@article {pmid351818,
year = {1977},
author = {Seng, LY and Jegathesan, M},
title = {A bacteriological study of some frozen and nonfrozen foods.},
journal = {The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {437-446},
pmid = {351818},
issn = {0125-1562},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapoda ; Decapodiformes ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Food Handling/*standards ; *Food Microbiology ; Frozen Foods ; Humans ; Public Health ; Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Over a period of 19 months, a total of 331 food samples were submitted to the Food Section of the Bacteriology Division for bacteriological examination. These included 184 samples of frozen seafoods from exporters and 147 samples of fresh, nonfrozen foods from food caterers. The total bacterial count for frozen seafoods ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 2.98 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.14 x 10(5) per gm. Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were present in 48.9%, 3.3% and 8.2% of the samples examined respectively. Two of the cooked prawn samples showed the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. For the fresh, nonfrozen foods, the total bacterial count ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 3.87 x 10(6) per gm with a mean of 2.58 x 10(5) per gm. The examination also showed that 74.8% were coliform positive, 14.9% were E. coli positive, and 4.8% were S. aureus positive. V. parahaemolyticus was not isolated in any of the samples tested. Other pathogens, namely, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella were not isolated from any of the foods examined. The bacterial levels in these foods were determined and their sanitary and public health significance is discussed.},
}

Animals
Decapoda
Decapodiformes
Escherichia coli/isolation & purification
Food Handling/*standards
*Food Microbiology
Frozen Foods
Humans
Public Health
Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification

@article {pmid6735567,
year = {1984},
author = {Goh, KT and Lam, S and Kumarapathy, S and Tan, JL},
title = {A common source foodborne outbreak of cholera in Singapore.},
journal = {International journal of epidemiology},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {210-215},
doi = {10.1093/ije/13.2.210},
pmid = {6735567},
issn = {0300-5771},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Cholera/*epidemiology/transmission ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Food Handling ; *Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Singapore ; Transients and Migrants ; Vibrio cholerae ; },
abstract = {An epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, phage type 1, confined to a group of foreign construction workers in Singapore is described. A total of 22 workers were confirmed to have cholera and another 15 had asymptomatic Vibrio cholerae 01 infection between 3 November and 11 November 1982. The source of infection was traced to contaminated seafood prepared at the construction site canteen where two food handlers were found to be infected with V. cholerae 01 (one symptomatic and the other asymptomatic). The incubation period of cholera in this outbreak ranged from 4 to 203 hours with a median of 38 hours. Only two workers had moderate to severe dehydration and required intravenous therapy. Early recognition of the outbreak and prompt implementation of control measures prevented the outbreak from spreading to other parts of Singapore.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Cholera/*epidemiology/transmission
Decapodiformes/microbiology
*Disease Outbreaks
Female
Food Handling
*Food Microbiology
Humans
Male
Singapore
Transients and Migrants
Vibrio cholerae

@article {pmid6820471,
year = {1982},
author = {Kuwae, T and Fukasawa, S and Sasaki, T and Kurata, M},
title = {Immunochemical comparisons among lipopolysaccharides from symbiotic luminous bacteria isolated from several luminous marine animals.},
journal = {Microbiology and immunology},
volume = {26},
number = {12},
pages = {1181-1186},
doi = {10.1111/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00267.x},
pmid = {6820471},
issn = {0385-5600},
mesh = {Animals ; Chemical Precipitation ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Fishes/*microbiology ; Immune Sera/pharmacology ; Immunodiffusion ; Immunoelectrophoresis ; *Light ; Lipopolysaccharides/*analysis ; Photobacterium/analysis/immunology ; Rabbits ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/analysis/immunology ; },
}

Animals
Chemical Precipitation
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Fishes/*microbiology
Immune Sera/pharmacology
Immunodiffusion
Immunoelectrophoresis
*Light
Lipopolysaccharides/*analysis
Photobacterium/analysis/immunology
Rabbits
Symbiosis
Vibrio/analysis/immunology

@article {pmid8668993,
year = {1996},
author = {Pennisi, E},
title = {Evolutionary and systematic biologists converge.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {273},
number = {5272},
pages = {181-182},
doi = {10.1126/science.273.5272.181},
pmid = {8668993},
issn = {0036-8075},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Biology ; *Classification ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Societies, Scientific ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/physiology ; },
}

Animals
*Biological Evolution
*Biology
*Classification
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Societies, Scientific
Symbiosis
Vibrio/physiology

@article {pmid9218761,
year = {1997},
author = {Ottemann, KM and Miller, JF},
title = {Roles for motility in bacterial-host interactions.},
journal = {Molecular microbiology},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {1109-1117},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4281787.x},
pmid = {9218761},
issn = {0950-382X},
support = {AI38417/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology ; Trout/microbiology ; Urinary Tract/microbiology ; Vibrio/physiology ; },
abstract = {The ability to move in a directed manner may confer distinct advantages upon host-adapted prokaryotes. Potential benefits of motility include increased efficiency of nutrient acquisition, avoidance of toxic substances, the ability to translocate to preferred hosts and access optimal colonization sites within them, and dispersal in the environment during the course of transmission. The costs of motility also may be significant. These include the metabolic burden of synthesizing flagellar components, the energetic expense of fuelling flagellar motors and the presentation of polymeric and highly antigenic targets to the immune system. It is therefore not surprising that synthesis of the motility apparatus is usually subject to strict control. Studies of a variety of bacterial-host interactions demonstrate roles for motility, and its regulation, at points throughout the infectious cycle.},
}

Animals
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
Trout/microbiology
Urinary Tract/microbiology
Vibrio/physiology

@article {pmid9619105,
year = {1998},
author = {Hooper, LV and Bry, L and Falk, PG and Gordon, JI},
title = {Host-microbial symbiosis in the mammalian intestine: exploring an internal ecosystem.},
journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {336-343},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199804)20:4<336::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-3},
pmid = {9619105},
issn = {0265-9247},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Fabaceae/microbiology ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Luminescent Measurements ; Mammals/*microbiology ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Plants, Medicinal ; Rhizobium/physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/physiology ; },
abstract = {The mammalian intestine contains a complex, dynamic, and spatially diversified society of nonpathogenic bacteria. Very little is known about the factors that help establish host-microbial symbiosis in this open ecosystem. By introducing single genetically manipulatable components of the microflora into germfree mice, simplified model systems have been created that will allow conversations between host and microbe to be heard and understood. Other paradigms of host-microbial symbiosis suggest that these interactions will involve an exchange of biochemical signals between host and symbionts as well as among the bacteria themselves. The integration of molecular microbiology, cell biology, and gnotobiology should provide new insights about how we adapt to a microbial world and reveal the roles played by our indigenous, 'nonpathogenic' flora.},
}

Adaptation, Physiological
Animals
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Fabaceae/microbiology
Germ-Free Life
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
Luminescent Measurements
Mammals/*microbiology
Mice
Models, Biological
Plants, Medicinal
Rhizobium/physiology
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/physiology

@article {pmid10831459,
year = {2000},
author = {Vuddhakul, V and Chowdhury, A and Laohaprertthisan, V and Pungrasamee, P and Patararungrong, N and Thianmontri, P and Ishibashi, M and Matsumoto, C and Nishibuchi, M},
title = {Isolation of a pandemic O3:K6 clone of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain from environmental and clinical sources in Thailand.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {66},
number = {6},
pages = {2685-2689},
pmid = {10831459},
issn = {0099-2240},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Decapoda/microbiology ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Diarrhea/microbiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Fishes/microbiology ; Humans ; Immunomagnetic Separation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Seafood/*microbiology ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Vibrio Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Vibrio parahaemolyticus/classification/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Application of an immunomagnetic enrichment method selective for Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar K6 allowed isolation of a strain belonging to the pandemic O3:K6 clone of V. parahaemolyticus from fresh shellfish not implicated in a clinical case in southern Thailand. Arbitrarily primed PCR profiles of this strain, clinical O3:K6 strains isolated from sporadic diarrhea cases in the same area, and a standard pandemic O3:K6 strain were indistinguishable.},
}

Animals
Bacteriological Techniques
Colony Count, Microbial
Decapoda/microbiology
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Diarrhea/microbiology
*Disease Outbreaks
Fishes/microbiology
Humans
Immunomagnetic Separation
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
Seafood/*microbiology
Thailand/epidemiology
Vibrio Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology
Vibrio parahaemolyticus/classification/*genetics/*isolation & purification

@article {pmid15609878,
year = {2004},
author = {Trilles, JP and Oktener, A},
title = {Livoneca sinuata (Crustacea; Isopoda; Cymothoidae) on Loligo vulgaris from Turkey, and unusual cymothoid associations.},
journal = {Diseases of aquatic organisms},
volume = {61},
number = {3},
pages = {235-240},
doi = {10.3354/dao061235},
pmid = {15609878},
issn = {0177-5103},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*parasitology ; Female ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Isopoda/*physiology ; Male ; Mediterranean Sea ; *Symbiosis ; Turkey ; },
abstract = {In this paper, an unusual association of Livoneca sinuata (Crustacea; Isopoda; Cymothoidae) with the cephalopod Loligo vulgaris is reported for the first time from the Aegean sea coasts of Turkey. Moreover, a review of all the cases of unusual associations involving cymothoids is performed.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*parasitology
Female
Host-Parasite Interactions
Isopoda/*physiology
Male
Mediterranean Sea
*Symbiosis
Turkey

@article {pmid15901681,
year = {2005},
author = {Visick, KL},
title = {Layers of signaling in a bacterium-host association.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {187},
number = {11},
pages = {3603-3606},
pmid = {15901681},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {R01 GM059690/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; GM59690/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*physiology ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Signal Transduction/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*physiology
Animals
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Signal Transduction/*physiology
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid16231859,
year = {2005},
author = {Holden, M and Thomson, N and Bentley, S},
title = {Microbial mariners.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
pages = {748-749},
doi = {10.1038/nrmicro1262},
pmid = {16231859},
issn = {1740-1526},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Aliivibrio fischeri/genetics/*physiology ; Alphaproteobacteria/*genetics ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Gammaproteobacteria/*genetics/physiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; },
}

Adaptation, Physiological
Aliivibrio fischeri/genetics/*physiology
Alphaproteobacteria/*genetics
Animals
Cold Temperature
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Gammaproteobacteria/*genetics/physiology
Genome, Bacterial
Seawater/*microbiology
Symbiosis/physiology

@article {pmid16946236,
year = {2006},
author = {Kimbell, JR and Koropatnick, TA and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Evidence for the participation of the proteasome in symbiont-induced tissue morphogenesis.},
journal = {The Biological bulletin},
volume = {211},
number = {1},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.2307/4134572},
pmid = {16946236},
issn = {0006-3185},
support = {AI50611/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*metabolism ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Morphogenesis ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteasome Inhibitors ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*metabolism
Animals
Decapodiformes/*growth & development/*microbiology
Gene Expression Regulation
Morphogenesis
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics/*metabolism
Proteasome Inhibitors
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Symbiosis/*physiology

@article {pmid16962303,
year = {2008},
author = {Souissi, N and Ellouz-Triki, Y and Bougatef, A and Blibech, M and Nasri, M},
title = {Preparation and use of media for protease-producing bacterial strains based on by-products from Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and wastewaters from marine-products processing factories.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {163},
number = {4},
pages = {473-480},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2006.07.013},
pmid = {16962303},
issn = {0944-5013},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*enzymology/*growth & development ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Bacteriological Techniques/*methods ; Culture Media/*chemistry ; Decapodiformes/chemistry ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Cuttlefish powder (CFP) from Sepia officinalis by-products was prepared and tested as a fermentation substrate for microbial growth and protease production by several species of bacteria: Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus BG1, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. All microorganisms studied grew well and produced protease activity when cultivated in medium containing only CFP indicating that the strains can obtain their carbon and nitrogen source requirements directly from whole by-product proteins. Moreover, it was found that the addition to the cuttlefish medium of diluted fishery wastewaters (FWW), generated by marine-products processing factories, enhanced the production of protease. Maximum activity was obtained when cells were grown in cuttlefish media containing 5-times or 10-times diluted FWW. Five-times diluted FWW enhanced protease production by B. cereus BG1 and B. subtilis by 467% and 75% more than control media, respectively. The enhancement could have been due to the high organic content or high salts in FWW. As a result, cuttlefish by-products powder enriched with diluted FWW was found to be a suitable growth media for protease-producing strains. This new process, which converts underutilized wastes (liquid and solid) into more marketable and acceptable forms, coupled with protease production, can be an alternative way to the biological treatment of solid and liquid wastes generated by the cuttlefish processing industry.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/*enzymology/*growth & development
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
Bacteriological Techniques/*methods
Culture Media/*chemistry
Decapodiformes/chemistry
Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism

@article {pmid16966816,
year = {2006},
author = {Sato, Y and Sasaki, S},
title = {Control of the bioluminescence starting time by inoculated cell density.},
journal = {Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry},
volume = {22},
number = {9},
pages = {1237-1239},
doi = {10.2116/analsci.22.1237},
pmid = {16966816},
issn = {0910-6340},
mesh = {Animals ; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/*methods ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Glass ; *Immunologic Techniques ; Light ; *Luminescence ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Oxygen/chemistry ; Photobacterium/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Vibrio/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {In this study, we attempted to control the timing of light-emission from bioluminescent bacteria, by changed cell numbers inoculated into medium. Luminous bacteria express bioluminescence when the number of cells reached a threshold. Inoculated cell density had an effect on the time of bioluminescence starting. Samples were prepared by varying cell density of inoculation. In the results, all the vials showed different luminescence profiles in the order of inoculated cell population.},
}

Animals
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/*methods
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Glass
*Immunologic Techniques
Light
*Luminescence
*Luminescent Measurements
Oxygen/chemistry
Photobacterium/*metabolism
Time Factors
Vibrio/*metabolism

@article {pmid17055966,
year = {2006},
author = {Moran, NA},
title = {Symbiosis.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {16},
number = {20},
pages = {R866-71},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.019},
pmid = {17055966},
issn = {0960-9822},
mesh = {Animals ; Aphids/microbiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Nematoda/microbiology ; Symbiosis/*genetics/*physiology ; Tsetse Flies/microbiology ; Vertebrates/microbiology ; },
}

Animals
Aphids/microbiology
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
*Biological Evolution
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Nematoda/microbiology
Symbiosis/*genetics/*physiology
Tsetse Flies/microbiology
Vertebrates/microbiology

@article {pmid17237039,
year = {2007},
author = {Delcher, AL and Bratke, KA and Powers, EC and Salzberg, SL},
title = {Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer.},
journal = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
pages = {673-679},
pmid = {17237039},
issn = {1367-4811},
support = {R01 GM083873/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01-LM006845/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ; R01 LM007938/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ; R01-LM007938/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ; R01 LM006845/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ; HHSN266200400038C//PHS HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Artifacts ; Chromosome Mapping/*methods ; DNA, Bacterial/*genetics ; Decapodiformes/*genetics/microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Prochloron/*genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; *Software ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; },
abstract = {MOTIVATION: The Glimmer gene-finding software has been successfully used for finding genes in bacteria, archaea and viruses representing hundreds of species. We describe several major changes to the Glimmer system, including improved methods for identifying both coding regions and start codons. We also describe a new module of Glimmer that can distinguish host and endosymbiont DNA. This module was developed in response to the discovery that eukaryotic genome sequencing projects sometimes inadvertently capture the DNA of intracellular bacteria living in the host.

RESULTS: The new methods dramatically reduce the rate of false-positive predictions, while maintaining Glimmer's 99% sensitivity rate at detecting genes in most species, and they find substantially more correct start sites, as measured by comparisons to known and well-curated genes. We show that our interpolated Markov model (IMM) DNA discriminator correctly separated 99% of the sequences in a recent genome project that produced a mixture of sequences from the bacterium Prochloron didemni and its sea squirt host, Lissoclinum patella.

AVAILABILITY: Glimmer is OSI Certified Open Source and available at http://cbcb.umd.edu/software/glimmer.},
}

Algorithms
Animals
Artifacts
Chromosome Mapping/*methods
DNA, Bacterial/*genetics
Decapodiformes/*genetics/microbiology
Genome, Bacterial/*genetics
Prochloron/*genetics
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
*Software
Symbiosis/*genetics

@article {pmid19151142,
year = {2009},
author = {Nyholm, SV},
title = {Peptidoglycan monomer release and Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {191},
number = {7},
pages = {1997-1999},
pmid = {19151142},
issn = {1098-5530},
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/growth & development/*microbiology ; Morphogenesis ; Peptidoglycan/chemistry/*metabolism ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/chemistry/*metabolism
Animals
Decapodiformes/growth & development/*microbiology
Morphogenesis
Peptidoglycan/chemistry/*metabolism

@article {pmid20557208,
year = {2010},
author = {Suzuki, TG and Ogino, K and Tsuneki, K and Furuya, H},
title = {Phylogenetic analysis of dicyemid mesozoans (phylum Dicyemida) from innexin amino acid sequences: dicyemids are not related to Platyhelminthes.},
journal = {The Journal of parasitology},
volume = {96},
number = {3},
pages = {614-625},
doi = {10.1645/GE-2305.1},
pmid = {20557208},
issn = {1937-2345},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Annelida/chemistry/classification/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Connexins/*chemistry/genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Complementary/chemistry ; Decapodiformes/parasitology ; In Situ Hybridization ; Invertebrates/chemistry/*classification/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Mollusca/chemistry/classification/genetics ; Octopodiformes/parasitology ; *Phylogeny ; Platyhelminths/chemistry/classification/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; RNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Sequence Alignment ; },
abstract = {Dicyemid mesozoans are endoparasites, or endosymbionts, found only in the renal sac of benthic cephalopod molluscs. The body organization of dicyemids is very simple, consisting of usually 10 to 40 cells, with neither body cavities nor differentiated organs. Dicyemids were considered as primitive animals, and the out-group of all metazoans, or as occupying a basal position of lophotrochozoans close to flatworms. We cloned cDNAs encoding for the gap junction component proteins, innexin, from the dicyemids. Its expression pattern was observed by whole-mount in situ hybridization. In adult individuals, the innexin was expressed in calottes, infusorigens, and infusoriform embryos. The unique temporal pattern was observed in the developing infusoriform embryos. Innexin amino acid sequences had taxon-specific indels which enabled identification of the 3 major protostome lineages, i.e., 2 ecdysozoans (arthropods and nematodes) and the lophotrochozoans. The dicyemids show typical, lophotrochozoan-type indels. In addition, the Bayesian and maximum likelihood trees based on the innexin amino acid sequences suggested dicyemids to be more closely related to the higher lophotrochozoans than to the flatworms. Flatworms were the sister group, or consistently basal, to the other lophotrochozoan clade that included dicyemids, annelids, molluscs, and brachiopods.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Annelida/chemistry/classification/genetics
Base Sequence
Bayes Theorem
Connexins/*chemistry/genetics
Conserved Sequence
DNA, Complementary/chemistry
Decapodiformes/parasitology
In Situ Hybridization
Invertebrates/chemistry/*classification/genetics
Likelihood Functions
Mollusca/chemistry/classification/genetics
Octopodiformes/parasitology
*Phylogeny
Platyhelminths/chemistry/classification/genetics
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
RNA/genetics/isolation & purification
Sequence Alignment

