@article {pmid37278910,
year = {2023},
author = {Ha, MV and McCormick, TS and Salem, I and Al-Shakhshir, H and Ghannoum, MA and Carroll, BT},
title = {Skin and gut microbial associations with squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients.},
journal = {Archives of dermatological research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37278910},
issn = {1432-069X},
support = {P30 CA043703/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA043703/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA043703/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are burdened with a significantly higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared to the general population. Accumulating evidence suggests the potential influence of microbial dysbiosis on transplant outcomes. Based on these observations, we sought to identify differences in the cutaneous and gut microbiomes of SOTRs with and without a history of SCC. This case-control study collected and analyzed non-lesional skin and fecal samples of 20 SOTRs > 18 years old with either ≥ 4 diagnoses of SCC since most recent transplant (n = 10) or 0 diagnoses of SCC (n = 10). The skin and gut microbiomes were investigated with Next-Generation Sequencing, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey pairwise comparison procedure was used to test for differences in taxonomic relative abundances and microbial diversity indices between the two cohorts. Analyses of the skin microbiome showed increased bacterial and reduced fungal diversity in SOTRs with a history of SCC compared to SOTRs without a history of SCC (bacterial median Shannon diversity index (SDI) = 3.636 and 3.154, p < 0.05; fungal SDI = 4.474 and 6.174, p < 0.05, respectively). Analyses of the gut microbiome showed reduced bacterial and fungal diversity in the SCC history cohort compared to the SCC history-negative cohort (bacterial SDI = 2.620 and 3.300, p < 0.05; fungal SDI = 3.490 and 3.812, p < 0.05, respectively). The results of this pilot study thus show a trend toward the bacterial and fungal communities of the gut and skin being distinct in SOTRs with a history of SCC compared to SOTRs without a history of SCC. It furthermore demonstrates the potential for microbial markers to be used in the prognostication of squamous cell carcinoma risk in solid organ transplant recipients.},
}

@article {pmid37278206,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, R and Xu, S and Li, B and Zhang, B and Chen, W and Dai, D and Liu, Z},
title = {Gut indigenous Ruminococcus gnavus alleviates constipation and stress-related behaviors in mice with loperamide-induced constipation.},
journal = {Food & function},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d2fo03574j},
pmid = {37278206},
issn = {2042-650X},
abstract = {Refractory constipation is the most severe form of constipation, and its etiology remains unknown. The symptoms of constipation occur repeatedly, which brings great pain to the patient's body and psychology. Accumulating studies suggest that constipation patients present a significant dysbiosis of the gut microbiota compared with healthy individuals. In this study, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition of fresh feces and accumulated feces (old feces) of patients with refractory constipation and found that there was a significant difference between them. Through a mouse model of loperamide-induced constipation, it was proved that the old feces of patients with refractory constipation could aggravate the constipation symptoms in mice, while the fresh feces could alleviate the symptoms, which is consistent with the effect of feces from healthy volunteers in a mouse model of loperamide-induced constipation. We identified an indigenous strain Ruminococcus gnavus (R. gnavus), which is highly enriched in the fresh feces of patients with refractory constipation, and found that oral administration of R. gnavus could effectively improve the constipation symptoms in mice with constipation induced by loperamide and fecal bacteria transplanted from patients with constipation and significantly improve the stress-related behaviors of mice. This result may be related to the regulation of intestinal muc2, c-kit, sert and other gene expression by R. gnavus and the control of somatostatin (SS) and motilin (MTL) production. Our results suggest that gut microbe intervention with indigenous strains such as R. gnavus is a potential and promising alternative for the treatment of constipation, especially for refractory constipation.},
}

@article {pmid37278059,
year = {2023},
author = {Liu, L and Wu, Q and Chen, Y and Ren, H and Zhang, Q and Yang, H and Zhang, W and Ding, T and Wang, S and Zhang, Y and Liu, Y and Sun, J},
title = {Gut microbiota in chronic pain: Novel insights into mechanisms and promising therapeutic strategies.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {115},
number = {},
pages = {109685},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109685},
pmid = {37278059},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Chronic pain remains one of the world's most persistent and unsolved clinical challenges that severely affect patients' quality of life. Presently, considering that the mechanisms underlying chronic pain are not fully understood, there is a lack of effective drugs and interventions to treat chronic pain in clinical practice. Therefore, exploring the pathogenic mechanism of chronic pain and establishing potential targets are the keys to treating chronic pain. Substantial evidence has indicated that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating chronic pain, which has opened up a new frontier for investigating the pathogenesis of chronic pain. The gut microbiota is a pivotal junction point between the neuroimmune-endocrine and the microbiome-gut-brain axes that could directly or indirectly affect chronic pain. Different signaling molecules (such as metabolites, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters) from the gut microbiota regulate the progress of chronic pain by modulating the peripheral and central sensitization by targeting the corresponding receptors. Furthermore, gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the progress of different chronic pain disorders, such as visceral pain, neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, migraine, and fibromyalgia. Therefore, the present review attempted to systematically summarize the action of the gut microbiota toward regulating the pathological mechanisms of chronic pain and discussed the beneficial effects of probiotics supplementation or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to restore the gut microbiota in chronic pain patients so as to provide a new strategy for targeting the gut microbiota for alleviating chronic pain issues.},
}

@article {pmid37276766,
year = {2023},
author = {Lund, MC and Larsen, BB and Rowsey, DM and Otto, HW and Gryseels, S and Kraberger, S and Custer, JM and Steger, L and Yule, KM and Harris, RE and Worobey, M and Van Doorslaer, K and Upham, NS and Varsani, A},
title = {Using archived and biocollection samples towards deciphering the DNA virus diversity associated with rodent species in the families cricetidae and heteromyidae.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {585},
number = {},
pages = {42-60},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.006},
pmid = {37276766},
issn = {1096-0341},
abstract = {Rodentia is the most speciose order of mammals, and they are known to harbor a wide range of viruses. Although there has been significant research on zoonotic viruses in rodents, research on the diversity of other viruses has been limited, especially for rodents in the families Cricetidae and Heteromyidae. In fecal and liver samples of nine species of rodents, we identify 346 distinct circular DNA viral genomes. Of these, a large portion are circular, single-stranded DNA viruses in the families Anelloviridae (n = 3), Circoviridae (n = 5), Genomoviridae (n = 7), Microviridae (n = 297), Naryaviridae (n = 4), Vilyaviridae (n = 15) and in the phylum Cressdnaviricota (n = 13) that cannot be assigned established families. We also identified two large bacteriophages of 36 and 50 kb that are part of the class Caudoviricetes. Some of these viruses are clearly those that infect rodents, however, most of these likely infect various organisms associated with rodents, their environment or their diet.},
}

@article {pmid37275867,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, M and Xie, X and Zhao, S and Ma, X and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1136343},
pmid = {37275867},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is effective in improving outcomes remains controversial. We assessed the safety and efficacy of FMT for patients with IBS.

METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the clinicaltrials.gov and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) up to February 25, 2022, updated to March 28, 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared the stool and capsule FMT with placebo in patients with IBS were included. Two authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias. We did meta-analysis with RevMan, and the Stata software was used for sensitivity analysis and meta-regression. The GRADE system was used to assess the quality of evidences. Mean difference (MD) or standardized Mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI for continuous data, and risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI for dichotomous data were used with random-effects models. The primary outcomes included the clinical response rate and IBS-SSS score. This study is registered with PROSPERO: CRD42022328377.

RESULTS: Nineteen reports from nine RCTs were included finally. Compared with the placebo, a single stool FMT could significantly decrease the IBS-SSS score at 1 month (MD=-65.75, 95%CI [-129.37, -2.13]), 3 months (MD=-102.11, 95% CI [-141.98, -62.24]), 6 months (MD=-84.38, 95%CI [-158.79, -9.97]), 24 months (MD=-110.41, 95%CI [-145.37, -75.46]), and 36 months (MD=-104.71, 95%CI [-137.78, -71.64]). It also could improve the clinical response rate at 3 months (RR=1.91, 95% [1.12, 3.25]), 24 months (RR=2.97, 95% [1.94, 4.54]), and 36 months (RR=2.48, 95% [1.65, 3.72]), and increase the IBS-QoL score at 3 months, 24 months, and 36 months. FMT did not increase the serious adverse event. The risk of bias was low, and the quality of evidence based on GRADE system was moderate in the stool FMT group. However, we did not find positive effect of capsule FMT on patients with IBS based on the current available data.

CONCLUSION: A single stool FMT is effective and safe for patients with IBS. However, some factors may affect the effectiveness of FMT, and the relationship between the gut microbiome and the effect of FMT for IBS is still unclear.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022328377.},
}

@article {pmid37275381,
year = {2023},
author = {García-Mateo, S and Lanas, A},
title = {Editorial: Improving the gut microbiome: applications of fecal transplantation in disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1203448},
doi = {10.3389/fmed.2023.1203448},
pmid = {37275381},
issn = {2296-858X},
}

@article {pmid37275140,
year = {2023},
author = {Bao, Z and Wei, R and Zheng, X and Zhang, T and Bi, Y and Shen, S and Zou, P and Zhang, J and Yan, H and Li, MD and Yang, Z and Gao, H},
title = {Landscapes of gut microbiome and bile acid signatures and their interaction in HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1185993},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185993},
pmid = {37275140},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Submassive hepatic necrosis (SMHN, defined as necrosis of 15-90% of the entire liver on explant) is a likely characteristic pathological feature of ACLF in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. We aimed to comprehensively explore microbiome and bile acids patterns across enterhepatic circulation and build well-performing machine learning models to predict SMHN status.

METHODS: Based on the presence or absence of SMHN, 17 patients with HBV-related end-stage liver disease who received liver transplantation were eligible for inclusion. Serum, portal venous blood, and stool samples were collected for comparing differences of BA spectra and gut microbiome and their interactions. We adopted the random forest algorithm with recursive feature elimination (RF-RFE) to predict SMHN status.

RESULTS: By comparing total BA spectrum between SMHN (-) and SMHN (+) patients, significant changes were detected only in fecal (P = 0.015). Compared with the SMHN (+) group, the SMHN (-) group showed that UDCA, 7-KLCA, 3-DHCA, 7-KDCA, ISOLCA and α-MCA in feces, r-MCA, 7-KLCA and 7-KDCA in serum, γ-MCA and 7-KLCA in portal vein were enriched, and TUDCA in feces was depleted. PCoA analysis showed significantly distinct overall microbial composition in two groups (P = 0.026). Co-abundance analysis showed that bacterial species formed strong and broad relationships with BAs. Among them, Parabacteroides distasonis had the highest node degree. We further identified a combinatorial marker panel with a high AUC of 0.92.

DISCUSSION: Our study demonstrated the changes and interactions of intestinal microbiome and BAs during enterohepatic circulation in ACLF patients with SMHN. In addition, we identified a combinatorial marker panel as non-invasive biomarkers to distinguish the SMHN status with high AUC.},
}

@article {pmid37274526,
year = {2023},
author = {Crump, JA and Nyirenda, TS and Kalonji, LM and Phoba, MF and Tack, B and Platts-Mills, JA and Gordon, MA and Kariuki, SM},
title = {Nontyphoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: Challenges and Solutions.},
journal = {Open forum infectious diseases},
volume = {10},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S32-S37},
pmid = {37274526},
issn = {2328-8957},
abstract = {Nontyphoidal Salmonella are a leading cause of community-onset bacteremia and other serious infections in sub-Saharan African countries where large studies indicate that they are an uncommon cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Approximately 535 000 nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease illnesses and 77 500 deaths were estimated to occur in 2017; 422 000 (78.9%) illnesses and 66 500 (85.9%) deaths in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 313 and lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ST11 dominate as causes of invasive disease. A major reservoir for these specific strains outside of humans has not been identified to date. Human fecal shedding of such strains is common in areas where nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease incidence is high. The case-fatality ratio of nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease is approximately 15%. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to avert fatal outcomes. Antimicrobial resistance, including multiple drug resistance, decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility, and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, is increasing in prevalence and is likely to further compromise patient outcomes. Naturally acquired immunity against invasive disease develops in children aged >3 years in endemic areas, likely mediated in part by the sequential acquisition of T-cell immunity, followed by antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Vaccines in preclinical or clinical development include live-attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, nontyphoidal S. enterica core and O-polysaccharide glycoconjugates, multiple antigen-presenting system complexes, and generalized modules for membrane antigens vaccines. The latter are in phase I trials in Europe and Africa. Both vaccine use, and other effective, evidence-based nonvaccine interventions, are needed to prevent and control nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease.},
}

@article {pmid37274301,
year = {2023},
author = {Tariq, R and Pardi, DS and Khanna, S},
title = {Resolution rates in clinical trials for microbiota restoration for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {17562848231174293},
pmid = {37274301},
issn = {1756-283X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Microbiota restoration is highly effective to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in observational studies (cure rates >90%) but efficacy in controlled clinical trials appears to be lower.

OBJECTIVES: To perform an updated meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of microbiota restoration for recurrent CDI in open-label registered prospective clinical trials compared to randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: A systematic search of various databases was performed up to July 2022 to identify studies of interest. Clinical trials of microbiota restoration for recurrent CDI with clinical resolution with one dose were included. We calculated weighted pooled rates (WPRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS: In all, 19 clinical trials with 1176 recurrent CDI patients were included. Of the patients treated with microbiota restoration, 897 experienced a clinical cure with a single microbiota restoration therapy (WPR, 78%; 95% CI, 71-85%). There was significant heterogeneity among studies with an I[2] of 88%. Analysis of trials with a control arm (non-microbiota restoration) revealed CDI resolution in 373 of 523 patients (WPR, 72%; 95% CI, 60-82%) with microbiota restoration. Among the nine open-label clinical trials, CDI resolution was seen in 524 of 653 patients after initial microbiota restoration (WPR, 84%; 95% CI, 74-92%). Comparison of resolution rates between RCTs and open-label trials revealed a lower cure rate in RCTs compared to open-label trials (WPR, 73 versus 84%, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: Microbiota restoration in a randomized controlled setting leads to lower resolution rates compared to open label and observational settings, likely due to stricter definitions and inclusion criteria. Resolution rates in open-label studies were similar to observational studies.},
}

@article {pmid37272879,
year = {2023},
author = {Huang, J and Zhou, H and Song, T and Wang, B and Ge, H and Zhang, D and Shen, P and Qiu, X and Li, H},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation from sodium alginate-dosed mice and normal mice mitigates intestinal barrier injury and gut dysbiosis induced by antibiotics and cyclophosphamide.},
journal = {Food & function},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d3fo01193c},
pmid = {37272879},
issn = {2042-650X},
abstract = {This study investigated the protective properties of fecal microbiota derived from mice treated with sodium alginate (SA) and normal mice with both types immunosuppressed by exposure to antibiotics and cyclophosphamide. A dietary intervention using SA obviously increased the diversity and improved the composition of gut microbiota in normal mice. Fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from both mice treated with sodium alginate and normal mice alleviated spleen tissue damage and improved immune function. FMT alleviated intestinal mucosal injury and reduced intestinal permeability via increasing mucin and tight junction protein expression. In addition, FMT reduced gut inflammation via down-regulating the expression of toll-like receptor 4 protein. Furthermore, FMT treatment improved the disordered gut microbiota via increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group whilst decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides. PICRUSt2 function prediction analysis showed that, compared with the model group, FMT treatment significantly down-regulated lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-fly. Collectively, we found that SA can regulate the gut microbiota structure of normal mice and confirms the effectiveness of FMT in alleviating intestinal barrier damage and gut dysbiosis in antibiotic-cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. This work also reveals that SA can potentially alleviate the immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide in mice by modulating the intestinal microbiota and exploiting their functional properties.},
}

@article {pmid37269894,
year = {2023},
author = {Shaosan, Z and Zhao, T and Wang, Y and Mi, J and Liu, J and Fan, X and Niu, R and Sun, Z},
title = {Intestinal microbiota regulates colonic inflammation in fluorosis mice by TLR/NF-κB pathway through short-chain fatty acids.},
journal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {113866},
doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2023.113866},
pmid = {37269894},
issn = {1873-6351},
abstract = {Intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis are found simultaneously in patients with fluorosis. However, whether the inflammation derived from fluoride exposure only or intestinal microbial disorders has not been clarified. In this study, 100 mg/L NaF exposure for 90 days significantly elevated the expressions of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and IL-10), and the levels of TLR4, TRAF6, Myd88, IKKβ, and NF-κB P65 in mouse colon, while the above factors were reduced in pseudo germ-free mice with fluorosis, hinting that disordered microbiota might play a more direct role in the development of colonic inflammation than fluoride. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) lowered the levels of inflammatory factors and inactivated the TLR/NF-κB pathway in fluoride-exposed mice. In addition, supplementing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) exhibited the identical effects to the model of FMT. In summary, intestinal microbiota may alleviate the colonic inflammatory of mice with fluorosis by regulating TLR/NF-κB pathway through SCFAs.},
}

@article {pmid37265903,
year = {2023},
author = {Duhan, S and Keisham, B and Salim, A},
title = {Fulminant Clostridioides difficile Colitis With SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {e38401},
pmid = {37265903},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections can have overlapping symptoms. Recently, the association and outcomes of coinfection have been studied. We present the case of an 83-year-old lady with Parkinson's disease (PD) who was admitted with pneumonia secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. She was treated with empiric antibiotics ampicillin-sulbactam and azithromycin, along with antiviral therapy remdesivir and baricitinib, and dexamethasone. The patient developed severe C. difficile infection with a leukemoid reaction. She was treated with intravenous metronidazole and oral vancomycin without any improvement. Before she could receive a fecal microbiota transplant, her infection progressed to fulminant colitis, and she required emergent surgery. The patient developed several complications post-surgery and succumbed to the severe illness. Our patient's multiple comorbidities and an underlying COVID-19 infection predisposed her to severe illness. This case emphasizes the long-standing discussion on antibiotic stewardship and encourages a debate on the role of immunosuppressant antiviral medications and underlying PD in predisposing patients to a severe C. difficile infection.},
}

@article {pmid37265797,
year = {2023},
author = {Zha, C and Peng, Z and Huang, K and Tang, K and Wang, Q and Zhu, L and Che, B and Li, W and Xu, S and Huang, T and Yu, Y and Zhang, W},
title = {Potential role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer: immunity, metabolites, pathways of action?.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1196217},
pmid = {37265797},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {The gut microbiota helps to reveal the relationship between diseases, but the role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. Recent studies have found that the composition and abundance of specific gut microbiota are significantly different between PCa and non-PCa, and the gut microbiota may have common and unique characteristics between different diseases. Intestinal microorganisms are affected by various factors and interact with the host in a variety of ways. In the complex interaction model, the regulation of intestinal microbial metabolites and the host immune system is particularly important, and they play a key role in maintaining the ecological balance of intestinal microorganisms and metabolites. However, specific changes in the composition of intestinal microflora may promote intestinal mucosal immune imbalance, leading to the formation of tumors. Therefore, this review analyzes the immune regulation of intestinal flora and the production of metabolites, as well as their effects and mechanisms on tumors, and briefly summarizes that specific intestinal flora can play an indirect role in PCa through their metabolites, genes, immunity, and pharmacology, and directly participate in the occurrence, development, and treatment of tumors through bacterial and toxin translocation. We also discussed markers of high risk PCa for intestinal microbiota screening and the possibility of probiotic ingestion and fecal microbiota transplantation, in order to provide better treatment options for clinic patients. Finally, after summarizing a number of studies, we found that changes in immunity, metabolites.},
}

@article {pmid37265220,
year = {2023},
author = {Alhobayb, T and Ciorba, MA},
title = {Clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease.},
journal = {Current opinion in gastroenterology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/MOG.0000000000000949},
pmid = {37265220},
issn = {1531-7056},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis, are associated with an increased risk of symptomatic Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). CDI may also masquerade as an IBD flare and complicate IBD management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of CDI in IBD patients.

