@article {pmid40330072,
year = {2025},
author = {Manna, T and Dey, S and Karmakar, M and Panda, AK and Ghosh, C},
title = {Investigations on genomic, topological and structural properties of diguanylate cyclases involved in Vibrio cholerae biofilm signalling using in silico techniques: Promising drug targets in combating cholera.},
journal = {Current research in structural biology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100166},
pmid = {40330072},
issn = {2665-928X},
abstract = {During various stages of its life cycle, Vibrio cholerae initiate biofilm signalling cascade. Intercellular high level of the signalling nucleotide 3'-5' cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) from its precursor molecule GTP, is crucial for biofilm formation. Present study endeavours to in silico approaches in evaluating genomic, physicochemical, topological and functional properties of six c-di-GMP regulatory DGCs (CdgA, CdgH, CdgK, CdgL, CdgM, VpvC) of V. cholerae. Genomic investigations unveiled that codon preferences were inclined towards AU ending over GC ending codons and overall GC content ranged from 44.6 to 49.5 with codon adaptation index ranging from 0.707 to 0.783. Topological analyses deciphered the presence of transmembrane domains in all proteins. All the DGCs were acidic, hydrophilic and thermostable. Only CdgA, CdgH and VpvC were predicted to be stable during in vitro conditions. Non-polar amino acids with leucine being the most abundant amino acid among these DGCs with α-helix as the predominant secondary structure, responsible for forming the transmembrane regions by secondary structure analysis. Tertiary structures of the proteins were obtained by computation using AlphaFold and trRosetta. Predicted structures by both the servers were compared in various aspects using PROCHECK, ERRAT and Modfold8 servers. Selected 3D structures were refined using GalaxyRefine. InterPro Scan revealed presence of a conserved GGDEF domain in all DGCs and predicted the active site residues in the GGDEF domain. Molecular docking studies using CB-DOCK 2 tool revealed that among the DGCs, VpvC exhibited highest affinity for GTP (-5.6 kcal/mol), which was closely followed by CdgL (-5.5 kcal/mol). MD simulations depicted all DGC-GTP complexes to be stable due to its considerably low eigenvalues. Such studies are considered to provide maiden insights into the genomic and structural properties of V. cholerae DGCs, actively involved in biofilm signalling systems, and it is projected to be beneficial in the discovery of novel DGC inhibitors that can target and downregulate the c-di-GMP regulatory system to develop anti-biofilm strategies against the cholera pathogen.},
}

@article {pmid40330064,
year = {2025},
author = {Shakib, NH and Hashemizadeh, Z and Zomorodi, AR and Khashei, R and Sadeghi, Y and Bazargani, A},
title = {Evaluation of the relatedness between the biofilm-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in the southwest Iran.},
journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {80-91},
pmid = {40330064},
issn = {2008-3289},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Increasing antimicrobial resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) strains poses a significant challenge, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs) where these bacteria are common causes of hospital infections. Biofilm production is recognized as a key mechanism contributing to this resistance. This study aims to explore the relationship between biofilm production, the presence of biofilm-associated genes, and antibiotic resistance patterns in A. baumannii isolates obtained from ICU patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 100 A. baumannii isolates from ICU patients at Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and biofilm production potential was assessed through the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Additionally, we investigated eleven biofilm-related genes (ompA, bap, csuE, epsA, bla per-1 , bfmS, pgaB, csgA, fimH, ptk, and kpsMII) in all isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The REP-PCR technique was utilized to analyze the genetic relatedness of the isolates (Fig. 4).

RESULTS: All isolates displayed multi-drug resistance, with the highest resistance rates observed against ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100%). Gentamicin and amikacin showed the lowest resistance rates at 70% and 84%, respectively. A total of 98% of the isolates were capable of biofilm production, with 32% categorized as strong biofilm producers. The most frequently detected biofilm-associated genes included csuE (99%), bfmS (98%), ompA (97%), and pgaB (89%).

CONCLUSION: Biofilm production significantly contributes to the prevalence of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii strains. It is essential to implement effective antimicrobial stewardship and develop innovative anti-biofilm strategies to address this global health issue.},
}

@article {pmid40330055,
year = {2025},
author = {Halimi, S and Rezaei, A and Mohebi, S and Hashemi, FB},
title = {Antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and virulence genes among atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli stool isolates in Tehran, Iran.},
journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {32-40},
pmid = {40330055},
issn = {2008-3289},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains are emerging pathogens around the world, particularly among pediatric patients in developing countries, such as Iran. This study aims to examine and compare the characteristics of EPEC isolates from patients, who suffer from diarrhea versus isolates from patients without diarrhea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 734 stool specimens [440 diarrheal (D), and 294 non-diarrheal (ND)] were examined. Thirty-six EPEC isolates (26 D, and 10 ND) were recovered by culture on MacConkey agar, followed by biochemical tests. Using PCR assay, eae [+]; stx1 [-] and stx2 [-]gene profiles of EPEC isolates were confirmed. The antimicrobial resistance was assessed by disk diffusion assay. Biofilm formation was assessed using a standard semi-quantitative microtiter plate assay. Virulence-associated genes, ehac, espA, fimA, flu, and sslE were detected.

RESULTS: E. coli comprised 14% of all isolates were EPEC isolates that showed the highest sensitivity to imipenem (IPM) (100%) and gentamicin (GEN) (89%). However, susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole or trimethoprim\sulfamethoxazole (SXT) was only 28% and 39%, respectively. About 61% of isolates produced Moderate Biofilm (MB), and the frequency of Weak Biofilm (WB) formers (27%) was higher among D and ND isolates, which carried virulence genes more frequently than D isolates.

CONCLUSION: Preventive measures by public health authorities can thwart the imminent crisis of widespread zoonotic contamination of the food chain in Iran. Our results may help clinicians make optimal therapeutic choices during the treatment of patients with severe EPEC infections, and assist epidemiologists devise policies for effective control of outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40330050,
year = {2025},
author = {Thu Le, H and Luc Phuong, TT and Huy, GH and Nguyen, PV and Nguyen, BVG},
title = {Investigation of the optimal condition for the growth and biofilm development of Candida albicans on three dental materials.},
journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {153-162},
pmid = {40330050},
issn = {2008-3289},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Candida albicans as pathogenic fungi cause conditions like oral candidiasis and dental caries. The critical role of biofilms in the pathogenicity of C. albicans necessitates the exploration of conditions that promote their growth and development. Our study aimed to delineate the optimal conditions conducive to the proliferation and biofilm production of C. albicans on prevalent dental materials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: To approximate oral cavity conditions, culture media were enhanced with various glucose concentrations to assess the growth and biofilm-forming capability of the fungus through growth curve analysis and crystal violet assays.

RESULTS: The findings suggest that YPG medium augmented with 4% glucose presents as an optimal environment for C. albicans growth. Biofilm formation was most effectively promoted in RPMI medium supplemented with the same concentration of glucose. Composite resin was identified as the substrate most susceptible to biofilm development by C. albicans under these conditions.

CONCLUSION: This investigation highlights the necessity of accounting for microbial activity and material characteristics in the prevention and management of dental biofilm formation. Our research advances the understanding of in vitro cultivation of C. albicans, simulating the oral milieu more accurately and contributing to enhanced oral health management for individuals utilizing temporary dental fixtures.},
}

@article {pmid40328762,
year = {2025},
author = {Joos, M and Van Ginneken, S and Villanueva, X and Dijkmans, M and Coppola, GA and Pérez-Romero, CA and Vackier, T and Van der Eycken, E and Marchal, K and Lories, B and Steenackers, HP},
title = {EPS inhibitor treatment of Salmonella impacts evolution without selecting for resistance to biofilm inhibition.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {73},
pmid = {40328762},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {C3/20/081//Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven/ ; PDMT2/22/039//Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven/ ; C14/22/077//Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven/ ; 1S85623N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek,Belgium/ ; G046318N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek,Belgium/ ; 722871//H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016-BIOCLEAN project/ ; 3G045620//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 3G045620//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; W000921N//Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; BOF 01J06219//Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent/ ; BOF 01J06219//Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent/ ; HBC.2020.2902//Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects/metabolism ; Mutation ; *Salmonella/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Virulence ; },
abstract = {Virulence factors of pathogens, such as toxin production and biofilm formation, often exhibit a public character, providing benefits to nearby non-producers. Consequently, anti-virulence drugs targeting these public traits may not select for resistance, as resistant mutants that resume production of the virulence factor share the benefits of their resistance with surrounding sensitive cells. In agreement with this, we show that even after long-term treatment with a 2-amino-imidazole (2-AI) biofilm inhibitor, Salmonella populations remained as susceptible to biofilm inhibition as the ancestral populations. Nonetheless, further genotypic and phenotypic analysis revealed that the Salmonella populations did adapt to the treatment and accumulated mutations in efflux pump regulators and alternative sigma factors. These mutations resulted in a reduced biofilm-forming capacity and increased efflux activity. Their selection was due to a growth delaying side effect of the biofilm inhibitor. Enhanced efflux activity helped overcome this growth delay, providing a fitness advantage over the ancestor. Finally, we demonstrate that chemical modification of the inhibitor enhances its specificity by partially alleviating the unintended growth delay while retaining the anti-biofilm activity, which in turn eliminated the selection pressure for increased efflux. Overall, our findings highlight that while unintended side effects can complicate anti-virulence strategies, adaptation to these effects does not necessarily restore the inhibited virulence trait. Moreover, chemical modification can mitigate these unintended side effects and enhance drug specificity.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects/metabolism
Mutation
*Salmonella/drug effects/genetics/physiology
Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
*Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects/genetics
Biological Evolution
Virulence

@article {pmid40327936,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, L and Gao, R and Zeng, Q and Ge, Z and Sheng, X and He, L},
title = {Biofilm-overproducing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain B9ΔywcC reduces cadmium uptake in lettuce by upregulating the expression of proteins associated with root surface biofilm formation and cell membrane homeostasis.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {494},
number = {},
pages = {138481},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138481},
pmid = {40327936},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain B9 and its biofilm-overproducing B9ΔywcC mutant (ΔywcCM) were characterized for their effects on Cd accumulation in Italian lettuce and the underlying molecular mechanisms under hydroponic conditions. Both B9 and ΔywcCM significantly reduced Cd contents in lettuce tissues compared with the controls. Furthermore, ΔywcCM exhibited significantly decreased Cd accumulation and increased root surface biofilm biomass and biofilm-mediated Cd immobilization compared with B9. Proteomic analysis of lettuce root surface biofilms revealed that ΔywcCM significantly upregulated the expression of several proteins compared to B9. These included IolC and IolD (associated with inositol metabolism), GlpK (associated with glycerol metabolism), TyrS (associated with tRNA synthesis and transport), and LepA and PepT (associated with protein translation and modification), which are associated with biofilm formation; ArgS and AspS (associated with tRNA synthesis and transport), LepA (associated with protein translation and modification), and GcvT (associated with aminomethyltransferase), which are involved in cell membrane homeostasis. Furthermore, ΔywcCM significantly upregulated the expression of iolD, iolI, and pepT in the root surface biofilms relative to B9. These findings demonstrated that the biofilm-overproducing ΔywcCM enhances root surface biofilm formation and stability, thereby promoting Cd immobilization and reducing Cd accumulation in lettuce leaves grown in Cd-contaminated solutions.},
}

@article {pmid40327388,
year = {2025},
author = {Bottura, B and McConnell, G and Florek, LC and Smiley, MK and Martin, R and Foylan, S and Eana, A and Dayton, HT and Eckartt, KN and Price-Whelan, AM and Hoskisson, PA and Gould, GW and Dietrich, LEP and Rooney, LM},
title = {Oxygen microenvironments in Escherichia coli biofilm nutrient transport channels: insights from complementary sensing approaches.},
journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)},
volume = {171},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001543},
pmid = {40327388},
issn = {1465-2080},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Oxygen/metabolism/analysis ; *Escherichia coli/metabolism/physiology/growth & development ; Biosensing Techniques/methods ; Biological Transport ; *Nutrients/metabolism ; Microscopy, Confocal ; },
abstract = {Chemical gradients and the emergence of distinct microenvironments in biofilms are vital to the stratification, maturation and overall function of microbial communities. These gradients have been well characterized throughout the biofilm mass, but the microenvironment of recently discovered nutrient transporting channels in Escherichia coli biofilms remains unexplored. This study employs three different oxygen sensing approaches to provide a robust quantitative overview of the oxygen gradients and microenvironments throughout the biofilm transport channel networks formed by E. coli macrocolony biofilms. Oxygen nanosensing combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy established that the oxygen concentration changes along the length of biofilm transport channels. Electrochemical sensing provided precise quantification of the oxygen profile in the transport channels, showing similar anoxic profiles compared with the adjacent cells. Anoxic biosensing corroborated these approaches, providing an overview of the oxygen utilization throughout the biomass. The discovery that transport channels maintain oxygen gradients contradicts the previous literature that channels are completely open to the environment along the apical surface of the biofilm. We provide a potential mechanism for the sustenance of channel microenvironments via orthogonal visualizations of biofilm thin sections showing thin layers of actively growing cells. This complete overview of the oxygen environment in biofilm transport channels primes future studies aiming to exploit these emergent structures for new bioremediation approaches.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Oxygen/metabolism/analysis
*Escherichia coli/metabolism/physiology/growth & development
Biosensing Techniques/methods
Biological Transport
*Nutrients/metabolism
Microscopy, Confocal

