) accelerate the discovery process, increase the chances of selecting more promising molecules for experimental studies, and can identify critical mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and molecular pathways of action. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are essential in any drug discovery program due to their high capacity for simulating a physiological environment capable of unveiling significant inhibition mechanisms of new compounds against target proteins, especially CPs. Here, a brief approach will be shown on MD simulations and how the studies were applied to identify inhibitors or critical information against cysteine protease from several microorganisms, such as Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzain), Trypanosoma brucei (rhodesain), Plasmodium spp. (falcipain), and SARS-CoV-2 (M[pro]). We hope the readers will gain new insights and use our study as a guide for potential compound identifications using MD simulations.},
}

*Molecular Dynamics Simulation
*Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry/pharmacology/metabolism
Humans
Cysteine Proteases/metabolism/chemistry
Drug Discovery
SARS-CoV-2/enzymology/drug effects

@article {pmid39003004,
year = {2024},
author = {Milaniak, I and Davidson, S and Leewiwatanakul, B and Benton, TD},
title = {The Impact of COVID on Adolescent Anxiety: Trends, Clinical Considerations, and Treatment Recommendations.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {601-612},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.003},
pmid = {39003004},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Anxiety/therapy ; Telemedicine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy/epidemiology ; Female ; },
abstract = {Rates of clinical anxiety have increased during COVID and post-quarantine in youth, with older adolescent girls and youth with minorized racial, gender, and sexuality identities most vulnerable. Given that increased anxiety to a threatening/uncertain environment is adaptive, it is important to conceptualize anxiety from a balanced perspective, evaluating its functionality. For adolescents continuing to struggle with re-integration into their social environments and school avoidance, an exposure framework is necessary to encourage approach behaviors to recalibrate the social environment as safe. Disproportion between demand for services and available providers increased greatly due to the pandemic. Evidence-based treatments for anxiety can be delivered via telehealth, in school, or in primary care settings.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
Anxiety/therapy
Telemedicine
SARS-CoV-2
Anxiety Disorders/therapy/epidemiology
Female

@article {pmid39003003,
year = {2024},
author = {Close, J and Arshad, SH and Soffer, SL and Lewis, J and Benton, TD},
title = {Adolescent Health in the Post-Pandemic Era: Evolving Stressors, Interventions, and Prevention Strategies amid Rising Depression and Suicidality.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {583-600},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.002},
pmid = {39003003},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; *Suicide Prevention ; *Suicidal Ideation ; Adolescent Health ; Depression/epidemiology ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mental Health Services ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Prior to COVID-19, there were already increasing rates of youth with mental health concerns, including an increase in youth presenting to medical emergency departments (EDs) with mental health chief complaints and limited access to treatment. This trend worsened during the pandemic, and rates of youth presenting to medical EDs with suicidal ideation and self-harm increased 50% from 2019 to 2022. This resulted in a "boarding" crisis, in part, due to a lack of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization beds, and many youth were left without access to adequate treatment. Additional study of innovations in health care delivery will be paramount in meeting this need.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology/prevention & control
Adolescent
*Suicide Prevention
*Suicidal Ideation
Adolescent Health
Depression/epidemiology
United States/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Mental Health Services
Pandemics

@article {pmid39003002,
year = {2024},
author = {Culyba, A and Ragavan, MI and Miller, E},
title = {Supporting Youth Exposed to Violence in the Post-Pandemic: Prevention and Intervention Strategies.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {71},
number = {4},
pages = {567-581},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2024.04.001},
pmid = {39003002},
issn = {1557-8240},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; United States/epidemiology ; Violence/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Intimate Partner Violence/prevention & control ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was a public health emergency that impacted adolescents across the United States and disproportionately affected youth experiencing marginalization due to less access to resources and supports. This study reviews the increases in intimate partner and youth violence during the pandemic, mechanisms contributing to these increases, and the overarching health impacts on adolescents. Pediatric health professionals have a vital role to play in implementing healing-centered practices and prevention efforts that mitigate impacts of trauma and violence and that support youth and families in pathways to healing and recovery.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Adolescent
United States/epidemiology
Violence/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
Intimate Partner Violence/prevention & control
Pandemics/prevention & control

@article {pmid39002815,
year = {2024},
author = {Akula, M and Nguyen, M and Abraham, J and Arora, VM and Oladosu, F and Sunderrajan, A and Traeger, L and Press, VG},
title = {Determining if COPD Self-Management Televisit-Based Interventions are evaluated among and equitably effective across diverse patient populations to Reduce Acute Care Utilization: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Chest},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2024.06.3799},
pmid = {39002815},
issn = {1931-3543},
abstract = {TOPIC IMPORTANCE: With telemedicine's expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic, it became critical to evaluate whether patients have equitable access and capabilities to optimally use televisits for improved COPD outcomes such as reduced hospitalizations. This scoping review evaluated whether televisit-based interventions are evaluated and equitably effective in improving healthcare utilization outcomes among diverse patient populations with COPD.