RECENT FINDINGS: CDI remains common in IBD with complications including flares in disease activity, recurrent CDI episodes, and prolonged hospital stays. Newer IBD therapeutics including vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib are less likely to cause severe CDI. A high index of suspicion, rapid testing via a two-step method, and prompt treatment with vancomycin or fidaxomicin are paramount to managing CDI in IBD patients. Strategies to prevent recurrent CDI (rCDI) include the monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab as well as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT has a robust profile of safety and effectiveness in preventing rCDI in adults and children.

SUMMARY: Clinicians must remain vigilant in the prompt diagnosis and treatment of CDI in IBD patients. Corticosteroids, unnecessary antibiotics, and ongoing colonic inflammatory disease are modifiable risk factors. Improved infection control measures, newer IBD medications, and using effective CDI treatments will facilitate a reduced burden of severe CDI and complications for IBD patients.},
}

@article {pmid37264259,
year = {2023},
author = {Zurek-Leffers, FM and Lehmann, F and Brabenec, L and Kintrup, S and Hellenthal, KEM and Mersjann, K and Kneifel, F and Hessler, M and Arnemann, PH and Kampmeier, TG and Ertmer, C and Kellner, P and Wagner, NM},
title = {A model of porcine polymicrobial septic shock.},
journal = {Intensive care medicine experimental},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {31},
pmid = {37264259},
issn = {2197-425X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Mortality of patients with sepsis is high and largely unchanged throughout the past decades. Animal models have been widely used for the study of sepsis and septic shock, but translation into effective treatment regimes in the clinic have mostly failed. Pigs are considered as suitable research models for human diseases due to their high comparability and similarity to human anatomy, genetics, and the immune system. We here evaluated the previously reported models of septic shock in pigs and established a novel model of polymicrobial sepsis that meets the clinical criteria of septic shock in pigs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature search was performed using the keywords "pig", "sepsis" and "septic shock". For the establishment of septic shock in n = 10 German landrace pigs, mechanical ventilation was initiated, central venous and arterial lines and invasive hemodynamic monitoring via pulse contour cardiac output measurement (PiCCO) established. Peritoneal polymicrobial faecal sepsis was induced by application of 3 g/kg body weight faeces into the abdominal cavity. Septic shock was defined according to the third international consensus definitions (Sepsis-3). Upon shock, pigs underwent the 1-h bundle for the treatment of human sepsis. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS: Published porcine sepsis models exhibited high methodological variability and did not meet the clinical criteria of septic shock. In our model, septic shock developed after an average of 4.8 ± 0.29 h and was associated with a reproducible drop in blood pressure (mean arterial pressure 54 ± 1 mmHg) and significant hyperlactatemia (3.76 ± 0.65 mmol/L). Septic shock was associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and initial cardiac depression followed by a hyperdynamic phase with significant loss of systemic vascular resistance index after initial resuscitation. In addition, organ dysfunction (acute kidney injury) occurred.

CONCLUSIONS: We here established a model of septic shock in pigs that meets the clinical criteria of septic shock utilized in human patients. Our model may thus serve as a reference for clinically relevant sepsis research in pigs.},
}

@article {pmid37263544,
year = {2023},
author = {Sumiyoshi, A and Fujii, H and Okuma, Y},
title = {Targeting microbiome, drug metabolism, and drug delivery in oncology.},
journal = {Advanced drug delivery reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114902},
doi = {10.1016/j.addr.2023.114902},
pmid = {37263544},
issn = {1872-8294},
abstract = {Recent emerging scientific evidence shows a relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and immunomodulation. In the recently published "Hallmarks of Cancer", the microbiome has been reported to play a crucial role in cancer research, and perspectives for its clinical implementation to improve the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy were explored. Several studies have shown that GM can affect the outcomes of pharmacotherapy in cancer, suggesting that GM may affect anti-tumor immunity. Thus, studies on GM that analyze big data using computer-based analytical methods are required. To deliver GM to an environment that favors the growth of immune cells inside and outside the tumor microenvironment (TME), several challenges need to be overcome for each delivery method (oral, endoscopic, and intravenous). Clinical trials are in progress to evaluate the effects of targeting GM and whether it can enhance immunity or act on the TME, thereby to improve the clinical outcomes for cancer patients.},
}

@article {pmid37261348,
year = {2023},
author = {Singh, A and Alexander, SG and Martin, S},
title = {Gut microbiome homeostasis and the future of probiotics in cancer immunotherapy.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1114499},
pmid = {37261348},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The gut microbiome has an impact on cancer immune surveillance and immunotherapy, with recent studies showing categorical differences between immunotherapy-sensitive and immunotherapy-resistant cancer patient cohorts. Although probiotics are traditionally being supplemented to promote treatments or sustain therapeutic benefits; the FDA has not approved any for use with immunotherapy. The first step in developing probiotics for immunotherapy is identifying helpful or harmful bacteria down to the strain level. The gut microbiome's heterogeneity before and during treatment is also being investigated to determine microbial strains that are important for immunotherapy. Moreover, Dietary fiber intake, prebiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were found to enhance intratumoral CD8+ T cell to T-reg ratio in the clinics. The possibility of probiotic immunotherapy as a "living adjuvant" to CAR treatment and checkpoint blockade resistance is actively being investigated.},
}

@article {pmid37258604,
year = {2023},
author = {Sugita, K and Shima, A and Takahashi, K and Ishihara, G and Kawano, K and Ohmori, K},
title = {Pilot evaluation of a single oral fecal microbiota transplantation for canine atopic dermatitis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {8824},
pmid = {37258604},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The gut microbiota has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, the gut microbiota has not been well characterized in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). In addition, the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in dogs with AD remains unclear. This research, therefore, aimed to characterize the gut microbiota of dogs with AD and conduct pilot evaluation of the efficacy of a single oral FMT on clinical signs and the gut microbiota of dogs with AD. For these purposes, we used 12 dogs with AD and 20 healthy dogs. The 16S rRNA analysis of the fecal microbiota revealed significant differences between 12 dogs with AD and 20 healthy dogs. Next, a single oral FMT was performed in 12 dogs with AD as a single-arm, open-label clinical trial for 56 days. A single oral FMT significantly decreased Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-04 scores from day 0 (median score, 16.5) to day 56 (8) and Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) scores from days 0 (median score, 3) to day 56 (1). Furthermore, a single oral FMT changed the composition of the fecal microbiota of dogs with AD at the phylum and genus levels. The number of common amplicon sequence variants in the fecal microbiota between donor dogs and dogs with AD was positively correlated with CADESI-04 and PVAS reduction ratios 56 days after FMT. Our findings suggest that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cAD, and that oral FMT could be a new therapeutic approach targeting the gut microbiota in cAD.},
}

@article {pmid37258543,
year = {2023},
author = {Liu, J and Sun, J and Yu, J and Chen, H and Zhang, D and Zhang, T and Ma, Y and Zou, C and Zhang, Z and Ma, L and Yu, X},
title = {Gut microbiome determines therapeutic effects of OCA on NAFLD by modulating bile acid metabolism.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {29},
pmid = {37258543},
issn = {2055-5008},
abstract = {Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease, had no approved pharmacological agents yet. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a novel bile acid derivative, was demonstrated to ameliorate NAFLD-related manifestations. Regarding the role of gut-liver axis in liver disease development, this study aimed to explore the potential role of gut microbiota in the treatment of OCA in NAFLD mice induced by the high-fat diet (HFD). Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion (AIMD) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) confirmed the critical role of gut microbiota in OCA treatment for NAFLD by effectively alleviating histopathological lesions and restoring liver function impaired by HFD. Metagenomic analysis indicated that OCA intervention in HFD mice remarkably increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Alistipes spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus thermophilus, and Parasutterella excrementihominis. Targeted metabolomics analysis indicated that OCA could modulate host bile acids pool by reducing levels of serum hydrophobic cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and increasing levels of serum-conjugated bile acids, such as taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and tauroursodesoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in the HFD-fed mice. Strong correlations were observed between differentially abundant microbes and the shifted bile acids. Furthermore, bacteria enriched by OCA intervention exhibited much greater potential in encoding 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDs) producing secondary bile acids rather than bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) mainly responsible for primary bile acid deconjugation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that OCA intervention altered gut microbiota composition with specially enriched gut microbes modulating host bile acids, thus effectively alleviating NAFLD in the mice.},
}

@article {pmid37257477,
year = {2023},
author = {Schönherr, S and Jung, L and Lübbert, C},
title = {[Clostridioides difficile - New Insights and Therapy Recommendations].},
journal = {Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)},
volume = {148},
number = {12},
pages = {752-758},
doi = {10.1055/a-1970-9211},
pmid = {37257477},
issn = {1439-4413},
abstract = {After an increase in Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) until 2013 due to epidemic ribotypes such as 027 and 078, CDI incidence in Germany is now declining, as confirmed by recent epidemiological data. Despite this success through antimicrobial stewardship and hospital hygiene, the burden of disease remains high, especially in older patients (>65 years) with comorbidities. The main risk factor for CDI is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which disrupt the gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile colonization. Coinfection with other intestinal pathogens such as enterococci can further increase the virulence of C. difficile. The updated 2021 ESCMID guidelines recommend fidaxomicin instead of vancomycin as the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of CDI because of its lower recurrence rate. Vancomycin remains a good alternative; however, metronidazole should only be used if neither antibiotic is available. In the future, ridinilazole may be available as another therapeutic option that has a narrow spectrum of activity and low intestinal absorption. For the treatment of recurrent CDI, the new guidelines also include the use of the monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab. In addition, a new oral microbiome therapy, SER-109 (capsules containing purified Firmicutes spores), which showed promising results in a phase 3 study, may provide an easy-to-administer alternative to fecal microbiota transplantation. Hopes for a well-performing toxoid vaccine for primary and secondary prevention of CDI have unfortunately not been fulfilled in the CLOVER trial.},
}

@article {pmid37256150,
year = {2023},
author = {Ben-Azu, B and Del Re, EC and VanderZwaag, J and Carrier, M and Keshavan, M and Khakpour, M and Tremblay, MÈ},
title = {Emerging epigenetic dynamics in gut-microglia brain axis: experimental and clinical implications for accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular neuroscience},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1139357},
pmid = {37256150},
issn = {1662-5102},
abstract = {Brain aging, which involves a progressive loss of neuronal functions, has been reported to be premature in probands affected by schizophrenia (SCZ). Evidence shows that SCZ and accelerated aging are linked to changes in epigenetic clocks. Recent cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging analyses have uncovered reduced brain reserves and connectivity in patients with SCZ compared to typically aging individuals. These data may indicate early abnormalities of neuronal function following cyto-architectural alterations in SCZ. The current mechanistic knowledge on brain aging, epigenetic changes, and their neuropsychiatric disease association remains incomplete. With this review, we explore and summarize evidence that the dynamics of gut-resident bacteria can modulate molecular brain function and contribute to age-related neurodegenerative disorders. It is known that environmental factors such as mode of birth, dietary habits, stress, pollution, and infections can modulate the microbiota system to regulate intrinsic neuronal activity and brain reserves through the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system. Microbiota-derived molecules can trigger continuous activation of the microglial sensome, groups of receptors and proteins that permit microglia to remodel the brain neurochemistry based on complex environmental activities. This remodeling causes aberrant brain plasticity as early as fetal developmental stages, and after the onset of first-episode psychosis. In the central nervous system, microglia, the resident immune surveillance cells, are involved in neurogenesis, phagocytosis of synapses and neurological dysfunction. Here, we review recent emerging experimental and clinical evidence regarding the gut-brain microglia axis involvement in SCZ pathology and etiology, the hypothesis of brain reserve and accelerated aging induced by dietary habits, stress, pollution, infections, and other factors. We also include in our review the possibilities and consequences of gut dysbiosis activities on microglial function and dysfunction, together with the effects of antipsychotics on the gut microbiome: therapeutic and adverse effects, role of fecal microbiota transplant and psychobiotics on microglial sensomes, brain reserves and SCZ-derived accelerated aging. We end the review with suggestions that may be applicable to the clinical setting. For example, we propose that psychobiotics might contribute to antipsychotic-induced therapeutic benefits or adverse effects, as well as reduce the aging process through the gut-brain microglia axis. Overall, we hope that this review will help increase the understanding of SCZ pathogenesis as related to chronobiology and the gut microbiome, as well as reveal new concepts that will serve as novel treatment targets for SCZ.},
}

@article {pmid37255721,
year = {2023},
author = {Solanki, R and Karande, A and Ranganathan, P},
title = {Emerging role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1149618},
pmid = {37255721},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a chronic age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by neuroinflammation and extracellular aggregation of Aβ peptide. Alzheimer's affects every 1 in 14 individuals aged 65 years and above. Recent studies suggest that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating neuro-inflammation which in turn influences Aβ deposition. The gut and the brain interact with each other through the nervous system and chemical means via the blood-brain barrier, which is termed the Microbiota Gut Brain Axis (MGBA). It is suggested that the gut microbiota can impact the host's health, and numerous factors, such as nutrition, pharmacological interventions, lifestyle, and geographic location, can alter the gut microbiota composition. Although, the exact relationship between gut dysbiosis and AD is still elusive, several mechanisms have been proposed as drivers of gut dysbiosis and their implications in AD pathology, which include, action of bacteria that produce bacterial amyloids and lipopolysaccharides causing macrophage dysfunction leading to increased gut permeability, hyperimmune activation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and NLRP3), impairment of gut- blood brain barrier causing deposition of Aβ in the brain, etc. The study of micro-organisms associated with dysbiosis in AD with the aid of appropriate model organisms has recognized the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes which contain organisms of the genus Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, etc., to contribute significantly to AD pathology. Modulating the gut microbiota by various means, such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics or fecal matter transplantation, is thought to be a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of AD. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on possible mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis, the role of gut brain microbiota axis in neuroinflammation, and the application of novel targeted therapeutic approaches that modulate the gut microbiota in treatment of AD.},
}

@article {pmid37253485,
year = {2023},
author = {Chen, L and Guo, L and Feng, S and Wang, C and Cui, Z and Wang, S and Lu, Q and Chang, H and Hang, B and Snijders, AM and Mao, JH and Lu, Y and Ding, D},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates type 2 diabetes via metabolic remodeling of the gut microbiota in db/db mice.},
journal = {BMJ open diabetes research & care},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003282},
pmid = {37253485},
issn = {2052-4897},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Gut microbiome (GM) deregulation has been implicated in major conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Our previous prospective study indicated that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) successfully improved patients with T2DM. We hypothesized that FMT may be a potential therapeutic method for T2DM, but its precise mechanisms in T2DM remains to be elucidated.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight db/m mice were FMT donors and control mice, and 16 genetically diabetic db/db mice were equally divided into two groups (db/db+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, db/db+FMT group). The db/db+FMT group was administered fresh fecal suspension (0.2 mL/mice) daily for 4 weeks. Analysis of the GM and serum metabolome was carried out by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and liquid chromatogram-mass spectrometry, respectively. Effects of FMT on the gut barrier and pancreas were assessed using protein assays, messenger RNA, immunohistology and clinical indicators testing.

RESULTS: Our results showed that FMT treatment of db/db mice relieves a series of clinical indicators, including fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin and oral glucose tolerance test among others. Compared with non-diabetic control mice, db/db+PBS mice exhibited decreased abundance of Ruminococaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and increased abundance of Rikenellaceae and Lactobacillaceae. FMT treatment reversed this effect on the microbiome. Eleven metabolites were changed between the db/db+PBS and db/db+FMT groups. Correlation analysis showed that the structural changes of the GM were correlated with host metabolite levels. We further showed that FMT treatment of db/db mice improved intestinal barrier function, reduced inflammation and caused an alteration in the number of circulating immune cells.

CONCLUSIONS: FMT-mediated changes in the GM, serum metabolites, intestinal epithelial barrier, inflammation and circulating immune cells play an important role in the efficacy of FMT on T2DM disease progression.},
}

@article {pmid37252544,
year = {2023},
author = {Malik, H and Malik, H and Uderani, M and Berhanu, M and Soto, CJ and Saleem, F},
title = {Fulminant Hepatitis A and E Co-infection Leading to Acute Liver Failure: A Case Report.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {e38101},
pmid = {37252544},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe clinical condition with a high mortality rate. Although several factors can cause ALF, viral hepatitis remains one of the leading causes. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), which typically cause self-limiting acute disease, are rare but emerging causes of ALF, especially when both viruses infect the same individual. Both of these hepatotropic viruses share an enteric route and are most commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The impact of HAV/HEV co-infection on acute hepatitis prognosis is not entirely understood, but dual infection can further exacerbate liver damage, leading to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) with a higher mortality rate than a single virus infection. Here, we present a case of a 32-year-old male with no prior liver disease who presented to the emergency department with a two-week history of jaundice, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Upon admission, he was disoriented with grade 2 encephalopathy. After a thorough investigation, co-infection with hepatitis A and E was identified as the primary cause of his ALF. The patient underwent intensive medical treatment and interventions, including dialysis. Unfortunately, the patient's survival was not possible due to the absence of availability of a transplanted organ, which is currently the only definitive treatment option. This case report underscores the significance of prompt diagnosis, timely intervention, and the accessibility of transplantation in the survival of liver failure, as it remains the sole definitive treatment for acute liver failure. Moreover, it provides a concise overview of the current literature on fulminant co-infection of HAV and HEV, including epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and risk factors associated with co-infection of hepatitis A and E and their role in causing ALF. It also highlights the significance of identifying high-risk populations and implementing appropriate prevention and control measures such as vaccination, practising good hygiene and sanitation, and avoiding the consumption of contaminated food and water.},
}

@article {pmid37249910,
year = {2023},
author = {Margolis, EB and Alfaro, GM and Sun, Y and Dallas, RH and Allison, KJ and Ferrolino, J and Ross, HS and Davis, AE and Jia, Q and Turner, P and Mackay, V and Morin, CE and Triplett, BM and Klein, EJ and Englund, JA and Tang, L and Hayden, RT},
title = {Microbiota Predict Infections and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease after Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.},
journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiad190},
pmid = {37249910},
issn = {1537-6613},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite intensive prophylactic and pre-emptive measures, infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Disruption of the gut microbiota has been linked to clinical outcomes after adult allo-HCT. This study evaluated whether these or differing microbiota disruptions or signatures were associated with risk of infection in pediatric allo-HCT.

METHODS: In a prospective observational study, fecal samples from 74 children were collected prior to conditioning and at the time of neutrophil recovery and profiled by means of 16S ribosomal rRNA sequencing. The associations between microbiome signatures and infections or acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) were examined using Cox proportional-hazards analysis.

RESULTS: Previously associated indices of microbiome disruption in adults, including diversity and butyrate producer frequency, did not predict infection risk in pediatric allo-HCT. Unique microbiota signatures were associated with different infections or aGVHD. A ratio of strict and facultative anaerobes (e.g. Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides, Clostridium spp.) prior to conditioning predicted likelihood of bacteremia (cox hazards ratio 3.89) in first year post HCT. A distinct ratio of oral (e.g. Rothia, Veillonella spp.) to colonic anaerobes (e.g. Anaerobutyricum, Dorea, Romboutsia spp.) at neutrophil recovery predicted likelihood of bacterial infections (cox hazards ratio 1.81) and viral enterocolitis (cox hazards ratio 1.96) through first year post transplant.