@article {pmid40326595,
year = {2025},
author = {Ismael, M and Juliah, K and Edwin, M},
title = {Antimicrobial and Potent Anti-Biofilm Properties of Rationally Designed α-Helix Antimicrobial Peptides.},
journal = {Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
pages = {e70027},
doi = {10.1002/psc.70027},
pmid = {40326595},
issn = {1099-1387},
support = {//African Union/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Hemolysis/drug effects ; *Drug Design ; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; },
abstract = {The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis represents a significant global threat. Unlike traditional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides offer a promising pathway because of their primary mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate and rationally design novel AMPs based on tobacco nectar's AMP (Pep 6) to combat antibiotic resistance issues. Substitution and truncation of some amino acids were applied. Four peptides, KF19, KF16, LK16, and LR16, were designed with enhanced net charge hydrophobicity. They were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity. However, only promising AMPs were further evaluated for their hemolytic activity, time-killing kinetics, mode of action, and anti-biofilm properties. The results showed that only KF19 and LR16 have potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and resistant isolates with MIC values from 7.81 to 15.62 μg/mL. Hemolysis ratios were 2.38% and 2.24% at 125 μg/mL for KF19 and LR16, respectively. Both peptides were able to kill S. aureus ATCC25923 within 2 h. SEM results showed their ability to target the cell membrane. Both peptides destroyed the S. aureus biofilms significantly at 62.5 and 125 μg/mL (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). This study supported rational design in developing new antibacterial agents and demonstrated the therapeutic potency of novel peptides that could solve the resistance issues.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
*Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
Hemolysis/drug effects
*Drug Design
Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
Structure-Activity Relationship

@article {pmid40326206,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, ZS and Zhang, Z and Qiu, Y and Fang, X and Zhang, J and Gong, H and Wang, S and Yu, L and Ye, X and Jiang, Y and Wang, L and Quan, YY},
title = {Elaborately Engineered Aggregation-Induced Emission Antibacterial Agents: Negligible Living Cell Invasiveness, Efficient Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition and Promoting Infected Wound Healing.},
journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2502762},
doi = {10.1002/smll.202502762},
pmid = {40326206},
issn = {1613-6829},
support = {LY24H180004//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; S20220020//Public Science and Technology Project of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau/ ; },
abstract = {Developing versatile photosensitizers capable of selectively eliminating pathogens over normal cells is an appealing yet highly challenging task. Herein, a novel strategy by exploiting the cationic and amphiphilic synergistic mechanism is introduced to synthesize four aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active cationic antibacterial photosensitizers (PSs) TSPy-CH3, MeO-TSPy-Bu, MeO-TSPy-Va and MeO-TSPy-CH3. The four PSs generated both type I and type II reactive oxygen species (ROS) under white light irradiation. They can quickly stain Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in 15 min, but exhibited different Escherichia coli (E.coil) affinity and living cell invasiveness. The four PSs caused devastating killing to S. aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at extremely low drug doses and significantly inhibited biofilm formation of drug-resistant strains by synergistic photocytotoxicity and inherent dark toxicity. Their low antibacterial concentrations and minimal invasiveness toward normal cells collectively ensured biosafety. MeO-TSPy-CH3 with moderate Clog P value stands out from others by virtues of most reliable biosafety, broad-spectrum bactericidal performance, and excellent biofilm inhibition ability. In vivo studies on bacteria-infected wounds confirmed that MeO-TSPy-CH3 reduced inflammation, promoted angiogenesis, and accelerated wound recovery, achieving comparable therapeutic outcomes to vancomycin. This work provides enlightenment for designing novel antibacterial phototherapy agents to overcome key limitations such as unpredictable biosafety risk, inadequate antibacterial potency, and poor anti-biofilm performance.},
}

@article {pmid40325815,
year = {2025},
author = {Gupta, J and Gupta, A and Bhattacharya, D and Nag, M and Lahiri, D and Mitra, D},
title = {Bioactive Compounds as a Potential Inhibitor of Biofilm Production: An In silico Study to Identify Natural Hindrance Resources.},
journal = {Current drug discovery technologies},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2174/0115701638367145250418033053},
pmid = {40325815},
issn = {1875-6220},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation by microorganisms, specifically bacteria, threatens vari-ous fields, including biomedicine and the environment. The development of biofilms has associations with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and immune responses; it poses a significant threat to human health. ESKAPE pathogens, a group of bacteria known for their multidrug resistance, are particularly adept at biofilm formation. This research explores strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections, with a focus on natural compounds as potential anti-biofilm agents.

METHODS: The study investigates 23 natural compounds for their druglike properties in fighting against antibiotic-resistant biofilms. These compounds include flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids, and exhibit promising bioavailability and usage potential as ligands. Molecular docking analysis em-ploying AutoDock Vina was used to evaluate the binding affinities of these ligands to key biofilm-forming genes and membrane proteins in ESKAPE pathogens.

RESULTS: Despite a few violations of a variety of established criteria, the overall safety and efficiency of oral drug reception are maintained, emphasizing their potential for further drug development. The results show specific ligands, such as Baicalin, Apigenin, Azadirachtin, Curcumin, Hyperforin, etc., demonstrating high binding energies against biofilm-associated proteins. This approach aligns with the pursuit of sustainable alternatives to combat biofilm-related infections.

CONCLUSION: Natural compounds like Baicalin, Apigenin, Azadirachtin, Curcumin, Hyperforin not only exhibit broad-spectrum coverage but also show reduced risks of resistance development com-pared to synthetic antibiotics. The integration of natural compounds into multifaceted strategies con-siders the complexities of the biofilm matrix, bacterial diversity, and pathogen characteristics, offer-ing a sustainable approach to address biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid40324728,
year = {2025},
author = {Pan, R and Yuan, Y and Xu, A and Jiang, W and Zhang, W and Barriuso, J and Jiang, Y and Xin, F and Jiang, M},
title = {Biofilm engineering to improve succinic acid production in Escherichia coli by enhancing extracellular polysaccharide synthesis.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {431},
number = {},
pages = {132627},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132627},
pmid = {40324728},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Biofilms play crucial roles in enhancing microbial tolerance to environmental stress. Biofilm engineering in industrial microorganisms has been a promising and efficient approach to improve the production of metabolites. In this study, the psl gene cluster from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, was first introduced in a succinic acid (SA) producing Escherichia coli strain to enhance the biofilm formation ability. The engineered strain Suc260 (pslA-J) showed the improved tolerance to harsh environments and improved SA synthesis capability. Compared to the control, strain Suc260 (pslA-J) produced 70.54 g/L of SA from glucose in a 5 L bioreactor, representing an increase of 13.41 %. To further enhance the synthesis efficiency of SA, a cell immobilization fermentation system based on biofilms on alginate beads was designed. Finally, 62.66 g/L of SA with a yield of 0.76 g/g was produced from wheat straw hydrolysate in a 5 L bioreactor at the optimal pH of 6.8. When the pH was adjusted to a lower value (pH 6.0), the SA production and yield still reached 57.67 g/L and 0.75 g/g, respectively, representing 28.96 % and 42.15 % higher than those of the control strain. This study provides an efficient platform technology for the production of bio-based SA in large scale.},
}

@article {pmid40323888,
year = {2025},
author = {Leighton, HJ and Hibbert, TM and Ritchie, GI and Neill, DR and Fothergill, JL},
title = {Cystic Fibrosis Aggregate Biofilm Model to Study Infection-relevant Gene Expression.},
journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
volume = {},
number = {218},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3791/67477},
pmid = {40323888},
issn = {1940-087X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/physiology/drug effects ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/drug effects ; Candida albicans/genetics/physiology/drug effects ; Humans ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Standard pre-clinical testing methods for novel antimicrobial therapeutics used to treat chronic lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis do not reflect the environmental conditions of the hostile lung niche. Current reductionist testing conditions can lead to the progression of compounds along a preclinical pipeline without evidence of their activity under cystic fibrosis lung niche-appropriate conditions. Several approaches used to study traditional antimicrobials may not be suitable for antibiotic alternatives, including anti-virulence therapeutics like anti-quorum sensing agents and siderophore inhibitors. This protocol documents an aggregate biofilm model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to compare resistance and infection-relevant gene expression in single-species and multi-species cultures (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), examining colony-forming unit (CFU) reductions and changes in gene expression, using algD as an exemplar. The model was optimized for small, static volumes of bacterial cultures to allow the study of novel compounds in the discovery phase of the drug development pipeline, where compound quantities may be limited. Single-species P. aeruginosa biofilms were formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium 2 (SCFM2) for 24 h before treatment with meropenem at different concentrations (1, 16, and 256 µg/mL) for a further 24 h. Polymicrobial biofilms were established by growing Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans together in SCFM2, then inoculating with P. aeruginosa for an additional 24 h and treating with meropenem. The lack of a direct connection between compound efficacy measures in pre-clinical testing and clinical trial results has cast doubt on the applicability of current laboratory screening tools. This model allows us to understand the impact of relevant factors on P. aeruginosa gene expression, including genes contributing to resistance and virulence, thereby bridging this gap.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics/physiology/drug effects
*Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology
Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/drug effects
Candida albicans/genetics/physiology/drug effects
Humans
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid40323373,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, L and Gu, C and Wang, S},
title = {Assessing the performance of a disposable electrochemical biofilm test kit on monitoring drainage sludge biofilm corrosion and its biocide treatment.},
journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40323373},
issn = {1615-7605},
abstract = {Drainage sludge is abundant with corrosive microbes which can contribute to soil corrosion of buried pipelines. In this work, the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of a drainage sludge biofilm against X65 carbon steel was confirmed by significant uniform corrosion (0.03 mm/a uniform corrosion rate) and more severe pitting corrosion (18% greater) on X65 coupons with nutrient enrichment without venting at 37 ℃ compared to the aerobic sludge at room temperature. A new biofilm/MIC test kit was employed to assess the aerobic sludge biofilm, and it was determined to be mildly corrosive against carbon steel after incubating 5 mL of aerobic sludge at room temperature for 7 d in the 10 mL biofilm test kit vial. Tetrakis-hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS), a green biocide was also tested in the biofilm/MIC test kit for its mitigation of the aerobic sludge biofilm and its corrosion against the X65 carbon steel working electrode. The biofilm test kit successfully monitored the sludge biofilm's sanitization efficacy. It was found that 100 ppm THPS was effective in inhibiting biofilm growth, and 400 ppm THPS in treating pre-established sludge biofilm by achieving 10% corrosion rate reduction. Thus, the biofilm/MIC test kit was found to be sensitive in detecting MIC and can be used as a convenient tool in assessing biofilm corrosivity and its mitigation efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40322923,
year = {2025},
author = {Rath, S and Fatma, S and Das, S},
title = {Unraveling the multifaceted role of extracellular DNA (eDNA) of biofilm in bacterial physiology, biofilm formation, and matrixome architecture.},
journal = {Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-32},
doi = {10.1080/10409238.2025.2497270},
pmid = {40322923},
issn = {1549-7798},
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms consist of bacterial communities embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix (EM) known as the matrixome. The matrixome primarily comprises extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and other elements. EPS encompassing exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids plays a key role in maintaining structural integrity and is involved in various functions. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) released into the EM through various mechanisms, including cell lysis or autolysis, membrane vesicle-mediated release, phage-mediated release, active secretion, and Type VI secretion system (T6SS)-mediated eDNA release. Quorum sensing (QS), a vital signaling system during biofilm formation, also regulates the release of eDNA in a controlled manner by coordinating gene expression in response to cell density. Once released into the EM, eDNA interacts with EPS components, enhancing matrix stability, structural cohesion, and integrity. The present review comprehends the multifaceted roles of eDNA within the biofilm matrixome, highlighting its contribution to biofilm formation, stability, and functionality through various interactions and regulatory mechanisms. It also delves into the mechanisms of eDNA release and its interactions within the biofilm matrix. Understanding these complex roles of eDNA in regulating biofilm will provide insights into developing strategies to enhance the remediation of environmental pollutants and manage biofilm-associated problems in medical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40321095,
year = {2025},
author = {Sroor, FM and El-Sayed, AF and Abdelraof, M},
title = {Investigation of New Biologically Active Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine Derivatives as Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents: Synthesis, Anti-Biofilm, ROS and in Silico Studies.},
journal = {Drug development research},
volume = {86},
number = {3},
pages = {e70096},
doi = {10.1002/ddr.70096},
pmid = {40321095},
issn = {1098-2299},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pyrimidines/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Aspergillus niger/drug effects ; },
abstract = {A new series of biologically active benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives containing different substitutions such as thiophene, pyridine, pyrrole, and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl at carbon 2 and, phenyl-pyrrolidinyl, -morpholinyl, -piperidinyl at carbon 4 were synthesized. The treatment of chalcone derivatives 5-16 with 2-aminobenzimidazole in DMF and drops of TEA afforded the targeted benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives (18-29) in good to excellent yields. These compounds were tested to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against different microbial pathogens such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Potently compounds 19 and 23 were contributed in a broad-spectrum inhibition process against all tested pathogens with lower MIC values ranging between 10 and 60 µg/mL. Furthermore, the efficiency of the potent compounds to inhibit the biofilm formation was moderately detected by compounds 18, 19 and 23. This study investigated the antimicrobial potential of synthesized compounds through experimental and computational approaches. Compounds 18, 19, 23, 25, and 28 demonstrated strong binding affinities to antimicrobial target proteins (1AD4, 2SIL, 4ZA5, and 5TZ1), suggesting their ability to inhibit key enzymes via diverse molecular interactions. Computational ADMET profiling confirmed their compliance with Lipinski's rules, indicating favorable drug-like properties. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the stability of complexes formed by compounds 19 and 28, with stable RMSD values (0.17-0.45 nm), low RMSF fluctuations (0.10-0.7 nm), and consistent structural compactness (Rg: 1.45-1.75 nm). Solvent exposure (SASA: 120-220 nm[2]) varied across complexes. These results highlight the compounds' potential as promising candidates for antimicrobial drug development, warranting further preclinical exploration.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Pyrimidines/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry
Candida albicans/drug effects
Structure-Activity Relationship
Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Molecular Docking Simulation
Aspergillus niger/drug effects