@article {pmid20662783,
year = {2010},
author = {Miyashiro, T and Wollenberg, MS and Cao, X and Oehlert, D and Ruby, EG},
title = {A single qrr gene is necessary and sufficient for LuxO-mediated regulation in Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Molecular microbiology},
volume = {77},
number = {6},
pages = {1556-1567},
pmid = {20662783},
issn = {1365-2958},
support = {F32 GM084620/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011024/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Luminescence ; Phylogeny ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {All members of the Vibrionaceae harbour LuxO, a response regulator that integrates outputs from various signalling systems, ultimately controlling specific traits that are crucial to the distinct biology of each species. LuxO is phosphorylated in response to low cell density, activating the transcription of a family of small RNAs called Qrrs, which in turn, control the levels of a global regulatory protein conserved within the Vibrionaceae. Although the function of each Qrr is similar, the number of qrr genes varies among the different species. Using a bioinformatics approach, we have determined the number of qrr genes in fully sequenced Vibrionaceae members. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the most recent common ancestor of all Vibrionaceae shared a single, ancestral qrr gene, which duplicated and diverged into multiple qrr genes in some present-day vibrio lineages. To demonstrate that a single qrr gene is sufficient to mediate repression of LitR, the global regulator in Vibrio fischeri, we have performed a series of genetic and phenotypic analyses of the LuxO pathway and its output. Our studies contribute to a better understanding of the ancestral state of these pathways in vibrios, as well as to the evolution and divergence of other sRNAs within different bacterial lineages.},
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*genetics/metabolism
Animals
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Computational Biology
Conserved Sequence
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Genes, Bacterial
Luminescence
Phylogeny
Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid23066064,
year = {2012},
author = {Ezenwa, VO and Gerardo, NM and Inouye, DW and Medina, M and Xavier, JB},
title = {Microbiology. Animal behavior and the microbiome.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {338},
number = {6104},
pages = {198-199},
doi = {10.1126/science.1227412},
pmid = {23066064},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Animals ; Anopheles/microbiology ; Anxiety/microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bacterial Adhesion/genetics ; Bacterial Secretion Systems/genetics ; *Behavior, Animal ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Heteroptera/microbiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Iguanas/microbiology ; Metagenome/*genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Stress, Psychological/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
}

Animals
Anopheles/microbiology
Anxiety/microbiology
Bacteria/genetics
Bacterial Adhesion/genetics
Bacterial Secretion Systems/genetics
*Behavior, Animal
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Heteroptera/microbiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Iguanas/microbiology
Metagenome/*genetics/*physiology
Mice
Sexual Behavior, Animal
Stress, Psychological/microbiology
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid23604049,
year = {2013},
author = {Kåhrström, CT},
title = {Symbiosis: Bacteria seize control of the clock.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {362},
pmid = {23604049},
issn = {1740-1534},
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*physiology ; Animals ; Cryptochromes/*biosynthesis ; Decapodiformes/*enzymology/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation/*radiation effects ; *Luminescence ; *Symbiosis ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*physiology
Animals
Cryptochromes/*biosynthesis
Decapodiformes/*enzymology/*microbiology
Gene Expression Regulation/*radiation effects
*Luminescence
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid23744921,
year = {2013},
author = {Pennisi, E},
title = {Mysteries of development. How do microbes shape animal development?.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {340},
number = {6137},
pages = {1159-1160},
doi = {10.1126/science.340.6137.1159},
pmid = {23744921},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Animals ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteroides fragilis/metabolism ; Brain/growth & development ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Decapodiformes/growth & development/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Germ-Free Life ; *Growth and Development ; Metagenome/*physiology ; Mice ; Symbiosis ; },
}

Animals
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Bacteroides fragilis/metabolism
Brain/growth & development
Cell Differentiation/genetics
Decapodiformes/growth & development/microbiology
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Germ-Free Life
*Growth and Development
Metagenome/*physiology
Mice
Symbiosis

@article {pmid23979430,
year = {2013},
author = {Kåhrström, CT},
title = {Symbiosis: breaking the ice with your host.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {10},
pages = {663},
pmid = {23979430},
issn = {1740-1534},
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*physiology ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*physiology
Animals
Decapodiformes/*microbiology/*physiology
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid24092734,
year = {2013},
author = {Cohen, J},
title = {Great presenters: lighting up the auditorium.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {342},
number = {6154},
pages = {78},
doi = {10.1126/science.342.6154.78},
pmid = {24092734},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*chemistry ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; *Luminescence ; *Quorum Sensing ; Symbiosis ; },
}

Animals
Bacteria/*chemistry
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
*Luminescence
*Quorum Sensing
Symbiosis

@article {pmid24975083,
year = {2014},
author = {He, JY and Chi, CF and Liu, HH},
title = {Identification and analysis of an intracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase from Sepiella maindroni under stress of Vibrio harveyi and Cd2+.},
journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.010},
pmid = {24975083},
issn = {1879-0089},
mesh = {Animals ; Cadmium/metabolism ; DNA, Complementary ; Hepatopancreas ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sepia/*enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are ubiquitous family of metalloenzymes involved in protecting organisms from excess reactive oxygen species damage. In this paper, a novel intracellular Cu/ZnSOD from Sepiella maindroni (designated as SmSOD) was identified and characterized. The full-length cDNA sequence of SmSOD (GenBank accession No. KF908850) was 709 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 459 bp, encoding 153 amino acid residues peptide with predicted pI/MW (6.02/15.75 kDa), a 131 bp-5'- and 116 bp-3'- untranslated region (UTR). BLASTn analysis and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that the sequence shared high similarity with known Cu/Zn SODs. Several highly conserved motifs, including two typical Cu/Zn SOD family domains, two conserved Cu-/Zn-binding sites (H-47, H-49, H-64, H-120 for Cu binding, and H-64, H-72, H-81, D-84 for Zn binding) and intracellular disulfide bond (C-58 and C-146), were also identified in SmSOD. Time-dependent mRNA expression of SmSOD in hepatopancreas was recorded by quantitative real-time RT-PCR after Vibrio harveyi injection and Cd(2+) exposure. The results indicated that SmSOD was an acute-phase protein involved in the immune responses against pathogens and biological indicator for metal contaminants in aquatic environment.},
}

Animals
Cadmium/metabolism
DNA, Complementary
Hepatopancreas
Molecular Sequence Data
Phylogeny
Sepia/*enzymology/*immunology/microbiology
Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification/metabolism
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid25578956,
year = {2015},
author = {Kåhrström, CT},
title = {Symbiosis: Sweet talking your partner.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {66-67},
pmid = {25578956},
issn = {1740-1534},
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*metabolism ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Polysaccharides/*metabolism ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*metabolism
Animals
Decapodiformes/*metabolism/*microbiology
Polysaccharides/*metabolism
Symbiosis/*physiology

@article {pmid26143243,
year = {2015},
author = {Cornet, V and Henry, J and Corre, E and Le Corguillé, G and Zatylny-Gaudin, C},
title = {The Toll/NF-κB pathway in cuttlefish symbiotic accessory nidamental gland.},
journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {42-46},
doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.016},
pmid = {26143243},
issn = {1879-0089},
mesh = {Animals ; Genitalia/*metabolism ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Microbiota/immunology ; NF-kappa B/*genetics/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics ; Sepia/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; Toll-Like Receptors/*genetics/metabolism ; Transcriptome/genetics ; },
abstract = {The female genital apparatus of decapod cephalopods contains a symbiotic accessory nidamental gland (ANG) that harbors bacterial symbionts. Although the ANG bacterial consortium is now well described, the impact of symbiosis on Sepia officinalis innate immunity pathways remains unknown. In silico analysis of the de novo transcriptome of ANG highlighted for the first time the existence of the NF-κB pathway in S. officinalis. Several signaling components were identified, i.e. five Toll-like receptors, eight signaling cascade features, and the immune response target gene iNOS, previously described as being involved in the initiation of bacterial symbiosis in a cephalopod gland. This work provides a first key for studying bacterial symbiosis and its impact on innate immunity in S. officinalis ANG.},
}

Animals
Genitalia/*metabolism
Immunity, Innate/*immunology
Microbiota/immunology
NF-kappa B/*genetics/metabolism
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
Sepia/*genetics/immunology/metabolism
Signal Transduction
Symbiosis
Toll-Like Receptors/*genetics/metabolism
Transcriptome/genetics

@article {pmid26168161,
year = {2015},
author = {Cornet, V and Henry, J and Goux, D and Duval, E and Bernay, B and Le Corguillé, G and Corre, E and Zatylny-Gaudin, C},
title = {How Egg Case Proteins Can Protect Cuttlefish Offspring?.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {10},
number = {7},
pages = {e0132836},
pmid = {26168161},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*physiology ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Female ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; *Ovum ; },
abstract = {Sepia officinalis egg protection is ensured by a complex capsule produced by the female accessory genital glands and the ink bag. Our study is focused on the proteins constituting the main egg case. De novo transcriptomes from female genital glands provided essential databases for protein identification. A proteomic approach in SDS-PAGE coupled with MS unveiled a new egg case protein family: SepECPs, for Sepia officinalis Egg Case Proteins. N-glycosylation was demonstrated by PAS staining SDS-PAGE gels. These glycoproteins are mainly produced in the main nidamental glands. SepECPs share high sequence homology, especially in the signal peptide and the three cysteine-rich domains. SepECPs have a high number of cysteines, with conserved motifs involved in 3D-structure. SDS-PAGE showed that SepECPs could form dimers; this result was confirmed by TEM observations, which also revealed a protein network. This network is similar to the capsule network, and it associates these structural proteins with polysaccharides, melanin and bacteria to form a tight mesh. Its hardness and elasticity provide physical protection to the embryo. In addition, SepECPs also have bacteriostatic antimicrobial activity on GRAM- bacteria. By observing the SepECP / Vibrio aestuarianus complex in SEM, we demonstrated the ability of these proteins to agglomerate bacteria and thus inhibit their growth. These original proteins identified from the outer egg case ensure the survival of the species by providing physical and chemical protection to the embryos released in the environment without any maternal protection.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*physiology
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Female
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
*Ovum

@article {pmid26192462,
year = {2015},
author = {Liu, HH and He, JY and Chi, CF and Lv, ZM},
title = {Identification and analysis of HSP70 from Sepiella maindroni under stress of Vibrio harveyi and Cd(2.).},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {572},
number = {1},
pages = {146-152},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.056},
pmid = {26192462},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cadmium/*toxicity ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Decapodiformes/drug effects/*genetics/*virology ; Environment ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics ; Liver/metabolism/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Stress, Physiological ; Vibrio/*pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) play crucial roles in protecting cells against environmental stresses, such as heat shock, heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria. The full-length HSP70 cDNA of Sepiella maindroni (designated as SmHSP70, GenBank accession no. KJ739788) was 2109 bp, including an ORF of 1950 bp encoding a polypeptide of 649 amino acids with predicted pI/MW 5.24/71.30 kDa, a 62 bp-5'-UTR and a 97 bp-3'-UTR. BLASTp analysis and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that the amino acid sequence was a member of HSP70 family. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that SmHSP70 and other known HSP70 were highly conserved, especially in the regions of HSP70 family signatures, the bipartite nuclear targeting sequence, ATP/GTP-binding site motif and 'EEVD' motif. Time-dependent mRNA expression of SmHSP70 in the liver was recorded by quantitative real-time RT-PCR after Vibrio harveyi injection and Cd(2+) exposure. The results indicated that SmHSP70 played a significant role in mediating the environmental stress and immune response against pathogens.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Base Sequence
Cadmium/*toxicity
Cloning, Molecular
DNA, Complementary/genetics
Decapodiformes/drug effects/*genetics/*virology
Environment
HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics
Liver/metabolism/microbiology
Molecular Sequence Data
Phylogeny
RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Stress, Physiological
Vibrio/*pathogenicity

@article {pmid26286981,
year = {2015},
author = {Carey, J},
title = {News Feature: Intimate partnerships.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {112},
number = {33},
pages = {10071-10073},
pmid = {26286981},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Genome ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Insecta/microbiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
}

Aliivibrio fischeri
Animals
Biological Evolution
Chloroplasts/genetics
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Genome
Genome, Bacterial
Genome, Mitochondrial
Insecta/microbiology
Symbiosis/*physiology

@article {pmid26724686,
year = {2016},
author = {Seedevi, P and Moovendhan, M and Vairamani, S and Shanmugam, A},
title = {Structural characterization and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharide from the gladius of Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1831).},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {85},
number = {},
pages = {117-125},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.066},
pmid = {26724686},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Decapodiformes/*chemistry ; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Molecular Weight ; Monosaccharides/chemistry ; Polysaccharides/*chemistry ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Sulfates/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {Sulfated polysaccharide was extracted from the internal shell (gladius) of Sepioteuthis lessoniana. The sulfated polysaccharide contained 61.3% of carbohydrate, 0.8% of protein, 28.2% of ash and 1.33% of moisture respectively. The elemental composition was analyzed using CHNS/O analyzer. The molecular weight of sulfated polysaccharide determined through PAGE was found to be as 66 kDa. Monosaccharides analysis revealed that sulfated polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, galactose, xylose and glucose. The structural features of sulfated polysaccharide were analyzed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Further the sulfated polysaccharide was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against selected human clinical pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Proteus mirabilis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Streptococcus pyogenes using agar well diffusion method. The polysaccharide has showed good antibacterial activity and MIC and MBC have also been evaluated. The anticancer activity was tested against HeLa cell line by MTT assay. The Cytotoxic Concentration (CC50) was observed as 700 μg/ml and the maximum anticancer activity of 62.89% was recorded at 200 μg/ml; whereas, the lowest of 9.87% was observed at 25 μg/ml. In conclusion, the sulfated polysaccharide is an alternate, non-toxic and cheap source of substance that showed good antibacterial and anticancer acitivity.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology
Cell Survival/drug effects
Decapodiformes/*chemistry
Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests
HeLa Cells
Humans
Molecular Weight
Monosaccharides/chemistry
Polysaccharides/*chemistry
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Sulfates/*chemistry

@article {pmid28446608,
year = {2017},
author = {Pan, S and Nikolakakis, K and Adamczyk, PA and Pan, M and Ruby, EG and Reed, JL},
title = {Model-enabled gene search (MEGS) allows fast and direct discovery of enzymatic and transport gene functions in the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {292},
number = {24},
pages = {10250-10261},
pmid = {28446608},
issn = {1083-351X},
support = {F32 GM112214/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011024/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aliivibrio fischeri/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; Aquatic Organisms/*genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Decapodiformes/growth & development/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Expert Systems ; Gene Deletion ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genomic Library ; Genomics/*methods ; Hawaii ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames ; Pacific Ocean ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Whereas genomes can be rapidly sequenced, the functions of many genes are incompletely or erroneously annotated because of a lack of experimental evidence or prior functional knowledge in sequence databases. To address this weakness, we describe here a model-enabled gene search (MEGS) approach that (i) identifies metabolic functions either missing from an organism's genome annotation or incorrectly assigned to an ORF by using discrepancies between metabolic model predictions and experimental culturing data; (ii) designs functional selection experiments for these specific metabolic functions; and (iii) selects a candidate gene(s) responsible for these functions from a genomic library and directly interrogates this gene's function experimentally. To discover gene functions, MEGS uses genomic functional selections instead of relying on correlations across large experimental datasets or sequence similarity as do other approaches. When applied to the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, MEGS successfully identified five genes that are responsible for four metabolic and transport reactions whose absence from a draft metabolic model of V. fischeri caused inaccurate modeling of high-throughput experimental data. This work demonstrates that MEGS provides a rapid and efficient integrated computational and experimental approach for annotating metabolic genes, including those that have previously been uncharacterized or misannotated.},
}

Aliivibrio fischeri/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism
Animals
Aquaculture
Aquatic Organisms/*genetics/metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Computer Simulation
Decapodiformes/growth & development/microbiology
Escherichia coli/genetics/growth & development/metabolism
*Expert Systems
Gene Deletion
Genetic Complementation Test
Genomic Library
Genomics/*methods
Hawaii
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
*Models, Genetic
Molecular Sequence Annotation
Open Reading Frames
Pacific Ocean
Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
Reproducibility of Results
Species Specificity

@article {pmid28602684,
year = {2017},
author = {Li, R and Xu, Z and Mu, C and Song, W and Wang, C},
title = {Molecular cloning and characterization of a hemocyanin from Sepiella maindroni.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {67},
number = {},
pages = {228-243},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.009},
pmid = {28602684},
issn = {1095-9947},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Decapodiformes/*genetics/*immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; Hemocyanins/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary ; Stress, Physiological ; Vibrio alginolyticus ; },
abstract = {Hemocyanins are respiratory proteins occurring freely dissolved in the hemolymph of many arthropods and molluscs. Hemocyanin and hemocyanin-derived peptides have been linked to key aspects of innate immunity. In the present study, the full-length cDNA encoding hemocyanin in Sepiella maindroni (SmHc) was cloned and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that SmHc contains one open reading frame of 10,032 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 3343 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that the predicted protein sequence of SmHc contained eight functional units (FUs). Phylogenic analysis revealed that SmHc clustered with the mollusc Hcs. Quantitative real-time PCR assay detected SmHc transcripts were in a wide range of tissues, but mainly distributed in gills. After hypoxia or bacterial challenge, the expression level of SmHc in the gills was significantly higher than that of the control group. These results suggested that SmHc might play important roles in oxygen transport and the modulation of immune response in S. maindroni.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Anaerobiosis
Animals
Base Sequence
Cloning, Molecular
DNA, Complementary/genetics
Decapodiformes/*genetics/*immunology
Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology
Hemocyanins/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology
Immunity, Innate/*genetics
Phylogeny
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sequence Alignment/veterinary
Stress, Physiological
Vibrio alginolyticus