CONCLUSIONS: Interactions between medical interventions, pediatric hosts and microbial communities may be responsible for these consistent microbiota signatures that predict infections. A future multi-center investigation will be needed to demonstrate whether these ratios can be generalized to other pediatric cohorts.},
}

@article {pmid37249187,
year = {2023},
author = {Horesh, N and Emile, SH and Khan, SM and Freund, MR and Garoufalia, Z and Silva-Alvarenga, E and Gefen, R and Wexner, SD},
title = {Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials on Long-Term Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Perforated Diverticulitis.},
journal = {Annals of surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/SLA.0000000000005909},
pmid = {37249187},
issn = {1528-1140},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Assess long-term outcomes of patients with perforated diverticulitis treated with resection or laparoscopic lavage (LL).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Surgical treatment of perforated diverticulitis changed in the last few decades. LL and increasing evidence that primary anastomosis (PRA) is feasible in certain patients have broadened surgical options. However, debate for the optimal surgical strategy lingers.

METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCT) on surgical treatment of perforated diverticulitis from inception to October 2022. Long-term reports of RCT comparing surgical interventions for treatment of perforated diverticulitis were selected. Main outcomes measures were long-term ostomy, long term complications, recurrence, and re-intervention rates.

RESULTS: After screening 2431 studies, 5 long-term follow-up studies of RCT comprising 499 patients were included. Three studies, excluding patients with fecal peritonitis, compared LL and colonic resection, two compared PRA and Hartmann's procedure. LL had lower odds of long-term ostomy (OR= 0.133, 95%CI: 0.278- 0.579;P<0.001) and re-operation (OR= 0.585, 95%CI: 0.365- 0.937;P=0.02) compared to colonic resection but higher odds of diverticular disease recurrence (OR= 5.8, 95%CI: 2.33- 14.42;P<0.001). Colonic resection with PRA had lower odds of long-term ostomy (OR= 0.02, 95%CI: 0.003-0.195;P<0.001), long-term complications (OR= 0.195, 95%CI: 0.113-0.335;P<0.001), reoperation (OR= 0.2, 95%CI: 0.108- 0.384;P<0.001) and incisional hernia (OR= 0.184, 95%CI: 0.102-0.333;P<0.001). There was no significant difference in odds of mortality among the procedures.

CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up of patients who underwent emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis showed that LL had lower odds of long-term ostomy and re-operation, but more risk for disease recurrence when compared to resection in purulent peritonitis. Colonic resection with PRA had better long-term outcomes than Hartmann's procedure for fecal peritonitis.},
}

@article {pmid37247177,
year = {2023},
author = {Mohan, BP and Loganathan, P and Khan, SR and Garg, G and Muthusamy, A and Ponnada, S and Pasam, RT and Chandan, S and Tuteja, A},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplant delivered via invasive routes in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37247177},
issn = {0975-0711},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) results in significant loss of quality of life. Management guidelines do not recommend fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) for IBS based on weak evidence as refined data is lacking. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to ascertain the pooled clinical outcomes of FMT in IBS, delivered via invasive routes.

METHODS: Multiple databases were searched through January 2023 to identify studies that reported on FMT treatment in IBS by invasive routes. Standard meta-analysis methodology using the random-effects model was used. Heterogeneity was assessed by I[2]% and 95% predication interval.

RESULTS: Five studies were included. As many as 377 IBS patients were assessed, of which 238 received FMT and 139 received placebo. One study used nasojejunal tubes, one esophagogastroduodenoscopy and three colonoscopy for FMT delivery. FMT via colonoscopy was performed as a one-time procedure instilled into the cecum. Two studies used 30 g of stool from a single universal donor and one study used 50-80 g of pooled donor feces. The pooled odds ratio of improvement in IBS symptoms with FMT was significantly better as compared to that of placebo OR = 2.9 (95% CI [1.6-5.2, I[2] = 62%, p < 0.001]). This was true for studies that exclusively used colonoscopy (OR = 2.1 [1.1-4.2, p = 0.04]). In the FMT arm, 10 patients (10.6%) reported abdomen pain and worsening of symptoms with bloating and six patients (6.3%) reported diarrhea.

CONCLUSION: FMT delivered via invasive routes, especially colonoscopy, demonstrated significant improvement in IBS symptoms. A single FMT consisting of 30 g or more of single universal donor feces instilled into the cecum is the predominant modality.},
}

@article {pmid37247104,
year = {2023},
author = {Ganji, N and Li, B and Lee, C and Pierro, A},
title = {Necrotizing enterocolitis: recent advances in treatment with translational potential.},
journal = {Pediatric surgery international},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {205},
pmid = {37247104},
issn = {1437-9813},
support = {353857/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most prevalent and devastating gastrointestinal disorders in neonates. Despite advances in neonatal care, the incidence and mortality due to NEC remain high, highlighting the need to devise novel treatments for this disease. There have been a number of recent advancements in therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NEC; these involve remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), stem cell therapy, breast milk components (human milk oligosaccharides, exosomes, lactoferrin), fecal microbiota transplantation, and immunotherapy. This review summarizes the most recent advances in NEC treatment currently underway as well as their applicability and associated challenges and limitations, with the aim to provide new insight into the paradigm of care for NEC worldwide.},
}

@article {pmid37246923,
year = {2023},
author = {El-Salhy, M},
title = {Intestinal bacteria associated with irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue.},
journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e14621},
doi = {10.1111/nmo.14621},
pmid = {37246923},
issn = {1365-2982},
abstract = {The etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown. Abnormal intestinal bacterial profiles and low bacterial diversity appear to play important roles in the pathophysiology of IBS. This narrative review was designed to present recent observations made relating to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which implicate possible roles of 11 intestinal bacteria in the pathophysiology of IBS. The intestinal abundances of nine of these bacteria increased after FMT in patients with IBS, and these increases were inversely correlated with IBS symptoms and fatigue severity. These bacteria were Alistipes spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium biforme, Holdemanella biformis, Prevotella spp., Bacteroides stercoris, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Bacteroides zoogleoformans, and Lactobacillus spp. The intestinal abundances of two bacteria were decreased in patients with IBS after FMT and were correlated with the severity of IBS symptoms and fatigue (Streptococcus thermophilus and Coprobacillus cateniformis). Ten of these bacteria are anaerobic and one (Streptococcus thermophilus) is facultative anaerobic. Several of these bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, which is used as an energy source by large intestine epithelial cells. Moreover, it modulates the immune response and hypersensitivity of the large intestine and decreases intestinal cell permeability and intestinal motility. These bacteria could be used as probiotics to improve these conditions. Protein-rich diets could increase the intestinal abundance of Alistipes, and plant-rich diet could increase the intestinal abundance of Prevotella spp., and consequently improve IBS and fatigue.},
}

@article {pmid37246133,
year = {2023},
author = {Wu, R and Xiong, R and Li, Y and Chen, J and Yan, R},
title = {Gut microbiome, metabolome, host immunity associated with inflammatory bowel disease and intervention of fecal microbiota transplantation.},
journal = {Journal of autoimmunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103062},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103062},
pmid = {37246133},
issn = {1095-9157},
abstract = {Gut dysbiosis has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. The microbial communities play essential roles in host physiology, with profound effects on immune homeostasis, directly or via their metabolites and/or components. There are increasing clinical trials applying fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The restoration of dysbiotic gut microbiome is considered as one of the mechanisms of FMT therapy. In this work, latest advances in the alterations in gut microbiome and metabolome features in IBD patients and experimental mechanistic understanding on their contribution to the immune dysfunction were reviewed. Then, the therapeutic outcomes of FMT on IBD were summarized based on clinical remission, endoscopic remission and histological remission of 27 clinical trials retrieved from PubMed which have been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the results been published in the past 10 years. Although FMT is established as an effective therapy for both subtypes of IBD, the promising outcomes are not always achieved. Among the 27 studies, only 11 studies performed gut microbiome profiling, 5 reported immune response alterations and 3 carried out metabolome analysis. Generally, FMT partially restored typical changes in IBD, resulted in increased α-diversity and species richness in responders and similar but less pronounced shifts of patient microbial and metabolomics profiles toward donor profiles. Measurements of immune responses to FMT mainly focused on T cells and revealed divergent effects on pro-/anti-inflammatory functions. The very limited information and the extremely confounding factors in the designs of the FMT trials significantly hindered a reasonable conclusion on the mechanistic involvement of gut microbiota and metabolites in clinical outcomes and an analysis of the inconsistencies.},
}

@article {pmid37245237,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, DS and Wu, YR and Du, WH and Zhu, YL and Zhang, WJ and Fu, Y and Yang, GB},
title = {The composition of the intestinal microbiota after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell translantation and its association with graft versus host disease as assessed by 16Sribosomal ribonucleic acid.},
journal = {Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.26402/jpp.2023.1.10},
pmid = {37245237},
issn = {1899-1505},
abstract = {To observe the evolution of the intestinal microbiota in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and discuss the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In this study, 11 patients who underwent allo-HSCT in the Aerospace Central Hospital from January 2021 to October 2021 were selected, along with 11 donors. Fecal specimens were collected 7 times: at admission, after pre-treatment, and every 3 weeks after transplantation from patients and once from donors. The composition of the intestinal microbiota and its association with GVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Of the 11 patients, 5 developed GVHD, and 6 did not. The diversity of the intestinal microbiota among GVHD patients first increased and then decreased after transplantation, while that among non-GVHD patients first increased and then tended to be stable. The diversity of the intestinal microbiota among GVHD patients was lower than that among non-GVHD patients before pre-treatment and after transplantation. The taxa diversity of the intestinal microbiota in the non-GVHD group was better than that in the GVHD group before allo-HSCT, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05 for OTUs and CHAO1 index). The taxa abundance of Enterococcaceae 2.16% (2.13%, 2.22%) before allo-HSCT was significantly higher than that in the non-GVHD group 1.33% (0.27%, 1.52%), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.004). There was no significant difference between the GVHD group and the non-GVHD group in the diversity of the intestinal microbiota of donors (P<0.05). The characteristics of the intestinal microbiota in the final sample of patients in the GVHD group were similar to the preoperative structure of the intestinal microbiota. In conclusion: The decrease in the diversity of the intestinal microbiota after HSCT may be a risk factor for the occurrence of GVHD. The presence of Enterococcaceae in the intestinal microbiota may be associated with an increased risk of developing GVHD. The intestinal microbiota reconstitute to be close to the intestinal microbiota composition of the donors in the non-GVHD group.},
}

@article {pmid37245211,
year = {2023},
author = {Alves, JC and Santos, A and Jorge, P and Pitães, Â},
title = {Faecal microbiome transplantation improves clinical signs of chronic idiopathic large bowel diarrhoea in working dogs.},
journal = {The Veterinary record},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e3052},
doi = {10.1002/vetr.3052},
pmid = {37245211},
issn = {2042-7670},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic diarrhoea is a common clinical sign in dogs with chronic enteropathy, and psyllium husk has been shown to improve clinical signs in affected dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether faecal microbiome transplant has a similar effect in alleviating clinical signs in dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhoea.

METHOD: Thirty large-breed working dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhoea were divided into a psyllium group (PG) and a faecal microbiome transplant group (FMTG). To the PG, 16 g/day of psyllium husk was administered for 30 days. The FMTG received faecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) once via enema. A daily log of faecal characteristics was kept, and the dogs' canine inflammatory bowel disease index (CIBDAI) and body condition scores (BCS) were determined. A Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to compare group results. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier test was used to evaluate the occurrence rate of 1 day or more of diarrhoea and 2 days or more of diarrhoea by day 30.

RESULTS: The sample had a mean age of 3.9 ± 2.1 years and a bodyweight of 25.3 ± 6.8 kg. The FMTG showed a more rapid onset of CIBDAI improvement but no difference in other measures. At 30 days, the FMTG showed a greater improvement in bodyweight and BCS, but no differences were observed in faecal scores, defaecation frequency and time of appearance of episodes of diarrhoea. Time played a significant positive role in the results observed across both groups (p < 0.05).

LIMITATIONS: This study did not compare the microbiomes of the dogs before and after treatment, so the role of specific types of bacteria cannot be determined.

CONCLUSION: Psyllium husk and FMT had similar effects in improving clinical signs of chronic large bowel diarrhoea.},
}

@article {pmid37232579,
year = {2023},
author = {Levast, B and Fontaine, M and Nancey, S and Dechelotte, P and Doré, J and Lehert, P},
title = {Single-Donor and Pooling Strategies for Fecal Microbiota Transfer Product Preparation in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical and translational gastroenterology},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {e00568},
pmid = {37232579},
issn = {2155-384X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation/methods ; *Microbiota ; Remission Induction ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) have a less diverse microbiome than healthy subjects. Multiple studies have evaluated fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) in these patients using different methods of product preparation, doses, and routes of administration. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy of single-donor (SDN) and multidonor (MDN) strategies for product preparation.

METHODS: Systematic searches were performed in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Orbit Intelligence for studies comparing FMT products manufactured using SDN or MDN strategies to placebo in patients with UC. Fourteen controlled studies were selected for meta-analysis (10 randomized and 4 nonrandomized). The treatment response was assessed by using fixed- and random-effects models, and the significance of the indirect difference between the interventions was assessed using a network approach.

RESULTS: Considering all 14 studies, MDN and SDN were superior to placebo in terms of treatment response (risk ratios [RRs]: 4.41 and 1.57, respectively [P ≤ 0.001 for both]), and MDN was superior to SDN (RR: 2.81, P = 0.005). Meta-analysis of the 10 studies with high quality of evidence showed that MDN was superior to SDN in terms of treatment response (RR: 2.31, P = 0.042). Results were identical for both models.

DISCUSSION: There was a significant clinical benefit (remission) for patients with UC who received FMT with products manufactured by MDN strategies. Reduction of donor effect may lead to a gain in microbial diversity that could improve response to treatment. These results may have implications in the treatment approach of other diseases amenable to microbiome manipulation.JOURNAL/cltg/04.03/01720094-202305000-00002/2FFU1/v/2023-05-23T220055Z/r/image-tiff.},
}

Humans
*Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation/methods
*Microbiota
Remission Induction

@article {pmid37244385,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, L and Zhang, K and Zeng, Y and Luo, Y and Peng, J and Zhang, J and Kuang, T and Fan, G},
title = {Gut mycobiome and metabolic diseases: The known, the unknown, and the future.},
journal = {Pharmacological research},
volume = {193},
number = {},
pages = {106807},
doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106807},
pmid = {37244385},
issn = {1096-1186},
abstract = {Metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity, have become a major public health problem worldwide. In recent years, most research on the role of gut microbes in metabolic diseases has focused on bacteria, whereas fungal microbes have been neglected. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gut fungal alterations in T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD, and to discuss the mechanisms associated with disease development. In addition, several novel strategies targeting gut mycobiome and/or their metabolites to improve T2DM, obesity and NAFLD, including fungal probiotics, antifungal drugs, dietary intervention, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are critically discussed. The accumulated evidence suggests that gut mycobiome plays an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. The possible mechanisms by which the gut mycobiome affects metabolic diseases include fungal-induced immune responses, fungal-bacterial interactions, and fungal-derived metabolites. Candida albicans, Aspergillus and Meyerozyma may be potential pathogens of metabolic diseases because they can activate the immune system and/or produce harmful metabolites. Moreover, Saccharomyces boulardii, S. cerevisiae, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus fungi may have the potential to improve metabolic diseases. The information may provide an important reference for the development of new therapeutics for metabolic diseases based on gut mycobiome.},
}

@article {pmid37243505,
year = {2023},
author = {Bruggeling, CE and Te Groen, M and Garza, DR and van Heeckeren Tot Overlaer, F and Krekels, JPM and Sulaiman, BC and Karel, D and Rulof, A and Schaaphok, AR and Hornikx, DLAH and Nagtegaal, ID and Dutilh, BE and Hoentjen, F and Boleij, A},
title = {Bacterial oncotraits rather than spatial organization are associated with dysplasia in ulcerative colitis.},
journal = {Journal of Crohn's & colitis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad092},
pmid = {37243505},
issn = {1876-4479},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colonic bacterial biofilms are frequently present in ulcerative colitis (UC) and may increase dysplasia risk through pathogens expressing oncotraits. This prospective cohort study aimed to determine (1) the association of oncotraits and longitudinal biofilm presence with dysplasia risk in UC, and (2) the relation of bacterial composition with biofilms and dysplasia risk.

METHODS: Feces and left- and right-sided colonic biopsies were collected from 80 UC patients and 35 controls. Oncotraits (FadA of Fusobacterium, BFT of Bacteroides fragilis, colibactin (ClbB) and Intimin (Eae) of Escherichia coli) were assessed in fecal DNA with multiplex qPCR. Biopsies were screened for biofilms (n=873) with 16S rRNA fluorescent in situ hybridization. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing (n=265), and ki67-immunohistochemistry were performed. Associations were determined with a mixed-effects regression model.

RESULTS: Biofilms were highly prevalent in UC patients (90.8%) with a median persistence of 3 years (IQR 2-5 years). Biofilm-positive biopsies showed increased epithelial hypertrophy (p=0.025), a reduced Shannon diversity independent of disease status (p=0.015), however, were not significantly associated with dysplasia in UC (aOR 1.45(95%CI0.63-3.40). In contrast, ClbB independently associated with dysplasia (aOR 7.16 (95%CI1.75-29.28), while FadA and Fusobacteriales were associated with a decreased dysplasia risk in UC (aOR 0.23 (95%CI0.06-0.83), and p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: Biofilms are a hallmark of UC, however, because of their high prevalence a poor biomarker for dysplasia. In contrast, colibactin presence and FadA absence independently associate with dysplasia in UC and might therefore be valuable biomarkers for future risk stratification and intervention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid37243442,
year = {2023},
author = {Marasco, G and Buttitta, F and Cremon, C and Barbaro, MR and Stanghellini, V and Barbara, G},
title = {The role of microbiota and its modulation in colonic diverticular disease.},
journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e14615},
doi = {10.1111/nmo.14615},
pmid = {37243442},
issn = {1365-2982},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diverticular disease (DD) is a common condition in Western countries. The role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of DD and its related symptoms has been frequently postulated since most complications of this disease are bacteria-driven and most therapies rely on microbiota modulation. Preliminary data showed fecal microbial imbalance in patients with DD, particularly when symptomatic, with an increase of pro-inflammatory and potentially pathogenetic bacteria. In addition, bacterial metabolic markers can mirror specific pathways of the disease and may be even used for monitoring treatment effects. All treatments currently suggested for DD can affect microbiota structure and metabolome compositions.