@article {pmid40320055,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, S and Shin, J and Jun, W and Lee, D and Kim, S and Ha, DU and Im, J and Han, SH},
title = {Lipoteichoic acid from a canine probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus possesses anti-biofilm capacity against clinically isolated canine periodontopathic Porphyromonas species.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107660},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107660},
pmid = {40320055},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent oral infectious diseases in canines which is mainly caused by periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas spp. Biofilm formation of periodontopathogens is closely related to the development of the disease, as it provides increased resistance against dental medicaments or host immunity. Although we recently demonstrated the anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, against various human dental pathogens, the anti-biofilm effects of LTA from canine probiotics on canine periodontopathic Porphyromonas spp. have not been evaluated. Here, we investigated whether LTA purified from healthy canine-derived Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lr.LTA) affects biofilm formation and pre-formed biofilm of clinically isolated canine periodontopathic Porphyromonas spp., including Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas macacae, and Porphyromonas canoris. We initially purified Lr.LTA through a serial application of butanol extraction, hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography, and confirmed that the prepared Lr.LTA is highly-pure. Lr.LTA effectively suppressed the biofilm formation of P. gulae and P. canoris, but minimally P. macacae, without any effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, the inhibitory effects of Lr.LTA on biofilm formation of P. gulae and P. canoris were more potent than that of P. macacae. Lr.LTA also reduced the pre-formed biofilm of P. gulae and P. canoris, while it rarely affected that of P. macacae. These results suggest that Lr.LTA possesses the anti-biofilm capacity against canine periodontopathic Porphyromonas spp. and can be used as an effective anti-biofilm agent for the prevention and treatment of canine periodontitis caused by infection of Porphyromonas spp.},
}

@article {pmid40319781,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Z and Zeng, T and Wang, J and Wang, Z and Zhao, D and Wei, J and Peng, Y and Miao, L},
title = {AHL-mediated quorum sensing drives microbial community succession and metabolic pathway in algal-bacterial biofilm system.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {282},
number = {},
pages = {123702},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123702},
pmid = {40319781},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Microalgae, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) have been proven to form an integrated algal-bacterial biofilm system with over 93 % of total nitrogen removal. Compared to conventional nitrification-denitrification process, this system operated without additional organic carbon or aeration. In order to understand the interaction mechanisms between bacteria and algae, this study investigated microbial community succession, the changes in metabolic pathways and the potential role of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing (QS) during the formation of the algae/partial nitrification/anammox biofilm system. Within this algal-bacterial symbiotic biofilm, the dominant genera identified were Candidatus_Brocadia (AnAOB), Nitrosomonas (AOB), and Geitlerinema (microalgae), with relative abundances of 13.86 %, 6.37 %, and 2.88 %, respectively. Compared with the first two stages, the abundance of genes related to nitrogen metabolism pathways (anaerobic ammonium oxidation, denitrification, and ammonia assimilation) increased, indicating enhanced nitrogen transformation capacity in the algal-bacterial symbiotic stage. Co-occurrence network analysis also revealed enhanced microbial interactions, with increased negative correlations (from 36.07 % to 39.38 %), high average standard betweenness centrality (from 0.193 to 0.304), and reduced community vulnerability (from 0.037 to 0.028), contributing to biofilm stability and resilience. The variations in AHLs provided direct evidence for more frequent interspecies communication, facilitating the ecological reconfiguration in the biofilm. Overall, the close synergistic relationship between microalgae and bacteria supports stable biofilm development and high nitrogen removal efficiency.},
}

@article {pmid40318447,
year = {2025},
author = {Leitão, MM and Gonçalves, ASC and Sousa, SF and Borges, F and Simões, M and Borges, A},
title = {Two cinnamic acid derivatives as inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and pqs quorum-sensing systems: Impact on biofilm formation and virulence factors.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {187},
number = {},
pages = {118090},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118090},
pmid = {40318447},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Quorum sensing (QS) is a bacterial communication mechanism that regulates gene expression, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. Interfering with this signalling pathway is a promising strategy to control bacterial pathogenicity and virulence.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the potential of two cinnamic acid derivatives, ferulic and sinapic acids, to inhibit the las and pqs systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their effects on biofilm architecture, virulence factor production and bacterial motility were also investigated.

METHODS: Bioreporter strains and bioluminescence-based assays were used to evaluate the modulation of QS-activity by cinnamic acid-type phenolic acids. In addition, in silico docking analysis was performed to validate the binding interactions of the cinnamic acid derivatives with QS-receptors. The biofilm architecture was analysed by optical coherence tomography, and virulence factors production (pyoverdine, pyocyanin, total proteases, lipases, gelatinases and siderophores) and motility were measured by absorbance measurement and plate agar method.

RESULTS: Ferulic and sinapic acids at 1000 µg mL[-1] inhibited the las and pqs systems by 90 % and 80 %, respectively. The N-3-oxododecanoyl-homoserine lactone production was reduced by 70 % (6.25 µg mL[-]¹). In silico analysis demonstrated that cinnamic acid derivatives exhibited comparable interactions and higher docking scores than reference ligands and inhibitors. Biofilm thickness decreased from 96 µm to 11 µm, and virulence factors and swarming motility were significantly impaired. The comparable anti-QS activity of cinnamic acid derivatives suggests that the additional methoxy group in sinapic acid does not directly contribute to its anti-QS effect.

CONCLUSION: Ferulic and sinapic acids compromised the biofilm architecture and virulence of P. aeruginosa through QS inhibition.},
}

@article {pmid40318283,
year = {2025},
author = {Badawy, MH and Cooke, MG and Aghasadeghi, K and Peldszus, S and Slawson, RM and Huck, PM},
title = {Impacts of orthophosphate addition on chloramine decay and biofilm development in a model drinking water distribution system.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {282},
number = {},
pages = {123712},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123712},
pmid = {40318283},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Orthophosphate is commonly added as a corrosion inhibitor in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). However, there is limited understanding of the interrelationships between its addition, monochloramine decay, and biofilm growth. Further research is needed to evaluate its potential to accelerate monochloramine decay and promote biofilm development. This study examines the impact of orthophosphate doses (0 to 4 mg PO4[3-]/L) on monochloramine decay and biofilm growth using model distribution systems (MDSs) at a 10-day residence time, fed with phosphorus-limited water. Findings showed that, in addition to expected enhanced microbial growth, biofilm formation potential, and metabolic activity (i.e., carbon utilization), orthophosphate addition also increased monochloramine decay. For instance, biofilm growth increased from 2.9 to 3.2 to 5.3-6.3 log CFU/cm[2] between 1 and 4 mg PO4[3-]/L, with the most substantial increase observed between 1 and 2 mg PO4[3-]/L (an increase of >2 log units). Around day 52, changes in metabolic activity, biofilm formation potential, and biofilm growth in MDSs with added orthophosphate suggested a shift in the microbial community from early colonizers to bacteria thriving in biofilms. A correlation between biofilm profiles and monochloramine decay was apparent, with significant positive correlations between total chlorine decay and (i) biofilm HPC (R[2] = 0.86, p < 0.001), (ii) biofilm formation potential (R[2] = 0.73, p < 0.01), and (iii) metabolic activity (R[2] = 0.81, p < 0.001). Higher orthophosphate concentrations (2-4 mg PO4[3-]/L) were linked to greater biofilm growth and monochloramine demand, while 1 mg PO4[3-]/L had minimal impact. Total chlorine decay coefficients ranged from 0.0034-0.004 h[-1] (control) to 0.0050-0.0072 h[-1] (4 PO4[3-]/L) in the phase of further biofilm development. These findings emphasize that orthophosphate usage in DWDSs needs to balance corrosion control aspects with effects on water quality (e.g., biofilm growth and monochloramine stability).},
}

@article {pmid40318280,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Z and Liu, B and Chen, W and Liu, D and Li, L and Ren, Y and Wang, W and Yuan, H and Pang, H and Zhang, Z and Liao, B and Lu, J},
title = {Enhancing sewer low-loss transportation by food waste microencapsulation treatment: Dual suppression of organic leaching and biofilm architecture-function for mitigating hazardous gases and blockage risks.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {282},
number = {},
pages = {123749},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123749},
pmid = {40318280},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Food waste management posed a critical global sustainability challenge, with significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. The installation of food waste disposers emerged as a primary strategy for source-separated food waste transfer to wastewater treatment systems through municipal pipelines. However, this approach accelerated the transformation of sewer systems into bioreactors and induced sewer pipe deterioration. Therefore, a novel microencapsulation method was developed and optimized to rapidly immobilize comminuted food waste particles. The stability of FW-encapsulated microcapsules was evaluated for their capacity to suppress organic leaching, destabilize functional biofilm architectures, and mitigate hazardous gas emissions and pipeline blockages in sewer systems during sewage conveyance. Results showed that FW-loaded microcapsules exhibited physicochemical stability against hydrodynamic shear and microbial degradation during sewer transport. It suppressed 33.62 mg/L organic matter release based on COD, reduced fluorescent substance accumulation/degradation, and limited macromolecular organics leakage. Microencapsulation destabilized sewer biofilm integrity via EPS reduction, disrupted humic acid stabilization, altered microbial dominance, and induced protein conformational loosening, impairing biofilm resilience. The technology mitigated sewer risks by curbing 3078.3 ppm VOC. It eliminating 100 % and 98.80 % increments of CH4 and CO compared to crushed FW discharge increments(2.55 mg/L and 0.09 mg/L), suppressing 0.80 mg/L sulfide conversion increments, and minimizing sedimentation through particle size and suspended solids control. Integration with food waste disposers enhanced source-segregated organic collection, optimized hydro-transport to alleviate pipe deterioration, reduced 0.915 MtCO2-eq transport-related carbon emissions, and improved treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. This microencapsulation strategy provided a sustainable solution for FW management, combining infrastructure preservation, emission control, and resource recovery.},
}

@article {pmid40318113,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, Y and Xu, R and Lv, Y and Shen, J and Wei, X},
title = {In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Irrigants With Ni-Ti Instruments on Mixed Biofilm in Premolar Root Canals With Conservative Access Cavity.},
journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/aej.12947},
pmid = {40318113},
issn = {1747-4477},
support = {PAPD 2018-87//Xin Wei/ ; },
abstract = {Conservative access cavity (ConsAC) has been increasingly advocated to preserve tooth structure, but its effect on disinfection efficacy against complex biofilms remains unclear. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different irrigants combined with Ni-Ti instruments on mixed biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in maxillary premolars with ConsAC or traditional access cavity (TradAC). A total of 208 extracted intact premolars were divided into ConsAC and TradAC groups. Root canals were infected with mixed biofilms and treated with 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX or 1% farnesol, followed by preparation using ProTaper Gold (PTG) or XP-endo Shaper (XPS). Efficacy was assessed using CFU counting, SEM, and CLSM. PTG was more effective than XPS under the same conditions. NaOCl showed superior antimicrobial activity compared with CHX and farnesol. TradAC achieved better microbial reduction than ConsAC. This study provides evidence-based insights into the disinfection performance of different irrigation-instrument combinations under varying access designs.},
}

@article {pmid40317484,
year = {2025},
author = {Netsch, A and Latussek, I and Horn, H and Wagner, M},
title = {Detecting Excess Biofilm Thickness in Microbial Electrolysis Cells by Real-Time In-Situ Biofilm Monitoring.},
journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/bit.29017},
pmid = {40317484},
issn = {1097-0290},
support = {//This study was supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung./ ; },
abstract = {Long-term stable operation of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) presupposes the avoidance of mass transfer limitations of the electroactive biofilm. Excessive pH-gradients from bulk to electrode interface or substrate limitations of the electroactive biofilm are known to diminish the electrical performance of BES. In this study the impact of the morphology of a mixed-species electroactive biofilm cultivated on the electrical performance of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) was investigated to identify the optimal biofilm for real-life applications in wastewater treatment. Noninvasive monitoring by means of optical coherence tomography and an industrial biofilm sensor allowed for a real-time evaluation of the morphology of the biofilm. The maximum current density of approximately 3.5 A/m[2] was found for a mean biofilm thickness in the range of 100-150 µm, beyond which thicker biofilms caused mass transfer limitations. Along with local biofilm detachment a continuous decline in efficiency demonstrates the need for active biofilm control to adjust the biofilm thickness.},
}

@article {pmid40315929,
year = {2025},
author = {Lv, YT and Zhang, J and Sun, T and Dong, J and Pan, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, X and Wang, L},
title = {Rapid formation of partial denitrification biofilm using gas-liquid separation membrane as carrier: Performance and mechanism.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {132611},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132611},
pmid = {40315929},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Partial denitrification (PD) can ensure stable supply of electron acceptors for anaerobic ammonia oxidation, and biofilm is an effective method to prevent biomass loss, which are crucial for stable operation of PD. In this study, hydrophobic hollow-fiber gas-liquid separation membranes were placed in a denitrification sequencing batch reactor, and dense biofilms were formed within just 3 days. Confocal laser microscopy showed the preferential attachment of the protein (PN) content in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to the membrane surface, followed by exopolysaccharides. Further analyses showed the decrease in the types of signal molecules from six to two (i.e., C4-HSL, C6-HSL) due to negative pressure operation. Importantly, the concentration of C4-HSL increased dramatically with the increase in PN concentration, suggesting that negative pressure promoted the synthesis of C4-HSL signal molecules, which further mediated the secretion of PN for biofilm formation. In addition, biofilm formation was accompanied by nitrite accumulation, leading to successful achievement of PD. Furthermore, 60 % of nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio was obtained even when COD/N was increased from 4.5 to 5.0 and influent nitrate concentration was reduced to 25 mg/L. This confirmed the stability of PD, which was mainly attributed to a change in the microbial community and a decrease in nitrite reductase (Nir) activity, with microorganisms enriched through the gas-liquid separation operation exhibiting low Nir activity. This study provides a new method for rapid formation of biofilm for wastewater treatment and stable operation of PD.},
}