@article {pmid28619362,
year = {2017},
author = {Song, W and Mu, C and Li, R and Wang, C},
title = {Peroxiredoxin 1 from cuttlefish (Sepiella maindroni): Molecular characterization of development and its immune response against Vibrio alginolyticus.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {67},
number = {},
pages = {596-603},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.034},
pmid = {28619362},
issn = {1095-9947},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Decapodiformes/*genetics/*immunology ; *Immunity, Innate ; Peroxiredoxins/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology ; Phylogeny ; Random Allocation ; Sequence Alignment ; Vibrio alginolyticus/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The aim of this work was constructive to understand the function of peroxiredoxin (PRDX) family member Peroxiredoxin 1 in Sepiella maindroni (SmPrx1) through molecular mechanisms of reproduction, embryonic development and immune responses to Vibrio alginolyticus. The full-length cDNA of SmPrx1 was of 1062 bp, contains a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 79bp, a 3' UTR of 359 bp, an open reading frame of 624 bp encoding 207 amino acids. The conserved peroxidase catalytic center "FYPLDFTFVCPTEI" and "GEVCPA" were observed in the sequence of SmPrx1; this indicated that it was a member of 2-Cys Prx. Quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR assays revealed that SmPrx1 was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, muscle, ink sac, liver, ovary, testis, intestine, gill and totally blood cells, and showed high levels in testis. SmPrx1 mRNA was ubiquitously detected in all tested tissues, and the expression was comparatively high in testis, hemocyte, liver and ovary. Moreover, the SmPrx1 gene transcript was detected at all five stages of embryonic development phases that were respectively the zygote stage, the pre-embryonic stage, the organogenesis stage, the morphological integrity stage, the pre-hatching stage. The general tendency of expression was gradually increased and rapidly decreased. High expressed in progenitive tissues and embryonic development exhibit the proliferation-associated protein characterization like in mammal. The expression levels of SmPrx1 in liver and hemocytes grew swiftly and quickly reached peak value after Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. As hours passed by, the expression level began to reduce and resumed to normal levels after 48 h. The antioxidant activity and peroxidase activity of SmPrx1 were 6.17 U/mg. The results showed that the recombined protein of SmPrx1 had antioxidant activity and was the importance part of the antioxidant system in Sepiella maindroni. This study provides useful information to help further understand the functional mechanism of Prx 1 in marine cephalopod immunity.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Base Sequence
Decapodiformes/*genetics/*immunology
*Immunity, Innate
Peroxiredoxins/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology
Phylogeny
Random Allocation
Sequence Alignment
Vibrio alginolyticus/*physiology

@article {pmid28830998,
year = {2017},
author = {Viegas, J},
title = {Profile of Margaret J. McFall-Ngai.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {114},
number = {36},
pages = {9494-9496},
pmid = {28830998},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; California ; Circadian Rhythm ; Decapodiformes/microbiology/physiology ; Female ; Hawaii ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Microbiology/*history ; Symbiosis ; },
}

Animals
Aquatic Organisms
California
Circadian Rhythm
Decapodiformes/microbiology/physiology
Female
Hawaii
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Microbiology/*history
Symbiosis

@article {pmid29249193,
year = {2017},
author = {Schwartz, WJ},
title = {Embodied Clocks.},
journal = {Journal of biological rhythms},
volume = {32},
number = {6},
pages = {503-504},
doi = {10.1177/0748730417748381},
pmid = {29249193},
issn = {1552-4531},
mesh = {Animals ; Circadian Clocks/*physiology ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Light ; Models, Biological ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
}

Animals
Circadian Clocks/*physiology
Decapodiformes/*microbiology/*physiology/radiation effects
Light
Models, Biological
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid30121851,
year = {2018},
author = {Houyvet, B and Zanuttini, B and Corre, E and Le Corguillé, G and Henry, J and Zatylny-Gaudin, C},
title = {Design of antimicrobial peptides from a cuttlefish database.},
journal = {Amino acids},
volume = {50},
number = {11},
pages = {1573-1582},
doi = {10.1007/s00726-018-2633-4},
pmid = {30121851},
issn = {1438-2199},
mesh = {Animals ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacteria/*growth & development ; *Databases, Protein ; Decapodiformes/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {No antimicrobial peptide has been identified in cephalopods to date. Annotation of transcriptomes or genomes using basic local alignment Search Tool failed to yield any from sequence identities. Therefore, we searched for antimicrobial sequences in the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) database by in silico analysis of a transcriptomic database. Using an original approach based on the analysis of cysteine-free antimicrobial peptides selected from our Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD3), the online prediction tool of the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides (CAMPR3), and a homemade software program, we identified potential antibacterial sequences. Nine peptides less than 25 amino acids long were synthesized. The hydrophobic content of all nine of them ranged from 30 to 70%, and they could form alpha-helices. Three peptides possessed similarities with piscidins, one with BMAP-27, and five were totally new. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated on eight bacteria including the aquatic pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas salmonicida, or human pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus. Despite the prediction of an antimicrobial potential for eight of the peptides, only two-GR21 and KT19-inhibited more than one bacterial strain with minimal inhibitory concentrations below 25 µM. Some sequences like VA20 and FK19 were hemolytic, while GR21 induced less than 10% of hemolysis on human blood cells at a concentration of 200 µM. GR21 was the only peptide derived from a precursor with a signal peptide, suggesting a real role in cuttlefish immune defense.},
}

Animals
*Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemical synthesis/chemistry/pharmacology
Bacteria/*growth & development
*Databases, Protein
Decapodiformes/*chemistry

@article {pmid30391535,
year = {2019},
author = {Lv, T and Song, T and Liu, H and Peng, R and Jiang, X and Zhang, W and Han, Q},
title = {Isolation and characterization of a virulence related Vibrio alginolyticus strain Wz11 pathogenic to cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {126},
number = {},
pages = {165-171},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.041},
pmid = {30391535},
issn = {1096-1208},
mesh = {2,2'-Dipyridyl/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fish Diseases/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Hemolysin Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sepia/*microbiology ; Siderophores/metabolism ; Vibrio Infections/*microbiology/*veterinary ; Vibrio alginolyticus/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Virulence/genetics ; },
abstract = {Vibrio alginolyticus is a ubiquitous marine opportunistic pathogen that can infect various hosts in marine environment. In the present study, V. alginolyticus strain Wz11 was isolated from diseased cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, with 20% of promoted death and high survival capacity in skin mucus and tissue liquid. Its growth, siderophore production, and expressions of haemolysin and swarming related genes were characterized under iron limited conditions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2,2'-dipyridyl (DP) to V. alginolyticus strain Wz11 was 640 μM. While growth of V. alginolyticus strain Wz11 was inhibited by DP, production of iron-seizing substances, haemolytic activity and swarming motility were increased. Moreover, expressions of haemolysin related genes tlh, tdh and vah and flagellar related genes flgH, fliC, fliD and fliS were also characterized using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Expression of tdh was up-regulated to 7.7-fold, while expressions of tlh and vah were down-regulated to 0.016-fold and 0.03-fold, respectively. The expression of fliC, flgH, fliD and fliS was up-regulated to 4.9-, 3.8-, 8.6- and 4.5-fold, respectively. Concluded from our results suggested that V. alginolyticus strain Wz11 was considered as a potential pathogen of S. pharaonis, and iron level played an important role in the production of iron-seizing substances, and activities of haemolysin and bacterial swarming as well as their related gene expressions.},
}

2,2'-Dipyridyl/pharmacology
Animals
Bacterial Proteins/genetics
Base Sequence
Disease Models, Animal
Fish Diseases/*microbiology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Genes, Bacterial
Hemolysin Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sepia/*microbiology
Siderophores/metabolism
Vibrio Infections/*microbiology/*veterinary
Vibrio alginolyticus/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification/*pathogenicity
Virulence/genetics

@article {pmid32847054,
year = {2020},
author = {Benoist, L and Houyvet, B and Henry, J and Corre, E and Zanuttini, B and Zatylny-Gaudin, C},
title = {In-Depth In Silico Search for Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) Antimicrobial Peptides Following Bacterial Challenge of Haemocytes.},
journal = {Marine drugs},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {32847054},
issn = {1660-3397},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Data Mining ; Databases, Genetic ; Decapodiformes/genetics/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Female ; Fish Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects ; Hemocytes/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Hemolysis/drug effects ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Transcriptome ; Vibrio/immunology/*pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) haemocytes are potential sources of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To study the immune response to Vibrio splendidus and identify new AMPs, an original approach was developed based on a differential transcriptomic study and an in-depth in silico analysis using multiple tools. Two de novo transcriptomes were retrieved from cuttlefish haemocytes following challenge by V. splendidus or not. A first analysis of the annotated transcripts revealed the presence of Toll/NF-κB pathway members, including newly identified factors such as So-TLR-h, So-IKK-h and So-Rel/NF-κB-h. Out of the eight Toll/NF-κB pathway members, seven were found up-regulated following V. splendidus challenge. Besides, immune factors involved in the immune response were also identified and up-regulated. However, no AMP was identified based on annotation or conserved pattern searches. We therefore performed an in-depth in silico analysis of unannotated transcripts based on differential expression and sequence characteristics, using several tools available like PepTraq, a homemade software program. Finally, five AMP candidates were synthesized. Among them, NF19, AV19 and GK28 displayed antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Each peptide had a different spectrum of activity, notably against Vibrio species. GK28-the most active peptide-was not haemolytic, whereas NF19 and AV19 were haemolytic at concentrations between 50 and 100 µM, 5 to 10 times higher than their minimum inhibitory concentration.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology
Data Mining
Databases, Genetic
Decapodiformes/genetics/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
Female
Fish Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*pharmacology
Gene Expression Regulation
Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects
Hemocytes/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
Hemolysis/drug effects
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*pharmacology
Transcriptome
Vibrio/immunology/*pathogenicity

@article {pmid34389828,
year = {2022},
author = {Perreau, J and Moran, NA},
title = {Genetic innovations in animal-microbe symbioses.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Genetics},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {23-39},
pmid = {34389828},
issn = {1471-0064},
support = {R35 GM131738/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aliivibrio/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Arthropods/*genetics/microbiology ; Decapodiformes/*genetics/microbiology ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Drift ; Host Microbial Interactions/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Wolbachia/classification/*genetics/physiology ; },
abstract = {Animal hosts have initiated myriad symbiotic associations with microorganisms and often have maintained these symbioses for millions of years, spanning drastic changes in ecological conditions and lifestyles. The establishment and persistence of these relationships require genetic innovations on the parts of both symbionts and hosts. The nature of symbiont innovations depends on their genetic population structure, categorized here as open, closed or mixed. These categories reflect modes of inter-host transmission that result in distinct genomic features, or genomic syndromes, in symbionts. Although less studied, hosts also innovate in order to preserve and control symbiotic partnerships. New capabilities to sequence host-associated microbial communities and to experimentally manipulate both hosts and symbionts are providing unprecedented insights into how genetic innovations arise under different symbiont population structures and how these innovations function to support symbiotic relationships.},
}

Aliivibrio/*genetics/physiology
Animals
Arthropods/*genetics/microbiology
Decapodiformes/*genetics/microbiology
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Host Microbial Interactions/*genetics
Models, Genetic
Phylogeny
Selection, Genetic
Symbiosis/*genetics
Wolbachia/classification/*genetics/physiology

@article {pmid35572529,
year = {2022},
author = {Zheng, L and Cao, H and Qiu, J and Chi, C},
title = {Inhibitory Effect of FMRFamide on NO Production During Immune Defense in Sepiella japonica.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {825634},
pmid = {35572529},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/genetics/metabolism ; FMRFamide/genetics/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; *Neuropeptides/metabolism ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide), specifically existing in invertebrates, plays pivotal roles in various physiological processes. The involvement in neuroendocrine-immune regulation was explored in recent years, and it could modulate nitric oxide (NO) production under immune stress. However, detailed knowledge is still little known. In this study, we identified FMRFamide as an inhibitory factor on NO production in the immune reaction of Sepiella japonica. Firstly, Vibrio harveyi incubation caused significantly upregulated expression of FMRFamide precursor and NO synthase (NOS) in just hatched cuttlefish with quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), which indicated that both were likely to be involved in the immune defense. The whole-mount in situ hybridization (ISH) detected FMRFamide precursor and NOS-positive signals appeared colocalization, suggesting that at histological and anatomical levels FMRFamide might interact with NOS. Next, NOS mRNA was highly significantly upregulated at 72 h when FMRFamide precursor mRNA was knocked down effectively with the RNA interference (RNAi) method; the results hinted that FMRFamide was likely to regulate NO production. Continuously, the inflammatory model was constructed in RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), FMRFamide administration resulted in a highly significant reduction of the NO level in dose- and time-response manners. Although the addition of the selected inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor had inhibited the NO production induced by LPS, the additional FMRFamide could still furtherly sharpen the process. Collectively, it was concluded that neuropeptide FMRFamide could indeed inhibit NO production to serve as feedback regulation at the late stage of immune response to protect hosts from excessive immune cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect on NO production could not only be mediated by the NOS pathway but also be implemented through other pathways that needed to be furtherly explored. The results will provide data for comparing the structure and immune function of neuroendocrine-immune system (NEIS) between "advanced" cephalopods and other invertebrates and will provide new information for understanding the NEIS of cephalopods.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/genetics/metabolism
FMRFamide/genetics/metabolism
Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
*Neuropeptides/metabolism
*Nitric Oxide/metabolism
RNA, Messenger/metabolism

@article {pmid37423402,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhou, X and Fang, PX and Cao, HM and Xie, JJ and Li, S and Chi, CF},
title = {Molecular characterization and expression of twenty interleukin-17 transcripts in the common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) in response to Vibrio harveyi infection.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {140},
number = {},
pages = {108903},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108903},
pmid = {37423402},
issn = {1095-9947},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Decapodiformes/genetics/immunology/microbiology ; *Interleukin-17/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Phylogeny ; *Vibrio ; *Vibrio Infections/immunology/veterinary ; China ; },
abstract = {The common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) is an essential species for stock enhancement by releasing juveniles in the East China Sea now. S. japonica is susceptible to bacterial diseases during parental breeding. In vertebrates, Interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine family plays critical roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. In Cephalopoda, few studies have been reported on IL-17 genes so far. In this study, twenty IL-17 transcripts obtained from S. japonica were divided into eight groups (designated as Sj_IL-17-1 to Sj_IL-17-8). Multiple alignment analysis showed that IL-17s in S. japonica and human both contained four β-folds (β1-β4), except for Sj_IL-17-6 with two β-folds (β1 and β2), and the third and fourth β-folds of Sj_IL-17-5 and Sj_IL-17-8 were longer than those of other Sj_IL-17. Protein structure and conserved motifs analysis demonstrated that Sj_IL-17-5 and Sj_IL-17-6 displayed different protein structure with respect to other six Sj_IL-17 proteins. The homology and phylogenetic analysis of amino acids showed that Sj_IL-17-5, Sj_IL-17-6 and Sj_IL-17-8 had low homology with the other five Sj_IL-17s. Eight Sj_IL-17 mRNAs were ubiquitously expressed in ten examined tissues, with dominant expression in the hemolymph. qRT-PCR data showed that the mRNA expression levels of Sj_IL-17-2, Sj_IL-17-3, Sj_IL-17-6, and Sj_IL-17-8 were significantly up-regulated in infected cuttlefishes, and Sj_IL-17-2, Sj_IL-17-6, Sj_IL-17-7, and Sj_IL-17-8 mRNAs Awere significantly up-regulated after bath infection of Vibrio harveyi, suggesting that certain Sj_IL-17s were involved in the immune response of S. japonica against V. harveyi infection. These results implied that Sj_IL-17s were likely to have distinct functional diversification. This study aims to understand the involvement of Sj_IL-17 genes in immune responses of cuttlefish against bacterial infections.},
}

Animals
Humans
*Decapodiformes/genetics/immunology/microbiology
*Interleukin-17/chemistry/genetics/immunology
Phylogeny
*Vibrio
*Vibrio Infections/immunology/veterinary
China

@article {pmid38629270,
year = {2024},
author = {Nakajima, H and Fukui, A and Suzuki, K and Tirta, RYK and Furuya, H},
title = {HOST SWITCHING IN DICYEMIDS (PHYLUM DICYEMIDA).},
journal = {The Journal of parasitology},
volume = {110},
number = {2},
pages = {159-169},
doi = {10.1645/23-52},
pmid = {38629270},
issn = {1937-2345},
mesh = {Animals ; Phylogeny ; Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/genetics ; *Parasites ; *Octopodiformes ; Decapodiformes/parasitology ; },
abstract = {Dicyemids (phylum Dicyemida) are the most common and most characteristic endosymbionts in the renal sacs of benthic cephalopod molluscs: octopuses and cuttlefishes. Typically, 2 or 3 dicyemid species are found in a single specimen of the host, and most dicyemids have high host specificity. Host-specific parasites are restricted to a limited range of host species by ecological barriers that impede dispersal and successful establishment; therefore, phylogenies of interacting groups are often congruent due to repeated co-speciation. Most frequently, however, host and parasite phylogenies are not congruent, which can be explained by processes such as host switching and other macro-evolutionary events. Here, the history of dicyemids and their host cephalopod associations were studied by comparing their phylogenies. Dicyemid species were collected from 8 decapodiform species and 12 octopodiform species in Japanese waters. Using whole mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences, a phylogeny of 37 dicyemid species, including 4 genera representing the family Dicyemidae, was reconstructed. Phylogenetic trees derived from analyses of COI genes consistently suggested that dicyemid species should be separated into 3 major clades and that the most common genera, Dicyema and Dicyemennea, are not monophyletic. Thus, morphological classification does not reflect the phylogenetic relationships of these 2 genera. Divergence (speciation) of dicyemid species seems to have occurred within a single host species. Possible host-switching events may have occurred between the Octopodiformes and Decapodiformes or within the Octopodiformes or the Decapodiformes. Therefore, the mechanism of dicyemid speciation may be a mixture of host switching and intra-host speciation. This is the first study in which the process of dicyemid diversification involving cephalopod hosts has been evaluated with a large number of dicyemid species and genera.},
}

Animals
Phylogeny
Invertebrates/anatomy & histology/genetics
*Parasites
*Octopodiformes
Decapodiformes/parasitology