PURPOSE: Sparse evidence is available linking gut microbiota perturbations, diverticular disease pathophysiology, and symptom development. We aimed to summarize the available knowledge on gut microbiota evaluation in diverticular disease, with a focus on symptomatic uncomplicated DD, and the relative treatment strategies.},
}

@article {pmid37241738,
year = {2023},
author = {Huang, Y and Ying, N and Zhao, Q and Chen, J and Teow, SY and Dong, W and Lin, M and Jiang, L and Zheng, H},
title = {Amelioration of Obesity-Related Disorders in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Inulin-Dosed Mice.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {28},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules28103997},
pmid = {37241738},
issn = {1420-3049},
abstract = {The role of inulin in alleviating obesity-related disorders has been documented; yet, its underlying mechanisms still need to be further investigated. This study attempted to elucidate the causative link between the gut microbiota and the beneficial effect of inulin on obesity-related disorders via transferring the fecal microbiota from inulin-dosed mice to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese recipient mice. The results show that inulin supplementation can decrease body weight, fat accumulation, and systemic inflammation and can also enhance glucose metabolism in HFD-induced obese mice. Treatment with inulin reshaped the structure and composition of the gut microbiota in HFD-induced obese mice, as characterized by increases in the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and Muribaculum and decreases in unidentified_Lachnospiraceae and Lachnoclostridium. In addition, we found that these favorable effects of inulin could be partially transferable by fecal microbiota transplantation, and Bifidobacterium and Muribaculum might be the key bacterial genera. Therefore, our results suggest that inulin ameliorates obesity-related disorders by targeting the gut microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid37240769,
year = {2023},
author = {Keathley, J and White, J and Reid, G},
title = {The Impact of Nutrition, Physical Activity, Beneficial Microbes, and Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Improving Health.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life13051124},
pmid = {37240769},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {The recognition that microbes are integral to human life has led to studies on how to manipulate them in favor of health outcomes. To date, there has been no conjoint recommendation for the intake of dietary compounds that can complement the ingested organisms in terms of promoting an improved health outcome. The aim of this review is to discuss how beneficial microbes in the form of probiotics, fermented foods, and donor feces are being used to manage health. In addition, we explore the rationale for selecting beneficial microbial strains and aligning diets to accommodate their propagation in the gut. A pilot clinical trial design is presented to examine the effects of probiotics and exercise in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU); it is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism, and it is a complication that requires lifelong dietary intervention. The example design is provided to illustrate the importance of using omics technology to see if the intervention elevates neuroactive biogenic amines in the plasma; increases the abundance of Eubacterium rectale, Coprococcus eutactus, Akkermansia muciniphila, or Butyricicoccus; and increases Escherichia/Shigella in the gut, all as markers of improved health. By emphasizing the combined importance of diet, microbial supplements, and the gut microbiome, we hope that future studies will better align these components, not only to improve outcomes, but also to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms.},
}

@article {pmid37238943,
year = {2023},
author = {Shahbazi, A and Sepehrinezhad, A and Vahdani, E and Jamali, R and Ghasempour, M and Massoudian, S and Sahab Negah, S and Larsen, FS},
title = {Gut Dysbiosis and Blood-Brain Barrier Alteration in Hepatic Encephalopathy: From Gut to Brain.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines11051272},
pmid = {37238943},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {A common neuropsychiatric complication of advanced liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), impacts the quality of life and length of hospital stays. There is new evidence that gut microbiota plays a significant role in brain development and cerebral homeostasis. Microbiota metabolites are providing a new avenue of therapeutic options for several neurological-related disorders. For instance, the gut microbiota composition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity are altered in HE in a variety of clinical and experimental studies. Furthermore, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been shown to positively affect BBB integrity in disease models that are potentially extendable to HE by targeting gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms that underlie microbiota dysbiosis and its effects on the BBB are still unclear in HE. To this end, the aim of this review was to summarize the clinical and experimental evidence of gut dysbiosis and BBB disruption in HE and a possible mechanism.},
}

@article {pmid37237771,
year = {2023},
author = {Airola, C and Severino, A and Porcari, S and Fusco, W and Mullish, BH and Gasbarrini, A and Cammarota, G and Ponziani, FR and Ianiro, G},
title = {Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics12050868},
pmid = {37237771},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {The human gut is inhabited by a multitude of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses. A dynamic balance among these microorganisms is associated with the well-being of the human being, and a large body of evidence supports a role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given the importance of the gut microbiota in the preservation of human health, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics have been classically used as strategies to modulate the gut microbiota and achieve beneficial effects for the host. Nonetheless, several molecules not typically included in these categories have demonstrated a role in restoring the equilibrium among the components of the gut microbiota. Among these, rifaximin, as well as other antimicrobial drugs, such as triclosan, or natural compounds (including evodiamine and polyphenols) have common pleiotropic characteristics. On one hand, they suppress the growth of dangerous bacteria while promoting beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota. On the other hand, they contribute to the regulation of the immune response in the case of dysbiosis by directly influencing the immune system and epithelial cells or by inducing the gut bacteria to produce immune-modulatory compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has also been investigated as a procedure to restore the equilibrium of the gut microbiota and has shown benefits in many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disorders, and extraintestinal autoimmune conditions. One of the most significant limits of the current techniques used to modulate the gut microbiota is the lack of tools that can precisely modulate specific members of complex microbial communities. Novel approaches, including the use of engineered probiotic bacteria or bacteriophage-based therapy, have recently appeared as promising strategies to provide targeted and tailored therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota, but their role in clinical practice has yet to be clarified. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recently introduced innovations in the field of therapeutic microbiome modulation.},
}

@article {pmid37237476,
year = {2023},
author = {Pezzino, S and Sofia, M and Mazzone, C and Castorina, S and Puleo, S and Barchitta, M and Agodi, A and Gallo, L and La Greca, G and Latteri, S},
title = {Gut Microbiome in the Progression of NAFLD, NASH and Cirrhosis, and Its Connection with Biotics: A Bibliometric Study Using Dimensions Scientific Research Database.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biology12050662},
pmid = {37237476},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {There is growing evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis is linked to the etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), from the initial stage of disease until the progressive stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the final stage of cirrhosis. Conversely, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have shown promise in restoring dysbiosis and lowering clinical indicators of disease in a number of both preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, postbiotics and parabiotics have recently garnered some attention. The purpose of this bibliometric analysis is to assess recent publishing trends concerning the role of the gut microbiome in the progression of NAFLD, NASH and cirrhosis and its connection with biotics. The free access version of the Dimensions scientific research database was used to find publications in this field from 2002 to 2022. VOSviewer and Dimensions' integrated tools were used to analyze current research trends. Research into the following topics is expected to emerge in this field: (1) evaluation of risk factors which are correlated with the progression of NAFLD, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; (2) pathogenic mechanisms, such as liver inflammation through toll-like receptors activation, or alteration of short-chain fatty acids metabolisms, which contribute to NAFLD development and its progression in more severe forms, such as cirrhosis; (3) therapy for cirrhosis through dysbiosis reduction, and research on hepatic encephalopathy a common consequence of cirrhosis; (4) evaluation of diversity, and composition of gut microbiome under NAFLD, and as it varies under NASH and cirrhosis by rRNA gene sequencing, a tool which can also be used for the development of new probiotics and explore into the impact of biotics on the gut microbiome; (5) treatments to reduce dysbiosis with new probiotics, such as Akkermansia, or with fecal microbiome transplantation.},
}

@article {pmid37235836,
year = {2023},
author = {Rashidi, A and Ebadi, M and Rehman, TU and Elhusseini, H and Kazadi, D and Halaweish, H and Khan, MH and Hoeschen, A and Cao, Q and Luo, X and Kabage, AJ and Lopez, S and Holtan, SG and Weisdorf, DJ and Khoruts, A and Staley, C},
title = {Randomized Double-Blind Phase II Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Versus Placebo in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and AML.},
journal = {Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {JCO2202366},
doi = {10.1200/JCO.22.02366},
pmid = {37235836},
issn = {1527-7755},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Gut microbiota injury in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients and patients with AML has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Previous studies in these patients have shown improvements in various microbiome indices after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). However, whether microbiome improvements translate into improved clinical outcomes remains unclear. We examined this question in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial.

METHODS: Two independent cohorts of allogeneic HCT recipients and patients with AML receiving induction chemotherapy were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive standardized oral encapsulated FMT versus placebo upon neutrophil recovery. After each course of antibacterial antibiotics, patients received a study treatment. Up to three treatments were administered within 3 months. The primary end point was 4-month all-cause infection rate. Patients were followed for 9 months.

RESULTS: In the HCT cohort (74 patients), 4-month infection density was 0.74 and 0.91 events per 100 patient-days in FMT and placebo arms, respectively (infection rate ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.48 to 1.42; P = .49). In the AML cohort (26 patients), 4-month infection density was 0.93 in the FMT arm and 1.25 in the placebo arm, with an infection rate ratio of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.32 to 1.71; P = .48). Unique donor bacterial sequences comprised 25%-30% of the fecal microbiota after FMT. FMT improved postantibiotic recovery of microbiota diversity, restored several depleted obligate anaerobic commensals, and reduced the abundance of expanded genera Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Dialister.

CONCLUSION: In allogeneic HCT recipients and patients with AML, third-party FMT was safe and ameliorated intestinal dysbiosis, but did not decrease infections. Novel findings from this trial will inform future development of FMT trials.},
}

@article {pmid37235073,
year = {2023},
author = {Nagarakanti, S and Orenstein, R},
title = {Treating Clostridioides difficile: Could Microbiota-based Live Biotherapeutic Products Provide the Answer?.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {3137-3143},
pmid = {37235073},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a pressing health care issue due to the limited effectiveness of current treatments and high recurrence rates. Current available antibiotic options for CDI disrupt the fecal microbiome which predisposes recurrent CDI. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has improved the outcomes of recurrent CDI, but concerns surrounding the safety and standardization of the product persist. Microbiota-based live biotherapeutic products (LBPs), are emerging as potential alternatives to FMT for CDI treatment. This review explores the potential of LBPs as safe and effective therapy for CDI. While preclinical and early clinical studies have shown promising results, further research is necessary to determine the optimal composition and dosage of LBPs and to ensure their safety and efficacy in clinical practice. Overall, LBPs hold great promise as a novel therapy for CDI and warrant further investigation in other conditions related to disruption of the colonic microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid37234168,
year = {2023},
author = {Yang, Y and He, J and Wang, Y and Liang, L and Zhang, Z and Tan, X and Tao, S and Wu, Z and Dong, M and Zheng, J and Zhang, H and Feng, S and Cheng, W and Chen, Q and Wei, H},
title = {Whole intestinal microbiota transplantation is more effective than fecal microbiota transplantation in reducing the susceptibility of DSS-induced germ-free mice colitis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1143526},
pmid = {37234168},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging and effective therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous studies have reported that compared with FMT, whole intestinal microbiota transplantation (WIMT) can more precisely replicate the community structure and reduce the inflammatory response of the host. However, it remains unclear whether WIMT is more effective in alleviating IBD. To examine the efficacy of WIMT and FMT in the intervention of IBD, GF (Germ-free) BALB/c mice were pre-colonized with whole intestinal microbiota or fecal microbiota before being treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). As expected, the symptoms of colitis were alleviated by both WIMT and FMT, as demonstrated by the prevention of body weight loss and decreased the Disease activity index and histological scores in mice. However, WIMT's anti-inflammatory effect was superior to that of FMT. In addition, the inflammatory markers myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase were dramatically downregulated by WIMT and FMT. Furthermore, the use of two different types of donors facilitated the regulation of cytokine homeostasis in colitis mice; the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the WIMT group was significantly lower than that in the FMT group, while the level of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was significantly higher than that in the FMT group. Both groups showed enhanced expression of occludin to protect the intestinal barrier in comparison with the DSS group, and the WIMT group demonstrated considerably increased levels of ZO-1. The sequencing results showed that the WIMT group was highly enriched in Bifidobacterium, whereas the FMT group was significantly enriched in Lactobacillus and Ochrobactrum. Correlation analysis revealed that Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with TNF-α, whereas Ochrobactrum was positively correlated with MPO and negatively correlated with IL-10, which might be related to different efficacies. Functional prediction using PICRUSt2 revealed that the FMT group was considerably enriched in the L-arginine biosynthesis I and L-arginine biosynthesis IV pathway, whereas the WIMT group was enriched in the L-lysine fermentation to acetate and butanoate pathway. In conclusion, the symptoms of colitis were subsided to varying degrees by the two different types of donors, with the WIMT group being more effective than the FMT group. This study provides new information on clinical interventions for IBD.},
}

@article {pmid37231259,
year = {2023},
author = {Pinto, Y and Chakraborty, M and Jain, N and Bhatt, AS},
title = {Phage-inclusive profiling of human gut microbiomes with Phanta.},
journal = {Nature biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37231259},
issn = {1546-1696},
abstract = {Due to technical limitations, most gut microbiome studies have focused on prokaryotes, overlooking viruses. Phanta, a virome-inclusive gut microbiome profiling tool, overcomes the limitations of assembly-based viral profiling methods by using customized k-mer-based classification tools and incorporating recently published catalogs of gut viral genomes. Phanta's optimizations consider the small genome size of viruses, sequence homology with prokaryotes and interactions with other gut microbes. Extensive testing of Phanta on simulated data demonstrates that it quickly and accurately quantifies prokaryotes and viruses. When applied to 245 fecal metagenomes from healthy adults, Phanta identifies ~200 viral species per sample, ~5× more than standard assembly-based methods. We observe a ~2:1 ratio between DNA viruses and bacteria, with higher interindividual variability of the gut virome compared to the gut bacteriome. In another cohort, we observe that Phanta performs equally well on bulk versus virus-enriched metagenomes, making it possible to study prokaryotes and viruses in a single experiment, with a single analysis.},
}

@article {pmid37230956,
year = {2023},
author = {Song, Y and Cui, YB and Wang, YM and Yu, J and Wang, BL and Wen, QY and Zheng, X},
title = {Donor selection for fecal bacterial transplantation and its combined effects with inulin on early growth and ileal development in chicks.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxad099},
pmid = {37230956},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: To select the best donor and investigate its combined effects with inulin on growth performance, and ileal health of chicks.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The chicks (Hy-line Brown) were treated with fecal microbiota suspension from different breeder hens to select the best donor. Treatment with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) alone or in combination with inulin found that it improved gut microbiome in chicks. The organ indexes were increased on 7d, especially the bursa of fabricius index (P < 0.05). On 14d, immune performance, ileal morphology, and barrier were improved, simultaneously, the concentration of short-chain fatty acids was also increased. In addition, for the expression of ileal barrier-related genes, Anaerofustis and Clostridium were positively correlated with them (P < 0.05), Blautia, Prevotella, Veillonella, and Weissella were the opposite (P < 0.05), and RFN20 showed a positive correlation with gut morphology (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Combination of homologous FMT and inulin promoted early growth and intestinal health of chicks.},
}

@article {pmid37229456,
year = {2023},
author = {Wu, J and Yang, K and Fan, H and Wei, M and Xiong, Q},
title = {Targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites for type 2 diabetes mellitus.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1114424},
pmid = {37229456},
issn = {1664-2392},
abstract = {Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The incidence of T2DM is increasing globally, and a growing body of evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to the development of this disease. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including bile acids, lipopolysaccharide, trimethylamine-N-oxide, tryptophan and indole derivatives, and short-chain fatty acids, have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM, playing a key role in the host-microbe crosstalk. This review aims to summarize the molecular links between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the pathogenesis of T2DM. Additionally, we review the potential therapy and treatments for T2DM using probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and other methods to modulate gut microbiota and its metabolites. Clinical trials investigating the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites have been critically discussed. This review highlights that targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of T2DM.},
}

@article {pmid37229259,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, HJ and Li, DQ and Zhang, YL and Ding, XF and Gao, HT and Zhu, Y and Liu, J and Zhang, LX and Chen, J and Chen, G and Yu, Y},
title = {Modulation of gut microbiota alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting M1 polarization of microglia.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1123387},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2023.1123387},
pmid = {37229259},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Gut microbiota affects the gut-brain axis; hence, the modulation of the microbiota has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). However, the role and mechanism of the gut microbiota in regulating microglial polarization during CIRI remain poorly understood. Herein, using a middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model, we evaluated changes in the gut microbiota after CIRI and the potential effects of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) on the brain. Rats underwent either MCAO/R or sham surgery, and then they received FMT (started 3 days later; continued for 10 days). 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, neurological outcome scale, and Fluoro-Jade C staining showed that MCAO/R induced cerebral infarction, neurological deficits, and neuronal degeneration. In addition, immunohistochemistry or real-time PCR assay showed increased expression levels of M1-macrophage markers-TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS-in the rats following MCAO/R. Our finding suggests that microglial M1 polarization is involved in CIRI. 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing data revealed an imbalance in the gut microbiota of MCAO/R animals. In contrast, FMT reversed this MCAO/R-induced imbalance in the gut microbiota and ameliorated nerve injury. In addition, FMT prevented the upregulation in the ERK and NF-κB pathways, which reversed the M2-to-M1 microglial shift 10 days after MCAO/R injury in rats. Our primary data showed that the modulation of the gut microbiota can attenuate CIRI in rats by inhibiting microglial M1 polarization through the ERK and NF-κB pathways. However, an understanding of the underlying mechanism requires further study.},
}

@article {pmid37228365,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, R},
title = {Clostridioides difficile infection: microbe-microbe interactions and live biotherapeutics.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1182612},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182612},
pmid = {37228365},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that infects the colon. C. difficile is estimated to cause nearly half a million cases in the United States annually, with about 29,000 associated deaths. Unfortunately, the current antibiotic treatment is not ideal. While antibiotics can treat the infections, they also disrupt the gut microbiota that mediates colonization resistance against enteric pathogens, including C. difficile; disrupted gut microbiota provides a window of opportunity for recurrent infections. Therefore, therapeutics that restore the gut microbiota and suppress C. difficile are being evaluated for safety and efficacy. This review will start with mechanisms by which gut bacteria affect C. difficile pathogenesis, followed by a discussion on biotherapeutics for recurrent C. difficile infections.},
}

@article {pmid37227445,
year = {2023},
author = {Luo, Q and Gong, P and Shi, R and Chen, W and Wang, C and Zhang, C and Wu, Z},
title = {Syringic Acid Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02441},
pmid = {37227445},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease is known to be associated with alterations in gut microbiota. The bioactive compound syringic acid has been shown to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease, but its interaction with gut microbiota and mechanism of action remain unclear. To address this, we conducted a study in which we investigated the potential benefits of syringic acid in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through gut microbiota modulation. Our results show that oral administration of syringic acid effectively reduced symptoms of colitis, as indicated by reduced disease activity index, and histopathology scores. Moreover, syringic acid administration enriched the abundance of Alistipes and norank_f__norank_o__Gastranaerophilales in mice, suggesting a restoration of impaired gut microbiota. Notably, we found that the effects of syringic acid were similar to those of fecal microbiota transplantation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice. Further analysis revealed that syringic acid inhibited the NLRP3-Cas-1-GSDMD-IL-1β inflammatory vesicle signaling pathway, leading to amelioration of colonic inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate the potential of syringic acid as a preventive and therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.},
}

@article {pmid37223860,
year = {2023},
author = {Geng, Y and Shi, T and Wang, Y},
title = {Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus.},
journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology},
volume = {1417},
number = {},
pages = {73-92},
pmid = {37223860},
issn = {0065-2598},
abstract = {Transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route. Large epidemics of hepatitis E in the developing countries of Asia and Africa are waterborne and spread through contaminated drinking water. The reservoir of HEV in developed countries is believed to be in animals with zoonotic transmission to humans, possibly through direct contact or the consumption of undercooked contaminated meat. And HEV transmission through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and vertical transmission has been reported.},
}

@article {pmid37222345,
year = {2023},
author = {Barbosa, EC and Bucar, EEC and Jubé, GR and Silveira, LB and Silva, NCD and Faria, PCC and Ramos, PLC and Moraes, VRY and Barros, JOB},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation and its repercussions in patients with melanoma refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy: scope review.},
journal = {Revista do Colegio Brasileiro de Cirurgioes},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {e20233490},
doi = {10.1590/0100-6991e-20233490-en},
pmid = {37222345},
issn = {1809-4546},
mesh = {Humans ; *Melanoma ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: despite being extremely effective in some cases, up to 70% of patients with melanoma do not respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (primary resistance) and many of the responders eventually progress (secondary resistance). Extensive efforts are being made to overcome this resistance through new strategies, especially aimed at modulating the intestinal microbiota.