@article {pmid40315761,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, J and Jiang, M and Chen, Y and Zhang, Y and Wei, Q and Chen, M and Zhang, X and Zhang, X and Li, H},
title = {Hollow fiber layout matters the denitrification performance and mechanism of H2-based membrane biofilm reactor: A comprehensive study of hydrodynamics, bioecology and biokinetics.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {281},
number = {},
pages = {123708},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123708},
pmid = {40315761},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {As a promising technology for water treatment, the decontamination performance of membrane-biofilm reactor (MBfR) is largely affected by its flow distribution, which regulates the biofilm structure and activity. Herein, we firstly optimized the hydraulic conditions to ameliorate the denitrification performance of H2-based MBfR through a rational design of hollow fiber membrane (HFM) layout. Two MBfRs, assembled by bundled and dispersed modules (termed as B-MBfR and D-MBfR, respectively), were constructed to investigate their process performance and mechanism, from a multi-perspective analysis of flow characteristics, biofilm ecology and microbial kinetics. The results indicated that as the HFM spacing was enlarged from 0 to 4 mm, the shift of flow distribution from bias flow to homogeneous flow occured, leading to the development of annular biofilm and individual biofilms in B-MBfR and D-MBfR, respectively. The superior denitrification flux was attained by D-MBfR instead of B-MBfR (1.1 vs. 0.58 g N/m[2]·d) in long-term experiments, and so were the denitrification kinetics rates of the former in short-term tests. The biofilms in D-MBfR exhibited the stronger anti-shear capacity over annular biofilm, due to their more uniform distribution of proteins and polysaccharides. Benefiting from the thinner thicknesses of biofilms and narrowed hydrodynamic boundary layer, D-MBfR enabled the greater abundance and metabolic activity of hydrogenotrophic denitrifying bacteria than B-MBfR, which then resulted in the almost full exploitation of H2 and NO3[-]. The findings of this research can provide important scientific foundation for future design and management of MBfRs.},
}

@article {pmid40315623,
year = {2025},
author = {Shen, S and Duan, H and Xie, Y and Liu, K and Tu, L and Yang, B and Wang, Y and Song, C and Sun, Y and Luo, M},
title = {Discovery of anti-MRSA carpatamides' congeners by heterologous expression along with their mechanism investigation targeting FabI and biofilm formation.},
journal = {Bioorganic chemistry},
volume = {161},
number = {},
pages = {108518},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108518},
pmid = {40315623},
issn = {1090-2120},
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a significant clinical challenge, necessitating the discovery of novel anti-MRSA agents. Previous bioinformatic analysis identified a candidate biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of ctd for carpatamides in Streptomyces parvus 1268. Through heterologous expression of ctd and subsequent fermentation and isolation, we have identified five novel carpatamide derivatives of carpatamides N - R (1-5), and a known compound of daryamide A (6). The structures and absolute configurations of compounds 1-6 were determined by ESI-HRMS, NMR, and ECD calculations. Compound 1 exhibited significant antitumor activity against non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 with an IC50 value of 7.43 μM. Meanwhile, the antibacterial bioactivity results showed that carpatamides N - O (1-2) displayed excellent antibacterial bioassay against Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA with MIC values of 0.5-2.0 μg/mL, outperforming vancomycin. Further mechanism investigation through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and biofilm-related experiments suggests that compounds 1 and 2 may exert their anti-MRSA activity by inhibiting the function of NADPH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) and the formation of biofilms of MRSA.},
}

@article {pmid40315344,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, B and Zhang, Y and Zhang, X and Qu, J and Ruan, C and Liao, J and Alvarez, PJJ and Yu, P},
title = {Enhanced Phytopathogen Biofilm Control in the Soybean Phyllosphere by the Phoresy of Bacteriophages Hitchhiking on Biocontrol Bacteria.},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.4c09851},
pmid = {40315344},
issn = {1520-5851},
abstract = {Phage-based biocontrol has shown notable advantages in protecting plants against pathogenic bacteria in agricultural settings compared to chemical-based bactericides. However, the efficiency and scope of phage biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria are limited by the intrinsic properties of phages. Here, we investigated pathogen biofilm eradication in the phyllosphere using the phoresy system of hitchhiking phages onto carrier biocontrol bacteria. The phoresy system efficiently removed the pathogen biofilm in the soybean phyllosphere, reducing the total biomass by 58% and phytopathogens by 82% compared to the untreated control. Biofilm eradication tests demonstrated a significant combined beneficial effect (Bliss independence model, CI < 1) as phages improved carrier bacteria colonization by 1.2-fold and carrier bacteria facilitated phage infection by 1.4-fold. Transcriptomic analysis showed that phoresy significantly enhanced motility (e.g., fliC and pilD genes) and energy metabolism (e.g., pgm and pgk genes) of carrier bacteria and suppressed the defense system (e.g., MSH3 and FLS2 genes) and energy metabolism (e.g., petB and petC genes) of pathogens. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the phoresy system stimulated the secretion of beneficial metabolites (e.g., flavonoid and tropane alkaloid) that could enhance stress response and phyllosphere protection in soybeans. Overall, the phoresy of phages hitchhiking on biocontrol bacteria offers a novel and effective strategy for phyllosphere microbiome manipulation and bacterial disease control.},
}

@article {pmid40314672,
year = {2025},
author = {da Silva, GR and Gomes, LR and Rocha, HAO and Azevedo, VAC and Peluco, AC and Sommerfeld, S and Dos Reis, TFM and Ribeiro, LNM and de Melo, RT and Fonseca, BB},
title = {Development of a safe formulation that induces biofilm formation in probiotic bacteria for controlling Salmonella enteriditis Heidelberg and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in wood shavings.},
journal = {British poultry science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.1080/00071668.2025.2486699},
pmid = {40314672},
issn = {1466-1799},
abstract = {1. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation that stimulated the spontaneous formation of biofilms by probiotic bacteria, specifically Bacillus velezensis (BV), Bacillus subtilis (BS), or Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis (LL) for control of Salmonella enteriditis Heidelberg (SH) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC).2. A formulation was developed to induce spontaneous biofilm formation of probiotic bacteria (BV, BS and LL) by testing various media containing minerals and polymers on polystyrene plates. The most potent probiotic strains were identified based on their efficacy in inhibiting SH and APEC. The formulation was tested on wood shavings to hinder APEC and SH. The safety and colonisation of the formulation was assessed in chicken embryos (CE) from 19 d of incubation to the broiler chicken stage.3. After evaluating various media, one containing calcium, magnesium, iron and polymers (dextran, chitosan and xylan) was selected. Notably, xylan, a highly sustainable biopolymer, showed outstanding results at a low concentration (27 µg/ml), which led to its selection for conducting inhibition tests on wood shavings against SH and APEC. The B. velezensis demonstrated superior biofilm formation and efficacy in controlling SH and APEC. Consequently, a BV strain was selected and associated with a strain of LL.4. While drying the formulation, maltodextrin was added and the biofilm formed by BV01 and LLL01 on wood shavings could control both SH and APEC species, reducing them by approximately 92.64 to 99.42%. Inoculating the formulation in CE did not result in a delay in hatching, injury, or death for either the CE or chicks. The probiotic bacteria multiplied and colonised the intestine of CE.5. This work successfully developed a formulation that induced spontaneous biofilm formation in BV and LL, significantly controlling SH and APEC while ensuring safety for birds.},
}

@article {pmid40311943,
year = {2025},
author = {Xiao, J and Su, L and Huang, S and Zhou, M and Chen, Z},
title = {Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics study on the biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenzae by the stimulation of amoxicillin-clavulanate at subinhibitory concentration.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107650},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107650},
pmid = {40311943},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of β-lactam antibiotics has been shown to induce the biofilm formation of microorganisms, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to explore the effect of different concentrations of amoxicillin-clavulanate, the most commonly used antibiotic in pediatrics, on the biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenza (H. influenzae) in vitro and to explore the underlying mechanisms. The effect of amoxicillin-clavulanate on the in vitro biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet assay, colony counts, MTT colorimetric method, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses were performed to identify key genes and metabolites. Our findings revealed that 1/2 MIC of amoxicillin-clavulanate significantly enhanced H. influenzae ATCC 49247 biofilm formation in vitro, while simultaneously reducing culturable bacterial counts and metabolic activity of biofilm-embedded bacteria. When exposed to 1/2 MIC of amoxicillin-clavulanate, the biofilm ultrastructure was altered, with an increase in biofilm structure, a decrease in bacteria embedded within the biofilms with abnormal bacterial morphology. Transcriptomics identified 118 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), comprising 62 upregulated and 56 downregulated genes. Metabolomics identified 21 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), with 13 upregulated and 8 downregulated. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics implicated amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism as a key regulatory pathway. This study has provided novel insights into the relationship between a commonly prescribed pediatric antibiotic and H. influenzae biofilm formation, elucidating the underlying mechanisms, emphasizing the critical importance of judicious antibiotic use and clinical consideration of subinhibitory antibiotic effects, particularly in pediatric populations.},
}

@article {pmid40311942,
year = {2025},
author = {Sherafati, S and Gholami, M and Ebrahimzadeh, MA and Goli, HR},
title = {Inhibitory effect of naringin, naringenin, and crocin on biofilm formation and lecA gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107652},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107652},
pmid = {40311942},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a considerable challenge in treating infections. We aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of crocin, naringin, and naringenin on biofilm formation capacity and the expression of the lecA gene by this organism. One hundred unrepeated P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from hospitalized patients and were identified. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was determined using the disk agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of naringin, naringenin, and crocin was determined by a micro broth dilution test. Then, the biofilm production ability of the isolates was evaluated before and after treatment with the investigated flavonoids using the microtiter plate test. Finally, the lecA gene expression of the isolates was checked before and after treatment with investigated flavonoids using the Real-time PCR method. Among 89 biofilm-producer isolates, 48 (53.93%), 17 (19.1%), and 24 (26.96%) showed a strong, moderate, and weak biofilm formation ability. Biofilm-positive isolates were more resistant to all tested antibiotics. Also, among 41 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, 33 (80.48%) were strong biofilm producers (P-value=0.01). A strong correlation was observed between the lecA gene expression and the biofilm production ability of the isolates (P-value=0.000). The investigated flavonoids were significantly effective on biofilm production by P. aeruginosa. Among 10 strong-biofilm producers, all (100%) showed a moderate ability to form biofilm after treatment with crocin (P-value=0.02), and 6 (60%) isolates had lost their ability to produce biofilm after treatment with the simultaneous use of crocin with ciprofloxacin or tobramycin (P-value=0.000). Also, one isolate was grouped as biofilm-negative after treatment with naringin (P-value=0.012). The crocin, naringin, and naringenin and their concurrent use of antibiotics decreased 2-8-fold of the lecA gene expression in strong biofilm-producer isolates (P-value˂0.05). Crocin, naringin, and naringenin can be used separately or simultaneously with antibiotics to inhibit biofilm and reduce the expression of virulence factors effective in biofilm production in P. aeruginosa.},
}

@article {pmid40311348,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, C and Yan, S and Luo, X and Zheng, Y and Zhen, G},
title = {Iron-based materials maintain biofilm equilibrium and function as external capacitors to minimize electron loss under intermittent power supply in MEC-AD methane production.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {281},
number = {},
pages = {123677},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.123677},
pmid = {40311348},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Microbial electrolysis cell-anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) is a cost-effective approach for methane (CH4) recovery from food waste, but its CH4 conversion efficiency requires improvement. To address this, a MIL-100(Fe)-modified carbon cloth anode was developed to enhance anodic biofilm formation and CH4 bioconversion efficiency. At an applied voltage of 0.8 V, the highest daily CH4 yield reached 141.6 mL/g COD/d, a 61 % increase, and increased further to 227.5 mL/g COD/d under intermittent power supply. By facilitating extracellular electron transfer (EET) in electrogenic bacteria, MIL-100(Fe) regulated biofilm thickness and maintained dynamic biofilm equilibrium. Additionally, as an external capacitor, MIL-100(Fe) functioned as a "temporary storage site" for electrons under intermittent power supply, reducing bioelectron loss. Metagenomic analysis revealed that MIL-100(Fe) significantly enriched Bacteroidia and Methanosarcina, promoting carbohydrate metabolism and CH4 production. Under intermittent power supply, MIL-100(Fe) further enriched Geobacter, enhancing electron transfer efficiency. This study demonstrates that iron-based anode modification effectively enhances CH4 production from food waste by optimizing biofilm structure and metabolic pathways, providing a promising strategy for improving MEC-AD performance.},
}

@article {pmid40311338,
year = {2025},
author = {Joshi, G and Goswami, P and Jha, DK and Vinithkumar, NV and Dharani, G},
title = {Microplastics under siege: Biofilm-forming marine bacteria from the microplastisphere and their role in plastic degradation.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {980},
number = {},
pages = {179539},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179539},
pmid = {40311338},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Microplastics, a complex category of pollutants containing microorganisms and toxins, pose a significant threat to ecosystems, affecting both biotic and abiotic elements. The plastisphere's bacterial community differs significantly from nearby habitats, suggesting they may significantly contribute to the degradation of plastic waste in the ocean. This study evaluated the diversity of culturable bacterial populations attached to the microplastics in the coastal zones of the A&N Islands and their potential for plastic degradation. Three A&N Islands beaches were surveyed for microplastics. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was the most abundant polymer found, followed by Acryl fibre, polyisoprene etc. A total of 24 bacterial isolates were chosen based on their morphological traits and underwent the initial screening processes. With the highest degrading activity (10.79 %), NIOT-MP-52 produced noteworthy results. NIOT-MP-25 (5.07 %), NIOT-MP-43 (3.78 %), NIOT-MP-61 (3.51 %), and NIOT-MP-82 (3.36 %) were the next most active strains. Strain NIOT-MP-52, selected for its superior degradation efficiency, underwent further screening and analysis using FT-IR, SEM, AFM, and DSC. Variations in infrared spectra indicated the breakdown of LDPE while SEM and AFM analyses showed bacterial attachment, roughness, grooves, holes, and pits on the LDPE surface. DSC provided thermal analysis based on the biodegradation potential of the bacterial strain targeting LDPE sheets. These findings highlight the ability of marine bacteria to efficiently degrade microplastics and utilize plastics as an energy source, emphasizing their importance in future plastic waste management.},
}

@article {pmid40311213,
year = {2025},
author = {Wan, J and Wu, M and Zhu, Z and Liu, X and Li, J and Wu, Z and Li, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Yang, F and Li, M and Gu, J and Luo, X},
title = {Vaccination of a CdrA fragment conferred protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wound infection via inhibition of biofilm formation.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {56},
number = {},
pages = {127185},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127185},
pmid = {40311213},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {Due to a prolonged course of infection aggravated by drug resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) remains a global health concern, raising an urgent need for an effective vaccine. However, no PA vaccines have been approved to date, possibly attributed to the role of biofilm formation in PA pathogenesis. CdrA (Cyclic-di-GMP-regulated adhesin A) is a large adhesion protein of PA, which plays a crucial role in bacterial biofilm formation. In this study, we produced the recombinant CdrA fragment (CdrA-F1) in E. coli based on the 3D structure predicted by AlphaFold. Immunization with CdrA-F1 induced a predominantly Th2-type immune response and conferred protection in a mouse PA wound infection model. Additionally, anti-CdrA-F1 antibodies effectively blocked the initial attachment of bacteria, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation both in vivo and in vitro, thereby exerting a protective effect. Our findings suggest that CdrA-F1 is a promising subunit vaccine candidate against PA infections, particularly those related to biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40308898,
year = {2025},
author = {Palmer, B and Karačić, S and Bierbaum, G and Gee, CT},
title = {Microbial methods matter: Identifying discrepancies between microbiome denoising pipelines using a leaf biofilm taphonomic dataset.},
journal = {Applications in plant sciences},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {e11628},
pmid = {40308898},
issn = {2168-0450},
abstract = {PREMISE: The occurrence of different microorganisms on aquatic macrophyte fossils suggests that biofilm microbes may facilitate leaf preservation. Understanding the impact of microorganisms on leaf preservation requires studies on living plants coupled with microbial amplicon sequencing. Choosing the most suitable bioinformatic pipeline is pivotal to accurate data interpretation, as it can lead to considerably different estimations of microbial community composition.