@article {pmid40915332,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, X and Fang, PX and Qiu, JY and Li, S and Chi, CF},
title = {Neuropeptide F interacts with its receptor and regulates the immune response of Sepiella japonica.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {110862},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110862},
pmid = {40915332},
issn = {1095-9947},
mesh = {Animals ; Vibrio/physiology ; *Immunity, Innate/genetics ; *Neuropeptides/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; *Decapodiformes/immunology/genetics ; *Arthropod Proteins/genetics/immunology ; *Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation/immunology ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {In mammals, neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been recognized for its role in modulating the immune response of host. However, invertebrate neuropeptide F (NPF), as a homologous gene of NPY, has been minimally explored immunomodulatory function. In this study, NPF and NPF receptor (NPFR) mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in sick Sepiella japonica, and in juvenile S. japonica after bath infection of Vibrio harveyi. Subsequently, hemocytes of S. japonica were isolated, and Sj_NPF and Sj_NPFR mRNAs were notably induced in the hemocyte of S. japonica after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Flow cytometry and pull-down assay confirmed the interaction between Sj_NPF and Sj_NPFR. Afterwards, knockdown of NPF notably decreased the mRNA expression of NPFR, Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Interleukin-17-7 (IL-17-7) in the white body of S. japonica. Furthermore, after in vivo injection of NPF mature peptide, NPFR, NOS, TLR, TNF and IL-17-7 mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in the white body of S. japonica, with TNF and IL-17-7 mRNAs also showing significant induction in the liver of S. japonica. Interestingly, NPFR, TLR, MyD88 and IL-17-7 mRNAs were significantly decreased in the gill of S. japonica after in vivo injection of NPF mature peptide. Finally, the colocalization of Sj_NPF and Sj_NOS mRNAs was observed in the dorsal area of juvenile cuttlefish using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and NO content was increased at 24 h and 48 h in the liver after in vivo injection of NPF mature peptide. Collectively, these results uncover that the Sj_NPF may interact with its receptor and mediate immune response to eliminate invasive pathogens.},
}

Animals
Vibrio/physiology
*Immunity, Innate/genetics
*Neuropeptides/genetics/immunology/metabolism
*Decapodiformes/immunology/genetics
*Arthropod Proteins/genetics/immunology
*Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics/immunology/metabolism
*Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology

@article {pmid41130483,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, L and Qiu, J and Li, Y and Zhu, Y and Wu, H and Ding, C and Chi, C},
title = {Characterization of an octopamine receptor, and its involvement in the immune response of cuttlefish Sepiella japonica.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {331},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {148457},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148457},
pmid = {41130483},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics/metabolism/chemistry/immunology ; *Decapodiformes/immunology/genetics/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Amino Acid Sequence ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Octopamine/pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis ; },
abstract = {Octopamine (OA) can regulate immune response because immune cells exist their receptors. In the study, the full-length cDNA of octopamine receptor (OAR) from Sepiella japonica (termed as Sj-OAR) was amplified. Sj-OAR was 1633 bp in length encoding 348 amino acid residues. Sj-OAR owned seven conserved transmembrane domains. Sj-OAR shared the highest identity with β2-adrenergic OARs of cephalopods, and clustered together with β2 OAR clade. Sj-OAR had the highest expression level in pancreas, followed in liver, optic lobe and brain; Sj-OAR kept increasing in pancreas during the whole growth period. Plenty of Sj-OAR signals were distributed in the epithelial cells and photoreceptor cells of retina, outer and inner granular cell layer, and central medulla of optic lobe. Sj-OAR mRNA appeared significant expression change in cuttlefish larvae challenged by Vibrio harveyi, and adult cuttlefish naturally diseased with skin canker. Subcellular localization observed that Sj-OAR mapped on the cytomembrane. Octopamine hydrochloride inhibited NO production in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. However, after heterologous expression of Sj-OAR in RAW 264.7 cell, octopamine hydrochloride significantly improved the production of NO. Furtherly, the pretreatment by β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol reduced NO production again. The study would provide key information of Sj-OAR involving in immune regulation.},
}

Animals
Mice
*Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics/metabolism/chemistry/immunology
*Decapodiformes/immunology/genetics/microbiology
Phylogeny
Amino Acid Sequence
RAW 264.7 Cells
Octopamine/pharmacology
Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis

@article {pmid42385942,
year = {2026},
author = {Phuynoi, S and Sukhsangchan, C and Wang, X and Zheng, X},
title = {Integrated nutritional, antimicrobial, and transcriptomic analysis of the caudal gland in Sepiella inermis reveals a specialized bioactive defense organ.},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology},
volume = {319},
number = {},
pages = {112045},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2026.112045},
pmid = {42385942},
issn = {1531-4332},
mesh = {Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Decapodiformes/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Melanins/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Exocrine Glands/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Cephalopod ink is a complex biosecretion with well-documented defensive, nutritional, and medicinal properties, yet functional differentiation among ink-producing organs remains poorly understood. Sepiella inermis is distinctive among cuttlefishes in possessing both a typical ink sac and a morphologically unusual caudal gland; however, the biochemical and functional identity of the caudal gland secretion has not been characterized, representing a significant gap in cephalopod biology. Here, we present the first integrated biochemical, antibacterial, and transcriptomic characterization of the caudal gland secretion in S. inermis, employing ICP-OES elemental analysis, disc diffusion assays, and de novo transcriptome assembly. Elemental profiling revealed that caudal gland secretion is sodium-dominant (Na: 3.10 ± 0.05 mg/g), with lower concentrations of K, Mg, Ca, and Fe, while proximate analysis showed that the caudal gland secretion had markedly higher moisture content than the ink sac, which exhibited greater ash, carbohydrate, and protein levels. Critically, the putative eumelanin of the caudal gland secretion showed selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Vibrio spp. with inhibition zones comparable to or exceeding those of standard antibiotics whereas ink sac extracts and both preparations against Escherichia coli showed no activity. Transcriptomic analysis yielded 72,678 unigenes (99.95% annotation coverage), with tissue-specific enrichment in the caudal gland secretion of genes associated with protein synthesis, secretion, stress tolerance, and immune signaling, including the PI3K-Akt, NF-κB, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways. These findings establish the caudal gland secretion as a metabolically active, transcriptionally specialized defensive organ and identify it as a previously unrecognized source of marine-derived antimicrobial compounds with potential relevance to aquaculture, food safety, and biomedical applications. More broadly, this study reframes the caudal gland secretion from an anatomical curiosity to a biochemically productive organ and underscores the value of comparative cephalopod organ biology as an underexplored frontier for the discovery of novel marine bioactive compounds.},
}

Animals
Gene Expression Profiling
*Decapodiformes/genetics/metabolism
*Transcriptome
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Melanins/metabolism
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Exocrine Glands/metabolism

@article {pmid1624432,
year = {1992},
author = {Gray, KM and Greenberg, EP},
title = {Physical and functional maps of the luminescence gene cluster in an autoinducer-deficient Vibrio fischeri strain isolated from a squid light organ.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {174},
number = {13},
pages = {4384-4390},
pmid = {1624432},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Bacterial ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation & purification ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Genes, Bacterial/drug effects ; Luminescent Measurements ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Multigene Family/drug effects ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Plasmids ; Restriction Mapping ; Vibrio/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; },
abstract = {Vibrio fischeri ES114 is an isolate representing the specific bacterial light organ symbiont of the squid Euprymna scolopes. An interesting feature of this strain of V. fischeri is that it is visibly luminous within the light organ of the squid host but is nonluminous when grown under standard laboratory conditions. Luminescence can be restored in laboratory culture, however, by the addition of autoinducer, a species-specific inducer of the V. fischeri luminescence (lux) genes. Most other isolates of V. fischeri produce autoinducer in sufficient quantities to induce luminescence in laboratory culture. We have cloned an 8.8-kb DNA fragment from V. fischeri ES114 that encodes all of the functions necessary for luminescence in Escherichia coli in the absence of exogenous autoinducer. This DNA contains both of the recognized V. fischeri lux regulatory genes, one of which (luxI) directs E. coli to synthesize autoinducer. The organization of the individual lux genes within this DNA fragment appears to be the same as that in the other strains of V. fischeri studied; the restriction map of the V. fischeri ES114 lux DNA has diverged substantially, however, from the largely conserved maps of V. fischeri MJ1 and ATCC 7744. Although E. coli containing the V. fischeri ES114 lux DNA synthesizes considerable amounts of autoinducer, V. fischeri ES114 synthesizes autoinducer only in small amounts, even when transcription of the lux genes, including luxI, is activated by the addition of exogenous autoinducer. Nonetheless, transconjugants of V. fischeri ES114 that contain multicopy plasmids bearing the ES114 lux genes synthesize sufficient autoinducer to induce luminescence. These results suggest that V. fischeri ES11r does not lack a functional luxl, nor is it deficient in the ability to synthesize metabolic precursors for autoinducer synthesis.},
}

4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology
Animals
Base Sequence
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Cloning, Molecular
DNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation & purification
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Escherichia coli/genetics/growth & development/physiology
*Genes, Bacterial/drug effects
Luminescent Measurements
Molecular Sequence Data
*Multigene Family/drug effects
Oligonucleotide Probes
Plasmids
Restriction Mapping
Vibrio/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology

@article {pmid1629148,
year = {1992},
author = {Ruby, EG and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {A squid that glows in the night: development of an animal-bacterial mutualism.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {174},
number = {15},
pages = {4865-4870},
pmid = {1629148},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*physiology ; Light ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*physiology
Light
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid1962208,
year = {1991},
author = {McFall-Ngai, MJ and Ruby, EG},
title = {Symbiont recognition and subsequent morphogenesis as early events in an animal-bacterial mutualism.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {254},
number = {5037},
pages = {1491-1494},
doi = {10.1126/science.1962208},
pmid = {1962208},
issn = {0036-8075},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology ; Luminescence ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Bacterial colonization of the developing light organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes is shown to be highly specific, with the establishment of a successful association resulting only when the juvenile host is exposed to seawater containing one of a subset of Vibrio fischeri strains. Before a symbiotic infection the organ has elaborate epithelial structures covered with cilia and microvilli that are involved in the transfer of bacteria to the incipient symbiotic tissue. These structures regressed within days following infection; however, they were retained in uninfected animals, suggesting that the initiation of symbiosis influences, and is perhaps a prerequisite for, the normal developmental program of the juvenile host.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology
Luminescence
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid2163384,
year = {1990},
author = {Boettcher, KJ and Ruby, EG},
title = {Depressed light emission by symbiotic Vibrio fischeri of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {172},
number = {7},
pages = {3701-3706},
pmid = {2163384},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {Animals ; Culture Media ; Cyclic AMP/pharmacology ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Light ; Luminescent Measurements ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/growth & development/isolation & purification/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Bioluminescent marine bacteria of the species Vibrio fischeri are the specific light organ symbionts of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. Although they share morphological and physiological characteristics with other strains of V. fischeri, when cultured away from the light organ association the E. scolopes symbionts depress their maximal luminescence over 1,000-fold. The primary cause of this reduced luminescence is the underproduction by these bacteria of luciferase autoinducer, a molecule involved in the positive transcriptional regulation of the V. fischeri lux operon. Such an absence of visible light production outside of the symbiotic association has not been previously reported among light organ symbionts of this or any other species of luminous bacteria. Levels of luminescence approaching those of the E. scolopes bacteria in the intact association can be restored by the addition of exogenous autoinducer to bacteria in laboratory culture and are affected by the presence of cyclic AMP. We conclude that some condition(s) specific to the internal environment of the light organ is necessary for maximal autoinduction of luminescence in the symbionts of this squid-bacterial association.},
}

Animals
Culture Media
Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Light
Luminescent Measurements
Species Specificity
Symbiosis
Vibrio/growth & development/isolation & purification/*physiology

@article {pmid4091566,
year = {1985},
author = {Molitoris, E and Joseph, SW and Krichevsky, MI and Sindhuhardja, W and Colwell, RR},
title = {Characterization and distribution of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Indonesia.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {50},
number = {6},
pages = {1388-1394},
pmid = {4091566},
issn = {0099-2240},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Fishes ; Geography ; Indonesia ; Mollusca/microbiology ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Vibrio/classification/drug effects/*isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Previous studies have shown that Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus can be isolated from similar types of marine samples. In this report, the results of an examination of 567 V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus strains, isolated from seawater in Jakarta Bay and from more than 30 types of seafood from markets in Jakarta, Indonesia, are presented. Most isolates were from mackerel, shrimp, or squid. Numerical taxonomic analyses clustered 337 isolates and three V. alginolyticus reference strains at S greater than or equal to 80%. These strains produced acid from sucrose, but only approximately 80% produced acetoin or grew in the presence of 10% NaCl. The frequency of occurrence of V. alginolyticus in seawater samples ranged from 0% (in February and March 1972) to 100% (in September and December 1972) and was highest in seafood samples from August to December 1972. A second cluster of 230 isolates and seven V. parahaemolyticus reference strains was observed at S greater than or equal to 82%. These strains did not produce acetoin or acid from sucrose, and approximately 20% grew in the presence of 10% NaCl. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in seawater samples each month, with the highest frequency of occurrence (83.3%) in May 1972. Twenty-nine K antigen serotypes were demonstrated in V. parahaemolyticus isolates, and another 40% were untypable. The modal antibiotic resistance pattern for each species included five drugs. Only 12% of the V. parahaemolyticus strains were Kanagawa positive, and 10% elicited fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops. All of the 7 V. alginolyticus strains and 94 (70%) of the V. parahaemolyticus strains tested killed mice when inoculated intraperitoneally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fishes
Geography
Indonesia
Mollusca/microbiology
Seasons
Species Specificity
Vibrio/classification/drug effects/*isolation & purification

@article {pmid6865804,
year = {1983},
author = {Kuwae, T and Kurata, M},
title = {Chemical and biological properties of Lipopolysaccharides from symbiotic luminous bacteria from several luminous marine animals.},
journal = {Microbiology and immunology},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {137-149},
doi = {10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb03578.x},
pmid = {6865804},
issn = {0385-5600},
mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enterobacteriaceae/*physiology ; Immune Tolerance ; Lipopolysaccharides/analysis/*physiology ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Phagocytosis ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The chemical and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in five strains of symbiotic luminous bacteria isolated from four species of luminous marine fishes, Coelorhynchus kishinouyei (CK-1), Chlorophthalmus albatrossis (CA-1), Ventrifossa garmani (VG-1), and Acropoma japonicum (AJ-1b), as well as from a luminous squid, Doryteuthis kensaki (DK-1) were examined. The LPS isolated from these symbiotic luminous bacteria were characterized by the absence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, known to be a basic component of the usual gram-negative bacterial LPS. All LPS from these symbiotic luminous bacteria upon electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel exhibited one or two clear main bands with high mobility, and one or two obscure minor bands with low mobility when stained with periodate-Schiff reagent. LPS from CA-1 and VG-1 exhibited similar electrophoretic patterns, whereas the electrophoretic patterns of the LPS from CK-1, AJ-1b, and DK-1 were easily distinguishable from each other. All these LPS also had similarly potent and diverse biological activities in regard to their adjuvanticity, immunosuppression, polyclonal effect, B-cell mitogenicity, and activation of the phagocytic function of macrophages.},
}

Adjuvants, Immunologic
Animals
Antibody Formation
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Enterobacteriaceae/*physiology
Immune Tolerance
Lipopolysaccharides/analysis/*physiology
*Luminescent Measurements
Lymphocyte Activation
Macrophages/immunology
Mice
Phagocytosis
Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*physiology

@article {pmid6941738,
year = {1981},
author = {Nealson, K and Cohn, D and Leisman, G and Tebo, B},
title = {Co-evolution of luminous bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {361},
number = {},
pages = {76-91},
doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb46512.x},
pmid = {6941738},
issn = {0077-8923},
mesh = {*Bacteria ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cells ; *Eukaryotic Cells ; Light ; Luminescent Measurements ; Organoids ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Several species of three genera of luminous bacteria from marine and soil environments are known to form specific symbioses with fish, squid, urochordates, and nematodes. These bacteria contain a unique and easily detectable enzyme, bacterial luciferase, which allows the detection of the bacteria even when they cannot be cultured from animal tissue. The bacteria-animal associations vary; they range from transient, nonspecific gut symbionts in many fishes to highly specific, nonculturable, intracellular symbionts in pyrosomes. The study of these microbe-animal symbioses may allow understanding of the alterations that occur in the partners during the establishment of intracellular organelles. These studies are incomplete, in particular the level of partner integration, the nature of the metabolic exchange, the mechanism of transmission of symbionts to offspring, and the identification of the cellular inclusions as modified bacteria are not always known. However, the outline of what is likely to be a continuous evolutionary sequence of luminous bacterial symbionts with their various animal hosts is becoming clear. As more of these symbioses are studied, we anticipate that new systems will be found that represent states between those described here, and that the luminous bacteria will provide a living model for the gradual evolution from free-living microbes in intracellular organelles.},
}

*Bacteria
*Biological Evolution
*Cells
*Eukaryotic Cells
Light
Luminescent Measurements
Organoids
Symbiosis

@article {pmid7860584,
year = {1995},
author = {Boettcher, KJ and Ruby, EG},
title = {Detection and quantification of Vibrio fischeri autoinducer from symbiotic squid light organs.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {177},
number = {4},
pages = {1053-1058},
pmid = {7860584},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/analysis ; Animals ; Biological Assay ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology ; Diffusion ; Epithelium/physiology ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Vibrio fischeri is the specific light organ symbiont of the sepiolid squid species Euprymna scolopes and Euprymna morsei. Both species of squid are luminescent by virtue of their bacterial symbionts, but the natural symbionts of E. scolopes do not produce visible luminescence in laboratory culture. The primary cause of this depressed luminescence by E. scolopes symbionts in culture was found to be the production of relatively low levels of V. fischeri autoinducer, a positive transcriptional coregulator of the lux regulon, identified as N-(3-oxohexanoyl) homoserine lactone. Concentrations of autoinducer activity produced by these symbionts in culture were quantified and found to be at least 10-fold lower than those produced by E. morsei isolates (which are visibly luminous outside the association) and perhaps 10,000-fold lower than those of the brightest V. fischeri strains. Despite the differences in their symbiont strains, the intact light organs of the two species of squid contained comparable amounts of extractable autoinducer activity (between 100 and 200 pg per adult animal). The chromatographic behavior of this autoinducer activity on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was consistent with its presumptive identification as V. fischeri autoinducer. Within the 5-microliter volume of the epithelial core of the light organ in which the symbiotic V. fischeri strains are housed, these amounts would result in an effective autoinducer concentration of at least 100 nM. Because these levels are over 40-fold higher than the concentration needed for the induction of luminescence of bacteria in culture, we conclude that the inherent degree of autoinducer production by strains of V. fischeri may not influence their effectiveness as light organ symbionts. Furthermore, this study provides the first direct evidence that the phenomenon of cell density-dependent autoinduction, discovered and described first for laboratory cultures of V. fischeri but believed to be a general phenomenon in many species of host-associated symbionts and pathogens, is in fact a consequence of bacterial colonizations of host tissues.},
}