OBJECTIVE: to assess whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), associated with immunotherapy, is beneficial in the clinical course of patients with refractory melanoma.

METHODS: this is a scope review, based on studies collected on the MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, The Cochrane Library, Embase and BMJ Journals; using the terms: "Antibodies, Monoclonal"; "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm"; "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation"; "Host Microbial Interactions"; "Immunotherapy"; "Melanoma"; and "Microbiota". Clinical trials, in English, with relevant data on the subject and fully available were included. A cut-off period was not determined, due to the limited amount of evidence on the topic.

RESULTS: crossing the descriptors allowed the identification of 342 publications and, after applying the eligibility criteria, allowed the selection of 4 studies. From the analyses, it was observed that a considerable part of those studied overcame resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors after FMT, with better response to treatment, less tumor growth and increased beneficial immune response.

CONCLUSION: it is noted that FMT favors the response of melanoma to immunotherapy, translated into significant clinical benefit. However, further studies are necessary for the complete elucidation of the bacteria and the mechanisms involved, as well as for the translation of new evidence to oncological care practice.},
}

Humans
*Melanoma
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

@article {pmid37221272,
year = {2023},
author = {Hsia, K and Zhao, N and Chung, M and Algarrahi, K and Kouhsari, LM and Fu, M and Chen, H and Singh, S and Michaud, DS and Jangi, S},
title = {Alterations in the Fungal Microbiome in Ulcerative Colitis.},
journal = {Inflammatory bowel diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/ibd/izad082},
pmid = {37221272},
issn = {1536-4844},
support = {KL2TR002545/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although gut fungi have been implicated in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, the fungal microbiome has not been deeply explored across endohistologic activity and treatment exposure in ulcerative colitis.

METHODS: We analyzed data from the SPARC IBD (Study of a Prospective Adult Research Cohort with Inflammatory Bowel Disease) registry. We evaluated the fungal composition of fecal samples from 98 patients with ulcerative colitis across endoscopic activity (n = 43), endohistologic activity (n = 41), and biologic exposure (n = 82). Across all subgroups, we assessed fungal diversity and differential abundance of taxonomic groups.

RESULTS: We identified 500 unique fungal amplicon sequence variants across the cohort of 82 patients, dominated by phylum Ascomycota. Compared with endoscopic remission, patients with endoscopic activity had increased Saccharomyces (log2 fold change = 4.54; adjusted P < 5 × 10-5) and increased Candida (log2 fold change = 2.56; adjusted P < .03). After adjusting for age, sex, and biologic exposure among patients with endoscopic activity, Saccharomyces (log2 fold change = 7.76; adjusted P < 1 × 10-15) and Candida (log2 fold change = 7.28; adjusted P< 1 × 10-8) remained enriched during endoscopic activity compared with quiescence.

CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic inflammation in ulcerative colitis is associated with an expansion of Saccharomyces and Candida compared with remission. The role of these fungal taxa as potential biomarkers and targets for personalized approaches to therapeutics in ulcerative colitis should be evaluated.},
}

@article {pmid37221233,
year = {2023},
author = {Carvalho, T},
title = {First oral fecal microbiota transplant therapy approved.},
journal = {Nature medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/d41591-023-00046-2},
pmid = {37221233},
issn = {1546-170X},
}

@article {pmid37220623,
year = {2023},
author = {Benichou Haziot, C and Birak, KS},
title = {Therapeutic Potential of Microbiota Modulation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Preclinical Studies.},
journal = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {415-431},
pmid = {37220623},
issn = {2542-4823},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, yet it currently lacks effective treatment due to its complex etiology. The pathological changes in AD have been linked to the neurotoxic immune responses following aggregation of Aβ and phosphorylated tau. The gut microbiota (GM) is increasingly studied for modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases and in vivo studies emerge for AD. This critical review selected 7 empirical preclinical studies from 2019 onwards assessing therapy approaches targeting GM modulating microglia neuroinflammation in AD mouse models. Results from probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and drugs were compared and contrasted, including for cognition, neuroinflammation, and toxic aggregation of proteins. Studies consistently reported significant amelioration or prevention of cognitive deficits, decrease in microglial activation, and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared to AD mouse models. However, there were differences across papers for the brain regions affected, and changes in astrocytes were inconsistent. Aβ plaques deposition significantly decreased in all papers, apart from Byur dMar Nyer lNga Ril Bu (BdNlRB) treatment. Tau phosphorylation significantly declined in 5 studies. Effects in microbial diversity following treatment varied across studies. Findings are encouraging regarding the efficacy of study but information on the effect size is limited. Potentially, GM reverses GM derived abnormalities, decreasing neuroinflammation, which reduces AD toxic aggregations of proteins in the brain, resulting in cognitive improvements. Results support the hypothesis of AD being a multifactorial disease and the potential synergies through multi-target approaches. The use of AD mice models limits conclusions around effectiveness, as human translation is challenging.},
}

@article {pmid37219936,
year = {2023},
author = {Luo, Y and Tong, Y and Wu, L and Niu, H and Li, Y and Su, LC and Wu, Y and Bozec, A and Zaiss, MM and Qing, P and Zhao, H and Tan, C and Zhang, Q and Zhao, Y and Tang, H and Liu, Y},
title = {Alteration of gut microbiota in high-risk individuals for rheumatoid arthritis is associated with disturbed metabolome and initiates arthritis by triggering mucosal immunity imbalance.},
journal = {Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/art.42616},
pmid = {37219936},
issn = {2326-5205},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We aimed to decipher the gut microbiome (GM) and serum metabolic characteristic of individuals at high risk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to investigate the causative effect of GM on the mucosal immune system and its involvement in the pathogenesis of arthritis.

DESIGN: Fecal samples were collected from 38 healthy individuals (HCs) and 53 high-risk RA individuals with anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positivity (PreRA), 12 of 53 PreRA developed RA within 5 years of follow-up. The differences in intestinal microbial composition between the HC and PreRA individuals or among PreRA subgroups were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. The serum metabolite profile and its correlation with GM were also explored. Moreover, antibiotic-pretreated mice received GM from the HC or PreRA groups were then evaluated for intestinal permeability, inflammatory cytokines and immune cell populations. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was also applied to test the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from PreRA individuals on arthritis severity in mice.

RESULTS: Stool microbial diversity was lower in PreRA individuals than in HCs. The bacterial community structure and function significantly differed between HC and PreRA individuals. Although there were to some extent differences in the bacterial abundance among the PreRA subgroups, no robust functional differences were observed. The metabolites in the serum of the PreRA group were dramatically different from those in the HC group, with KEGG pathway enrichment of amino acid and lipid metabolism. Moreover, intestinal bacteria from the PreRA group increased intestinal permeability in FMT mice and ZO-1 expression in the small intestine and Caco-2 cells. Moreover, Th17 cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were also increased in mice receiving PreRA feces compared to HC. The changes in intestinal permeability and Th17-cell activation prior to arthritis induction enhanced CIA severity in PreRA-FMT mice compared with HC-FMT mice.

CONCLUSION: Gut microbial dysbiosis and metabolome alterations already occur in individuals at high risk for RA. FMT from preclinical individuals triggers intestinal barrier dysfunction and changes mucosal immunity, further contributing to arthritis development.},
}

@article {pmid37218816,
year = {2023},
author = {Merrick, B and Sergaki, C and Edwards, L and Moyes, DL and Kertanegara, M and Prossomariti, D and Shawcross, DL and Goldenberg, SD},
title = {Modulation of the Gut Microbiota to Control Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)-A Narrative Review with a Focus on Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT).},
journal = {Infectious disease reports},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {238-254},
doi = {10.3390/idr15030025},
pmid = {37218816},
issn = {2036-7430},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, causing a substantial burden to the global healthcare system. AMR in Gram-negative organisms is particularly concerning due to a dramatic rise in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL and CPE). These pathogens have limited treatment options and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, including high mortality rates. The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract acts as a major reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (the resistome), and the environment facilitates intra and inter-species transfer of mobile genetic elements carrying these resistance genes. As colonisation often precedes infection, strategies to manipulate the resistome to limit endogenous infections with AMR organisms, as well as prevent transmission to others, is a worthwhile pursuit. This narrative review presents existing evidence on how manipulation of the gut microbiota can be exploited to therapeutically restore colonisation resistance using a number of methods, including diet, probiotics, bacteriophages and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).},
}

@article {pmid37217962,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, C and Lin, Y and Chen, L and Chen, H},
title = {Gut microbiota mediated the effects of high relative humidity on lupus in female MRL/lpr mice.},
journal = {Advances in rheumatology (London, England)},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {24},
pmid = {37217962},
issn = {2523-3106},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The relationship between humidity and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has yielded inconsistent results in prior research, while the effects of humidity on lupus in animal experiments and its underlying mechanism remain inadequately explored.

METHODS: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of high humidity (80 ± 5%) on lupus using female and male MRL/lpr mice, with a particular focus on elucidating the role of gut microbiota in this process. To this end, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to transfer the gut microbiota of MRL/lpr mice under high humidity to blank MRL/lpr mice under normal humidity (50 ± 5%), allowing for an assessment of the effect of FMT on lupus.

RESULTS: The study revealed that high humidity exacerbated lupus indices (serum anti-dsDNA, ANA, IL-6, and IFN- g, and renal pathology) in female MRL/lpr mice but had no significant effect on male MRL/lpr mice. The aggravation of lupus caused by high humidity may be attributed to the increased abundances of the Rikenella, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella genera in female MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, FMT also exacerbated lupus in female MRL/lpr mice but not in male MRL/lpr mice.

CONCLUSION: In summary, this study has demonstrated that high humidity exacerbated lupus by modulating gut microbiota in female MRL/lpr mice. The findings underscore the importance of considering environmental factors and gut microbiota in the development and progression of lupus, particularly among female patients.},
}

@article {pmid37217087,
year = {2023},
author = {Fu, C and Ni, J and Huang, R and Gao, Y and Li, S and Li, Y and JinjinLi, and Zhong, K and Zhang, P},
title = {Sex different effect of antibiotic and probiotic treatment on intestinal microbiota composition in chemically induced liver injury rats.},
journal = {Genomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {110647},
doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110647},
pmid = {37217087},
issn = {1089-8646},
abstract = {Differences in the gut microbiota and metabolic processes between males and females may explain differences in the risk of liver injury; however, the sex-specific effects of antibiotics and probiotics on these relationships are not clear. We evaluated differences in the gut microbiota and the risk of liver injury between male and female rats after the oral administration of antibiotics or probiotics followed by a period of diethylnitrosamine treatment to chemically induce liver injuryusing high-throughput sequencing of fecal microbiota combined with histological analyses of liver and colon tissues. Our results suggest that the ratio of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria in kanamycin-treated rats was significantly higher than that of other groups, and this difference persisted for the duration of the experiment. Antibiotics significantly changed the composition of the gut microbiota of experimental rats. Clindamycin caused more diethylnitrosamine-induced damage to livers of male rats. Probiotics did not influencethe gut microbiota; however, they hadprotective effects against liver injury induced by diethylnitrosamine, especially in female rats. These results strengthen our understanding of sex differences in the indirect effects of antibiotics or probiotics on metabolism and liver injury in hosts via the gut microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid37216289,
year = {2023},
author = {Groenewegen, B and Terveer, EM and Joosse, A and Barnhoorn, MC and Zwittink, RD},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis Is Safe and Contributes to Recovery: Two Case Reports.},
journal = {Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/CJI.0000000000000474},
pmid = {37216289},
issn = {1537-4513},
abstract = {Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved the prognosis in multiple cancer types. However, ICIs can induce immune-related adverse events such as immune-mediated enterocolitis (IMC). The gut microbiota may be implicated in IMC development. Therefore, we investigated fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a treatment option for 2 patients with metastatic cancer suffering from refractory IMC. The patients were treated with, respectively, 1 and 3 FMTs after vancomycin pre-treatment. We monitored defecation frequency, fecal calprotectin, and microbiota composition. After FMT, both patients improved in defecation frequency, were discharged from the hospital, and received lower dosage of immunosuppressive therapy. Patient 1 developed an invasive pulmonary aspergillosis deemed to be related to prolonged steroid exposure. Patient 2 suffered from a Campylobacter jejuni infection after the first FMT and was treated with meropenem, resulting in a low-diversity microbiota profile and increased calprotectin levels and defecation frequency. After a second and third FMT, bacterial diversity increased and defecation frequency and calprotectin levels decreased. Pre-FMT, both patients showed low bacterial richness, but varying bacterial diversity. After FMT, diversity and richness were similar to healthy donor levels. In conclusion, FMT resulted in improvement of IMC symptoms and corresponding microbial changes in 2 cancer patients with refractory IMC. While more research is warranted, microbiome-modulation could be a promising new therapeutic option for IMC.},
}

@article {pmid37216124,
year = {2023},
author = {Markandey, M and Bajaj, A and Verma, M and Virmani, S and Singh, MK and Gaur, P and Das, P and Srikanth, CV and Makharia, G and Kedia, S and Ahuja, V},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation refurbishes the crypt-associated microbiota in ulcerative colitis.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {106738},
doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2023.106738},
pmid = {37216124},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {A crypt autochthonous microbial population called crypt-associated microbiota (CAM) is localized intimately with gut regenerative and immune machinery. The present report utilizes laser capture microdissection coupled with 16S amplicon sequencing to characterize the CAM in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) before and after fecal microbiota transplantation with anti-inflammatory diet (FMT-AID). Compositional differences in CAM and its interactions with mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) were compared between the non-IBD controls and in patients with UC pre- and post-FMT (n = 26). Distinct from the MAM, CAM is dominated by aerobic members of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and exhibits resilience of diversity. CAM underwent UC-associated dysbiosis and demonstrated restoration post-FMT-AID. These FMT-restored CAM taxa correlated negatively with disease activity in patients with UC. The positive effects of FMT-AID extended further in refurbishing CAM-MAM interactions, which were obliterated in UC. These results encourage investigation into host-microbiome interactions established by CAM, to understand their role in disease pathophysiology.},
}

@article {pmid37215136,
year = {2023},
author = {Sun, Y and Wang, K and Zhao, W},
title = {Gut microbiota in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: current evidence and future directions.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1178691},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178691},
pmid = {37215136},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is a common surgical anesthesia complication characterized by impairment of memory, attention, language understanding and social ability, which can lead to a decline in the quality of life of patients, prolong the hospitalization period and increase the mortality rate. PND has a high incidence rate, which has a great impact on postoperative recovery and quality of life of patients, and has caused a heavy economic burden to society and families. In recent years, PND has become an important public health problem. The high risk population of PND is more prone to gut microbiota imbalance, and gut microbiota may also affect the inflammatory response of the central nervous system through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Meanwhile, Neuroinflammation and immune activation are important mechanisms of PND. Regulating gut microbiota through probiotics or fecal bacteria transplantation can significantly reduce neuroinflammation, reduce the abnormal activation of immune system and prevent the occurrence of PND. This review summarizes the research progress of gut microbiota and PND, providing basis for the prevention and treatment of PND.},
}

@article {pmid37214858,
year = {2023},
author = {Bleich, RM and Li, C and Sun, S and Barlogio, CJ and Broberg, CA and Franks, AR and Bulik-Sullivan, E and Dogan, B and Simpson, KW and Carroll, IM and Fodor, AA and Arthur, JC},
title = {A consortia of clinical E. coli strains with distinct in-vitro adherent/invasive properties establish their own co-colonization niche and shape the intestinal microbiota in inflammation-susceptible mice.},
journal = {Research square},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-2899665/v1},
pmid = {37214858},
abstract = {Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients experience recurrent episodes of intestinal inflammation and often follow an unpredictable disease course. Mucosal colonization with adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are believed to perpetuate intestinal inflammation. However, it remains unclear if the 24-year-old AIEC in-vitro definition fully predicts mucosal colonization in-vivo . To fill this gap, we have developed a novel molecular barcoding approach to distinguish strain variants in the gut and have integrated this approach to explore mucosal colonization of distinct patient-derived E. coli isolates in gnotobiotic mouse models of colitis. Results Germ-free inflammation-susceptible interleukin-10-deficient (Il10 [-/-]) and inflammation-resistant WT mice were colonized with a consortia of AIEC and non-AIEC strains, then given a murine fecal transplant to provide niche competition. E. coli strains isolated from human intestinal tissue were each marked with a unique molecular barcode that permits identification and quantification by barcode-targeted sequencing. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to evaluate the microbiome response to E. coli colonization. Our data reveal that specific AIEC and non-AIEC strains reproducibly colonize the intestinal mucosa of WT and Il10 [-/-] mice. These E. coli expand in Il10 [-/-] mice during inflammation and induce compositional dysbiosis to the microbiome in an inflammation-dependent manner. In turn, specific microbes co-evolve in inflamed mice, potentially diversifying E. coli colonization patterns. We observed no selectivity in E. coli colonization patterns in the fecal contents, indicating minimal selective pressure in this niche from host-microbe and interbacterial interactions. Because select AIEC and non-AIEC strains colonize the mucosa, this suggests the in vitro AIEC definition may not fully predict in vivo colonization potential. Further comparison of seven E. coli genomes pinpointed unique genomic features contained only in highly colonizing strains (two AIEC and two non-AIEC). Those colonization-associated features may convey metabolic advantages (e.g., iron acquisition and carbohydrate consumption) to promote efficient mucosal colonization. Conclusions Our findings establish the in-vivo mucosal colonizer, not necessarily AIEC, as a principal dysbiosis driver through crosstalk with host and associated microbes. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of high-throughput screens to decode the in-vivo colonization dynamics of patient-derived bacteria in murine models.},
}

@article {pmid37214214,
year = {2023},
author = {Yi, W and Huang, Q and Wang, Y and Shan, T},
title = {Lipo-nutritional quality of pork: The lipid composition, regulation, and molecular mechanisms of fatty acid deposition.},
journal = {Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui)},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {373-385},
doi = {10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.001},
pmid = {37214214},
issn = {2405-6383},
abstract = {Pork is one of the main meats consumed by people, and its nutritional value is closely related to human health. The lipid deposition and composition of pork not only affect the sensory quality but also determine the nutritional quality of pork. The lipids in pork include triglycerides (TAG) and a small amount of cholesterol and phospholipids. TAG are the main lipids in skeletal muscle fat, which is divided into intermuscular fat and intramuscular fat (IMF). In addition to TAG, IMF also contains phospholipids, which are important factors affecting pork flavour. There are three types of fatty acids in TAG: saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA, such as n-3 PUFA, have a beneficial effect on health, including the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism and protection against cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, regulating lipid deposition, especially the fatty acid composition, in pork is important for improving the nutritional quality for human health. Notably, several strategies, such as breeding, environmental control, and the nutritional regulation of lipid composition and deposition in pork, have been studied. More recently, faecal transplantation, molecular design breeding and non-coding RNA have been studied and proven useful for regulating lipid deposition in pigs. In this review, we mainly summarized and discussed the research findings to date on the lipid composition and regulation mechanisms of fatty acid deposition and provide new insights into efficient means of improving the lipid composition and lipo-nutritional quality of pork.},
}

@article {pmid37213506,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhang, Y and Zhang, J and Wu, J and Zhu, Q and Chen, C and Li, Y},
title = {Implications of gut microbiota dysbiosis and fecal metabolite changes in psychologically stressed mice.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1124454},
pmid = {37213506},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Psychological stress can induce affective disorders. Gut microbiota plays a vital role in emotional function regulation; however, the association between gut microbiota and psychological stress is poorly understood. We investigated effects of psychological stress on the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites and assessed the relationship between affective disorder behavior and altered fecal microbiota.