METHODS: We analyze biofilms from floating and submerged leaves of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea and mock communities using primers for the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 18S rRNA, and ITS amplicon regions and compare the microbial community compositions derived from three bioinformatic pipelines: DADA2, Deblur, and UNOISE.

RESULTS: The choice of denoiser alters the total number of sequences identified and differs in the identified taxa. Results from all three denoising pipelines show that the leaf microbial communities differed between depths and that the effect of the environment varied depending on the amplicon region.

DISCUSSION: Considering the performance of denoising algorithms and the identification of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), we recommend DADA2 for analyzing 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA. For the ITS region, the choice is more nuanced, as Deblur identified the most ASVs and was compositionally similar to DADA2.},
}

@article {pmid40308185,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, X and Xiao, T and Liu, Y and Liu, Z and Zhang, B and Liu, P and Chen, Z and Bi, L and Zheng, Q and Hu, WC and Wang, C},
title = {2D MOF Nanozyme-Enhanced Impedance Detector for Synergistic Biofilm Detection and Removal in Bioelectrochemical Systems.},
journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e202500600},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202500600},
pmid = {40308185},
issn = {1521-3765},
abstract = {The formation of biofilm has become a significant influencing factor to microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Developing effective biofilm detection means are highly imperative for improving the efficiency of MFCs. In this study, we propose a two-dimensional metal-organic framework (2D Cu-BDC) nanozyme-based impedance detector for the simultaneous detection and removal of bacterial biofilms. The promising induction interface features good electron transfer and biofilm attachment properties, realizing sensitive biofilm detection. The impedance response change on the functionalized 2D MOF detector was 3.5 times higher for Gram-positive bacteria biofilm and 2.7 times higher for Gram-negative bacteria biofilm compared to bare electrodes. In addition, the 2D MOF nanozyme demonstrates robust peroxidase-like activity, enabling efficient biofilm degradation at low H2O2 concentration, and further allowing for real-time monitoring of the biofilm elimination process. This study provides a novel approach to using MOF-based biosensors for the simultaneous detection and removal of biofilm in MFCs.},
}

@article {pmid40306587,
year = {2025},
author = {Habib, MB and Shah, NA and Amir, A and Tariq, MH},
title = {Molecular and computational insights into algD biofilm genes in multi drug resistant and extensively drug resistant Pseudomonasaeruginosa.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {205},
number = {},
pages = {107634},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107634},
pmid = {40306587},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Antibiotic-resistance and biofilm formation are the main virulence factors and present a serious treatment challenge in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial resistance, genetic diversity, biofilm-specific algD gene, and computational analysis of clinical isolates. Forty two isolates of P. aeruginosa were examined by PCR, ELISA, sangers sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, MolProbity score, 3D structural modelling, Ramachandran plot, multiple sequence alignment, and protein domain analysis. According to the results, PCR analysis revealed algD gene presence in all isolates. ELISA showed 55 % (n = 23) of the samples produced strong biofilms, 38 % (n = 16) produced moderate biofilms, and 7 % (3) produced weak biofilms. The evolutionary relationships of 8 (S1-S8) P. aeruginosa strains with 81 reference strains were illustrated by the phylogenetic tree. Samples S1-S8 showed excellent MolProbity score (<1.00), low clashed scores (0.67-0.70), most residues in the favored regions (∼96.2-96.5 %), low Ramachandran outliers (0.53-0.56 %), low Rotamer outlier (0.62 %), low bad angles (<2), indicated high-quality models and values preferred percentages showed excellent models with structural refinement. Over all samples S5 and S6 stood out as the top choices for high-confidence modeling and applications. The essential catalytic domain UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase was identified that could be used as important therapeutic targets. High quality models indicated suitability for downstream applications, such as studying protein-ligand interactions, understanding structural aspects of biofilm-resistant bacteria. This study improved our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying P. aeruginosa biofilm resistance and sets the stage for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to combat multidrug resistant strains.},
}

@article {pmid40306463,
year = {2025},
author = {Fabrizio, G and Truglio, M and Cavallo, I and Sivori, F and Francalancia, M and Cabral, RJR and Comar, M and Trancassini, M and Compagnino, DE and Diaco, F and Antonelli, G and Ascenzioni, F and Cimino, G and Pimpinelli, F and Domenico, EGD},
title = {Cefiderocol activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from people with cystic fibrosis.},
journal = {Journal of global antimicrobial resistance},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jgar.2025.04.010},
pmid = {40306463},
issn = {2213-7173},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are a leading cause of acute pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Intrinsic antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate treatment. This study investigates the genomic diversity and cefiderocol efficacy against planktonic and biofilm-associated forms of P. aeruginosa isolates from pwCF.

METHODS: Eight P. aeruginosa clinical isolates and three laboratory strains underwent whole genome sequencing (WGS). Biofilm formation was assessed through biomass, cell count, metabolic activity, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC90) and biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC90) were also determined.

RESULTS: WGS revealed significant genomic diversity, identifying ten distinct sequence types (STs). Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) showed that 10/11 strains were susceptible to cefiderocol, with one isolate (MPA9) displaying resistance linked to the blaOXA486 gene. Adding the β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam (AVI) restored susceptibility in this resistant strain. Although iron metabolism genes were highly conserved across isolates, MPA9 lacked the fpvA iron receptor, potentially contributing to cefiderocol resistance. Biofilm formation significantly increased tolerance to cefiderocol, with an 8-fold rise in MBEC90 compared to MBC90.

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the genomic diversity and adaptive potential of P. aeruginosa in pwCF. Cefiderocol shows promise against planktonic and biofilm-associated P. aeruginosa, and combining it with AVI may counteract β-lactamase-mediated resistance.},
}

@article {pmid40306341,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, J and Shen, Q and Zhang, S and Yuan, C and Wang, M and Tu, H and Feng, L and Sun, F},
title = {Reliable protocol using gradient boosting decision tree with limited experimental data to modify membrane surface for enhanced resilience and nitrogen removal in biofilm system.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {132602},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132602},
pmid = {40306341},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {This study highlights the importance of advanced membrane modification optimization methods for Membrane biofilm reactors (MBfR). Using Response surface methodology (RSM) and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), a relationship between solution concentration, reaction time, and temperature versus membrane surface characteristics was established. The GBDT model accurately predicted surface roughness during training (R[2] = 0.994) and testing (R[2]pred = 0.993), outperforming RSM (R[2] = 0.981, R[2]pred = 0.763, RMSE = 8.302) with a low RMSE of 2.077. The optimal conditions (1 mg·L[-1] concentration, 5 h reaction time, 45 ℃) were used to modify membranes, which enhanced bio-attachment greatly. The optimized membrane achieved a nitrogen removal efficiency of 98.4 % in MBfR, performs better than the control one of 35.7 %. These results demonstrate that GBDT shows promising potential in optimizing membrane modification parameters, providing an effective strategy for enhancing MBfR performance through modelling and modification methods.},
}

@article {pmid40306307,
year = {2025},
author = {Panigrahi, S and Konatam, S and Tandi, A and Roy, DN},
title = {A comprehensive review of emerging 3D-printing materials against bacterial biofilm growth on the surface of healthcare settings.},
journal = {Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1748-605X/add2bb},
pmid = {40306307},
issn = {1748-605X},
abstract = {A significant burden on the healthcare system, microbial contamination of biomedical surfaces can result in hospital-acquired illnesses (HAIs). Bacteria, viruses, and fungi may live on surfaces for days or months and spread to patients and medical personnel. This article describes the 3D printing technologies, such as fused deposition modelling, bioprinting, binder jetting/inkjet, poly-jet, electron beam manufacturing, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and laminated object manufacturing used for manufacturing the healthcare setting's surface to reduce bacterial contamination with exploring anti-biofilm activity against different bacterial species responsible for infections, based on the critical evaluation of published reports. This strategy has immense potential to become an upcoming approach for advancing the coating concept on the material's surface in healthcare settings. Our literature evaluation identifies beneficial 3D printing materials and associated technologies against microorganisms' growth, mainly bacteria involved in implant-based infection, emphasizing the development of anti-biofilm 3D-printed surfaces. Additionally, the authors have identified a few key areas where research and development are critically required to advance 3D-printing technology in healthcare settings.},
}

@article {pmid40306192,
year = {2025},
author = {Esnaashari, F and Nikzad, G and Zahmatkesh, H and Zamani, H},
title = {Exploring the antivirulence mechanisms of ZnO-PEG-quercetin nanoparticles: Biofilm disruption, attenuation of virulent factors, and cell invasion suppression against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Bioorganic chemistry},
volume = {161},
number = {},
pages = {108527},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108527},
pmid = {40306192},
issn = {1090-2120},
abstract = {The dense biofilm architecture and efflux pump activity play critical roles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections by hindering the accumulation and long-term efficacy of antibacterial agents within bacterial cells. The development of engineered nanoparticles capable of penetrating the polysaccharide matrix of biofilms represents a promising strategy for addressing bacterial infections. This is the first report on the synthesis of quercetin-functionalized PEGylated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs) and the evaluation of their anti-biofilm activity against pathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa. The synthesized NPs exhibited spherical shapes with an average size of 59.52 nm. ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs demonstrated biofilm inhibitory levels between 49 % and 67 %, and significantly reduced the production of total exopolysaccharides, alginate, and pellicle by 64.61 %-71.69 %, 30.47 %-45.36 %, and 24.22 %-85.97 %, respectively. ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs not only inhibited early-stage biofilm formation but also disrupted mature biofilms, indicating a dual mode of action against both biofilm development and persistence. Based on our findings, ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs effectively eradicated mature biofilms by 67.2 %-72 % and significantly reduced the metabolic activity and viable cells of preformed biofilms to 34.12 %-55.57 % and 6.25-8.15 log CFU, respectively. Electron and fluorescence microscopy analyses also confirmed the antibiofilm potential of ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs. Furthermore, bacterial adhesion and invasion to HDF cells were significantly diminished in the NP-treated groups. The attenuation of efflux pump activity in the NP-treated strains was confirmed using the EtBr-agar cartwheel assay. Taken together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs as a novel and effective strategy to combat biofilm-associated infections, warranting further investigation in preclinical models.},
}

@article {pmid40304704,
year = {2025},
author = {Burnside, M and Tang, J and Baker, JL and Merritt, J and Kreth, J},
title = {Shining Light on Oral Biofilm Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Probing the Accuracy of In Situ Biogeography Studies.},
journal = {Molecular oral microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/omi.12494},
pmid = {40304704},
issn = {2041-1014},
support = {DE029612//NIH-NIDCR/ ; DE029492//NIH-NIDCR/ ; DE029228//NIH-NIDCR/ ; DE028252//NIH-NIDCR/ ; },
abstract = {The oral biofilm has been instrumental in advancing microbial research and enhancing our understanding of oral health and disease. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing have provided detailed insights into the microbial composition of the oral microbiome, enabling species-level analyses of biofilm interactions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been especially valuable for studying the spatial organization of these microbes, revealing intricate arrangements such as "corncob" structures that highlight close bacterial interactions. As more genetic sequence data become available, the specificity and accuracy of existing FISH probes used in biogeographical studies require reevaluation. This study examines the performance of commonly used species-specific FISH probes, designed to differentiate oral microbes within in situ oral biofilms, when applied in vitro to an expanded set of bacterial strains. Our findings reveal that the specificity of several FISH probes is compromised, with cross-species hybridization being more common than previously assumed. Notably, we demonstrate that biogeographical associations within in situ oral biofilms, particularly involving Streptococcus and Corynebacterium, may need to be reassessed to align with the latest metagenomic data.},
}

@article {pmid40304639,
year = {2025},
author = {Silva, BND and Andrade, ARC and Lopes, FES and Aguiar, ALR and Portela, FVM and Silva, ML and Vasconcelos, BM and Sidrim, JJC and Castelo-Branco, DSCM and Cordeiro, RA},
title = {Inhibition of calcineurin as a strategy for biofilm control: Trichosporon spp. as a case study.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2492712},
pmid = {40304639},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Among the opportunistic species related to Invasive Fungal Infections (IFIs), Trichosporon spp. are particularly noteworthy, being responsible for infections with high mortality rates in patients with hematological cancers. Trichosporon spp. are intrinsically resistant to echinocandins and their biofilms are tolerant to polyenes and triazoles. This study investigated the effect of calcineurin inhibition on the development and antifungal tolerance of Trichosporon biofilms. Mature biofilms of T. inkin and T. asahii were treated with Ciclosporin A (CsA) and analyzed for biomass reduction and viability, ultrastructure, and tolerance tolerance to antifungals. Molecular docking studies were performed to understand the attachment of CsA to the calcineurin of T. asahii. CsA was able to significantly reduce both the biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms. Mature biofilms formed in the presence of CsA showed greater susceptibility to antifungals, compared to biofilm growth control. CsA caused structural changes in biofilms. Molecular modeling suggested that CsA can block the active site of the calcineurin A subunit of T. asahii. Calcineurin inhibition seems to be a promising strategy for controlling antifungal-resistant fungal biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid40304465,
year = {2025},
author = {Rudin, L and Kneubühler, J and Dubey, BN and Ahmad, S and Bornstein, MM and Shyp, V},
title = {Inhibitory effect of plant flavonoid cyanidin on oral microbial biofilm.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0284824},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02848-24},
pmid = {40304465},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: As primary colonizers of the tooth surface, oral streptococci play a crucial role in dental caries development. Numerous natural compounds, including flavonoids, are emerging as promising agents for inhibiting dental biofilm formation without compromising bacterial viability, underscoring their potential in non-bactericidal antibiofilm strategies. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of action of the unmodified plant flavonoid cyanidin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of oral streptococci, with a particular focus on the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. At concentrations above 100 µg/mL, cyanidin significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. mutans without impacting bacterial viability. The flavonoid reduced the biomass of surface-associated bacteria and exopolysaccharides (EPS), particularly by inhibiting water-insoluble glucan (WIG) production mediated by the glucosyltransferases GtfB and GtfC. While cyanidin did not exhibit a bactericidal effect on early colonizer streptococci, such as Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mitis, it showed a significant inhibitory effect on bacterial acidogenicity and mixed-species streptococcal biofilms in the presence of S. mutans. Remarkably, cyanidin gradually reduced the proportion of S. mutans in the mixed biofilm, suggesting a selective impact that may promote a more commensal-dominant community by disrupting S. mutans glucan production and biofilm competitiveness.