4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/analysis
Animals
Biological Assay
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology
Diffusion
Epithelium/physiology
*Luminescent Measurements
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid7924980,
year = {1994},
author = {Montgomery, MK and McFall-Ngai, M},
title = {Bacterial symbionts induce host organ morphogenesis during early postembryonic development of the squid Euprymna scolopes.},
journal = {Development (Cambridge, England)},
volume = {120},
number = {7},
pages = {1719-1729},
doi = {10.1242/dev.120.7.1719},
pmid = {7924980},
issn = {0950-1991},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Death ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Decapodiformes/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Epithelium/physiology/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Models, Biological ; Morphogenesis/physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The mutualistic association between the squid Euprymna scolopes and the bacterium Vibrio fischeri is an emerging experimental system for the study of the influence of bacteria on animal development. Taking advantage of the ability to raise both this host and its microbial partner independently under laboratory conditions, we describe the effects of bacterial interactions on morphogenesis of the juvenile host symbiotic organ. Our results show that bacteria are essential for normal postembryonic development of the symbiotic organ, which involves changes in both the surface epithelium and the epithelial tissue within the organ where the bacterial culture will take up residence. Cell death induced by exposure to symbiotic V. fischeri results in the regression of a complex ciliated surface epithelium, a tissue that apparently functions to facilitate inoculation of the juvenile organ with the appropriate specific bacterial species. Regression of this tissue begins within hours of exposure to symbiosis-competent bacteria and progresses over the next 5 days, at which time full regression is complete, resulting in a symbiotic organ whose epithelial surface resembles that of the fully mature organ. Moreover, symbiosis-competent bacteria induce modification of the epithelial cells of the crypts that will house these symbionts; these cells undergo significant changes in shape and size in response to interactions with symbiotic V. fischeri. In contrast, we find that when these tissues are not exposed to the proper bacterial symbionts they remain in a state of arrested morphogenesis, a condition that can be rescued by interactions with symbionts. The results of these studies are the first experimental data demonstrating that a specific bacterial symbiont can play an inductive role in animal development.},
}

Animals
Cell Death
Cell Differentiation/physiology
Decapodiformes/*physiology/ultrastructure
Epithelium/physiology/ultrastructure
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Models, Biological
Morphogenesis/physiology
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid7961462,
year = {1994},
author = {Graf, J and Dunlap, PV and Ruby, EG},
title = {Effect of transposon-induced motility mutations on colonization of the host light organ by Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {176},
number = {22},
pages = {6986-6991},
pmid = {7961462},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Movement/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology ; Flagella/genetics/ultrastructure ; Light ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology ; Vibrio/genetics/growth & development/*physiology/ultrastructure ; },
abstract = {Vibrio fischeri is found both as a free-living bacterium in seawater and as the specific, mutualistic light organ symbiont of several fish and squid species. To identify those characteristics of symbiosis-competent strains that are required for successful colonization of the nascent light organ of juvenile Euprymna scolopes squids, we generated a mutant pool by using the transposon Mu dI 1681 and screened this pool for strains that were no longer motile. Eighteen independently isolated nonmotile mutants that were either flagellated or nonflagellated were obtained. In contrast to the parent strain, none of these nonmotile mutants was able to colonize the juvenile squid light organ. The flagellated nonmotile mutant strain NM200 possessed a bundle of sheathed polar flagella indistinguishable from that of the wild-type strain, indicating that the presence of flagella alone is not sufficient for colonization and that it is motility itself that is required for successful light organ colonization. This study identifies motility as the first required symbiotic phenotype of V. fischeri.},
}

Animals
Cell Movement/*genetics
Crosses, Genetic
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology
Flagella/genetics/ultrastructure
Light
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutation
Selection, Genetic
Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology
Vibrio/genetics/growth & development/*physiology/ultrastructure

@article {pmid8144466,
year = {1994},
author = {Lee, KH and Ruby, EG},
title = {Competition between Vibrio fischeri strains during initiation and maintenance of a light organ symbiosis.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {176},
number = {7},
pages = {1985-1991},
pmid = {8144466},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/growth & development/*microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; *Luminescent Measurements ; *Selection, Genetic ; Siderophores/biosynthesis ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/classification/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Colonization of the light-emitting organ of the Hawaiian squid Euprymna scolopes is initiated when the nascent organ of a newly hatched squid becomes inoculated with Vibrio fischeri cells present in the ambient seawater. Although they are induced for luminescence in the light organ, these symbiotic strains are characteristically non-visibly luminous (NVL) when grown in laboratory culture. The more typical visibly luminous (VL) type of V. fischeri co-occurs in Hawaiian seawater with these NVL strains; thus, two phenotypically distinct groups of this species potentially have access to the symbiotic niche, yet only the NVL ones are found there. In laboratory inoculation experiments, VL strains, when presented in pure culture, showed the same capability for colonizing the light organ as NVL strains. However, in experiments with mixed cultures composed of both VL and NVL strains, the VL ones were unable to compete with the NVL ones and did not persist within the light organ as the symbiosis became established. In addition, NVL strains entered light organs that had already been colonized by VL strains and displaced them. The mechanism underlying the symbiotic competitiveness exhibited by NVL strains remains unknown; however, it does not appear to be due to a higher potential for siderophore activity. While a difference in luminescence phenotype between VL and NVL strains in culture is not likely to be significant in the symbiosis, it has helped identify two distinct groups of V. fischeri that express different colonization capabilities in the squid light organ. This competitive difference provides a useful indication of important traits in light organ colonization.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/growth & development/*microbiology
Genetic Variation
*Luminescent Measurements
*Selection, Genetic
Siderophores/biosynthesis
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/classification/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism

@article {pmid8393003,
year = {1993},
author = {Dunlap, PV and Callahan, SM},
title = {Characterization of a periplasmic 3':5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase gene, cpdP, from the marine symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {175},
number = {15},
pages = {4615-4624},
pmid = {8393003},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/*genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1 ; Escherichia coli ; Genes, Bacterial/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation/genetics ; Phenotype ; Sequence Analysis ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Vibrio/*enzymology ; },
abstract = {Vibrio fischeri, a marine bacterium that forms a bioluminescent symbiosis with certain fish and squids, exhibits the unusual attribute of growth on 3':5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP), apparently through the activity of a 3':5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (3':5'-CNP) with exceptionally high activity. The V. fischeri 3':5'-CNP is located in the periplasm, a novel cellular location for this enzyme in bacteria. To gain insight into the physiological function of this enzyme, we cloned the gene (designated cpdP) encoding it from V. fischeri MJ-1. This is the first bacterial 3':5'-CNP gene to be cloned. Sequencing and analysis of the 1.26-kb cpdP locus revealed a single open reading frame specifying a protein of 330 amino acid residues, including a 22-amino-acid leader peptide. The putative cpdP promoter contained a reasonable -10 promoter region (TATTAT) but contained no obvious -35 region; instead, a 12-bp inverted repeat (TTAAATATTTAA) occurred just upstream of this location. A possible rho-independent transcriptional terminator with a calculated free energy of -21.2 kcal.mol-1 (ca. -88.7 kJ.mol-1) followed the CpdP protein coding sequence. The predicted subunit molecular weight of 33,636 for the mature CpdP protein (36,087 less 2,451 for the leader peptide) was consistent with the molecular weight of 34,000 estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CpdP protein exhibited 30.3% identity with that of the low-affinity 3':5'-CNP (PDE1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 33.6% identity with that of the extracellular 3':5'-CNP of Dictyostelium discoideum. The residue identities clustered in two regions, residues 100 to 146 and 238 to 269, which contained 30 of the 33 amino acids conserved in all three proteins, 4 of which were histidines. A gene replacement mutant of V. fischeri MJ-1 containing a 0.45-kb BglII deletion within the cpdP gene lacked periplasmic 3':5'-CNP activity and did not grow on cAMP, confirming for V. fischeri the relationship among cpdP, synthesis of the periplasmic 3':5'-CNP, and growth on cAMP. The mutant exhibited no obvious sensitivity to high extracellular concentrations of cAMP (5 and 10 mM), suggesting that the enzyme does not play a role in defense against extracellular cAMP.},
}

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/*genetics
Amino Acid Sequence
Base Sequence
Cloning, Molecular
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1
Escherichia coli
Genes, Bacterial/*genetics
Molecular Sequence Data
Mutation/genetics
Phenotype
Sequence Analysis
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Vibrio/*enzymology

@article {pmid8439236,
year = {1993},
author = {Ruby, EG and Asato, LM},
title = {Growth and flagellation of Vibrio fischeri during initiation of the sepiolid squid light organ symbiosis.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {159},
number = {2},
pages = {160-167},
pmid = {8439236},
issn = {0302-8933},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology ; Flagella/*ultrastructure ; Luminescent Measurements ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/classification/cytology/*growth & development/physiology ; },
abstract = {A pure culture of the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri is maintained in the light-emitting organ of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. When the juvenile squid emerges from its egg it is symbiont-free and, because bioluminescence is part of an anti-predatory behavior, therefore must obtain a bacterial inoculum from the surrounding environment. We document here the kinetics of the process by which newly hatched juvenile squids become infected by symbiosis-competent V. fischeri. When placed in seawater containing as few as 240 colony-forming-units (CFU) per ml, the juvenile became detectably bioluminescent within a few hours. Colonization of the nascent light organ was initiated with as few as 1 to 10 bacteria, which rapidly began to grow at an exponential rate until they reached a population size of approximately 10(5) cells by 12 h after the initial infection. Subsequently, the number of bacteria in the established symbiosis was maintained essentially constant by a combination of both a > 20-fold reduction in bacterial growth rate, and an expulsion of excess bacteria into the surrounding seawater. While V. fischeri cells are normally flagellated and motile, these bacteria did not elaborate these appendages once the symbiosis was established; however, they quickly began to synthesize flagella when they were removed from the light organ environment. Thus, two important biological characteristics, growth rate and flagellation, were modulated during establishment of the association, perhaps as part of a coordinated series of symbiotic responses.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology
Flagella/*ultrastructure
Luminescent Measurements
Microscopy, Electron
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/classification/cytology/*growth & development/physiology

@article {pmid8905092,
year = {1996},
author = {Ruby, EG},
title = {Lessons from a cooperative, bacterial-animal association: the Vibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes light organ symbiosis.},
journal = {Annual review of microbiology},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {591-624},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.591},
pmid = {8905092},
issn = {0066-4227},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Communication ; Cell Differentiation ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Molecular Biology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Although the study of microbe-host interactions has been traditionally dominated by an interest in pathogenic associations, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of cooperative symbiotic interactions in the biology of many bacteria and their animal and plant hosts. This review examines a model system for the study of such symbioses, the light organ association between the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Specifically, the initiation, establishment, and persistence of the benign bacterial infection of the juvenile host light organ are described, as are efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying this specific colonization program. Using molecular genetic techniques, mutant strains of V. fischeri have been constructed that are defective at specific stages of the development of the association. Some of the lessons that these mutants have begun to teach us about the complex and long-term nature of this cooperative venture are summarized.},
}

Animals
Cell Communication
Cell Differentiation
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*microbiology
*Luminescent Measurements
Molecular Biology
Species Specificity
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid8917081,
year = {1996},
author = {Visick, KG and Ruby, EG},
title = {Construction and symbiotic competence of a luxA-deletion mutant of Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {175},
number = {1-2},
pages = {89-94},
doi = {10.1016/0378-1119(96)00129-1},
pmid = {8917081},
issn = {0378-1119},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology/physiology ; Electroporation ; Escherichia coli/*genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; Luciferases/*genetics ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Mutagenesis, Insertional/*methods ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Transfection ; Transformation, Bacterial/*genetics ; Vibrio/*genetics/physiology ; },
abstract = {Bioluminescence by the squid Euprymna scolopes requires colonization of its light organ by the symbiotic luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Investigation of the genetic determinants underlying bacterial symbiotic competence in this system has necessitated the continuing establishment and application of molecular genetic techniques in V. fischeri. We developed a procedure for the introduction of plasmid DNA into V. fischeri by electroporation, and isolated a mutant strain that overcame the apparent restriction barrier between V. fischeri and Escherichia coli. Using the technique of electroporation in combination with that of gene replacement, we constructed a non-luminous strain of V. fischeri (delta luxA::erm). In addition, we used the transducing phage rp-1 for the first time to transfer a chromosomal antibiotic resistance marker to another strain of V. fischeri. The luxA mutant was able to colonize E. scolopes as quickly and to the same extent as wild type. This result suggested that, at least during the initial stages of colonization, luminescence per se is not an essential factor for the symbiotic infection.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*microbiology/physiology
Electroporation
Escherichia coli/*genetics
Genetic Vectors
Luciferases/*genetics
*Luminescent Measurements
Mutagenesis, Insertional/*methods
Symbiosis/*genetics
Transfection
Transformation, Bacterial/*genetics
Vibrio/*genetics/physiology

@article {pmid8942994,
year = {1996},
author = {Weis, VM and Small, AL and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {A peroxidase related to the mammalian antimicrobial protein myeloperoxidase in the Euprymna-Vibrio mutualism.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {93},
number = {24},
pages = {13683-13688},
pmid = {8942994},
issn = {0027-8424},
mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies ; Cross Reactions ; DNA, Complementary ; Decapodiformes/*enzymology/*microbiology ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Mammals ; Neutrophils/enzymology ; Organ Specificity ; Peroxidase/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Peroxidases/biosynthesis/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Many animal-bacteria cooperative associations occur in highly modified host organs that create a unique environment for housing and maintaining the symbionts. It has been assumed that these specialized organs develop through a program of symbiosis-specific or -enhanced gene expression in one or both partners, but a clear example of this process has been lacking. In this study, we provide evidence for the enhanced production of an enzyme in the symbiotic organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes, which harbors a culture of the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Our data show that this enzyme has a striking biochemical similarity to mammalian myeloperoxidase (MPO; EC 1.11.17), an antimicrobial dianisidine peroxidase that occurs in neutrophils. MPO and the squid peroxidase catalyze the same reaction, have similar apparent subunit molecular masses, and a polyclonal antibody to native human MPO specifically localized a peroxidase-like protein to the bacteria-containing regions of the symbiotic organ. We also provide evidence that a previously described squid cDNA encodes the protein (LO4) that is responsible for the observed dianisidine peroxidase activity. An antibody made against a fragment of LO4 immunoprecipiated dianisidine peroxidase activity from extracts of the symbiotic organ, and reacted against these extracts and human MPO in Western blot analysis. These data suggest that related biochemical mechanisms for the control of bacterial number and growth operate in associations that are as functionally diverse as pathogenesis and mutualism, and as phylogenetically distant as molluscs and mammals.},
}

Animals
Antibodies
Cross Reactions
DNA, Complementary
Decapodiformes/*enzymology/*microbiology
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Humans
Immunoblotting
Mammals
Neutrophils/enzymology
Organ Specificity
Peroxidase/isolation & purification/*metabolism
Peroxidases/biosynthesis/isolation & purification/*metabolism
Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid9336902,
year = {1997},
author = {Makemson, JC and Fulayfil, NR and Landry, W and Van Ert, LM and Wimpee, CF and Widder, EA and Case, JF},
title = {Shewanella woodyi sp. nov., an exclusively respiratory luminous bacterium isolated from the Alboran Sea.},
journal = {International journal of systematic bacteriology},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {1034-1039},
doi = {10.1099/00207713-47-4-1034},
pmid = {9336902},
issn = {0020-7713},
mesh = {Base Composition ; DNA, Bacterial/*analysis ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/chemistry/*classification/*genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Luminescent Measurements ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*analysis ; *Water Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Thirty-four strains of nonfermentative, respiratory, luminous bacteria were isolated from samples of squid ink and seawater from depths of 200 to 300 m in the Alboran Sea. Although these strains had a few properties similar to properties of Shewanella (Alteromonas) hanedai, they did not cluster phenotypically with any previously described bacterium. The nucleotide sequence of a 740-bp segment of luxA was not homologous with other known luxA sequences but clustered with the luxA sequences of Shewanella hanedai, Vibrio logei, Vibrio fischeri, and Photobacterium species. The 16S RNA gene from two strains was sequenced and was found to be most closely related to the S. hanedai 16S RNA gene. Based on the differences observed, we describe the new isolates as members of new species, Shewanella woodyi sp. nov. Strain ATCC 51908 (= MS32) is the type strain of this new species.},
}

Base Composition
DNA, Bacterial/*analysis
Fatty Acids/analysis
Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/chemistry/*classification/*genetics/physiology/ultrastructure
Humans
Luminescent Measurements
Phylogeny
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*analysis
*Water Microbiology

@article {pmid9422593,
year = {1998},
author = {Fidopiastis, PM and von Boletzky, S and Ruby, EG},
title = {A new niche for Vibrio logei, the predominant light organ symbiont of squids in the genus Sepiola.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {180},
number = {1},
pages = {59-64},
pmid = {9422593},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aldehydes/pharmacology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Colony Count, Microbial ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Temperature ; Vibrio/genetics/*growth & development/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Two genera of sepiolid squids--Euprymna, found primarily in shallow, coastal waters of Hawaii and the Western Pacific, and Sepiola, the deeper-, colder-water-dwelling Mediterranean and Atlantic squids--are known to recruit luminous bacteria into light organ symbioses. The light organ symbiont of Euprymna spp. is Vibrio fischeri, but until now, the light organ symbionts of Sepiola spp. have remained inadequately identified. We used a combination of molecular and physiological characteristics to reveal that the light organs of Sepiola affinis and Sepiola robusta contain a mixed population of Vibrio logei and V. fischeri, with V. logei comprising between 63 and 100% of the bacteria in the light organs that we analyzed. V. logei had not previously been known to exist in such symbioses. In addition, this is the first report of two different species of luminous bacteria co-occurring within a single light organ. The luminescence of these symbiotic V. logei strains, as well as that of other isolates of V. logei tested, is reduced when they are grown at temperatures above 20 degrees C, partly due to a limitation in the synthesis of aliphatic aldehyde, a substrate of the luminescence reaction. In contrast, the luminescence of the V. fischeri symbionts is optimal above 24 degrees C and is not enhanced by aldehyde addition. Also, V. fischeri strains were markedly more successful than V. logei at colonizing the light organs of juvenile Euprymna scolopes, especially at 26 degrees C. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the ecological dynamics and evolution of cooperative, and perhaps pathogenic, associations of Vibrio spp. with their animal hosts.},
}

Aldehydes/pharmacology
Animals
Biological Evolution
Colony Count, Microbial
DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
*Luminescent Measurements
Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
RNA, Bacterial/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Symbiosis/*physiology
Temperature
Vibrio/genetics/*growth & development/pathogenicity