METHODS: A psychological stress model was established in C57BL/6J mice using a communication box. Sucrose preference test, forced swim test, and open field test helped assess anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was conducted using fecal samples from stressed and non-stressed mice. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were performed.

RESULTS: After stress exposure for 14 days, a significant increase in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors was observed. FMT of "affective disorder microbiota" from psychologically stressed mice increased stress sensitivity relative to FMT of "normal microbiota" from non-stressed mice. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed decreased abundance of Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Lactobacillus and increased abundance of Parasutterella and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group in stressed mice; furthermore, stressed mice showed differential metabolite profiles. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that differential metabolites were chiefly involved in the downregulated pathways of α-linolenic acid metabolism, taste transduction, and galactose metabolism. Alistipes and Bacteroides were mainly positively correlated and Parasutterella was mainly negatively correlated with diverse metabolites.

DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that gut microbiome dysbiosis contributes to affective disorder development in response to psychological stress.},
}

@article {pmid37213403,
year = {2023},
author = {Lahtinen, P and Jalanka, J and Mattila, E and Tillonen, J and Bergman, P and Satokari, R and Arkkila, P},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation for the maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled trial.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {29},
number = {17},
pages = {2666-2678},
pmid = {37213403},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) is a promising new method for treating active ulcerative colitis (UC), but knowledge regarding FMT for quiescent UC is scarce.

AIM: To investigate FMT for the maintenance of remission in UC patients.

METHODS: Forty-eight UC patients were randomized to receive a single-dose FMT or autologous transplant via colonoscopy. The primary endpoint was set to the maintenance of remission, a fecal calprotectin level below 200 μg/g, and a clinical Mayo score below three throughout the 12-mo follow-up. As secondary endpoints, we recorded the patient's quality of life, fecal calprotectin, blood chemistry, and endoscopic findings at 12 mo.

RESULTS: The main endpoint was achieved by 13 out of 24 (54%) patients in the FMT group and by 10 out of 24 (41%) patients in the placebo group (log-rank test, P = 0.660). Four months after FMT, the quality-of-life scores decreased in the FMT group compared to the placebo group (P = 0.017). In addition, the disease-specific quality of life measure was higher in the placebo group than in the FMT group at the same time point (P = 0.003). There were no differences in blood chemistry, fecal calprotectin, or endoscopic findings among the study groups at 12 mo. The adverse events were infrequent, mild, and distributed equally between the groups.

CONCLUSION: There were no differences in the number of relapses between the study groups at the 12-mo follow-up. Thus, our results do not support the use of a single-dose FMT for the maintenance of remission in UC.},
}

@article {pmid37212669,
year = {2023},
author = {Wu, Y and Dong, Z and Jiang, X and Qu, L and Zhou, W and Sun, X and Hou, J and Xu, H and Cheng, M},
title = {Gut Microbiota Taxon-Dependent Transformation of Microglial M1/M2 Phenotypes Underlying Mechanisms of Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment after Chronic Methamphetamine Exposure.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0030223},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00302-23},
pmid = {37212669},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Methamphetamine (METH) exposure may lead to cognitive impairment. Currently, evidence suggests that METH exposure alters the configuration of the gut microbiota. However, the role and mechanism of the gut microbiota in cognitive impairment after METH exposure are still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of the gut microbiota on the phenotype status of microglia (microglial phenotypes M1 and microglial M2) and their secreting factors, the subsequent hippocampal neural processes, and the resulting influence on spatial learning and memory of chronically METH-exposed mice. We determined that gut microbiota perturbation triggered the transformation of microglial M2 to M1 and a subsequent change of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF)-p75[NTR]-mature BDNF (mBDNF)-TrkB signaling, which caused reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity-related proteins (SYN, PSD95, and MAP2) and, consequently, deteriorated spatial learning and memory. More specifically, we found that Clostridia, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae might dramatically affect the homeostasis of microglial M1/M2 phenotypes and eventually contribute to spatial learning and memory decline after chronic METH exposure. Finally, we found that fecal microbial transplantation could protect against spatial learning and memory decline by restoring the microglial M1/M2 phenotype status and the subsequent proBDNF-p75[NTR]/mBDNF-TrkB signaling in the hippocampi of chronically METH-exposed mice. IMPORTANCE Our study indicated that the gut microbiota contributes to spatial learning and memory dysfunction after chronic METH exposure, in which microglial phenotype status plays an intermediary role. The elucidated "specific microbiota taxa-microglial M1/M2 phenotypes-spatial learning and memory impairment" pathway would provide a novel mechanism and elucidate potential gut microbiota taxon targets for the no-drug treatment of cognitive deterioration after chronic METH exposure.},
}

@article {pmid37212529,
year = {2023},
author = {Kvaerner, AS and Andersen, AR and Henriksen, HB and Knudsen, MD and Johansen, AMW and Hjartåker, A and Bøhn, SK and Paur, I and Wiedswang, G and Smeland, S and Rounge, TB and Blomhoff, R and Berstad, P},
title = {Associations of the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) cancer prevention recommendations with stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.},
journal = {Cancer medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/cam4.6119},
pmid = {37212529},
issn = {2045-7634},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While adherence to cancer prevention recommendations is linked to lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), few have studied associations across the entire spectrum of colorectal carcinogenesis. Here, we studied the relationship of the standardized 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Score for cancer prevention recommendations with detection of colorectal lesions in a screening setting. As a secondary objective, we examined to what extent the recommendations were being followed in an external cohort of CRC patients.

METHODS: Adherence to the seven-point 2018 WCRF/AICR Score was measured in screening participants receiving a positive fecal immunochemical test and in CRC patients participating in an intervention study. Dietary intake, body fatness and physical activity were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for screen-detected lesions.

RESULTS: Of 1486 screening participants, 548 were free from adenomas, 524 had non-advanced adenomas, 349 had advanced lesions and 65 had CRC. Adherence to the 2018 WCRF/AICR Score was inversely associated with advanced lesions; OR 0.82 (95% CI 0.71, 0.94) per score point, but not with CRC. Of the seven individual components included in the score, alcohol, and BMI seemed to be the most influential. Of the 430 CRC patients included in the external cohort, the greatest potential for lifestyle improvement was seen for the recommendations concerning alcohol and red and processed meat, where 10% and 2% fully adhered, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the 2018 WCRF/AICR Score was associated with lower probability of screen-detected advanced precancerous lesions, but not CRC. Although some components of the score seemed to be more influential than others (i.e., alcohol and BMI), taking a holistic approach to cancer prevention is likely the best way to prevent the occurrence of precancerous colorectal lesions.},
}

@article {pmid37211643,
year = {2023},
author = {Rodig, NM and Weatherly, M and Kaplan, AL and Ballal, SA and Elisofon, SA and Daly, KP and Kahn, SA},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.},
journal = {Transplantation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/TP.0000000000004656},
pmid = {37211643},
issn = {1534-6080},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Safety concerns around FMT are increased in immunocompromised populations, such as solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Outcomes among adult SOT recipients suggest FMT is efficacious and safe; however, pediatric SOT data are lacking.

METHODS: We describe the efficacy and safety of FMT among pediatric SOT recipients in a single-center retrospective study from March 2016 to December 2019. Successful FMT was defined as no recurrence of CDI within 2 mo of FMT. We identified 6 SOT recipients ages 4-18 y who received FMT a median of 5.3 y post-SOT.

RESULTS: Success after a single FMT was 83.3%. One liver recipient did not achieve cure after 3 FMTs and remains on low-dose vancomycin. One serious adverse event (SAE) occurred; cecal perforation and bacterial peritonitis occurred following colonoscopic FMT coordinated with intestinal biopsy in a kidney transplant recipient. He achieved full recovery and CDI cure. There were no other SAEs. There were no adverse events related to immunosuppression or transplantation status including: bacteremia, cytomegalovirus activation or reactivation, allograft rejection, or allograft loss.

CONCLUSIONS: In this limited series, efficacy of FMT in pediatric SOT is comparable to efficacy in the general pediatric recurrent CDI population. There may be an increased risk of procedure-related SAE in SOT patients and larger cohort studies are needed.},
}

@article {pmid37211239,
year = {2023},
author = {Varesi, A and Campagnoli, LIM and Chirumbolo, S and Candiano, B and Carrara, A and Ricevuti, G and Esposito, C and Pascale, A},
title = {The Brain-Gut-Microbiota Interplay in Depression: a key to design innovative therapeutic approaches.},
journal = {Pharmacological research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106799},
doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106799},
pmid = {37211239},
issn = {1096-1186},
abstract = {Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in the world associated with huge socio-economic consequences. While depressive-related symptoms are well known, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology and progression remain largely unknown. The gut microbiota (GM) is emerging as a key regulator of the central nervous system homeostasis by exerting fundamental immune and metabolic functions. In turn, the brain influences the intestinal microbial composition through neuroendocrine signals, within the so-called gut microbiota-brain axis. The balance of this bidirectional crosstalk is important to ensure neurogenesis, preserve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and avoid neuroinflammation. Conversely, dysbiosis and gut permeability negatively affect brain development, behavior, and cognition. Furthermore, although not fully defined yet, changes in the GM composition in depressed patients are reported to influence the pharmacokinetics of common antidepressants by affecting their absorption, metabolism, and activity. Similarly, neuropsychiatric drugs may shape in turn the GM with an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of the pharmacological intervention itself. Consequently, strategies aimed at re-establishing the correct homeostatic gut balance (i.e., prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions) represent an innovative approach to improve the pharmacotherapy of depression. Among these, probiotics and the Mediterranean diet, alone or in combination with the standard of care, hold promise for clinical application. Therefore, the disclosure of the intricate network between GM and depression will give precious insights for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches towards depression, with profound implications for drug development and clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid37211107,
year = {2023},
author = {Hong, T and Zou, J and He, Y and Zhang, H and Liu, H and Mai, H and Yang, J and Cao, Z and Chen, X and Yao, J and Feng, D},
title = {Bisphenol A induced hepatic steatosis by disturbing bile acid metabolism and FXR/TGR5 signaling pathways via remodeling the gut microbiota in CD-1 mice.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {164307},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164307},
pmid = {37211107},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Dysregulation of gut microbiota-mediated bile acid (BA) metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our previous studies found that bisphenol A (BPA) exposure induced hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, whether the gut microbiota-dependent BA metabolism alterations were involved in BPA-induced hepatic steatosis remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the gut microbiota-related metabolic mechanisms of hepatic steatosis induced by BPA. Male CD-1 mice were exposed to low-dose BPA (50 μg/kg/day) for 6 months. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) treatment were further adopted to test the role of gut microbiota in the adverse effects of BPA. We found that BPA induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that BPA reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Akkermansia, which are associated with BA metabolism. Metabolomic analyses demonstrated that BPA significantly altered the ratio of conjugated to unconjugated BAs and increased the total level of taurine-α/β-muricholic acid while decreasing the level of chenodeoxycholic acid, thus inhibiting the activation of special receptors, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), in the ileum and liver. The inhibition of FXR reduced short heterodimer partner and subsequently induced cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c expression, which is related to hepatic BA synthesis and lipogenesis, eventually leading to liver cholestasis and steatosis. Furthermore, we found that mice that received FMT from BPA-exposed mice developed hepatic steatosis, and the influences of BPA on hepatic steatosis and FXR/TGR5 signaling could be eliminated by ABX treatment, confirming the role of gut microbiota in BPA effects. Collectively, our study illustrates that suppressed microbiota-BA-FXR/TGR signaling pathways may be a potential mechanism for hepatic steatosis induced by BPA, providing a new target for the prevention of BPA-induced NAFLD.},
}

@article {pmid37210914,
year = {2023},
author = {Chen, Y and Shu, A and Jiang, M and Jiang, J and Du, Q and Chen, T and Shaw, C and Chai, W and Chao, T and Li, X and Wu, Q and Gao, C},
title = {Exenatide improves hypogonadism and attenuates inflammation in diabetic mice by modulating gut microbiota.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {120},
number = {},
pages = {110339},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110339},
pmid = {37210914},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {With the rising incidence of diabetes and its onset at a younger age, the impact on the male reproductive system has gradually gained attention. Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist effective in the treatment of diabetes. However, its role in diabetes-induced reproductive complications has rarely been reported. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which exenatide improved diabetic hypogonadism by regulating gut microbiota (GM) mediated inflammation. C57BL/6J mice were equally divided into normal control (NC), diabetic model control (DM) and exenatide-treated (Exe) groups. Testicular, pancreatic, colonic, and fecal samples were collected to assess microbiota, morphologic damage, and inflammation. Exenatide significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in diabetic mice, increased the testosterone level, ameliorated the pathological morphological damage of islet, colon, and testes, and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in colon and testis. Furthermore, exenatide significantly reduced the abundance of some pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and increased that of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus were negatively correlated with TNF-α, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), IL-6, and FBG. Conditional pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia/Shigella Streptococcus were positively correlated with TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, and FBG. The fecal bacteria transplantation experiment revealed that the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, Peptostreptococcaceae, significantly decreased from Exe group mice to pseudo-sterile diabetic mice, and the pathological damage to testes was also alleviated. These data suggested the protective effects of exenatide on male reproductive damage induced by diabetes by regulating GM.},
}

@article {pmid37208728,
year = {2023},
author = {Yu, J and Meng, J and Qin, Z and Yu, Y and Liang, Y and Wang, Y and Min, D},
title = {Dysbiosis of gut microbiota inhibits NMNAT2 to promote neurobehavioral deficits and oxidative stress response in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease.},
journal = {Journal of neuroinflammation},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {117},
pmid = {37208728},
issn = {1742-2094},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: New data are accumulating on gut microbial dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease (PD), while the specific mechanism remains uncharacterized. This study aims to investigate the potential role and pathophysiological mechanism of dysbiosis of gut microbiota in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat models.

METHODS: The shotgun metagenome sequencing data of fecal samples from PD patients and healthy individuals were obtained from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database. The diversity, abundance, and functional composition of gut microbiota were further analyzed in these data. After the exploration of the functional pathway-related genes, KEGG and GEO databases were used to obtain PD-related microarray datasets for differential expression analysis. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed to confirm the roles of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and upregulated NMNAT2 in neurobehavioral symptoms and oxidative stress response in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.

RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the diversity, abundance, and functional composition of gut microbiota between PD patients and healthy individuals. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota could regulate NAD[+] anabolic pathway to affect the occurrence and development of PD. As a NAD[+] anabolic pathway-related gene, NMNAT2 was poorly expressed in the brain tissues of PD patients. More importantly, FMT or overexpression of NMNAT2 alleviated neurobehavioral deficits and reduced oxidative stress in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.

CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, we demonstrated that dysbiosis of gut microbiota suppressed NMNAT2 expression, thus exacerbating neurobehavioral deficits and oxidative stress response in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, which could be rescued by FMT or NMNAT2 restoration.},
}

@article {pmid37208544,
year = {2023},
author = {Lange, O and Proczko-Stepaniak, M and Mika, A},
title = {Short-Chain Fatty Acids-A Product of the Microbiome and Its Participation in Two-Way Communication on the Microbiome-Host Mammal Line.},
journal = {Current obesity reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37208544},
issn = {2162-4968},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review aims to describe short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as metabolites of bacteria, their complex influence on whole-body metabolism, and alterations in the SCFA profile in obesity and after bariatric surgery (BS).

RECENT FINDINGS: The fecal profile of SCFAs in obese patients differs from that of lean patients, as well as their gut microbiota composition. In obese patients, a lower diversity of bacteria is observed, as well as higher concentrations of SCFAs in stool samples. Obesity is now considered a global epidemic and bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for severe obesity. BS affects the structure and functioning of the digestive system, and also alters gut microbiota and the concentration of fecal SCFAs. Generally, after BS, SCFA levels are lower but levels of branched short-chain fatty acids (BSCFAs) are elevated, the effect of which is not fully understood. Moreover, changes in the profile of circulating SCFAs are little known and this is an area for further research. Obesity seems to be inherently associated with changes in the SCFA profile. It is necessary to better understand the impact of BS on microbiota and the metabolome in both feces and blood as only a small percentage of SCFAs are excreted. Further research may allow the development of a personalized therapeutic approach to the BS patient in terms of diet and prebiotic intervention.},
}

@article {pmid37207204,
year = {2023},
author = {Hamada, K and Isobe, J and Hattori, K and Hosonuma, M and Baba, Y and Murayama, M and Narikawa, Y and Toyoda, H and Funayama, E and Tajima, K and Shida, M and Hirasawa, Y and Tsurui, T and Ariizumi, H and Ishiguro, T and Suzuki, R and Ohkuma, R and Kubota, Y and Sambe, T and Tsuji, M and Wada, S and Kiuchi, Y and Kobayashi, S and Kuramasu, A and Horiike, A and Kim, YG and Tsunoda, T and Yoshimura, K},
title = {Turicibacter and Acidaminococcus predict immune-related adverse events and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1164724},
pmid = {37207204},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have had a major impact on cancer treatment. Gut microbiota plays a major role in the cancer microenvironment, affecting treatment response. The gut microbiota is highly individual, and varies with factors, such as age and race. Gut microbiota composition in Japanese cancer patients and the efficacy of immunotherapy remain unknown.

METHODS: We investigated the gut microbiota of 26 patients with solid tumors prior to immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy to identify bacteria involved in the efficacy of these drugs and immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

RESULTS: The genera Prevotella and Parabacteroides were relatively common in the group showing efficacy towards the anti-PD-1 antibody treatment (effective group). The proportions of Catenibacterium (P = 0.022) and Turicibacter (P = 0.049) were significantly higher in the effective group than in the ineffective group. In addition, the proportion of Desulfovibrion (P = 0.033) was significantly higher in the ineffective group. Next, they were divided into irAE and non-irAE groups. The proportions of Turicibacter (P = 0.001) and Acidaminococcus (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the group with irAEs than in those without, while the proportions of Blautia (P = 0.013) and the unclassified Clostridiales (P = 0.027) were significantly higher in the group without irAEs than those with. Furthermore, within the Effective group, Acidaminococcus and Turicibacter (both P = 0.001) were more abundant in the subgroup with irAEs than in those without them. In contrast, Blautia (P = 0.021) and Bilophila (P= 0.033) were statistically significantly more common in those without irAEs.