IMPORTANCE: The identification of compounds with potent antibiofilm effects that do not compromise bacterial viability presents a promising strategy for oral health management. By preventing biofilm formation and keeping bacteria in a planktonic state, such agents could enhance bacterial susceptibility to targeted therapies, including probiotics or phage-based treatments. Cyanidin, which exhibits strong antibiofilm activity against oral streptococcal biofilms, reduces bacterial acidogenicity and may promote a more commensal-dominant biofilm in vitro, potentially hindering the maturation of cariogenic biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid40303577,
year = {2025},
author = {Awaida, A and El Hachem, R and Issa, A and Kallasy, M and Zogheib, C and Hage, W},
title = {The action of different irrigant activation methods on engineered endodontic biofilm: an in vitro study.},
journal = {Biomaterial investigations in dentistry},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {43065},
pmid = {40303577},
issn = {2641-5275},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Endodontic infections are biofilm-mediated, demanding effective biofilm eradication from the root canal. Root canal complexities, coupled with bacterial biofilm resistance, pose challenges to thorough disinfection. Irrigation, particularly with sodium hypochlorite, is crucial in endodontics. Activation techniques, like sonic or ultrasonic oscillations, enhance irrigant penetration and biofilm disruption, improving decontamination and treatment outcomes.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of XP Finisher, EndoUltra, Eddy and Irriflex in the reduction of the multispecies endodontic biofilm formed by Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis.

METHODS: A total of 44 single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected and divided into groups for investigation: Group A: Irriflex, Group B: XP Finisher, Group C: Eddy system, and Group D: EndoUltra system. Multispecies biofilms, comprising Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, were cultured and inoculated into the pre-treated dentinal canals, which were then incubated for 16 days. Following this, the canals were subjected to the respective irrigation protocols. Bacterial counts were assessed using sterile paper points and culture techniques post-irrigation. Additionally, four non-inoculated root canals were used as negative controls for comparison.

RESULTS: EndoUltra achieved the highest reduction in Total Bacterial Count (TBC) with a median decrease of 75% (interquartile range [IQR]: 70-80%), significantly better than XP Finisher (p = 0.001) and Irriflex (p = 0.001). Eddy led to a reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) with a median decrease of 85% (IQR: 80-90%), significantly outperforming Irriflex (p = 0.001) and XP Finisher (p = 0.001). For Enterococcus faecalis (EF), EndoUltra had a median reduction of 70% (IQR: 65-75%), significantly better than Eddy (p = 0.01) and Irriflex (p = 0.001), while XP Finisher resulted in a reduction of 60% (IQR: 55-65%). EndoUltra showed the highest reduction in Proteus mirabilis (ProM) with 80% (IQR: 75-85%), significantly better than Irriflex (p = 0.001) and XP Finisher (p = 0.001), with Eddy also better than Irriflex (p = 0.009). EndoUltra reduced Candida albicans (CA) by 65% (IQR: 60-70%), significantly outperforming XP Finisher (p = 0.001) and Eddy (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Within its limitations, this study identified EndoUltra as highly effective in reducing bacterial counts, indicating its potential utility in disinfecting root canals. These findings underscore the significance of such methods in enhancing treatment outcomes and addressing root canal infections.},
}

@article {pmid40301384,
year = {2025},
author = {Azimzadeh, M and Greco, G and Farmani, A and Nourian, A and Pourhajibagher, M and Taherkhani, A and Alikhani, MY and Bahador, A},
title = {Biofilm inhibition of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa using green-synthesized silver nanoparticles and colistin.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {14993},
pmid = {40301384},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {140004293640//Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Humans ; Drug Synergism ; Green Chemistry Technology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of colistin and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on the biofilm formation and expression of Quorum Sensing regulated and related genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Ten clinical P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients with burn wound infections were investigated. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates was determined using disk diffusion and microbroth dilution tests. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using propolis and characterized. The microtiter plate method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of colistin and silver nanoparticles combination (AgNPs@CL) on the inhibition of biofilm formation. The effect of AgNPs@CL on the expression of genes controlled by QS was evaluated using RT-PCR. All isolates were strong biofilm formers. Confronting AgNPs@CL, all isolates were either synergistic or additive and effectively decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates. The SEM analysis corroborated the enhanced biofilm inhibition observed with the combined treatment compared to individual AgNPs or colistin treatments. When exposed to AgNPs@CL, the expression levels of lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pelA, and pslA genes significantly decreased in P. aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and clinical isolate No. #354, which displayed synergistic activity. In contrast, with additive activity, clinical isolate No. #30 showed no significant decrease. Targeting critical components of QS could effectively inhibit biofilm production. The results of our study suggest AgNPs@CL as an auxiliary to antibiotic therapy.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Silver/chemistry/pharmacology
*Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Colistin/pharmacology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
Humans
Drug Synergism
Green Chemistry Technology
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid40298576,
year = {2025},
author = {Oancea, OL and Ciurea, CN and Mare, AD and Man, A and Stefanescu, R and Rusu, A},
title = {In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect and Influence on the Bacterial Biofilm Formation of Glutamic Acid and Some Structural Analogues.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40298576},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Glutamic acid (GLA) is an essential amino acid with a key role in human metabolism. A potential involvement in anticancer therapy and possible antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects were also observed. Glutamine (GLN) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are GLA structural derivatives for which the last two effects were evaluated, with contradictory results. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity and the influence on the biofilm formation of GLA, GLN, MSG, and glutamic acid diethyl ester (GLADE) on clinically relevant bacteria. Methods: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial reference strains were used to test the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of GLA, GLN, MSG, and GLADE. The antibacterial properties were assessed by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The influence on biofilm formation was assessed by the crystal violet method, reading the optical densities (ODs) by spectrophotometry. Results: GLN did not demonstrate an inhibitory capacity at the maximum tested concentration (2.86 mg/mL); GLA showed inhibitory activity at 1.76 mg/mL and 0.88 mg/mL; MSG inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at 112 mg/mL; GLADE had the most promising results on all bacterial strains (MICs of 12.75 mg/mL and 25.5 mg/mL). GLADE showed satisfactory MBC values on all bacterial strains (at 51 mg/mL and 25.5 mg/mL). Conclusions: GLA and some structural analogues are attractive options for possible antibacterial activity; optimizing GLADE to increase its antibacterial activity could be a new approach.},
}

@article {pmid40298551,
year = {2025},
author = {Mancheño-Losa, M and Meléndez-Carmona, MÁ and Lumbreras, C and Lora-Tamayo, J},
title = {Efficacy of Ceftobiprole and Daptomycin at Bone Concentrations Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm: Results of a Dynamic In Vitro PK/PD Model.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40298551},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Background: The presence of biofilms and low antimicrobial concentrations in bone tissue make prosthetic joint infections (PJI) difficult to treat. Ceftobiprole (CTO) has a potential role in MRSA PJI. This study evaluated the efficacy of ceftobiprole and daptomycin (DAP) alone and in combination against MRSA biofilms at expected bone tissue concentrations. We assessed whether CTO-DAP outperformed DAP combined with a non-anti-MRSA beta-lactam (cefazolin [CZO]). Methods: A dynamic in vitro PK/PD biofilm model (CDC biofilm reactor) was used to simulate concentrations expected in cortical bone at a standard dosing of DAP (10 mg/kg/24 h), CTO (500 mg/8 h), and CZO (2 g/8 h), and assess performance against a 48-h MRSA biofilm from two clinical isolates that cause PJI (MRSA-1811 and MRSA-1733). Time-kill curves using the log change method (Δlog10 CFU/cm[2]) assessed antimicrobial efficacy over 56 h. Resistance emergence was monitored. Results: Although both monotherapies were active, neither reached bactericidal levels nor was one superior to the other (Δlog10 CFU/cm[2] CTO vs. DAP: -1.44 ± 0.25 vs. -1.50 ± 0.01 [p = 0.686] and -1.55 ± 0.74 vs. -0.56 ± 0.36 [p = 0.108] for MRSA-1811 and MRSA-1733, respectively). Only in the MRSA-1811 isolate did the CTO-DAP combination improve the activity of each monotherapy, without achieving a synergistic effect (Δlog10 CFU/cm[2]: CTO-DAP -2.087 ± 0.048 vs. CTO -1.436 ± 0.249 [p = 0.013] and vs. DAP -1.503 ± 0.011 [p = 0.006]). No combination therapy (CTO-DAP vs. DAP-CZO) outperformed the other in either strain. No resistant bacterial subpopulations appeared with any antibiotic regimen. Conclusions: At clinically relevant concentrations, ceftobiprole and daptomycin showed similar activity against MRSA biofilms. The CTO-DAP combination showed comparable efficacy to DAP-CZO.},
}

@article {pmid40298499,
year = {2025},
author = {Silva-de-Jesus, AC and Ferrari, RG and Panzenhagen, P and Dos Santos, AMP and Portes, AB and Conte-Junior, CA},
title = {Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Production Genes in the Genomic Sequences of S. aureus: A Global In Silico Analysis.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40298499},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {141119/2021-7, 402215/2022-2, and 173493/2023-8//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)/ ; E-26/200.891/2021, E-26/202.514/2024, and E-26/205.688-2022//Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/ ; },
abstract = {Background:Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a significant public health threat due to its exceptional adaptability, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and capacity to form biofilms, all of which facilitate its persistence in clinical and environmental settings. Methods: This study undertook an extensive in silico analysis of 44,069 S. aureus genomic sequences acquired from the NCBI database to assess the global distribution of biofilm-associated and resistance-associated genes. The genomes were categorized into human clinical and environmental groups, with clinical samples representing a predominant 96%. Results: The analysis revealed notable regional discrepancies in sequencing efforts, with Europe and North America contributing 76% of the genomes. Key findings include the high prevalence of the ica locus, which is associated with biofilm formation, and its robust correlation with other genes, such as sasG, which was exclusively linked to SCCmec type IIa. The AMR gene analysis revealed substantial genetic diversity within environmental samples, with genes like vga(E) and erm being identified as particularly prominent. The clonal complex analysis revealed ST8 (USA300) and ST5 as the predominant types in human clinical isolates, while ST398 and ST59 were most frequently observed in environmental isolates. SCCmec type IV was globally prevalent, with subtype Iva being strongly associated with ST8 in North America and subtype IVh with ST239 in Europe. Conclusions: These findings underscore the dynamic evolution of S. aureus via mobile genetic elements and highlight the necessity for standardized metadata in public genomic databases to improve surveillance efforts. Furthermore, they reinforce the critical need for a One Health approach in monitoring S. aureus evolution, particularly concerning the co-dissemination of biofilm and resistance genes across various ecological niches.},
}

@article {pmid40294275,
year = {2025},
author = {Amado, P and Dillinger, C and Bahou, C and Hashemi Gheinani, A and Obrist, D and Burkhard, F and Ahmed, D and Clavica, F},
title = {Ultrasound-activated cilia for biofilm control in indwelling medical devices.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {122},
number = {18},
pages = {e2418938122},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2418938122},
pmid = {40294275},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {204965//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (SNF)/ ; 853309//EC | ERC | HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 212298//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (SNF)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cilia/physiology ; Humans ; *Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology ; *Ultrasonic Waves ; Microfluidics/methods ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation and encrustation are major issues in indwelling medical devices, such as urinary stents and catheters, as they lead to blockages and infections. Currently, to limit these effects, frequent replacements of these devices are necessary, resulting in a significant reduction in patients' quality of life and an increase in healthcare costs. To address these challenges, by leveraging recent advancements in robotics and microfluidic technologies, we envision a self-cleaning system for indwelling medical devices equipped with bioinspired ultrasound-activated cilia. These cilia could be regularly activated transcutaneously by ultrasound, generating steady streaming, which can be used to remove encrusted deposits. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the generated streaming can efficiently remove encrustations and biofilm from surfaces. To this end, we developed a microfluidic model featuring ultrasound-activated cilia on its wall. We showed that upon ultrasound activation, the cilia generated intense, steady streaming, reaching fluid velocity up to 10 mm/s. In all our experiments, this mechanism was able to efficiently clean typical encrustation (calcium carbonate and oxalate) and biofilm found in urological devices. The generated shear forces released, broke apart, and flushed away encrusted deposits. These findings suggest a broad potential for ultrasound-activated cilia in the maintenance of various medical devices. Compared to existing methods, our approach could reduce the need for invasive procedures, potentially lowering infection risks and enhancing patient comfort.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cilia/physiology
Humans
*Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology
*Ultrasonic Waves
Microfluidics/methods