@article {pmid9453641,
year = {1998},
author = {Lamarcq, LH and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Induction of a gradual, reversible morphogenesis of its host's epithelial brush border by Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Infection and immunity},
volume = {66},
number = {2},
pages = {777-785},
pmid = {9453641},
issn = {0019-9567},
mesh = {Actins/analysis/genetics ; Animals ; Decapodiformes ; Epithelium/ultrastructure ; In Situ Hybridization ; Microvilli/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Morphogenesis ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Bacteria exert a variety of influences on the morphology and physiology of animal cells whether they are pathogens or cooperative partners. The association between the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes provides an experimental model for the study of the influence of extracellular bacteria on the development of host epithelia. In this study, we analyzed bacterium-induced changes in the brush borders of the light organ crypt epithelia during the initial hours following colonization of this tissue. Transmission electron microscopy of the brush border morphology in colonized and uncolonized hosts revealed that the bacteria effect a fourfold increase in microvillar density over the first 4 days of the association. Estimates of the proportions of bacterial cells in contact with host microvilli showed that the intimacy of the bacterial cells with animal cell surfaces increases significantly during this time. Antibiotic curing of the organ following colonization showed that sustained interaction with bacteria is essential for the retention of the induced morphological changes. Bacteria that are defective in either light production or colonization efficiency produced changes similar to those by the parent strain. Conventional fluorescence and confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that the brush border is supported by abundant filamentous actin. However, in situ hybridization with beta-actin probes did not show marked bacterium-induced increases in beta-actin gene expression. These experiments demonstrate that the E. scolopes-V. fischeri system is a viable model for the experimental study of bacterium-induced changes in host brush border morphology.},
}

Actins/analysis/genetics
Animals
Decapodiformes
Epithelium/ultrastructure
In Situ Hybridization
Microvilli/physiology/*ultrastructure
Morphogenesis
RNA, Messenger/analysis
Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid9465100,
year = {1998},
author = {Graf, J and Ruby, EG},
title = {Host-derived amino acids support the proliferation of symbiotic bacteria.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {95},
number = {4},
pages = {1818-1822},
pmid = {9465100},
issn = {0027-8424},
mesh = {Amino Acids/*metabolism ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Luminescent Measurements ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mutagenesis ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Animals are typically colonized by diverse bacterial symbionts, many of which are commensal and, in numerous cases, even essential for their host's proper development and growth. In exchange, the host must supply a sufficient array and quantity of nutrients to support the proliferation and persistence of its microbial community. In this investigation, we have examined such a nutritional environment by determining the symbiotic competence of auxotrophic mutants of the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, and have demonstrated that the host squid Euprymna scolopes provides at least 9 aa to the growing culture of symbiotic V. fischeri present in its light-emitting organ. We also collected and analyzed the extracellular fluid from this organ, in which the symbionts reside, and confirmed that it contained significant amounts of amino acids. The combined results suggested that host-derived free amino acids, as well as peptides or proteins, are a source of the amino acids that support the growth of the symbionts. This work describes a technique to sample the symbionts and their surrounding environment without contamination by host tissue components and, in combination with molecular genetic studies, allows the characterization of the nutritional conditions that support a cooperative animal-bacterial symbiosis.},
}

Amino Acids/*metabolism
Animals
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Luminescent Measurements
Microscopy, Electron
Mutagenesis
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid9555890,
year = {1998},
author = {Visick, KL and Ruby, EG},
title = {The periplasmic, group III catalase of Vibrio fischeri is required for normal symbiotic competence and is induced both by oxidative stress and by approach to stationary phase.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {180},
number = {8},
pages = {2087-2092},
pmid = {9555890},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {F32 GM017424/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1F32GM174724-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Catalase/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Enzyme Induction ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Kinetics ; Luminescent Measurements ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Oxidative Stress ; Photoreceptor Cells/microbiology ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis ; Restriction Mapping ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The catalase gene, katA, of the sepiolid squid symbiont Vibrio fischeri has been cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence of KatA has a high degree of similarity to the recently defined group III catalases, including those found in Haemophilus influenzae, Bacteroides fragilis, and Proteus mirabilis. Upstream of the predicted start codon of katA is a sequence that closely matches the consensus sequence for promoters regulated in Escherichia coli by the alternative sigma factor encoded by rpoS. Further, the level of expression of the cloned katA gene in an E. coli rpoS mutant is much lower than in wild-type E. coli. Catalase activity is induced three- to fourfold both as growing V. fischeri cells approach stationary phase and upon the addition of a small amount of hydrogen peroxide during logarithmic growth. The catalase activity was localized in the periplasm of wild-type V. fischeri cells, where its role could be to detoxify hydrogen peroxide coming from the external environment. No significant catalase activity could be detected in a katA null mutant strain, demonstrating that KatA is the predominately expressed catalase in V. fischeri and indicating that V. fischeri carries only a single catalase gene. The catalase mutant was defective in its ability to competitively colonize the light organs of juvenile squids in coinoculation experiments with the parent strain, suggesting that the catalase enzyme plays an important role in the symbiosis between V. fischeri and its squid host.},
}

Animals
Base Sequence
Catalase/*biosynthesis/genetics
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Enzyme Induction
Escherichia coli/enzymology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
*Genes, Bacterial
Kinetics
Luminescent Measurements
Molecular Sequence Data
*Oxidative Stress
Photoreceptor Cells/microbiology
Plasmids
Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
Restriction Mapping
Symbiosis
Vibrio/genetics/growth & development/*physiology

@article {pmid9716720,
year = {1998},
author = {Foster, JS and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Induction of apoptosis by cooperative bacteria in the morphogenesis of host epithelial tissues.},
journal = {Development genes and evolution},
volume = {208},
number = {6},
pages = {295-303},
doi = {10.1007/s004270050185},
pmid = {9716720},
issn = {0949-944X},
support = {R01-RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Endonucleases/metabolism ; Epithelium/anatomy & histology ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Vibrio/enzymology/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Associations with pathogenic bacteria have recently been shown to initiate apoptotic programs in the cells of their animal hosts, where host cell death is hypothesized to be a response of the immune system, either initiated as a mechanism of host defense or bacterial offense. In this study, we present evidence that bacterial initiation of apoptosis is neither restricted to pathogenesis nor to the initation of an immune response. In the cooperative association between the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes and the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the bacteria induce a dramatic morphogenesis of the host tissues during the first few days of interaction between these partners. The most striking change is the bacteria-triggered loss of an extensive superficial epithelium that potentiates the infection process. Our analyses of these tissues revealed that the bacteria induce apoptosis in the cells that comprise this epithelium within hours of the interaction with bacteria. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that after 24 h the integrity of the epithelium had been lost, i.e., the basement membrane had degenerated and the majority of the cells exhibited signs of apoptosis, most notably chromatin condensation. Analysis of these tissues with probes that reveal intracellular acidification showed that the cells first undergo an initial acidification beginning about 6-8 h after exposure to V. fischeri. As determined by end-labeling of DNA fragments, extensive endonuclease activity was detected at approximately 16-20 h post-infection. These data provide evidence that cooperative bacteria can participate in the remodeling of host tissues through the induction of host apoptotic programs.},
}

Animals
*Apoptosis
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Endonucleases/metabolism
Epithelium/anatomy & histology
In Situ Nick-End Labeling
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Vibrio/enzymology/*physiology

@article {pmid9726861,
year = {1998},
author = {Nishiguchi, MK and Ruby, EG and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Competitive dominance among strains of luminous bacteria provides an unusual form of evidence for parallel evolution in Sepiolid squid-vibrio symbioses.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {64},
number = {9},
pages = {3209-3213},
pmid = {9726861},
issn = {0099-2240},
support = {R01 RR10926/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Bacterial ; Decapodiformes/genetics/*microbiology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/genetics ; Luminescent Measurements ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*genetics/*growth & development ; },
abstract = {One of the principal assumptions in symbiosis research is that associated partners have evolved in parallel. We report here experimental evidence for parallel speciation patterns among several partners of the sepiolid squid-luminous bacterial symbioses. Molecular phylogenies for 14 species of host squids were derived from sequences of both the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I; the glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase locus was sequenced for phylogenetic determinations of 7 strains of bacterial symbionts. Comparisons of trees constructed for each of the three loci revealed a parallel phylogeny between the sepiolids and their respective symbionts. Because both the squids and their bacterial partners can be easily cultured independently in the laboratory, we were able to couple these phylogenetic analyses with experiments to examine the ability of the different symbiont strains to compete with each other during the colonization of one of the host species. Our results not only indicate a pronounced dominance of native symbiont strains over nonnative strains, but also reveal a hierarchy of symbiont competency that reflects the phylogenetic relationships of the partners. For the first time, molecular systematics has been coupled with experimental colonization assays to provide evidence for the existence of parallel speciation among a set of animal-bacterial associations.},
}

Animals
Biological Evolution
DNA, Bacterial
Decapodiformes/genetics/*microbiology
Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/genetics
Luminescent Measurements
Molecular Sequence Data
*Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Species Specificity
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*genetics/*growth & development

@article {pmid9818359,
year = {1998},
author = {Nyholm, SV and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Sampling the light-organ microenvironment of Euprymna scolopes: description of a population of host cells in association with the bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {The Biological bulletin},
volume = {195},
number = {2},
pages = {89-97},
doi = {10.2307/1542815},
pmid = {9818359},
issn = {0006-3185},
support = {R01 RR10926-O1A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Decapodiformes/cytology/*microbiology/physiology ; Environment ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Hemocytes/physiology/ultrastructure ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Light ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/physiology/*ultrastructure ; },
abstract = {The symbiosis between the squid Euprymna scolopes and the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri has a pronounced diel rhythm, one component of which is the venting of the contents of the light organ into the surrounding seawater each day at dawn. In this study, we explored the use of this behavior to sample the microenvironment of the light-organ crypts. Intact crypt contents, which emerge from the lateral pores of the organ as a thick paste-like exudate, were collected from anesthetized host animals that had been exposed to a light cue. Microscopy revealed that the expelled material is composed of a conspicuous population of host cells in association with the bacterial symbionts, all of which are embedded in a dense acellular matrix that strongly resembles the bacteria-based biofilms described in other systems. Assays of the viability of expelled crypt cells revealed no dead bacterial symbionts and a mixture of live and dead host cells. Analyses of the ultrastructure, biochemistry, and phagocytic activity of a subset of the host cell population suggested that some of these cells are macrophage-like molluscan hemocytes.},
}

Animals
Circadian Rhythm
Colony Count, Microbial
Decapodiformes/cytology/*microbiology/physiology
Environment
Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
Hemocytes/physiology/ultrastructure
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Light
Microscopy, Confocal
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/physiology/*ultrastructure

@article {pmid9891783,
year = {1998},
author = {Wilson, T and Hastings, JW},
title = {Bioluminescence.},
journal = {Annual review of cell and developmental biology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {197-230},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.197},
pmid = {9891783},
issn = {1081-0706},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Cnidaria/metabolism ; Coleoptera ; Eukaryota/metabolism ; Firefly Luciferin/*metabolism ; Fishes ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Light ; Luciferases/*metabolism ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Bioluminescence has evolved independently many times; thus the responsible genes are unrelated in bacteria, unicellular algae, coelenterates, beetles, fishes, and others. Chemically, all involve exergonic reactions of molecular oxygen with different substrates (luciferins) and enzymes (luciferases), resulting in photons of visible light (approximately 50 kcal). In addition to the structure of luciferan, several factors determine the color of the emissions, such as the amino acid sequence of the luciferase (as in beetles, for example) or the presence of accessory proteins, notably GFP, discovered in coelenterates and now used as a reporter of gene expression and a cellular marker. The mechanisms used to control the intensity and kinetics of luminescence, often emitted as flashes, also vary. Bioluminescence is credited with the discovery of how some bacteria, luminous or not, sense their density and regulate specific genes by chemical communication, as in the fascinating example of symbiosis between luminous bacteria and squid.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/metabolism
Cnidaria/metabolism
Coleoptera
Eukaryota/metabolism
Firefly Luciferin/*metabolism
Fishes
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Light
Luciferases/*metabolism
*Luminescent Measurements
Luminescent Proteins/metabolism

@article {pmid9924775,
year = {1998},
author = {Montgomery, MK and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Late postembryonic development of the symbiotic light organ of Euprymna scolopes (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae).},
journal = {The Biological bulletin},
volume = {195},
number = {3},
pages = {326-336},
doi = {10.2307/1543144},
pmid = {9924775},
issn = {0006-3185},
support = {R01-RR12294-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR01024/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animal Structures/*growth & development/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Crystallins/analysis ; Decapodiformes/*growth & development ; Immunohistochemistry ; *Light ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {The symbiotic light organ of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes undergoes significant anatomical, morphological, and biochemical changes during development. Previously we described the embryonic organogenesis and early postembryonic development of the light organ. During embryogenesis, tissues are developed that will promote the onset of an association with Vibrio fischeri, the light organ symbiont. Upon inoculation, and in response to the first interactions with the bacterial symbionts, the light organ undergoes a dramatic morphogenesis during the first 4-5 days of postembryonic development. Here we describe the final developmental stage of the light organ system, a period of late postembryonic development in which particular tissues of the light organ mature that eventually mediate the functional symbiosis. The maturation of the light organ occurs within 1 to 2 weeks posthatch and entails two principal processes: (1) changes in the shape of the organ and elaboration of the accessory tissues that modify the bacterially produced light; and (2) branching of the epithelial crypts, where the bacterial symbionts reside, and restriction of epithelial cell proliferation to the deepest branches of the crypts. The gross morphological changes of the organ occur in the absence of V. fischeri, although rudiments of the ciliated field of the hatchling remain in animals not exposed to the microbial symbiont.},
}

Animal Structures/*growth & development/ultrastructure
Animals
Crystallins/analysis
Decapodiformes/*growth & development
Immunohistochemistry
*Light
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
*Symbiosis
Time Factors

@article {pmid10022605,
year = {1999},
author = {Small, AL and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Halide peroxidase in tissues that interact with bacteria in the host squid Euprymna scolopes.},
journal = {Journal of cellular biochemistry},
volume = {72},
number = {4},
pages = {445-457},
pmid = {10022605},
issn = {0730-2312},
support = {R01-RR10926-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*metabolism/microbiology ; Epithelial Cells/enzymology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Peroxidase/analysis/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Vibrio/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {An enzyme with similarities to myeloperoxidase, the antimicrobial halide peroxidase in mammalian neutrophils, occurs abundantly in the light organ tissue of Euprymna scolopes, a squid that maintains a beneficial association with the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Using three independent assays typically applied to the analysis of halide peroxidase enzymes, we directly compared the activity of the squid enzyme with that of human myeloperoxidase. One of these methods, the diethanolamine assay, confirmed that the squid peroxidase requires halide ions for its activity. The identification of a halide peroxidase in a cooperative bacterial association suggested that this type of enzyme can function not only to control pathogens, but also to modulate the interactions of host animals with their beneficial partners. To determine whether the squid peroxidase functions under both circumstances, we examined its distribution in a variety of host tissues, including those that typically interact with bacteria and those that do not. Tissues interacting with bacteria included those that have specific cooperative associations with bacteria (i.e., the light organ and accessory nidamental gland) and those that have transient nonspecific interactions with bacteria (i.e., the gills, which clear the cephalopod circulatory system of invading microorganisms). These bacteria-associated tissues were compared with the eye, digestive gland, white body, and ink-producing tissues, which do not typically interact directly with bacteria. Peroxidase enzyme assays, immunocytochemical localization, and DNA-RNA hybridizations showed that the halide-dependent peroxidase is consistently expressed in high concentration in tissues that interact bacteria. Elevated levels of the peroxidase were also found in the ink-producing tissues, which are known to have enzymatic pathways associated with antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these data suggest that the host uses a common biochemical response to the variety of types of associations that it forms with microorganisms.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*metabolism/microbiology
Epithelial Cells/enzymology
Immunohistochemistry
Peroxidase/analysis/*metabolism
RNA, Messenger/metabolism
Vibrio/*chemistry

@article {pmid10498950,
year = {1999},
author = {Ruby, EG and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Oxygen-utilizing reactions and symbiotic colonization of the squid light organ by Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Trends in microbiology},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {414-420},
doi = {10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01588-7},
pmid = {10498950},
issn = {0966-842X},
support = {R01-RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology/physiology ; Light ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*growth & development ; },
abstract = {A major goal in microbiology is to understand the processes by which bacteria successfully colonize host tissue. Although a wealth of studies focusing on pathogenic microorganisms has revealed much about the rare interactions that result in disease, far less is known about the regulation of the ubiquitous, long-term, cooperative associations of bacteria with their animal hosts.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*microbiology/physiology
Light
Oxygen/*metabolism
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*growth & development

@article {pmid10653967,
year = {2000},
author = {Claes, MF and Dunlap, PV},
title = {Aposymbiotic culture of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: role of the symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri in host animal growth, development, and light organ morphogenesis.},
journal = {The Journal of experimental zoology},
volume = {286},
number = {3},
pages = {280-296},
pmid = {10653967},
issn = {0022-104X},
mesh = {Animal Structures/*growth & development ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Cilia ; Decapodiformes/*embryology/microbiology ; Epithelium/growth & development ; Female ; Luminescent Measurements ; Male ; Morphogenesis ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes forms a bioluminescent mutualism with the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri, harboring V. fischeri cells in a complex ventral light organ and using the bacterial light in predator avoidance. To characterize the contribution of V. fischeri to the growth and development of E. scolopes and to define the long-term effects of bacterial colonization on light organ morphogenesis, we developed a mariculture system for the culture of E. scolopes from hatching to adulthood, employing artificial seawater, lighting that mimicked that of the natural environment, and provision of prey sized to match the developmental stage of E. scolopes. Animals colonized by V. fischeri and animals cultured in the absence of V. fischeri (aposymbiotic) grew and survived equally well, developed similarly, and reached sexual maturity at a similar age. Development of the light organ accessory tissues (lens, reflectors, and ink sac) was similar in colonized and aposymbiotic animals with no obvious morphometric or histological differences. Colonization by V. fischeri influenced regression of the ciliated epithelial appendages (CEAs), the long-term growth of the light organ epithelial tubules, and the appearance of the cells composing the ciliated ducts, which exhibit characteristics of secretory tissue. In certain cases, aposymbiotic animals retained the CEAs in a partially regressed state and remained competent to initiate symbiosis with V. fischeri into adulthood. In other cases, the CEAs regressed fully in aposymbiotic animals, and these animals were not colonizable. The results demonstrate that V. fischeri is not required for normal growth and development of the animal or for development of the accessory light organ tissues and that morphogenesis of only those tissues coming in contact with the bacteria (CEAs, ciliated ducts, and light organ epithelium) is altered by bacterial colonization of the light organ. Therefore, V. fischeri apparently makes no major metabolic contribution to E. scolopes beyond light production, and post-embryonic development of the light organ is essentially symbiont independent. J. Exp. Zool. 286:280-296, 2000.},
}