REVIEW FINDINGS: Using a systematic search for televisit-based COPD self-management interventions we found 20 studies for inclusion, all but one of which was published prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Most (11/20) were 'good' quality. The majority (19/20) of studies reported age and gender; few provided race (3/20) or income (1/20) data. The most frequently used televisit-based modalities were in-person plus phone (6/20), video-only (6/20), and phone-only (4/20). Most (12/20) showed a significant reduction in at least one healthcare utilization metric; nine found hospitalization-related reductions. Effective interventions typically used two modalities (e.g., in-person plus televisits) and/or video modality.

SUMMARY: Most studies failed to report on participants' race or income leading to a lack of data on equity of interventions' effectiveness across diverse patient populations. Multi-modality televisit-based interventions, particularly with an in-person component, were most commonly effective; no associations were seen with study quality or size. With the increasing reliance on telemedicine to provide chronic disease care, the lack of data among diverse populations since the COVID-19 pandemic began limits generalizability of these findings for real-world clinical settings. More comprehensive evaluations of televisit-based interventions are needed in the post-pandemic era within and across diverse patient populations.},
}

@article {pmid38959788,
year = {2024},
author = {Zheng, Y and Gong, R and Du, Z and Yu, C and Lian, A},
title = {Analysis and visualization of the research progress on surgical smoke.},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
volume = {281},
number = {},
pages = {116671},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116671},
pmid = {38959788},
issn = {1090-2414},
mesh = {*Smoke/adverse effects ; Humans ; *Occupational Exposure ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Bibliometrics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; China ; Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: With the advancement of medical technology, tools such as electrosurgical equipment, laser knives, and ultrasonic scalpels have made modern medical procedures more convenient and effective. However, the generation of surgical smoke during these procedures poses significant health risks to medical personnel. Despite this, only a few studies have examined the literature systematically in this area. By analyzing bibliometric data on surgical smoke, we can gain insights into current research hotspots and forecast future trends.

METHODS: This study included literature related to surgical smoke from the Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, covering the period from 2000 to 2024. We used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and BioBERT to visualize research trends and hotspots.

RESULTS: In the early stages of research, the focus was mainly on the composition, generation mechanisms, and susceptible populations related to surgical smoke. In recent years, with the development of laparoscopic surgery and the global COVID-19 pandemic, research interests have shifted towards occupational protection of healthcare workers and public health. Currently, the research in this field primarily explores the promoting effects of surgical smoke on conditions such as inflammation and tumors, as well as occupational protection and health education for healthcare workers. Disease research focuses heavily on Smoke Inhalation Injury, Infections, Neoplasms, Postoperative Complications, and Inflammation.

CONCLUSION: We explored future research directions in the field of surgical smoke using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and BioBERT. Our findings indicate that current research focuses on investigating the promoting effects of surgical smoke on conditions such as inflammation and tumors, as well as on occupational protection and health education for healthcare workers. We summarized existing preventive measures, aiming to facilitate further research advancements and the translation of research outcomes into clinical results. These efforts provide new insights for advancing research in occupational protection of healthcare workers.},
}

*Smoke/adverse effects
Humans
*Occupational Exposure
COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
Bibliometrics
SARS-CoV-2
China
Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid38954386,
year = {2024},
author = {Schardt, JS and Sivaneri, NS and Tessier, PM},
title = {Monoclonal Antibody Generation Using Single B Cell Screening for Treating Infectious Diseases.},
journal = {BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {477-486},
pmid = {38954386},
issn = {1179-190X},
support = {R35GM136300/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG080016/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R21NS132018/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI171844//Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R35GM136300/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG080016/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R21NS132018/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use/immunology ; *B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Animals ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology/therapeutic use ; Communicable Diseases/immunology/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {The screening of antigen-specific B cells has been pivotal for biotherapeutic development for over four decades. Conventional antibody discovery strategies, including hybridoma technology and single B cell screening, remain widely used based on their simplicity, accessibility, and proven track record. Technological advances and the urgent demand for infectious disease applications have shifted paradigms in single B cell screening, resulting in increased throughput and decreased time and labor, ultimately enabling the rapid identification of monoclonal antibodies with desired biological and biophysical properties. Herein, we provide an overview of conventional and emergent single B cell screening approaches and highlight their potential strengths and weaknesses. We also detail the impact of innovative technologies-including miniaturization, microfluidics, multiplexing, and deep sequencing-on the recent identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies for infectious disease applications. Overall, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reinvigorated efforts to improve the efficiency of monoclonal antibody discovery, resulting in the broad application of innovative antibody discovery methodologies for treating a myriad of infectious diseases and pathological conditions.},
}