@article {pmid40293563,
year = {2025},
author = {Alves-Silva, EG and Bronzato, JD and Lopes, ABS and Arruda-Vasconcelos, R and Louzada, LM and De-Jesus-Soares, A and Marciano, MA and Steiner-Oliveira, C and Gomes, BPFA},
title = {Effect of ultrasonic agitation of methylene blue during the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing viable cells from a multispecies biofilm and endotoxins: an in vitro study.},
journal = {Lasers in medical science},
volume = {40},
number = {1},
pages = {214},
pmid = {40293563},
issn = {1435-604X},
support = {financial code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; financial code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; financial code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 15/23419-5, 17/25090-3, 2019/19300-0, 21/13871-6//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 15/23419-5, 17/25090-3, 2019/19300-0, 21/13871-6//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 15/23419-5, 17/25090-3, 2019/19300-0, 21/13871-6//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; nº 303852/2019-4, 102276/2019-6, 421801/2021-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; nº 303852/2019-4, 102276/2019-6, 421801/2021-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methylene Blue/pharmacology ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; Endotoxins ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Humans ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; },
abstract = {To evaluate the effect of the agitation of an ultrasonic photosensitizer during the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing multispecies biofilm composed of E. faecalis, C. albicans, and E. coli and endotoxins (LPS) within the root canals. Thirty lower premolars were contaminated and randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). Group 1 (G1) used saline solution as a control, G2 (aPDT) used a photosensitizer (0.005% methylene blue with 3 min) applied into the root canal followed by a red laser (100 mW power, 9 J of energy, for 90 s), and G3 (aPDT + U) used 0.005% methylene blue activated by ultrasound for 20 s followed by the application of a red laser as described in G2. The effectiveness of each protocol was determined through colony forming units per milliliter count (CFU/mL), and the levels of LPS were quantified by using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate technique. The data was statistically analyzed at a 5% level of significance. Viable bacteria were detected in all three groups, with a mean of 2.82 × 10[3] CFU/mL. The saline group was not effective in reducing viable counts or LPS levels (P > 0.05). The aPDT group resulted in a 56.27% reduction compared to baseline samples and aPDT + U promoted a 56.97% reduction in viable microorganisms from the biofilm. LPS was detected in all samples with a mean of 18.84 EU/mL. Saline was not effective in reducing LPS levels (P > 0.05). aPDT was effective in reducing LPS levels (P < 0.05) with a mean of 1.7 EU/mL. aPDT + U promoted additional LPS removal compared to the aPDT group (P < 0.05), with a mean of 0.02 EU/mL. For both CFU and LPS analyses, aPDT and aPDT + U were more effective than the control group, while aPDT + U was more effective than aPDT. In conclusion, ultrasonic activation of the photosensitizer during the aPDT increased antimicrobial activity against a mature multispecies biofilm, while lowering the LPS levels.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Methylene Blue/pharmacology
*Photochemotherapy/methods
*Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology
Endotoxins
Escherichia coli/drug effects
Humans
Candida albicans/drug effects
Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects
In Vitro Techniques
Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology

@article {pmid40293242,
year = {2025},
author = {Schlechter, RO and Marti, E and Remus-Emsermann, MNP and Drissner, D and Gekenidis, M-T},
title = {Correlation of in vitro biofilm formation capacity with persistence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli on gnotobiotic lamb's lettuce.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0029925},
doi = {10.1128/aem.00299-25},
pmid = {40293242},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Bacterial contamination of fresh produce is a growing concern for food safety, as apart from human pathogens, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) can persist on fresh leafy produce. A prominent persistence trait in bacteria is biofilm formation, as it provides increased tolerance to stressful conditions. We screened a comprehensive collection of 174 antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant Escherichia coli originating from fresh leafy produce and its production environment. We tested the ability of these strains to produce biofilms, ranging from none or weak to extreme biofilm-forming bacteria. Next, we tested the ability of selected antibiotic-resistant isolates to colonize gnotobiotic lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta) plants. We hypothesized that a higher in vitro biofilm formation capacity correlates with increased colonization of gnotobiotic plant leaves. Despite a marked difference in the ability to form in vitro biofilms for a number of E. coli strains, in vitro biofilm formation was not associated with increased survival on gnotobiotic V. locusta leaf surfaces. However, all tested strains persisted for at least 21 days, highlighting potential food safety risks through unwanted ingestion of resistant bacteria. Population densities of biofilm-forming E. coli exhibited a complex pattern, with subpopulations more successful in colonizing gnotobiotic V. locusta leaves. These findings emphasize the complex behavior of ARB on leaf surfaces and their implications for human safety.IMPORTANCEEach raw food contains a collection of microorganisms, including bacteria. This is of special importance for fresh produce such as leafy salads or herbs, as these foods are usually consumed raw or after minimal processing, whereby higher loads of living bacteria are ingested than with a food that is heated before consumption. A common bacterial lifestyle involves living in large groups embedded in secreted protective substances. Such bacterial assemblies, so-called biofilms, confer high persistence and resistance of bacteria to external harsh conditions. In our research, we investigated whether stronger in vitro biofilm formation by antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli correlates with better survival on lamb's lettuce leaves. Although no clear correlation was observed between biofilm formation capacity and population density on the salad, all tested isolates could survive for at least 3 weeks with no significant decline over time, highlighting a potential food safety risk independently of in vitro biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40292401,
year = {2025},
author = {Meng, F and Yang, L and Ji, M and Zhu, S and Tao, H and Wang, G},
title = {Nanomaterials: A Prospective Strategy for Biofilm-Forming Helicobacter pylori Treatment.},
journal = {International journal of nanomedicine},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {5209-5229},
pmid = {40292401},
issn = {1178-2013},
mesh = {*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Nanostructures/chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is prevalent in over 50% of the global population and is recognized as the primary etiological agent for the development of gastric cancer. With the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance, clinical treatment of H. pylori is a significant challenge. The formation of H. pylori biofilm is an important reason for antibiotic resistance and chronic infection, and it is also one of the key obstacles to eradicating H. pylori. H. pylori biofilm acts as a physical barrier, preventing the penetration of antibiotics and increasing the expression of efflux pump genes and drug-resistant gene mutations. Therefore, the treatment of H. pylori biofilm is extremely challenging. Nanomaterials, such as inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles, which have properties including disrupting bacterial cell membranes, controlling drug release, and overcoming antibiotic resistance, have attracted significant interest. Furthermore, nanomaterials have the ability to treat H. pylori biofilm owing to their unique size, structure, and physical properties, including the inhibition of biofilm formation, enhancement of biofilm permeability, and disruption of mature biofilm. Moreover, nanomaterials have targeting functions and can carry antimicrobial drugs that play a synergistic role, thus providing a prospective strategy for treating H. pylori biofilm. In this review, we summarize the formation and antibiotic-resistance mechanisms of H. pylori biofilm and outline the latest progress in nanomaterials against H. pylori biofilm with the aim of laying the foundation for the development and clinical application of nanomaterials for anti-H. pylori biofilm.},
}

*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/physiology
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/administration & dosage
Humans
*Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
*Nanostructures/chemistry
Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects
Nanoparticles/chemistry

@article {pmid40292111,
year = {2025},
author = {Zahedi, FD and Soo, MY and Abdul Samat, MN and Md Pauzi, SH and Husain, S and Wan Hamizan, AK and Abdullah, B and Gendeh, BS and Ismail, AS and Richmond, RV},
title = {The effect of diluted 1% baby shampoo on biofilm reduction in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e19134},
pmid = {40292111},
issn = {2167-8359},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Sinusitis/microbiology/therapy/complications ; *Nasal Polyps/microbiology/complications/therapy ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Chronic Disease ; Male ; Female ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Rhinitis/microbiology/therapy/complications ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Rhinosinusitis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm has been identified as the contributing factor for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Nasal douching using baby shampoo was thought to be effective in patients with CRSwNP. We aimed to study the in-vitro reduction of biofilm using diluted 1% baby shampoo.

METHODS: Sixty nasal polyps taken from patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were sent for histopathological examination using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Another portion of the same samples was sent for tissue culture and tissue culture plate assay to identify S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and determine their biofilm forming capacity. The efficacy of diluted 1% baby shampoo versus normal saline was tested on the biofilm in vitro where the optical density readings were compared pre- and post-treatment.

RESULTS: The prevalence of biofilm in patients with CRSwNP is 21.7%. Thirteen samples were positive for biofilm; P. aeruginosa 23% (n = 3), S. aureus 15% (n = 2), no bacterial growth 54% (n = 7) and others 8% (n = 1). Biofilm formation was significant in both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p < 0.001) whilst a significant reduction of biofilm was seen in diluted 1% baby shampoo (p = 0.043).

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, diluted 1% baby shampoo is an effective treatment in the reduction of biofilm for CRSwNP.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Sinusitis/microbiology/therapy/complications
*Nasal Polyps/microbiology/complications/therapy
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Chronic Disease
Male
Female
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Rhinitis/microbiology/therapy/complications
Middle Aged
Adult
Aged
Rhinosinusitis

@article {pmid40287107,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, T and Shen, H and Wang, P and Wang, Y and Liu, J and He, M and Gu, L and Wang, S and Wei, M},
title = {Antibiofilm activity of arachidonic acid against linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis: A potential strategy for combating biofilm-related infections.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {205},
number = {},
pages = {107629},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107629},
pmid = {40287107},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis, a prevalent opportunistic pathogen, readily forms biofilms on surfaces, contributing to its virulence and antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have highlighted arachidonic acid (AA) as a promising antibiofilm agent. This investigation aimed to elucidate the antibiofilm activity of AA against linezolid-resistant E. faecalis and explore its potential molecular mechanisms. A total of 21 E. faecalis strains were included in this study: the standard strain ATCC 29212 and 20 linezolid-resistant clinical isolates. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics and AA, the microbroth dilution method was performed. Checkerboard microdilution assays were also performed to assess the interaction between AA and linezolid. The crystal violet method was performed to evaluate the biofilm formation abilities of E. faecalis and the biofilm inhibition activities of different concentrations of AA (0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM). In addition, the expression levels of biofilm-related genes (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC, gelE, ace, atlA, and esp) were measured employing quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). All clinical strains exhibited resistance to linezolid and tetracycline while remaining susceptible to other antibiotics, including penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and tigecycline. The MICs of AA against all 21 E. faecalis isolates were >1 mM. Synergy was observed in 75 % of strains (15/20), while additivity was observed in 25 % strains (5/20). All isolates displayed strong biofilm-forming abilities. AA significantly reduced biofilm formation with average inhibition rates of 68.16 %, 69.64 %, and 72.01 % at concentrations of 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM, respectively (P < 0.001). AA treatment resulted in decreased expression of ebpB, ebpC, ace, and atlA (P < 0.001), while simultaneously increasing gelE expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AA exhibited potent inhibitory effects on E. faecalis biofilm formation probably by influencing bacterial adhesion. The addition of AA can restore the susceptibility of linezolid against E. faecalis. These findings suggest that AA may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and treating E. faecalis infections, particularly those associated with biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40286948,
year = {2025},
author = {Shi, W and Dai, F and Li, Y and Sun, Z and Meng, M and Yang, Q and Zhang, W},
title = {Glucose protects the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio alginolyticus by inhibiting biofilm formation.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {163},
number = {},
pages = {110368},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110368},
pmid = {40286948},
issn = {1095-9947},
abstract = {Biofilms not only enhance the colonization of bacteria on the surface of the host but also increase the pathogenicity of bacteria. In this study, five carbon sources were determined to inhibit the biofilm formation of Vibrio alginolyticus R9 to different levels. Among the tested carbon sources, 0.5 % glucose showed an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation but a promotion in the dispersal of mature biofilms of V. alginolyticus R9, both of which led to significant loss in biofilm mass. It was further shown that glucose inhibited the biofilm formation of V. alginolyticus R9 by inhibiting autoaggregation and promoted the dispersal of mature biofilms by inhibiting isocitrate lyase (aceA) activity. The addition of glucose in diets reduced intestinal tissue damage caused by V. alginolyticus R9 via inhibiting 83.8 % V. alginolyticus R9 colonized in the intestine of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, with a relative percent of survival of 47.4 % and improved pathological symptom. However, the relative abundance of Vibrio in the intestine of L. vannamei decreased 13.4 % in the presence of glucose. It could be concluded that glucose alleviated infection symptoms of L. vannamei mainly by inhibiting the biofilm formation of V. alginolyticus R9 on the intestinal epithelium rather than reducing the relative abundance of Vibrio in the intestine. This is the first study to demonstrate that glucose can inhibit biofilm formation and promote the biofilm cell dispersal of V. alginolyticus, which offers a new strategy for the control of Vibrio infections in aquaculture.},
}

@article {pmid40286227,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdoul-Latif, FM and El Mhamdi, MI and Ainane, A and Ali, AM and Oumaskour, K and Cherroud, S and Cacciatore, S and Ainane, T},
title = {Development and Perfection of Marine-Based Insecticide Biofilm for Pea Seed Protection: Experimental and Computational Approaches.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {30},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {40286227},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Insecticides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Pisum sativum/chemistry ; *Seeds/drug effects ; Animals ; Chitosan/chemistry ; },
abstract = {This work aims to develop an insecticidal biofilm based on Calothrixin A, collagen, and chitosan for the protection of pea seeds. The main objective is to improve the ingredient concentrations maximizing the insecticidal activity of the biofilm and to study the desorption of Calothrixin A according to the diffusion parameters. Eight biofilm formulations were prepared with different concentrations of the components and tested on Sitona lineatus and Bruchus pisorum. The results show that a high concentration of Calothrixin A tended to increase insecticidal activity, although this increase was not always significant, while a higher concentration of collagen and chitosan reduced insecticidal activity, probably by limiting the diffusion of the active ingredient. The prediction models for insecticidal activity showed that the interaction of the factors had no significant impact on the responses, but the model for Sitona lineatus presented better accuracy. The diffusion tests revealed that the CB3C-5 biofilm, with high diffusion parameters, correlated with insecticidal activity. The characterization of the CB3C-5 biofilm showed adequate physical, mechanical, thermal, and structural properties for agricultural seed storage application. Moreover, the computational approach showed that Calothrixin A interacts more efficiently with the OR5-Orco complex than with the small OBP, disrupting the olfactory detection of insects. This mechanism highlights the targeting of the olfactory complex as a potential strategy to control insect pests. This research contributes to the understanding of the role of marine-based biofilms for seed protection and opens perspectives for the development of ecological solutions against insect pests, particularly in the field of sustainable agriculture.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Insecticides/pharmacology/chemistry
*Pisum sativum/chemistry
*Seeds/drug effects
Animals
Chitosan/chemistry