Animal Structures/*growth & development
Animals
Behavior, Animal/physiology
Cilia
Decapodiformes/*embryology/microbiology
Epithelium/growth & development
Female
Luminescent Measurements
Male
Morphogenesis
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid10714980,
year = {2000},
author = {Visick, KL and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {An exclusive contract: specificity in the Vibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes partnership.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {182},
number = {7},
pages = {1779-1787},
pmid = {10714980},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {R01 RR10926/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/cytology/growth & development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Macrophages/cytology/microbiology/physiology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/cytology/growth & development/*physiology ; },
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/cytology/growth & development/*microbiology/*physiology
Ecosystem
Evolution, Molecular
*Luminescent Measurements
Macrophages/cytology/microbiology/physiology
Species Specificity
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/cytology/growth & development/*physiology

@article {pmid10781550,
year = {2000},
author = {Callahan, SM and Dunlap, PV},
title = {LuxR- and acyl-homoserine-lactone-controlled non-lux genes define a quorum-sensing regulon in Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {182},
number = {10},
pages = {2811-2822},
pmid = {10781550},
issn = {0021-9193},
mesh = {4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Intramolecular Transferases/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Regulon ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; Vibrio/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The luminescence (lux) operon (luxICDABEG) of the symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri is regulated by the transcriptional activator LuxR and two acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) autoinducers (the luxI-dependent 3-oxo-hexanoyl-HSL [3-oxo-C6-HSL] and the ainS-dependent octanoyl-HSL [C8-HSL]) in a population density-responsive manner called quorum sensing. To identify quorum-sensing-regulated (QSR) proteins different from those encoded by lux genes, we examined the protein patterns of V. fischeri quorum-sensing mutants defective in luxI, ainS, and luxR by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Five non-Lux QSR proteins, QsrP, RibB, AcfA, QsrV, and QSR 7, were identified; their production occurred preferentially at high population density, required both LuxR and 3-oxo-C6-HSL, and was inhibited by C8-HSL at low population density. The genes encoding two of the QSR proteins were characterized: qsrP directs cells to synthesize an apparently novel periplasmic protein, and ribB is a homolog of the Escherichia coli gene for 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme for riboflavin synthesis. The qsrP and ribB promoter regions each contained a sequence similar to the lux operon lux box, a 20-bp region of dyad symmetry necessary for LuxR/3-oxo-C6-HSL-dependent activation of lux operon transcription. V. fischeri qsrP and ribB mutants exhibited no distinct phenotype in culture. However, a qsrP mutant, in competition with its parent strain, was less successful in colonizing Euprymna scolopes, the symbiotic host of V. fischeri. The newly identified QSR genes, together with the lux operon, define a LuxR/acyl-HSL-responsive quorum-sensing regulon in V. fischeri.},
}

4-Butyrolactone/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism
Base Sequence
DNA, Bacterial
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Intramolecular Transferases/*genetics
Molecular Sequence Data
*Regulon
Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Symbiosis
Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism
Vibrio/*genetics

@article {pmid10913092,
year = {2000},
author = {Visick, KL and Foster, J and Doino, J and McFall-Ngai, M and Ruby, EG},
title = {Vibrio fischeri lux genes play an important role in colonization and development of the host light organ.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {182},
number = {16},
pages = {4578-4586},
pmid = {10913092},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {F32 GM017424/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; F32GM17424-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; RR-12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Electric Organ/microbiology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/*microbiology ; Luciferases/*genetics ; Luminescent Measurements ; Mutagenesis ; *Operon ; Plasmids ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Vibrio/enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and juveniles of the squid Euprymna scolopes specifically recognize and respond to one another during the formation of a persistent colonization within the host's nascent light-emitting organ. The resulting fully developed light organ contains brightly luminescing bacteria and has undergone a bacterium-induced program of tissue differentiation, one component of which is a swelling of the epithelial cells that line the symbiont-containing crypts. While the luminescence (lux) genes of symbiotic V. fischeri have been shown to be highly induced within the crypts, the role of these genes in the initiation and persistence of the symbiosis has not been rigorously examined. We have constructed and examined three mutants (luxA, luxI, and luxR), defective in either luciferase enzymatic or regulatory proteins. All three are unable to induce normal luminescence levels in the host and, 2 days after initiating the association, had a three- to fourfold defect in the extent of colonization. Surprisingly, these lux mutants also were unable to induce swelling in the crypt epithelial cells. Complementing, in trans, the defect in light emission restored both normal colonization capability and induction of swelling. We hypothesize that a diminished level of oxygen consumption by a luciferase-deficient symbiotic population is responsible for the reduced fitness of lux mutants in the light organ crypts. This study is the first to show that the capacity for bioluminescence is critical for normal cell-cell interactions between a bacterium and its animal host and presents the first examples of V. fischeri genes that affect normal host tissue development.},
}

Animals
Bacterial Proteins/genetics
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Electric Organ/microbiology
Epithelial Cells/cytology/*microbiology
Luciferases/*genetics
Luminescent Measurements
Mutagenesis
*Operon
Plasmids
Recombination, Genetic
Repressor Proteins/genetics
Symbiosis
Trans-Activators/genetics
Vibrio/enzymology/genetics/*physiology

@article {pmid10919820,
year = {2000},
author = {Nishiguchi, MK},
title = {Temperature affects species distribution in symbiotic populations of Vibrio spp.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {66},
number = {8},
pages = {3550-3555},
pmid = {10919820},
issn = {0099-2240},
mesh = {Animals ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Decapodiformes/*classification/*microbiology ; Light ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; Vibrio/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {The genus Sepiola (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) contains 10 known species that occur in the Mediterranean Sea today. All Sepiola species have a light organ that contains at least one of two species of luminous bacteria, Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio logei. The two Vibrio species coexist in at least four Sepiola species (S. affinis, S. intermedia, S. ligulata, and S. robusta), and their concentrations in the light organ depend on changes in certain abiotic factors, including temperature. Strains of V. fischeri grew faster in vitro and in Sepiola juveniles when they were incubated at 26 degrees C. In contrast, strains of V. logei grew faster at 18 degrees C in culture and in Sepiola juveniles. When aposymbiotic S. affinis or S. ligulata juveniles were inoculated with one Vibrio species, all strains of V. fischeri and V. logei were capable of infecting both squid species at the optimum growth temperatures, regardless of the squid host from which the bacteria were initially isolated. However, when two different strains of V. fischeri and V. logei were placed in direct competition with each other at either 18 or 26 degrees C, strains of V. fischeri were present in sepiolid light organs in greater concentrations at 26 degrees C, whereas strains of V. logei were present in greater concentrations at 18 degrees C. In addition to the competition experiments, the ratios of the two bacterial species in adult Sepiola specimens caught throughout the season at various depths differed, and these differences were correlated with the temperature in the surrounding environment. My findings contribute additional data concerning the ecological and environmental factors that affect host-symbiont recognition and may provide insight into the evolution of animal-bacterium specificity.},
}

Animals
Colony Count, Microbial
Decapodiformes/*classification/*microbiology
Light
Species Specificity
*Symbiosis
Temperature
Vibrio/*growth & development/isolation & purification

@article {pmid10931314,
year = {2000},
author = {Graf, J and Ruby, EG},
title = {Novel effects of a transposon insertion in the Vibrio fischeri glnD gene: defects in iron uptake and symbiotic persistence in addition to nitrogen utilization.},
journal = {Molecular microbiology},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {168-179},
doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01984.x},
pmid = {10931314},
issn = {0950-382X},
support = {RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Carbon/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; *DNA Transposable Elements ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Iron/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Nucleotidyltransferases/*genetics/metabolism ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins ; Phenotype ; Siderophores/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/classification/*enzymology/genetics/growth & development ; },
abstract = {Vibrio fischeri is the sole species colonizing the light-emitting organ of the Hawaiian squid, Euprymna scolopes. Upon entering the nascent light organ of a newly hatched juvenile squid, the bacteria undergo morphological and physiological changes that include the loss of flagellation and the induction of bioluminescence. These and other events reveal a pattern of genetic regulation that is a response to the colonization of host tissue. In this study, we isolated and characterized a glnD:mTn5Cm mutant of V. fischeri. In addition to the predicted defects in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, this glnD mutant had an unexpected reduction in the ability to produce siderophore and grow under iron-limiting conditions. Although the glnD mutant could colonize juvenile squid normally over the first 24 h, it was subsequently unable to persist in the light organ to the usual extent. This persistence phenotype was more severe if the mutant was pregrown under iron-limiting conditions before inoculation, but could be ameliorated by the presence of excess iron. These results indicate that the ability to respond to iron limitation may be an important requirement in the developing symbiosis. Supplying the glnD gene in trans restored normal efficiency of nitrogen use, iron sequestration and colonization phenotypes to the glnD:mTn5Cm mutant; thus, there appears to be a genetic and/or metabolic linkage between nitrogen sensing, siderophore synthesis and symbiosis competence in V. fischeri that involves the glnD gene.},
}

Animals
Carbon/metabolism
Cloning, Molecular
*DNA Transposable Elements
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Genetic Complementation Test
Iron/*metabolism
Nitrogen/*metabolism
Nucleotidyltransferases/*genetics/metabolism
PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins
Phenotype
Siderophores/metabolism
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/classification/*enzymology/genetics/growth & development

@article {pmid10941780,
year = {1999},
author = {Ruby, EG},
title = {The Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis: a biomedical model for the study of bacterial colonization of animal tissue.},
journal = {Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {13-21},
pmid = {10941780},
issn = {1464-1801},
support = {R01-RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Phagocytosis/immunology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*growth & development/immunology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The diversity of microorganisms found in the marine environment reflects the immense size, range of physical conditions and energy sources, and evolutionary age of the sea. Because associations with living animal tissue are an important and ancient part of the ecology of many microorganisms, it is not surprising that the study of marine symbioses (including both cooperative and pathogenic interactions) has produced numerous discoveries of biotechnological and biomedical significance. The association between the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes has emerged as a productive model system for the investigation of the mechanisms by which cooperative bacteria initiate colonization of specific host tissues. The results of the last decade of research on this system have begun to reveal surprising similarities between this association and the pathogenic associations of disease-causing Vibrio species, including those of interest to human health and aquaculture. Studies of the biochemical and molecular events underlying the development of the squid-vibrio symbiosis can be expected to continue to increase our understanding of the factors controlling both benign and pathogenic bacterial associations.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/immunology/metabolism/*microbiology
Humans
Models, Biological
Phagocytosis/immunology
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*growth & development/immunology/metabolism

@article {pmid10963683,
year = {2000},
author = {Nyholm, SV and Stabb, EV and Ruby, EG and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Establishment of an animal-bacterial association: recruiting symbiotic vibrios from the environment.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {97},
number = {18},
pages = {10231-10235},
pmid = {10963683},
issn = {0027-8424},
support = {R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01-RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology/*physiology ; Epithelium/microbiology/physiology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*physiology ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/*physiology ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Lectins ; Luminescent Proteins/analysis/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/analysis ; Seawater/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {While most animal-bacterial symbioses are reestablished each successive generation, the mechanisms by which the host and its potential microbial partners ensure tissue colonization remain largely undescribed. We used the model association between the squid Euprymna scolopes and Vibrio fischeri to examine this process. This light organ symbiosis is initiated when V. fischeri cells present in the surrounding seawater enter pores on the surface of the nascent organ and colonize deep epithelia-lined crypts. We discovered that when newly hatched squid were experimentally exposed to natural seawater, the animals responded by secreting a viscous material from the pores of the organ. Animals maintained in filtered seawater produced no secretions unless Gram-negative bacteria, either living or dead, were reintroduced. The viscous material bound only lectins that are specific for either N-acetylneuraminic acid or N-acetylgalactosamine, suggesting that it was composed of a mucus-containing matrix. Complex ciliated fields on the surface of the organ produced water currents that focused the matrix into a mass that was tethered to, and suspended above, the light organ pores. When V. fischeri cells were introduced into the seawater surrounding the squid, the bacteria were drawn into its fluid-filled body cavity during ventilation and were captured in the matrix. After residing as an aggregate for several hours, the symbionts migrated into the pores and colonized the crypt epithelia. This mode of infection may be an example of a widespread strategy by which aquatic hosts increase the likelihood of successful colonization by rarely encountered symbionts.},
}

Animals
Cloning, Molecular
Decapodiformes/*microbiology/*physiology
Epithelium/microbiology/physiology
Gram-Negative Bacteria/*physiology
Gram-Positive Bacteria/*physiology
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Lectins
Luminescent Proteins/analysis/genetics
Recombinant Proteins/analysis
Seawater/microbiology
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid10966433,
year = {2000},
author = {Doino Lemus, J and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Alterations in the proteome of the Euprymna scolopes light organ in response to symbiotic Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {66},
number = {9},
pages = {4091-4097},
pmid = {10966433},
issn = {0099-2240},
support = {R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animal Structures/growth & development/metabolism/microbiology ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/growth & development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Light ; Proteome/*metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {During the onset of the cooperative association between the Hawaiian sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the anatomy and morphology of the host's symbiotic organ undergo dramatic changes that require interaction with the bacteria. This morphogenetic process involves an array of tissues, including those in direct contact with, as well as those remote from, the symbiotic bacteria. The bacteria induce the developmental program soon after colonization of the organ, although complete morphogenesis requires 96 h. In this study, to determine critical time points, we examined the biochemistry underlying bacterium-induced host development using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specifically, V. fischeri-induced changes in the soluble proteome of the symbiotic organ during the first 96 h of symbiosis were identified by comparing the protein profiles of symbiont-colonized and uncolonized organs. Both symbiosis-related changes and age-related changes were analyzed to determine what proportion of the differences in the proteomes was the result of specific responses to interaction with bacteria. Although no differences were detected over the first 24 h, numerous symbiosis-related changes became apparent at 48 and 96 h and were more abundant than age-related changes. In addition, many age-related protein changes occurred 48 h sooner in symbiotic animals, suggesting that the interaction of squid tissue with V. fischeri cells accelerates certain developmental processes of the symbiotic organ. These data suggest that V. fischeri-induced modifications in host tissues that occur in the first 24 h of the symbiosis are independent of marked alterations in the patterns of abundant proteins but that the full 4-day morphogenetic program requires significant alteration of the host soluble proteome.},
}

Animal Structures/growth & development/metabolism/microbiology
Animals
Decapodiformes/growth & development/*microbiology/*physiology
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Light
Proteome/*metabolism
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid10989339,
year = {2000},
author = {McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Negotiations between animals and bacteria: the 'diplomacy' of the squid-vibrio symbiosis.},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology},
volume = {126},
number = {4},
pages = {471-480},
doi = {10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00233-6},
pmid = {10989339},
issn = {1095-6433},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {A shared characteristic among animals is their propensity to form stable, beneficial relationships with prokaryotes. Usually these associations occur in the form of consortia, i.e. a diverse assemblage of bacteria interacting with a single animal host. These complex communities, while common, have been difficult to characterize. The two-partner symbiosis between the squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri offers the opportunity to study the interaction between animal and bacterial cells, because both partners can be cultured in the laboratory and the symbiosis can be manipulated experimentally. This system is being used to characterize the mechanisms by which animals establish, develop and maintain stable alliances with bacteria. This review summarizes the progress to date on the development of this model.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid11023684,
year = {2000},
author = {Foster, JS and Apicella, MA and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Vibrio fischeri lipopolysaccharide induces developmental apoptosis, but not complete morphogenesis, of the Euprymna scolopes symbiotic light organ.},
journal = {Developmental biology},
volume = {226},
number = {2},
pages = {242-254},
doi = {10.1006/dbio.2000.9868},
pmid = {11023684},
issn = {0012-1606},
support = {AI24616/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animal Structures/*drug effects/growth & development/microbiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/microbiology ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/chemistry ; Haemophilus influenzae/chemistry/genetics ; Lipid A/biosynthesis/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; *Luminescent Measurements ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Morphogenesis/drug effects ; Shigella flexneri/chemistry ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/chemistry/*physiology ; },
abstract = {During initiation of the association between the squid host Euprymna scolopes and its bacterial partner Vibrio fischeri, the bacteria induce dramatic morphogenesis of the host symbiotic organ, a portion of which involves the signaling of widespread apoptosis of the cells in a superficial ciliated epithelium on the colonized organ. In this study, we investigated the role in this process of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial cell-surface molecule implicated in the induction of animal cell apoptosis in other systems. Purified V. fischeri LPS, as well as the LPS of V. cholerae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri, added in the concentration range of pg/ml to ng/ml, induced apoptosis in epithelial cells 10- to 100-fold above background levels. The absence of species specificity suggested that the conserved lipid A portion of the LPS was the responsible component of the LPS molecule. Lipid A from V. fischeri, E. coli, or S. flexneri induced apoptosis. In addition, strains of H. influenzae carrying a mutation in the htrB gene, which is involved in the synthesis of virulent lipid A, showed a diminished ability to induce apoptosis of host cells. Confocal microscopy using fluorescently labeled LPS indicated that the LPS behaves similar to intact bacterial symbionts, interacting with host cells in the internal crypt spaces and not directly with the superficial epithelium. Although LPS was able to induce apoptosis, it did not induce the full morphogenesis of the ciliated surface, suggesting that multiple signals are necessary to mediate the development of this animal-bacterial mutualism.},
}

Animal Structures/*drug effects/growth & development/microbiology/ultrastructure
Animals
Apoptosis/*drug effects
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/microbiology
Epithelial Cells/drug effects
Escherichia coli/chemistry
Haemophilus influenzae/chemistry/genetics
Lipid A/biosynthesis/pharmacology
Lipopolysaccharides/isolation & purification/*pharmacology
*Luminescent Measurements
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Morphogenesis/drug effects
Shigella flexneri/chemistry
Species Specificity
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/chemistry/*physiology

@article {pmid11038222,
year = {2000},
author = {Hirsch, AM and McFall-Ngai, MJ},
title = {Fundamental Concepts in Symbiotic Interactions: Light and Dark, Day and Night, Squid and Legume.},
journal = {Journal of plant growth regulation},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {113-130},
doi = {10.1007/s003440000025},
pmid = {11038222},
issn = {0721-7595},
abstract = {The legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and that between Euprymna scolopes and Vibrio fischeri show some surprising physiological similarities as well as differences. Both interactions rely on exchange of signal molecules, some of which are derived from bacterial cell surface molecules. Although the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is nutritionally based as are many animal-microbe symbioses, it is not obligate because the plant initiates nodule formation only when the soil is deficient in nitrogen. In contrast, the squid-Vibrio symbiosis is obligate for the squid but is not nutritionally based. Rather, the bacteria produce light, which enables the animal to evade predators. These similarities and differences are described and discussed in term of the overall question of whether or not these two symbiotic relationships have evolved from commensal or pathogenic/parasitic interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.},
}