DISCUSSION: Our Study suggests that the analysis of the gut microbiota may provide future predictive markers for the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy or the selection of candidates for fecal transplantation for cancer immunotherapy.},
}

@article {pmid37205307,
year = {2023},
author = {Kouidhi, S and Zidi, O and Belkhiria, Z and Rais, H and Ayadi, A and Ben Ayed, F and Mosbah, A and Cherif, A and El Gaaied, ABA},
title = {Gut microbiota, an emergent target to shape the efficiency of cancer therapy.},
journal = {Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {240-265},
pmid = {37205307},
issn = {2692-3114},
abstract = {It is now well-acknowledged that microbiota has a profound influence on both human health and illness. The gut microbiota has recently come to light as a crucial element that influences cancer through a variety of mechanisms. The connections between the microbiome and cancer therapy are further highlighted by a number of preclinical and clinical evidence, suggesting that these complicated interactions may vary by cancer type, treatment, or even by tumor stage. The paradoxical relationship between gut microbiota and cancer therapies is that in some cancers, the gut microbiota may be necessary to maintain therapeutic efficacy, whereas, in other cancers, gut microbiota depletion significantly increases efficacy. Actually, mounting research has shown that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating the host immune response and boosting the efficacy of anticancer medications like chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Therefore, gut microbiota modulation, which aims to restore gut microbial balance, is a viable technique for cancer prevention and therapy given the expanding understanding of how the gut microbiome regulates treatment response and contributes to carcinogenesis. This review will provide an outline of the gut microbiota's role in health and disease, along with a summary of the most recent research on how it may influence the effectiveness of various anticancer medicines and affect the growth of cancer. This study will next cover the newly developed microbiota-targeting strategies including prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to enhance anticancer therapy effectiveness, given its significance.},
}

@article {pmid37205106,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, M and Zhang, Y and Li, C and Chang, W and Zhang, L},
title = {The relationship between gut microbiota and COVID-19 progression: new insights into immunopathogenesis and treatment.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1180336},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180336},
pmid = {37205106},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a global health crisis. Increasing evidence underlines the key role of competent immune responses in resisting SARS-CoV-2 infection and manifests the disastrous consequence of host immune dysregulation. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for deregulated host immunity in COVID-19 may provide a theoretical basis for further research on new treatment modalities. Gut microbiota comprises trillions of microorganisms colonizing the human gastrointestinal tract and has a vital role in immune homeostasis and the gut-lung crosstalk. Particularly, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to the disruption of gut microbiota equilibrium, a condition called gut dysbiosis. Due to its regulatory effect on host immunity, gut microbiota has recently received considerable attention in the field of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology. Imbalanced gut microbiota can fuel COVID-19 progression through production of bioactive metabolites, intestinal metabolism, enhancement of the cytokine storm, exaggeration of inflammation, regulation of adaptive immunity and other aspects. In this review, we provide an overview of the alterations in gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients, and their effects on individuals' susceptibility to viral infection and COVID-19 progression. Moreover, we summarize currently available data on the critical role of the bidirectional regulation between intestinal microbes and host immunity in SARS-CoV-2-induced pathology, and highlight the immunomodulatory mechanisms of gut microbiota contributing to COVID-19 pathogenesis. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic benefits and future perspectives of microbiota-targeted interventions including faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), bacteriotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in COVID-19 treatment.},
}

@article {pmid37204063,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, X and Zhang, T and Zheng, Y and Zhao, Z and Ding, W and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Wang, R and Jiao, M and Liu, L and Yu, S and Wang, X and Huang, R and Wu, Q},
title = {Gut Microbiota from Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin-Exposed Mice Promotes Astrocyte Activation by Disrupting the Intestinal Tight Junction via Zonulin Upregulation.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01058},
pmid = {37204063},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are novel toxicants in food and are reported to possess neurotoxicity. Here, we investigated the mechanism of SCCP-induced astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation. SCCP gavage induced astrocyte activation and neuronal cell death with the changes of gut microbiome and metabolites. Antibiotic cocktail administration to deplete the gut microbiome ameliorated the astrocyte activation and inflammation induced by SCCPs. In fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) assays, mice that received transplanted gut microbiome from SCCP-treated mice showed increased astrocyte activation and elevated inflammatory response. In addition, SCCP exposure promotes zonulin expression and tight junction injury, and antibiotic cocktail administration inhibited that in the intestinal tract. Increased zonulin and tight junction injury were also observed in SCCPs_FMT mice. The zonulin inhibition protected the tight junction in the intestinal tract from SCCP exposure and suppressed astrocyte activation. In summary, this study proposes a novel possibility for SCCP-induced astrocyte activation and neurotoxicity by the gut microbiome-mediated zonulin expression and tight junction.},
}

@article {pmid37203380,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhou, W and Liu, P and Xu, W and Ran, L and Yan, Y and Lu, L and Zeng, X and Cao, Y and Mi, J},
title = {A purified fraction of polysaccharides from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. improves glucose homeostasis and intestinal barrier function in high-fat diet-fed mice.},
journal = {Food & function},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d3fo00262d},
pmid = {37203380},
issn = {2042-650X},
abstract = {High-fat diet (HFD) consumption can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction and disrupt glucose metabolism. Our previous studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides obtained from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. (LBPs) could suppress acute experimental diabetes as well as colitis in mice. In the present study, the modulating effects of a purified fraction of LBPs, named LBPs-4, on glucose homeostasis and intestinal barrier function in mice fed with a HFD were investigated. Our results indicated that the oral administration of LBP-4 (200 mg per kg per day) improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and islet β-cell hyperplasia in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, LBPs-4 intervention enhanced the intestinal barrier integrity by increasing the expression levels of zonula occludens 1 and claudin-1 and the number of goblet cells in the colon. LBPs-4 also modulated the composition of gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundances of butyrate producer Allobaculum and acetate producer Romboutsia. The results of fecal transplantation experiments, transferring of microbiota from LBPs-4-fed donor mice to HFD-fed recipient mice, validated the cause-effect relationship between LBPs-4-evoked changes in the gut microbiota and improvement of glucose homeostasis and intestinal barrier function. Collectively, these findings suggested that LBPs-4 might be developed as promising prebiotics to improve glucose metabolism and gut health.},
}

@article {pmid37202543,
year = {2023},
author = {Zeng, N and Wu, F and Lu, J and Li, X and Lin, S and Zhou, L and Wang, Z and Wu, G and Huang, Q and Zheng, D and Gao, J and Wu, S and Chen, X and Chen, M and Meng, F and Shang, H and He, Y and Chen, P and Wei, H and Li, Z and Zhou, H},
title = {High-fat diet impairs gut barrier through intestinal microbiota-derived reactive oxygen species.},
journal = {Science China. Life sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37202543},
issn = {1869-1889},
abstract = {Gut barrier disruption is a key event in bridging gut microbiota dysbiosis and high-fat diet (HFD)-associated metabolic disorders. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, by comparing HFD- and normal diet (ND)-treated mice, we found that the HFD instantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota and subsequently damaged the integrity of the gut barrier. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that the HFD upregulates gut microbial functions related to redox reactions, as confirmed by the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in fecal microbiota incubation in vitro and in the lumen, which were detected using in vivo fluorescence imaging. This microbial ROS-producing capability induced by HFD can be transferred through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) into germ-free (GF) mice, downregulating the gut barrier tight junctions. Similarly, mono-colonizing GF mice with an Enterococcus strain excelled in ROS production, damaged the gut barrier, induced mitochondrial malfunction and apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells, and exacerbated fatty liver, compared with other low-ROS-producing Enterococcus strains. Oral administration of recombinant high-stability-superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly reduced intestinal ROS, protected the gut barrier, and improved fatty liver against the HFD. In conclusion, our study suggests that extracellular ROS derived from gut microbiota play a pivotal role in HFD-induced gut barrier disruption and is a potential therapeutic target for HFD-associated metabolic diseases.},
}

@article {pmid37201335,
year = {2023},
author = {Laragione, T and Harris, C and Azizgolshani, N and Beeton, C and Bongers, G and Gulko, PS},
title = {Magnesium increases numbers of Foxp3+ Treg cells and reduces arthritis severity and joint damage in an IL-10-dependent manner mediated by the intestinal microbiome.},
journal = {EBioMedicine},
volume = {92},
number = {},
pages = {104603},
doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104603},
pmid = {37201335},
issn = {2352-3964},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with emerging environmental and microbiome risk factors. The western diet is typically deficient in magnesium (Mg), and there is some evidence suggesting that Mg may have anti-inflammatory properties. But the actual role of Mg supplementation in arthritis or in T cell subsets has not been explored.

METHODS: We investigated the role of a high Mg diet in two different mouse models of RA induced with the KRN serum, and collagen-induced arthritis. We also characterized the phenotypes of splenocytes, gene expression, and an extensive intestinal microbiome analyses including fecal material transplantation (FMT).

FINDINGS: The high Mg diet group was significantly protected with reduced arthritis severity and joint damage, and reduced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. The high Mg group also had increased numbers of Foxp3+ Treg cells and IL-10-producing T cells. The high Mg protective effect disappeared in IL-10 knockout mice. FMT from the high Mg diet mice recreated the phenotypes seen in the diet-treated mice, with reduced arthritis severity, increased Foxp3+ Treg, and increased IL-10-producing T cells. Intestinal microbiome analyses using 16S rDNA sequencing revealed diet-specific changes, including reduced levels of RA-associated Prevotella in the high Mg group, while increasing levels of Bacteroides and other bacteria associated with increased production of short-chain fatty acids. Metagenomic analyses implicated additional pathways including L-tryptophan biosynthesis and arginine deiminase.

INTERPRETATION: We describe a new role for Mg in suppressing arthritis, in expanding Foxp3+ T reg cells and in the production of IL-10, and show that these effects are mediated by the intestinal microbiome. Our discoveries suggest a novel strategy for modifying the intestinal microbiome to treat RA and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

FUNDING: None.},
}

@article {pmid37200942,
year = {2023},
author = {Jiang, Z and Wang, X and Zhang, H and Yin, J and Zhao, P and Yin, Q and Wang, Z},
title = {Ketogenic diet protects MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease via altering gut microbiota and metabolites.},
journal = {MedComm},
volume = {4},
number = {3},
pages = {e268},
pmid = {37200942},
issn = {2688-2663},
abstract = {The ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat regime that is protective against neurodegenerative diseases. However, the impact of KD on Parkinson's disease (PD) and its mechanisms remains unclear. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD was fed with KD for 8 weeks. Motor function and dopaminergic neurons were evaluated. Inflammation in the brain, plasma, and colon tissue were also measured. Fecal samples were assessed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. We found that KD protected motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuron loss, and inflammation in an MPTP mouse model of PD. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that MPTP administration significantly increased Citrobacter, Desulfovibrio, and Ruminococcus, and decreased Dubosiella, whereas KD treatment reversed the dysbiosis. Meanwhile, KD regulated the MPTP-induced histamine, N-acetylputrescine, d-aspartic acid, and other metabolites. Fecal microbiota transplantation using feces from the KD-treated mice attenuated the motor function impairment and dopaminergic neuron loss in antibiotic-pretreated PD mice. Our current study demonstrates that KD played a neuroprotective role in the MPTP mouse model of PD through the diet-gut microbiota-brain axis, which may involve inflammation in the brain and colon. However, future research is warranted to explore the explicit anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the gut-brain axis in PD models fed with KD.},
}

@article {pmid37200041,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhang, B and Li, J and Fu, J and Shao, L and Yang, L and Shi, J},
title = {Interaction between mucus layer and gut microbiota in NAFLD: Soil and seeds.},
journal = {Chinese medical journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37200041},
issn = {2542-5641},
abstract = {The intestinal mucus layer is a barrier that separates intestinal contents and epithelial cells, as well as acts as the "mucus layer-soil" for intestinal flora adhesion and colonization. Its structural and functional integrity is crucial to human health. Intestinal mucus is regulated by factors such as diet, living habits, hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and intestinal flora. The mucus layer's thickness, viscosity, porosity, growth rate, and glycosylation status affect the structure of the gut flora colonized on it. The interaction between "mucus layer-soil" and "gut bacteria-seed" is an important factor leading to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and wash microbial transplantation are efficient methods for managing NAFLD, but their long-term efficacy is poor. FMT is focused on achieving the goal of treating diseases by enhancing the "gut bacteria-seed". However, a lack of effective repair and management of the "mucus layer-soil" may be a reason why "seeds" cannot be well colonized and grow in the host gut, as the thinning and destruction of the "mucus layer-soil" is an early symptom of NAFLD. This review summarizes the existing correlation between intestinal mucus and gut microbiota, as well as the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and proposes a new perspective that "mucus layer-soil" restoration combined with "gut bacteria-seed" FMT may be one of the most effective future strategies for enhancing the long-term efficacy of NAFLD treatment.},
}

@article {pmid37199714,
year = {2023},
author = {Bai, Y and Meng, Q and Wang, C and Ma, K and Li, J and Li, J and Shan, A},
title = {Gut Microbiota Mediates Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Alleviation of Deoxynivalenol-Induced Anorexia.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08076},
pmid = {37199714},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread mycotoxin and causes anorexia and emesis in humans and animals; Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a well-characterized probiotic, can improve intestinal barrier function and modulate immune response. Currently, it is unclear whether LGG has a beneficial effect on DON-induced anorexia. In the present study, mice were treated with DON, LGG, or both by gavage for 28 days to evaluate the effects of LGG on DON-induced anorexia. Antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) experiment were also conducted to investigate the link between DON, LGG, and gut microbiota. LGG significantly increased the villus height and reduced the crypt depth in jejunum and ileum, enhanced the tight junction proteins expression in the intestine, and regulated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, consequently attenuating the intestinal inflammation caused by DON. In addition, LGG increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and butyric acid production of cecal contents; remodeled phenylalanine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism; reduced plasma peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations; and promoted hypothalamic NPY and AgPR gene expression, which will further promote food intake and reduce weight loss, ultimately alleviating DON-induced anorexia in mice. Interestingly, antibiotic treatment diminished the intestinal toxicity of DON. The FMT experiment showed that DON-originated microbiota promotes intestinal inflammation and anorexia, while LGG + DON-originated microbiota has no adverse effects on mice. Both antibiotic treatment and FMT experiment have proved that gut microbiota was the primary vector for DON to exert its toxic effects and an essential mediator of LGG protection. In summary, our findings demonstrate that gut microbiota plays essential roles in DON-induced anorexia, and LGG can reduce the adverse effects caused by DON through its structure and regulate the gut microbiota, which may lay the important scientific foundation for future applications of LGG in food and feed products.},
}

@article {pmid37199635,
year = {2023},
author = {Tao, Z and Chen, Y and He, F and Tang, J and Zhan, L and Hu, H and Ding, Z and Ruan, S and Chen, Y and Chen, B and Wang, Y and Guo, X and Xie, L and Zhong, M and Huang, Q},
title = {Alterations in the Gut Microbiome and Metabolisms in Pregnancies with Fetal Growth Restriction.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0007623},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00076-23},
pmid = {37199635},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Fetuses diagnosed with fetal growth restriction (FGR) are at an elevated risk of stillbirth and adulthood morbidity. Gut dysbiosis has emerged as one of the impacts of placental insufficiency, which is the main cause of FGR. This study aimed to characterize the relationships among the intestinal microbiome, metabolites, and FGR. Characterization was conducted on the gut microbiome, fecal metabolome, and human phenotypes in a cohort of 35 patients with FGR and 35 normal pregnancies (NP). The serum metabolome was analyzed in 19 patients with FGR and 31 normal pregnant women. Multidimensional data was integrated to reveal the links between data sets. A fecal microbiota transplantation mouse model was used to determine the effects of the intestinal microbiome on fetal growth and placental phenotypes. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were altered in patients with FGR. A group of microbial species altered in FGR closely correlated with fetal measurements and maternal clinical variables. Fecal and serum metabolism profiles were distinct in FGR patients compared to those in the NP group. Altered metabolites were identified and associated with clinical phenotypes. Integrated multi-omics analysis revealed the interactions among gut microbiota, metabolites, and clinical measurements. Microbiota from FGR gravida transplanted to mice progestationally induced FGR and placental dysfunction, including impaired spiral artery remodeling and insufficient trophoblast cell invasion. Taken together, the integration of microbiome and metabolite profiles from the human cohort indicates that patients with FGR endure gut dysbiosis and metabolic disorders, which contribute to disease pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Downstream of the primary cause of fetal growth restriction are placental insufficiency and fetal malnutrition. Gut microbiota and metabolites appear to play an important role in the progression of gestation, while dysbiosis induces maternal and fetal complications. Our study elaborates the significant differences in microbiota profiles and metabolome characteristics between women with FGR and normal pregnancies. This is the first attempt so far that reveals the mechanistic links in multi-omics in FGR, providing a novel insight into host-microbe interaction in placenta-derived diseases.},
}

@article {pmid37199590,
year = {2023},
author = {Xie, Z and Zhang, M and Luo, Y and Jin, D and Guo, X and Yang, W and Zheng, J and Zhang, H and Zhang, L and Deng, C and Zheng, W and Tan, EK and Jin, K and Zhu, S and Wang, Q},
title = {Healthy Human Fecal Microbiota Transplantation into Mice Attenuates MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity via AMPK/SOD2 Pathway.},
journal = {Aging and disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.14336/AD.2023.0309},
pmid = {37199590},
issn = {2152-5250},
abstract = {Increasing evidence has shown that gut dysbacteriosis may play a crucial role in neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the specific mechanisms that link gut microbiota to PD remain unexplored. Given the critical roles of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of PD, we aimed to evaluate the interactions among the gut microbiota, BBB, and mitochondrial resistance to oxidation and inflammation in PD. We investigated the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the physiopathology of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. The aim was to explore the role of fecal microbiota from PD patients and healthy human controls in neuroinflammation, BBB components, and mitochondrial antioxidative capacity via the AMPK/SOD2 pathway. Compared to control mice, MPTP-treated mice exhibited elevated levels of Desulfovibrio, whereas mice given FMT from PD patients exhibited enriched levels of Akkermansia and mice given FMT from healthy humans showed no significant alterations in gut microbiota. Strikingly, FMT from PD patients to MPTP-treated mice significantly aggravated motor impairments, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, nigrostriatal glial activation and colonic inflammation, and inhibited the AMPK/SOD2 signaling pathway. However, FMT from healthy human controls greatly improved the aforementioned MPTP-caused effects. Surprisingly, the MPTP-treated mice displayed a significant loss in nigrostriatal pericytes, which was restored by FMT from healthy human controls. Our findings demonstrate that FMT from healthy human controls can correct gut dysbacteriosis and ameliorate neurodegeneration in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model by suppressing microgliosis and astrogliosis, ameliorating mitochondrial impairments via the AMPK/SOD2 pathway, and restoring the loss of nigrostriatal pericytes and BBB integrity. These findings raise the possibility that the alteration in the human gut microbiota may be a risk factor for PD and provide evidence for potential application of FMT in PD preclinical treatment.},
}

@article {pmid37198039,
year = {2023},
author = {Emile, SH and Garoufalia, Z and Aeschbacher, P and Horesh, N and Gefen, R and Wexner, SD},
title = {Endorectal advancement flap compared to ligation of inter-sphincteric fistula tract in the treatment of complex anal fistulas: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.surg.2023.04.004},
pmid = {37198039},
issn = {1532-7361},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rectal advancement flap and ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract are common procedures for treating complex anal fistula. The present meta-analysis aimed to compare the surgical outcomes of advancement flap and ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract.

METHODS: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-compliant systematic review of randomized clinical trials comparing the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and advancement flap was conducted. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through January 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool and certainty of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The primary outcomes were healing and recurrence of anal fistulas, and secondary outcomes were operative time, complications, fecal incontinence, and early pain.