Humans
*Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use/immunology
*B-Lymphocytes/immunology
COVID-19/immunology/therapy
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Animals
Single-Cell Analysis/methods
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology/therapeutic use
Communicable Diseases/immunology/diagnosis
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid36503859,
year = {2024},
author = {Wallace, AS and Ryman, TK and Privor-Dumm, L and Morgan, C and Fields, R and Garcia, C and Sodha, SV and Lindstrand, A and Nic Lochlainn, LM},
title = {Leaving no one behind: Defining and implementing an integrated life course approach to vaccination across the next decade as part of the immunization Agenda 2030.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {42 Suppl 1},
number = {},
pages = {S54-S63},
pmid = {36503859},
issn = {1873-2518},
support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunization Programs ; *Vaccination/methods ; Immunization Schedule ; Adolescent ; Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Global Health ; Female ; Infant ; Child ; },
abstract = {Strategic Priority 4 (SP4) of the Immunization Agenda 2030 aims to ensure that all people benefit from recommended immunizations throughout the life-course, integrated with essential health services. Therefore, it is necessary for immunization programs to have coordination and collaboration across all health programs. Although there has been progress, immunization platforms in the second year of life and beyond need continued strengthening, including booster doses and catch-up vaccination, for all ages, and recommended vaccines for older age groups. We note gaps in current vaccination programs policies and achieved coverage, in the second year of life and beyond. In 2021, the second dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV2), given in the second year of life, achieved 71% global coverage vs 81% for MCV1. For adolescents, 60% of all countries have adopted human papillomavirus vaccines in their vaccination schedule with a global coverage rate of only 12 percent in 2021. Approximately 65% of the countries recommend influenza vaccines for older adults, high-risk adults and pregnant women, and only 25% recommended pneumococcal vaccines for older adults. To achieve an integrated life course approach to vaccination, we reviewed the evidence, gaps, and strategies in four focus areas: generating evidence for disease burden and potential vaccine impact in older age groups; building awareness and shifting policy beyond early childhood; building integrated delivery approaches throughout the life course; and identifying missed opportunities for vaccination, implementing catch-up strategies, and monitoring vaccination throughout the life course. We identified needs, such as tailoring strategies to the local context, conducting research and advocacy to mobilize resources and build political will. Mustering sufficient financial support and demand for an integrated life course approach to vaccination, particularly in times of COVID-19, is both a challenge and an opportunity.},
}

Humans
*Immunization Programs
*Vaccination/methods
Immunization Schedule
Adolescent
Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data
COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Global Health
Female
Infant
Child

@article {pmid36503857,
year = {2024},
author = {Blanc, DC and Grundy, J and Sodha, SV and O'Connell, TS and von Mühlenbrock, HJM and Grevendonk, J and Ryman, T and Patel, M and Olayinka, F and Brooks, A and Wahl, B and Bar-Zeev, N and Nandy, R and Lindstrand, A},
title = {Immunization programs to support primary health care and achieve universal health coverage.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {42 Suppl 1},
number = {},
pages = {S38-S42},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.086},
pmid = {36503857},
issn = {1873-2518},
support = {001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Primary Health Care ; *Immunization Programs/organization & administration ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Universal Health Insurance ; Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Gains in immunization coverage and delivery of primary health care service have stagnated in recent years. Remaining gaps in service coverage reflect multiple underlying reasons that may be amenable to improved health system design. Immunization systems and other primary health care services can be mutually supportive, for improved service delivery and for strengthening of Universal Health Coverage. Improvements require that dynamic and multi-faceted barriers and risks be addressed. These include workforce availability, quality data systems and use, leadership and management that is innovative, flexible, data driven and responsive to local needs. Concurrently, improvements in procurement, supply chain, logistics and delivery systems, and integrated monitoring of vaccine coverage and epidemiological disease surveillance with laboratory systems, and vaccine safety will be needed to support community engagement and drive prioritized actions and communication. Finally, political will and sustained resource commitment with transparent accountability mechanisms are required. The experience of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on essential PHC services and the challenges of vaccine roll-out affords an opportunity to apply lessons learned in order to enhance vaccine services integrated with strong primary health care services and universal health coverage across the life course.},
}

Humans
*Primary Health Care
*Immunization Programs/organization & administration
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Universal Health Insurance
Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data
Pandemics/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2