@article {pmid11114931,
year = {2001},
author = {Stabb, EV and Reich, KA and Ruby, EG},
title = {Vibrio fischeri genes hvnA and hvnB encode secreted NAD(+)-glycohydrolases.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {183},
number = {1},
pages = {309-317},
pmid = {11114931},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {F32 GM020041/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; GM20041/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {ADP Ribose Transferases ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NAD+ Nucleosidase/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Pentosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*enzymology/*genetics ; },
abstract = {HvnA and HvnB are proteins secreted by Vibrio fischeri ES114, an extracellular light organ symbiont of the squid Euprymna scolopes, that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD(+) to polyarginine. Based on this activity, HvnA and HvnB were presumptively designated mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTases), and it was hypothesized that they mediate bacterium-host signaling. We have cloned hvnA and hvnB from strain ES114. hvnA appears to be expressed as part of a four-gene operon, whereas hvnB is monocistronic. The predicted HvnA and HvnB amino acid sequences are 46% identical to one another and share 44% and 34% identity, respectively, with an open reading frame present in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome. Four lines of evidence indicate that HvnA and HvnB mediate polyarginine ADP-ribosylation not by ARTase activity, but indirectly through an NAD(+)-glycohydrolase (NADase) activity that releases free, reactive, ADP-ribose: (i) like other NADases, and in contrast to the ARTase cholera toxin, HvnA and HvnB catalyzed ribosylation of not only polyarginine but also polylysine and polyhistidine, and ribosylation was inhibited by hydroxylamine; (ii) HvnA and HvnB cleaved 1, N(6)-etheno-NAD(+) and NAD(+); (iii) incubation of HvnA and HvnB with [(32)P]NAD(+) resulted in the production of ADP-ribose; and (iv) purified HvnA displayed an NADase V(max) of 400 mol min(-1) mol(-1), which is within the range reported for other NADases and 10(2)- to 10(4)-fold higher than the minor NADase activity reported in bacterial ARTase toxins. Construction and analysis of an hvnA hvnB mutant revealed no other NADase activity in culture supernatants of V. fischeri, and this mutant initiated the light organ symbiosis and triggered regression of the light organ ciliated epithelium in a manner similar to that for the wild type.},
}

ADP Ribose Transferases
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
*Bacterial Proteins
Cloning, Molecular
Decapodiformes/anatomy & histology/*microbiology
Gene Deletion
Genes, Bacterial
Molecular Sequence Data
NAD+ Nucleosidase/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
Pentosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Symbiosis
Vibrio/*enzymology/*genetics

@article {pmid11121780,
year = {2000},
author = {McFall-Ngai, MJ and Ruby, EG},
title = {Developmental biology in marine invertebrate symbioses.},
journal = {Current opinion in microbiology},
volume = {3},
number = {6},
pages = {603-607},
doi = {10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00147-8},
pmid = {11121780},
issn = {1369-5274},
support = {RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Luminescent Measurements ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Associations between marine invertebrates and their cooperative bacterial symbionts offer access to an understanding of the roots of host-microbe interaction; for example, several symbioses like the squid-vibrio light organ association serve as models for investigating how each partner affects the developmental biology of the other. Previous results have identified a program of specific developmental events that unfolds as the association is initiated. In the past year, published studies have focused primarily on describing the mechanisms underlying the signaling processes that occur between the juvenile squid and the luminous bacteria that colonize it.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Luminescent Measurements
Species Specificity
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid11208780,
year = {2001},
author = {Visick, KL and Skoufos, LM},
title = {Two-component sensor required for normal symbiotic colonization of euprymna scolopes by Vibrio fischeri.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {183},
number = {3},
pages = {835-842},
pmid = {11208780},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {R01 GM059690/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1 RO1 GM59690-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genes, Regulator ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Periplasm ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*growth & development ; },
abstract = {The light organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes is specifically colonized to a high density by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. To date, only a few factors contributing to the specificity of this symbiosis have been identified. Using a genetic screen for random transposon mutants defective in initiating the symbiotic association or in colonizing the light organ to high density, we identified a mutant of V. fischeri that exhibited an apparent defect in symbiosis initiation. This mutant was not defective in motility, luminescence, or growth in minimal medium, suggesting that it lacks an essential, previously unidentified symbiotic function. By sequence analysis, we showed that the locus inactivated in this mutant encodes a predicted 927-amino-acid protein with a high degree of similarity to the sensor component of hybrid two-component regulatory systems. We have therefore designated this locus rscS, for regulator of symbiotic colonization-sensor. Sequence analysis revealed two hydrophobic regions which may result in the formation of a periplasmic loop involved in signal recognition; PhoA fusion data supported this proposed membrane topology. We have investigated the start site of rscS transcription by primer extension and identified a putative promoter region. We hypothesize that RscS recognizes a signal associated with the light organ environment and responds by stimulating a putative response regulator that controls protein function or gene expression to coordinate early colonization events. Further studies on RscS, its cognate response regulator, and the signaling conditions will provide important insight into the interaction between V. fischeri and E. scolopes.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
*Bacterial Proteins
Base Sequence
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Genes, Bacterial
*Genes, Regulator
Genetic Complementation Test
Membrane Proteins/*genetics
Molecular Sequence Data
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Periplasm
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Protein Conformation
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*growth & development

@article {pmid11234928,
year = {2000},
author = {Proctor, LM and Gunsalus, RP},
title = {Anaerobic respiratory growth of Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio fischeri and Photobacterium leiognathi with trimethylamine N-oxide, nitrate and fumarate: ecological implications.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {399-406},
doi = {10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00121.x},
pmid = {11234928},
issn = {1462-2912},
mesh = {Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Cell Respiration ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/microbiology ; Fumarates/*metabolism ; Methylamines/*metabolism ; Nitrate Reductases/metabolism ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; *Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors ; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism ; Photobacterium/enzymology/*growth & development ; Substrate Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Vibrio/enzymology/*growth & development ; },
abstract = {Two symbiotic species, Photobacterium leiognathi and Vibrio fischeri, and one non-symbiotic species, Vibrio harveyi, of the Vibrionaceae were tested for their ability to grow by anaerobic respiration on various electron acceptors, including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), compounds common in the marine environment. Each species was able to grow anaerobically with TMAO, nitrate or fumarate, but not with DMSO, as an electron acceptor. Cell growth under microaerophilic growth conditions resulted in elevated levels of TMAO reductase, nitrate reductase and fumarate reductase activity in each strain, whereas growth in the presence of the respective substrate for each enzyme further elevated enzyme activity. TMAO reductase specific activity was the highest of all the reductases. Interestingly, the bacteria-colonized light organs from the two squids, Euprymna scolopes and Euprymna morsei, and the light organ of the ponyfish, Leiognathus equus, also had high levels of TMAO reductase enzyme activity, in contrast to non-symbiotic tissues. The ability of these bacterial symbionts to support cell growth by respiration with TMAO may conceivably eliminate the competition for oxygen needed for both bioluminescence and metabolism.},
}

Anaerobiosis
Animals
Cell Respiration
Decapodiformes/microbiology
Dimethyl Sulfoxide/metabolism
Ecosystem
Fishes/microbiology
Fumarates/*metabolism
Methylamines/*metabolism
Nitrate Reductases/metabolism
Nitrates/*metabolism
Oxidoreductases/metabolism
*Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors
Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism
Photobacterium/enzymology/*growth & development
Substrate Specificity
Symbiosis
Vibrio/enzymology/*growth & development

@article {pmid11321532,
year = {2001},
author = {Barbieri, E and Paster, BJ and Hughes, D and Zurek, L and Moser, DP and Teske, A and Sogin, ML},
title = {Phylogenetic characterization of epibiotic bacteria in the accessory nidamental gland and egg capsules of the squid Loligo pealei (Cephalopoda:Loliginidae).},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {3},
number = {3},
pages = {151-167},
doi = {10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00172.x},
pmid = {11321532},
issn = {1462-2912},
mesh = {Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Decapodiformes/*anatomy & histology/*microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Exocrine Glands/*microbiology ; Female ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteobacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Reproduction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vibrio/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Sexually mature female squid Loligo pealei harbour dense bacterial communities in their accessory nidamental glands (ANGs) and in their egg capsules (ECs). This study describes a molecular approach using the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) to identify bacterial populations within the ANG and the ECs of the North Atlantic squid species L. pealei. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and 16S rDNA analysis showed that predominantly alpha- and, to a lesser extent, gamma-proteobacteria were the predominant components of the ANG and EC bacterial communities. Sequencing results showed the presence of alpha-proteobacterial populations affiliated with the Roseobacter group and additional deep-branching alpha-proteobacterial lineages. In contrast, isolates from the ANG and ECs contained only a few alpha-proteobacteria of the Roseobacter group compared with several gamma-proteobacterial isolates, mostly Shewanella and Pseudoalteromonas species. Most of the ANG-associated bacterial populations were also found within the ECs of L. pealei. The molecular approach allowed the visualization of alpha-proteobacteria as major constituents of a bacterial symbiosis within the reproductive system of the Loliginidae.},
}

Anaerobiosis
Animals
Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
Decapodiformes/*anatomy & histology/*microbiology
Ecosystem
Exocrine Glands/*microbiology
Female
Molecular Sequence Data
Phylogeny
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Proteobacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Reproduction
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Vibrio/classification/genetics/isolation & purification

@article {pmid11343128,
year = {2001},
author = {Timmins, GS and Jackson, SK and Swartz, HM},
title = {The evolution of bioluminescent oxygen consumption as an ancient oxygen detoxification mechanism.},
journal = {Journal of molecular evolution},
volume = {52},
number = {4},
pages = {321-332},
doi = {10.1007/s002390010162},
pmid = {11343128},
issn = {0022-2844},
support = {P41 RR11602/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM34250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Decapodiformes/physiology ; Inactivation, Metabolic/physiology ; Luminescent Measurements ; Oxygen/*metabolism/physiology/*poisoning ; Oxygen Consumption/*physiology ; Vibrio/physiology ; },
abstract = {Endogenous reductants such as hydrogen sulfide and alkylthiols provided free radical scavenging systems during the early evolution of life. The development of oxygenic photosynthesis spectacularly increased oxygen levels, and ancient life forms were obliged to develop additional antioxidative systems. We develop here the hypothesis of how "prototypical" bioluminescent reactions had a plausible role as an ancient defense against oxygen toxicity through their "futile" consumption of oxygen. As oxygen concentrations increased, sufficient light would have been emitted from such systems for detection by primitive photosensors, and evolutionary pressures could then act upon the light emitting characteristics of such systems independently of their use as futile consumers of oxygen. Finally, an example of survival of this ancient mechanism in present-day bioluminescent bacteria (in the Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri mutualism) is discussed. Once increasing ambient oxygen levels reached sufficiently high levels, the use of "futile" oxygen consumption became too bioenergetically costly, so that from this time the evolution of bioluminescence via this role was made impossible, and other mechanisms must be developed to account for the evolution of bioluminescence by a wide range of organisms that patently occurred after this (e.g., by insects).},
}

Adaptation, Physiological
Animals
Antioxidants/*metabolism
Biological Evolution
Decapodiformes/physiology
Inactivation, Metabolic/physiology
Luminescent Measurements
Oxygen/*metabolism/physiology/*poisoning
Oxygen Consumption/*physiology
Vibrio/physiology

@article {pmid11673429,
year = {2001},
author = {Aeckersberg, F and Lupp, C and Feliciano, B and Ruby, EG},
title = {Vibrio fischeri outer membrane protein OmpU plays a role in normal symbiotic colonization.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {183},
number = {22},
pages = {6590-6597},
pmid = {11673429},
issn = {0021-9193},
support = {R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR-12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adhesins, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Decapodiformes/*microbiology ; Electric Organ/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/chemistry/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The nascent light-emitting organ of newly hatched juveniles of the Hawaiian sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes is specifically colonized by cells of Vibrio fischeri that are obtained from the ambient seawater. The mechanisms that promote this specific, cooperative colonization are likely to require a number of bacterial and host-derived factors and activities, only some of which have been described to date. A characteristic of many host-pathogen associations is the presence of bacterial mechanisms that allow attachment to specific tissues. These mechanisms have been well characterized and often involve bacterial fimbriae or outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that act as adhesins, the expression of which has been linked to virulence regulators such as ToxR in Vibrio cholerae. Analogous or even homologous mechanisms are probably operative in the initiation and persistence of cooperative bacterial associations, although considerably less is known about them. We report the presence in V. fischeri of ompU, a gene encoding a 32.5-kDa protein homolog of two other OMPs, OmpU of V. cholerae (50.8% amino acid sequence identity) and OmpL of Photobacterium profundum (45.5% identity). A null mutation introduced into the V. fischeri ompU resulted in the loss of an OMP with an estimated molecular mass of about 34 kDa; genetic complementation of the mutant strain with a DNA fragment containing only the ompU gene restored the production of this protein. The expression of the V. fischeri OmpU was not significantly affected by either (i) iron or phosphate limitation or (ii) a mutation that renders V. fischeri defective in the synthesis of a homolog of the OMP-regulatory protein ToxR. The ompU mutant grew normally in complex nutrient media but was more susceptible to growth inhibition in the presence of either anionic detergents or the antimicrobial peptide protamine sulfate. Interestingly, colonization experiments showed that the ompU null mutant initiated a symbiotic association with juvenile light organ tissue with only about 60% of the effectiveness of the parent strain. When colonization did occur, it proceeded more slowly and resulted in an approximately fourfold-smaller bacterial population. Surprisingly, there was no evidence that in a mixed infection with its parent, the ompU-defective strain had a competitive disadvantage, suggesting that the presence of the parent strain provided a shared compensatory activity. Thus, the OmpU protein appears to play a role in the normal process by which V. fischeri initiates its colonization of the nascent light organ of juvenile squids.},
}

Adhesins, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Animals, Newborn
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
Decapodiformes/*microbiology
Electric Organ/microbiology
Molecular Sequence Data
Mutation
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/chemistry/*physiology

@article {pmid11924500,
year = {2002},
author = {Nishiguchi, MK},
title = {The use of physiological data to corroborate cospeciation events in symbiosis.},
journal = {EXS},
volume = {},
number = {92},
pages = {237-245},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-0348-8114-2_17},
pmid = {11924500},
issn = {1023-294X},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapodiformes/classification/microbiology/*physiology ; *Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; Vibrio/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The symbiotic association between sepiolid squids (Family Sepiolidae) and luminous bacteria (Genus Vibrio) provides an unusually tractable model to study the evolution and speciation of mutualistic partnerships. Both host and symbiont can be cultured separately, providing a new avenue to test phylogenetic congruence through molecular and physiological techniques. Combining both molecular and morphological data as well as measuring the degree of infectivity between closely related pairs can help decipher not only patterns of co-speciation between these tightly linked associations, but can also shed new light on the evolution of specificity and recognition among animal-bacterial associations.},
}

Animals
Decapodiformes/classification/microbiology/*physiology
*Phylogeny
*Symbiosis
Vibrio/*physiology

@article {pmid11976129,
year = {2002},
author = {Millikan, DS and Ruby, EG},
title = {Alterations in Vibrio fischeri motility correlate with a delay in symbiosis initiation and are associated with additional symbiotic colonization defects.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {2519-2528},
pmid = {11976129},
issn = {0099-2240},
support = {R01 RR012294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; RR12294/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Colony Count, Microbial ; Flagella/physiology ; Luminescence ; Movement/*physiology ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Vibrio/genetics/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Motility is required for Vibrio fischeri cells to interact with and specifically colonize the light-emitting organ of their host, the squid Euprymna scolopes. To investigate the influence of motility on the expression of the symbiotic phenotype, we isolated mutants of the squid symbiont V. fischeri ES114 that had altered migration abilities. Spontaneous hyperswimmer (HS) mutants, which migrated more rapidly in soft agar and were hyperflagellated relative to the wild type, were isolated and grouped into three phenotypic classes. All of the HS strains tested, regardless of class, were delayed in symbiosis initiation. This result suggested that the hypermotile phenotype alone contributes to an inability to colonize squid normally. Class III HS strains showed the greatest colonization defect: they colonized squid to a level that was only 0.1 to 10% that achieved by ES114. In addition, class III strains were defective in two capabilities, hemagglutination and luminescence, that have been previously described as colonization factors in V. fischeri. Class II and III mutants also share a mucoid colony morphology; however, class II mutants can colonize E. scolopes to a level that was 40% of that achieved by ES114. Thus, the mucoid phenotype alone does not contribute to the greater defect exhibited by class III strains. When squid were exposed to ES114 and any one of the HS mutant strains as a coinoculation, the parent strain dominated the resulting symbiotic light-organ population. To further investigate the colonization defects of the HS strains, we used confocal laser-scanning microscopy to visualize V. fischeri cells in their initial interaction with E. scolopes tissue. Compared to ES114, HS strains from all three classes were delayed in two behaviors involved in colonization: (i) aggregation on host-derived mucus structures and (ii) migration to the crypts. These results suggest that, while motility is required to initiate colonization, the presence of multiple flagella may actually interfere with normal aggregation and attachment behavior. Furthermore, the pleiotropic nature of class III HS strains provides evidence that motility is coregulated with other symbiotic determinants in V. fischeri.},
}

Colony Count, Microbial
Flagella/physiology
Luminescence
Movement/*physiology
Mutation
Phenotype
Symbiosis/*physiology
Vibrio/genetics/*physiology

@article {pmid12019463,
year = {2002},
author = {Nishiguchi, MK},
title = {Host-symbiont recognition in the environmentally transmitted sepiolid squid-Vibrio mutualism.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {44},
number = {1},
pages = {10-18},
pmid = {12019463},
issn = {0095-3628},
support = {SO6-GM08136-26/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Decapodiformes/classification/genetics/*microbiology ; Environment ; Luminescent Measurements ; Photobacterium/genetics/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; Vibrio/genetics/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Associations between environmentally transmitted symbionts and their hosts provide a unique opportunity to study the evolution of specificity and subsequent radiation of tightly coupled host-symbiont assemblages [3, 8, 24]. The evidence provided here from the environmentally transmitted bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri and its sepiolid squid host (Sepiolidae: Euprymna) demonstrates how host-symbiont specificity can still evolve without vertical transmission of the symbiont [1]. Infection by intraspecific V. fischeri symbionts exhibited preferential colonization over interspecific V. fischeri symbionts, indicating a high degree of specificity for the native symbiotic strains. Inoculation with symbiotic bacteria from other taxa (monocentrid fish and loliginid squids) produced little or no colonization in two species of Euprymna, despite their presence in the same or similar habitats as these squids. These findings of host specificity between native Vibrios and sepiolid squids provides evidence that the presence of multiple strains of symbionts does not dictate the composition of bacterial symbionts in the host.},
}

Animals
Biological Evolution
Decapodiformes/classification/genetics/*microbiology
Environment
Luminescent Measurements
Photobacterium/genetics/*physiology
Species Specificity
*Symbiosis
Time Factors
Vibrio/genetics/*physiology