RESULTS: Three randomized clinical trials (193 patients, 74.6% male) were included. The median follow-up was 19.2 months. Two trials had a low risk of bias, and 1 had some risk of bias. The odds of healing (odds ratio: 1.363, 95% confidence interval: 0.373-4.972, P = .639), recurrence (odds ratio: 0.525, 95% confidence interval: 0.263-1.047, P = .067), and complications (odds ratio: 0.356, 95% confidence interval: 0.085-1.487, P = .157) were similar between the 2 procedures. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract was associated with a significantly shorter operation time (weighted mean difference: -4.876, 95% confidence interval: -7.988 to -1.764, P = .002) and less postoperative pain (weighted mean difference: -1.030, 95% confidence interval: -1.418 to -0.641, 0.198, P < .001, I[2] = 3.85%) than advancement flap. Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract was associated with marginally lower odds of fecal incontinence than advancement flap (odds ratio: 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.069-1.06, P = .06).

CONCLUSION: Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract and advancement flap had similar odds of healing, recurrence, and complications. The odds of fecal incontinence and extent of pain after ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract were lower than after advancement flap.},
}

@article {pmid37197060,
year = {2023},
author = {Yang, W and Xia, Z and Zhu, Y and Tang, H and Xu, H and Hu, X and Lin, C and Jiang, T and He, P and Shen, J},
title = {Comprehensive Study of Untargeted Metabolomics and 16S rRNA Reveals the Mechanism of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Improving a Mouse Model of T2D.},
journal = {Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1367-1381},
pmid = {37197060},
issn = {1178-7007},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a new therapy targeting gastrointestinal microbiota for the treatment of a growing number of diseases in recent years. Previous studies have suggested that FMT may be a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of FMT in T2D and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS: To induce T2D, mice were fed a high-fat diet and injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) for four weeks. The mice were then randomly divided into four groups: control group (n = 7), T2D group (n = 7), metformin (MET)-treated group (n = 7), and FMT group (n = 7). The MET group was orally administered 0.2 g/kg MET, the FMT group was orally administered 0.3 mL of bacterial solution, and the other two groups were orally administered the same volume of saline for four weeks. Serum and fecal samples were collected for non-targeted metabolomics, biochemical indicators, and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively.

RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that FMT had a curative effect on T2D by ameliorating hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and serum untargeted metabolomic analysis, we found that FMT could restore the disorders of gastrointestinal microbiota in T2D mice. Moreover, corticosterone, progesterone, L-urobilin, and other molecules were identified as biomarkers after FMT treatment. Our bioinformatics analysis suggested that steroid hormone biosynthesis, arginine, proline metabolism, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis could be potential regulatory mechanisms of FMT.

CONCLUSION: In summary, our study provides comprehensive evidence for the role of FMT in the treatment of T2D. FMT has the potential to become a promising strategy for the treatment of metabolic disorders, T2D, and diabetes-related complications.},
}

@article {pmid37196685,
year = {2023},
author = {Fang, C and Zuo, K and Liu, Z and Liu, Y and Liu, L and Wang, Y and Yin, X and Li, J and Liu, X and Chen, M and Yang, X},
title = {Disordered gut microbiota promotes atrial fibrillation by aggravated conduction disturbance and unbalanced Linoleic acid/SIRT1 signaling.},
journal = {Biochemical pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {115599},
doi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115599},
pmid = {37196685},
issn = {1873-2968},
abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests an association of dysbiotic gut microbiota (GM) with atrial fibrillation (AF). The current study aimed to determine whether aberrant GM promotes AF development. A fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) mouse model demonstrated that dysbiotic GM is sufficient to enhance AF susceptibility assessed by transesophageal burst pacing. Compared with recipients transplanted with GM obtained from healthy subjects (FMT-CH), the prolonged P wave duration and an enlarging tendency for the left atrium were detected in recipients transplanted with AF GM (FMT-AF). Meanwhile, the disrupted localizations of connexin 43 and N-cadherin and increased expression levels of phospho-CaMKII and phospho-RyR2, were observed in the atrium of FMT-AF, which indicated aggravated electrical remodeling caused by the altered gut flora. Specifically, exacerbated fibrosis disarray, collagen deposition, α-SMA expression, and inflammation in the atrium were also confirmed to be transmissible by the GM. Furthermore, deteriorated intestinal epithelial barrier and intestinal permeability, accompanied by disturbing metabolomic features in both feces and plasma, especially decreased linoleic acid (LA), were identified in FMT-AF mice. Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory role of LA among the imbalanced SIRT1 signaling discovered in the atrium of FMT-AF was confirmed in mouse HL-1 cells treated with LPS/nigericin, LA, and SIRT1 knockdown. This study provides preliminary insights into the causal role of aberrant GM in the pathophysiology of AF, suggesting the GM-intestinal barrier-atrium axis might participate in the vulnerable substrates for AF development, and the GM could be utilized as an environmental target in AF management.},
}

@article {pmid37196633,
year = {2023},
author = {Yadav, J and Liang, T and Qin, T and Nathan, N and Schwenger, KJP and Pickel, L and Xie, L and Lei, H and Winer, DA and Maughan, H and Robertson, SJ and Woo, M and Lou, W and Banks, K and Jackson, T and Okrainec, A and Hota, SS and Poutanen, SM and Sung, HK and Allard, JP and Philpott, DJ and Gaisano, HY},
title = {Gut microbiome modified by bariatric surgery improves insulin sensitivity and correlates with increased brown fat activity and energy expenditure.},
journal = {Cell reports. Medicine},
volume = {4},
number = {5},
pages = {101051},
doi = {10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101051},
pmid = {37196633},
issn = {2666-3791},
abstract = {Alterations in the microbiome correlate with improved metabolism in patients following bariatric surgery. While fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from obese patients into germ-free (GF) mice has suggested a significant role of the gut microbiome in metabolic improvements following bariatric surgery, causality remains to be confirmed. Here, we perform paired FMT from the same obese patients (BMI > 40; four patients), pre- and 1 or 6 months post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, into Western diet-fed GF mice. Mice colonized by FMT from patients' post-surgery stool exhibit significant changes in microbiota composition and metabolomic profiles and, most importantly, improved insulin sensitivity compared with pre-RYGB FMT mice. Mechanistically, mice harboring the post-RYGB microbiome show increased brown fat mass and activity and exhibit increased energy expenditure. Moreover, improvements in immune homeostasis within the white adipose tissue are also observed. Altogether, these findings point to a direct role for the gut microbiome in mediating improved metabolic health post-RYGB surgery.},
}

@article {pmid37196556,
year = {2023},
author = {Liu, H and Kang, X and Ren, P and Kuang, X and Yang, X and Yang, H and Shen, X and Yan, H and Kang, Y and Zhang, F and Wang, X and Guo, L and Fan, W},
title = {Hydrogen gas ameliorates acute alcoholic liver injury via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and regulation of intestinal microbiota.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {120},
number = {},
pages = {110252},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110252},
pmid = {37196556},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent liver-related disorder characterized by severe oxidative stress and inflammatory liver damage, for which no effective treatment is currently available. Hydrogen gas (H2) has been demonstrated to be an efficient antioxidant in various diseases in animals as well as humans. However, the protective effects of H2 on ALD and its underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that H2 inhalation ameliorated liver injury, and attenuated liver oxidative stress, inflammation, and steatosis in an ALD mouse model. Moreover, H2 inhalation improved gut microbiota, including increasing the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Clostridia, and decreasing the abundance of Prevotellaceae and Muribaculaceae, and also improved intestinal barrier integrity. Mechanistically, H2 inhalation blocked activation of the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in liver. Notably, it was further demonstrated that the reshaped gut microbiota may accelerate alcohol metabolism, regulate lipid homeostasis and maintain immune balance by bacterial functional potential prediction (PICRUSt). Fecal microbiota transplantation from mice that had undergone H2 inhalation significantly alleviated acute alcoholic liver injury. In summary, the present study showed that H2 inhalation alleviated liver injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, while also improving intestinal flora and enhancing the intestinal barrier. H2 inhalation may serve as an effective intervention for preventing and treating ALD in a clinical context.},
}

@article {pmid37193034,
year = {2023},
author = {Huang, X and Zhang, Y and Huang, J and Gao, W and Yongfang, X and Zeng, C and Gao, C},
title = {The effect of FMT and vitamin C on immunity-related genes in antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in mice.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {e15356},
pmid = {37193034},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Antibiotics are double-edged swords. Although antibiotics are used to inhibit pathogenic bacteria, they also run the risk of destroying some of the healthy bacteria in our bodies. We examined the effect of penicillin on the organism through a microarray dataset, after which 12 genes related to immuno-inflammatory pathways were selected by reading the literature and validated using neomycin and ampicillin. The expression of genes was measured using qRT-PCR. Several genes were significantly overexpressed in antibiotic-treated mice, including CD74 and SAA2 in intestinal tissues that remained extremely expressed after natural recovery. Moreover, transplantation of fecal microbiota from healthy mice to antibiotic-treated mice was made, where GZMB, CD3G, H2-AA, PSMB9, CD74, and SAA1 were greatly expressed; however, SAA2 was downregulated and normal expression was restored, and in liver tissue, SAA1, SAA2, SAA3 were extremely expressed. After the addition of vitamin C, which has positive effects in several aspects, to the fecal microbiota transplantation, in the intestinal tissues, the genes that were highly expressed after the fecal microbiota transplantation effectively reduced their expression, and the unaffected genes remained normally expressed, but the CD74 gene remained highly expressed. In liver tissues, normally expressed genes were not affected, but the expression of SAA1 was reduced and the expression of SAA3 was increased. In other words, fecal microbiota transplantation did not necessarily bring about a positive effect of gene expression restoration, but the addition of vitamin C effectively reduced the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation and regulated the balance of the immune system.},
}

@article {pmid37192676,
year = {2023},
author = {Meng, Y and Sun, J and Zhang, G},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation holds the secret to youth.},
journal = {Mechanisms of ageing and development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {111823},
doi = {10.1016/j.mad.2023.111823},
pmid = {37192676},
issn = {1872-6216},
abstract = {Aging shows itself not just at the cellular level, with shortened telomeres and cell cycle arrest, but also at the organ and organismal level, with diminished brainpower, dry eyes, intestinal inflammation, muscular atrophy, wrinkles, etc. When the gut microbiota, often called the "virtual organ of the host," fails to function normally, it can lead to a cascade of health problems including, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, metabolic liver disease, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and even neurological disorders. An effective strategy for restoring healthy gut bacteria is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). It can reverse the effects of aging on the digestive system, the brain, and the vision by transplanting the functional bacteria found in the excrement of healthy individuals into the gut tracts of patients. This paves the way for future research into using the microbiome as a therapeutic target for disorders associated with aging.},
}

@article {pmid37192552,
year = {2023},
author = {Liu, J and Cai, J and Fan, P and Dong, X and Zhang, N and Tai, J and Cao, Y},
title = {Salidroside protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating the gut microbiota.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {120},
number = {},
pages = {110278},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110278},
pmid = {37192552},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Obesity is a systemic disease with multisystem inflammation associated with gut dysbiosis. Salidroside (SAL) which is a major glycoside extracted from Rhodiola rosea L. has a wide range of pharmacological effects, but the role of gut microbiota in the protective effects of SAL on obesity has not been studied. Herein, we aim to explore whether SAL could ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice by modulating microbiota. Results showed that oral treatment with SAL alleviated HFD-induced obesity in mice as evidenced by body weight and fat weight. SAL supplementation effectively attenuated fat accumulation, lipid synthesis genes expression, liver inflammation, and metabolic endotoxemia. In addition, SAL treatment alleviated intestinal damage and increased the expression of mucin protein (Mucin-2) and tight junction (TJ) proteins (Occludin and Zonula Occludens-1). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that the gut microbiota of obese mice was also partly improved by SAL via restoring the microbial community structure and diversity. A fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) study was designed to verify the causality. Compared with fecal transplantation (FM) from the HFD-treated mice, FM from the SAL-treated mice significantly mitigate the symptoms of obese mice, including decreasing body weight, fat accumulation, and attenuating pathological damage in the gut. Thus, SAL could be a remarkable candidate to prevent obesity.},
}

@article {pmid37191418,
year = {2023},
author = {Zou, B and Li, J and Ma, RX and Cheng, XY and Ma, RY and Zhou, TY and Wu, ZQ and Yao, Y and Li, J},
title = {Gut Microbiota is an Impact Factor based on the Brain-Gut Axis to Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Aging and disease},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {964-1678},
doi = {10.14336/AD.2022.1127},
pmid = {37191418},
issn = {2152-5250},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of AD has been explained using cholinergic, β-amyloid toxicity, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and oxidative stress theories. However, an effective treatment method has not been developed. In recent years, with the discovery of the brain-gut axis (BGA) and breakthroughs made in Parkinson's disease, depression, autism, and other diseases, BGA has become a hotspot in AD research. Several studies have shown that gut microbiota can affect the brain and behavior of patients with AD, especially their cognitive function. Animal models, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotic intervention also provide evidence regarding the correlation between gut microbiota and AD. This article discusses the relationship and related mechanisms between gut microbiota and AD based on BGA to provide possible strategies for preventing or alleviating AD symptoms by regulating gut microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid37191003,
year = {2023},
author = {Jiang, H and Ye, Y and Wang, M and Sun, X and Sun, T and Chen, Y and Li, P and Zhang, M and Wang, T},
title = {The progress on the relationship between gut microbiota and immune checkpoint blockade in tumors.},
journal = {Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-20},
doi = {10.1080/02648725.2023.2212526},
pmid = {37191003},
issn = {2046-5556},
abstract = {Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of various tumors. However, the efficacy of this therapy is limited in a subset of patients, and it is important to develop strategies to enhance immune responses. Studies have demonstrated a critical role of gut microbiota in regulating the therapeutic response to ICB. Gut microbiota composition, diversity, and function are mediated by metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, that interact with host immune cells through specific receptors. In addition, gut bacteria may translocate to the tumor site and stimulate antitumor immune responses. Therefore, maintaining a healthy gut microbiota composition, for instance through avoiding the use of antibiotics or probiotic interventions, can be an effective approach to optimize ICB therapy. This review summarizes the current understanding of the microbiota-immunity interactions in the context of ICB therapy, and discusses potential clinical implications of these findings.},
}

@article {pmid37189804,
year = {2023},
author = {Tews, HC and Elger, T and Grewal, T and Weidlich, S and Vitali, F and Buechler, C},
title = {Fecal and Urinary Adipokines as Disease Biomarkers.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines11041186},
pmid = {37189804},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {The use of biomarkers is of great clinical value for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and the assessment of treatment efficacy. In this context, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are of interest, as their elevated circulating levels are associated with a range of metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, renal and hepatic diseases and cancers. In addition to serum, adipokines can also be detected in the urine and feces, and current experimental evidence on the analysis of fecal and urinary adipokine levels points to their potential as disease biomarkers. This includes increased urinary adiponectin, lipocalin-2, leptin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in renal diseases and an association of elevated urinary chemerin as well as urinary and fecal lipocalin-2 levels with active inflammatory bowel diseases. Urinary IL-6 levels are also upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and may become an early marker for kidney transplant rejection, while fecal IL-6 levels are increased in decompensated liver cirrhosis and acute gastroenteritis. In addition, galectin-3 levels in urine and stool may emerge as a biomarker for several cancers. With the analysis of urine and feces from patients being cost-efficient and non-invasive, the identification and utilization of adipokine levels as urinary and fecal biomarkers could become a great advantage for disease diagnosis and predicting treatment outcomes. This review article highlights data on the abundance of selected adipokines in urine and feces, underscoring their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.},
}

@article {pmid37189634,
year = {2023},
author = {Boicean, A and Birlutiu, V and Ichim, C and Anderco, P and Birsan, S},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines11041016},
pmid = {37189634},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Inflammatory bowel diseases represent a complex array of diseases of incompletely known etiology that led to gastrointestinal tract chronic inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease, a promising method of treatment is represented by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), FMT has shown its increasing effectiveness and safety in recent years for recurrent CDI; moreover, it showed real clinical benefits in treating SARS-CoV-2 and CDI co-infection. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are characterized by immune dysregulation, resulting in digestive tract damage caused by immune responses. Most current therapeutic strategies are associated with high costs and many adverse effects by directly targeting the immune response, so modifying the microbial environment by FMT offers an alternative approach that could indirectly influence the host's immune system in a safe way. Studies outline the endoscopic and clinical improvements in UC and CD in FMT patients versus control groups. This review outlines the multiple benefits of FMT in the case of IBD by improving patients unbalanced gut, therefore improving endoscopic and clinical symptomatology. We aim to emphasize the clinical importance and benefits of FMT in order to prevent flares or complications of IBD and to highlight that further validation is needed for establishing a clinical protocol for FMT in IBD.},
}

@article {pmid37187187,
year = {2023},
author = {Stallmach, A and von Müller, L and Storr, M and Link, A and Konturek, PC and Solbach, PC and Weiss, KH and Wahler, S and Vehreschild, MJGT},
title = {[Fecal Microbiota Transfer (FMT) in Germany - Status and Perspective].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1055/a-2075-2725},
pmid = {37187187},
issn = {1439-7803},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) is a treatment to modulate the gastrointestinal microbiota. Its use in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) is established throughout Europe and recommended in national and international guidelines. In Germany, the FMT is codeable in the hospital reimbursement system. A comprehensive survey on the frequency of use based on this coding is missing so far.

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Reports of the Institute for Hospital Remuneration (InEK), the Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS), and hospital quality reports 2015-2021 were examined for FMT coding and evaluated in a structured expert consultation.

RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2021, 1,645 FMT procedures were coded by 175 hospitals. From 2016 to 2018, this was a median of 293 (274-313) FMT annually, followed by a steady decline in subsequent years to 119 FMT in 2021. Patients with FMT were 57.7% female, median age 74 years, and FMT was applied colonoscopically in 72.2%. CDI was the primary diagnosis in 86.8% of cases, followed by ulcerative colitis in 7.6%.

DISCUSSION: In Germany, FMT is used less frequently than in the European comparison. One application hurdle is the regulatory classification of FMT as a non-approved drug, which leads to significantly higher costs in manufacturing and administration and makes reimbursement difficult. The European Commission recently proposed a regulation to classify FMT as a transplant. This could prospectively change the regulatory situation of FMT in Germany and thus contribute to a nationwide offer of a therapeutic procedure recommended in guidelines.},
}

@article {pmid37185024,
year = {2023},
author = {Lukáčová, I and Ambro, Ľ and Dubayová, K and Mareková, M},
title = {The gut microbiota, its relationship to the immune system, and possibilities of its modulation.},
journal = {Epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie : casopis Spolecnosti pro epidemiologii a mikrobiologii Ceske lekarske spolecnosti J.E. Purkyne},
volume = {72},
number = {1},
pages = {40-53},
pmid = {37185024},
issn = {1210-7913},
abstract = {Research of the gut microbiota allows a better understanding of its composition and function and reveals the links between changes in the composition of bacteria and various intestinal but also systemic diseases. The gut microbiota performs several of important functions in the host body and influences many physiological processes. Gut bacteria synthesize many compounds needed for the proper function of the body (e.g., vitamins, short-chain fatty acids, and amino acids). They help maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and protect against pathogens. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and function of the immune system. Significant changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota led to a dysbiotic state and the loss of its beneficial functions for humans. The review article summarizes the basic knowledge about the composition and function of the bacterial gut microbiota in healthy people, its role in the development of the immune system, and the mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis. It also presents current knowledge about the possibility of targeted modulation of the bacterial gut microbiota and faecal transplantation.},
}