@article {pmid40285394,
year = {2025},
author = {Liang, C and Wang, Y and Shi, S and Yan, A and Liu, Q and Liu, W and Han, H and Qi, W and Chen, T and Sun, W and Chen, Y},
title = {Integrating Biofilm-Based Fermentation With Continuous Processes for Improved L-Valine Production.},
journal = {Biotechnology journal},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {e70027},
doi = {10.1002/biot.70027},
pmid = {40285394},
issn = {1860-7314},
support = {2022YFC2105400//the National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 22178176//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22208157//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XTA2201//the Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture/ ; 2023BEE01011//the Key R&D project of Ningxia; Hui Autonomous Region/ ; SKL-MCE-22A04//the State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering/ ; 2024ZB495//the Jiangsu Provincial Outstanding Postdoctoral Program/ ; 24KJB530014//the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; BK20233003//Basic Research Program of Jiangsu/ ; },
mesh = {*Valine/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Fermentation ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Glucose/metabolism ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Kinetics ; },
abstract = {L-valine, an essential branched-chain amino acid, is widely used across various industrial sectors. Despite its significance, there is a scarcity of continuous fermentation methodologies, specifically for L-valine production. Biofilm-based Technologies face challenges in sustaining continuous L-valine production due to cell wall damage caused by L-valine sterilization. Here, we combined continuous fermentation principles with Biofilm-based technologies to develop a biofilm-based continuous fermentation (BCF) system, enabling sustained L-valine production. By analyzing the fermentation kinetics of free-cell fermentation (FCF), we optimized the L-valine titer in BCF to 60-70 g/L, achieving a yield of 0.44 g/g glucose-a 10% increase over FCF. Notably, reducing the controlled L-valine titer in BCF extended the fermentation time but simultaneously decreased both the yield and production rate. Conversely, shortening the fermentation time was associated with an increase in both yield and production rate. In summary, BCF significantly improved L-valine purity, yield from glucose, and production rate while reducing by-product formation.},
}

*Valine/biosynthesis/metabolism
*Fermentation
*Biofilms/growth & development
Glucose/metabolism
Bioreactors/microbiology
Kinetics

@article {pmid40284748,
year = {2025},
author = {Roy, A and Roy, PK and Cho, SR and Park, SY},
title = {Effects of Fucoidan on the Inhibition of Biofilm Formation of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Seafoods and Its Molecular Antibiofilm Mechanisms.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284748},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2021R1I1A3A04037468//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; R2025055//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; },
abstract = {Foodborne illnesses, particularly those caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium, present a significant challenge to public health, especially within the seafood industry due to biofilm formation on foods. This study investigated the antibiofilm potential of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium biofilm on crab and shrimp surfaces. Fucoidan's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 150 µg/mL. Sub-MIC (1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and MIC) were evaluated for their impact on inhibition of biofilm formation. Fucoidan treatment resulted in significant, dose-dependent inhibition in biofilm formation, achieving 2.61 log CFU/cm[2] and 2.45 log CFU/cm[2] reductions on crab and shrimp surfaces, respectively. FE-SEM analysis confirmed biofilm disruption and cell membrane damage. Real-time PCR showed the downregulation of quorum-sensing (luxS) and virulence (rpoS, avrA, and hilA) genes. These results propose that fucoidan has the ability as a natural antibacterial agent for controlling Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium biofilms in seafood processing, thereby enhancing food safety and minimizing contamination.},
}

@article {pmid40284732,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, M and Wu, S and Chen, P and Shao, L and Shen, Z and Zhao, Y},
title = {Biofilm Dispersal in Bacillus velezensis FZB42 Is Regulated by the Second Messenger c-di-GMP.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284732},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that plays a crucial role in regulating biofilm development, yet the role in Gram-positive bacteria remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that dispersed cells from biofilms of Bacillus velezensis FZB42 exhibit a unique phenotype and gene expression compared to planktonic cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1327 downregulated and 1298 upregulated genes, among which the c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase coding yuxH gene was remarkably upregulated. Deletion of the yuxH gene led to elevated c-di-GMP levels accompanied by reduced amounts of "actively dispersed cells" from the pellicle and the capacity of motility. Deletion of spoIIIJ, spo0J, and kinA resulted in increased c-di-GMP levels and reduced biofilm dispersal ability. Also, the level of c-di-GMP was increased when adding the cues of inhibition biofilm dispersal such as glucose and calcium ions. Collectively, these present findings suggest the c-di-GMP level is negatively correlated with biofilm dispersal in Bacillus velezensis FZB42, which sheds new light on biofilm regulation in Bacillus velezensis FZB42.},
}

@article {pmid40284688,
year = {2025},
author = {Beenken, KE and Smeltzer, MS},
title = {Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Associated Infections: Have We Found a Clinically Relevant Target?.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284688},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {R01AI119380-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30-GM145393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most diverse bacterial pathogens. This is reflected in its ability to cause a wide array of infections and in genotypic and phenotypic differences between clinical isolates that extend beyond their antibiotic resistance status. Many S. aureus infections, including those involving indwelling medical devices, are therapeutically defined by the formation of a biofilm. This is reflected in the number of reports focusing on S. aureus biofilm formation and biofilm-associated infections. These infections are characterized by a level of intrinsic resistance that compromises conventional antibiotic therapy irrespective of acquired resistance, suggesting that an inhibitor of biofilm formation would have tremendous clinical value. Many reports have described large-scale screens aimed at identifying compounds that limit S. aureus biofilm formation, but relatively few examined whether the limitation was sufficient to overcome this intrinsic resistance. Similarly, while many of these reports examined the impact of putative inhibitors on S. aureus phenotypes, very few took a focused approach to identify and optimize an effective inhibitor of specific biofilm-associated targets. Such approaches are dependent on validating a target, hopefully one that is not restricted by the diversity of S. aureus as a bacterial pathogen. Rigorous biological validation of such a target would allow investigators to virtually screen vast chemical libraries to identify potential inhibitors that warrant further investigation based on their predicted function. Here, we summarize reports describing S. aureus regulatory loci implicated in biofilm formation to assess whether they are viable targets for the development of an anti-biofilm therapeutic strategy with an emphasis on whether sarA has been sufficiently validated to warrant consideration in this important clinical context.},
}

@article {pmid40284537,
year = {2025},
author = {Giarritiello, F and De La Motte, LR and Drago, L},
title = {Viscosupplementation and Synovial Fluid Rheology: A Hidden Risk for Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Joint Infections?.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284537},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Synovial fluid (SF) plays a critical role in joint lubrication, load distribution, and maintaining homeostasis within the synovial cavity. Its rheological properties, primarily influenced by hyaluronic acid (HA) and other macromolecules, are essential for normal joint function. However, alterations in the physicochemical characteristics of SF can occur due to septic conditions, including septic arthritis (SA) and periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), which significantly impact joint health. Bacterial colonization in infected joints often leads to the formation of biofilms, microbial aggregates encased in an extracellular matrix, which confer resistance to antibiotics and host immune responses. Biofilm formation in SF-altered environments is a major challenge in treating joint infections, particularly in patients with prosthetic implants. Viscosupplementation, primarily through intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, has been widely used to restore SF viscosity and function in degenerative joint diseases. More recently, polyacrylamide (PAA)-based gels have emerged as an alternative viscosupplementation strategy. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of viscosupplements on biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion in septic joints, as changes in SF viscosity and composition may influence bacterial colonization and persistence. This review aims to assess the interaction between viscosupplementation and biofilm formation in septic joint pathologies, examining the effects of HA and PAA on SF rheology and bacterial adhesion. Understanding these interactions is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies and mitigating the risk of biofilm-associated infections in patients undergoing viscosupplementation.},
}

@article {pmid40283897,
year = {2025},
author = {Amann, V and Kissmann, AK and Firacative, C and Rosenau, F},
title = {Biofilm-Associated Candidiasis: Pathogenesis, Prevalence, Challenges and Therapeutic Options.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40283897},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {465229237//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 915477//Austrian Research Promotion Agency/ ; },
abstract = {The rising prevalence of fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida species, presents a major risk to global health. With approximately 1.5 million deaths annually, the urgency for effective treatment options has never been greater. Candida spp. are the leading cause of invasive infections, significantly impacting immunocompromised patients and those in healthcare settings. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and the emerging species C. auris are categorized as highly dangerous species because of their pathogenic potential and increasing drug resistance. This review comparatively describes the formation of microbial biofilms of both bacterial and fungal origin, including major pathogens, thereby creating a novel focus. Biofilms can further complicate treatment, as these structures provide enhanced resistance to antifungal therapies. Traditional antifungal agents, including polyenes, azoles and echinocandins, have shown effectiveness, yet resistance development continues to rise, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as the anti-biofilm peptides Pom-1 and Cm-p5 originally isolated from snails represent promising candidates due to their unique mechanisms of action and neglectable cytotoxicity. This review article discusses the challenges posed by Candida infections, the characteristics of important species, the role of biofilms in virulence and the potential of new therapeutic options like AMPs.},
}

@article {pmid40283123,
year = {2025},
author = {González-Alonso, M and Guerra-González, A and Villar-Suárez, V and Fernández-Castilla, B and Sánchez-Lázaro, JA},
title = {Efficacy of Different Irrigation Solutions on Bacterial Biofilm in Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40283123},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {Background: Chemical debridement with an irrigating solution associated with surgical debridement has proven to be useful in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature regarding the efficacy of different irrigation solutions on bacterial biofilm. Methods: This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Network Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-NM) checklist. A Network Meta-Analysis was performed to analyze which irrigation solution achieved a greater reduction in colony-forming units (CFU) after specific exposure times in vitro. Effect size was measured using the log ratio of means (logRoM) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The rank probability for each treatment was calculated using P-values. Results: After discarding duplicates, screening, and reviewing the full texts, four studies with 10 irrigation solutions for different exposure durations were included. The solutions were studied on mature biofilms of the most frequent bacteria. The greatest effect was achieved with 10% povidone-iodine for 5 min (est.: -12.02; 95% CI: -14.04, -9.99). The best-ranked solutions were 10% povidone-iodine for 5, 3, and 1 min (respective p-values: 0.977, 0.932, 0.887), and its combination with hydrogen peroxide for 3 min (p-score: 0.836). Povidone-iodine 0.3% for 5 min completed the top five ranked solutions in this study (p-score: 0.761). Conclusions: Our results show that 10% povidone-iodine is the best antiseptic solution when studied in vitro in the context of prosthetic joint infection. Further research in these areas is necessary to determine whether these results are reproducible with in vivo situations.},
}

@article {pmid40280370,
year = {2025},
author = {Mnisi, TJ and Matotoka, MM and Mazimba, O and Shekwa, W and Masoko, P},
title = {Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Compounds from Peltophorum africanum Sond. Stem and Mechanisms of Active Fractions Against Nosocomial Pathogens.},
journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {119876},
doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2025.119876},
pmid = {40280370},
issn = {1872-7573},
abstract = {Peltophorum africanum is widely used in indigenous medicine to treat infections, wounds, and inflammatory conditions. This study employs a bioassay-guided approach to isolate antibacterial compounds elucidating their pharmacological mechanisms and supporting their potential as sources of anti-infective agents.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to investigate P. africanum stem as a potential source of novel compounds for drug discovery, emphasizing its antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromatographic techniques were used to fractionate and isolate antibacterial compounds. Structural elucidation was performed using NMR and LC-MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using the microbroth dilution method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-biofilm activity was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method. The antibacterial mechanism of action of the most active fraction was examined by assessing changes in INT-dehydrogenase activity and monitoring the leakage of intracellular proteins and DNA.

RESULTS: Betulinic acid-3-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 3-octadecanoyl stigmasterol were isolated from the hexane crude extract. LC-MS identified 13 compounds. The plant samples MIC varied from 0.31-1.25 mg/mL. Isolated compounds had noteworthy activity across all biofilm phases. The fraction exhibited the lowest number of viable cells when assessing INT-dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, it was more effective in causing the release of intracellular proteins and DNA, while also displaying superior antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION: The ability of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds of the P. africanum stem to inhibit biofilm formation and eradication of mature biofilms holds promise for the treatment of biofilm-associated nosocomial infections.},
}

@article {pmid40279691,
year = {2025},
author = {Ogundipe, TT and Obe, T},
title = {Effectiveness of sanitizers on different biofilm-forming microorganisms associated with the poultry drinking water system.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {104},
number = {7},
pages = {105122},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.105122},
pmid = {40279691},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {The sanitation of the poultry drinking water system (DWS) is essential to controlling pathogens and biofilms in the DWS. Intervention approaches including several sanitizers have been developed, but there is limited information on the efficacy of some of these sanitizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of peracid-based (PAB), peroxide-based (PB), and hypochlorite-based (HB) sanitizers against field-isolated Salmonella (10), E. coli (2) and Bacillus (2), along with their antibiofilm effects on six of these bacterial strains on polyvinylchloride (PVC), a common DWS pipe material. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined using the microdilution broth method. For biofilm production, PVC rings were inoculated (5-6 Log10 CFU/mL) in buffered peptone water, incubated at 30°C for 48 h, and detached with cotton swabs for quantification. The antibiofilm effect of the sanitizers was further assessed at MIC, 2X-MIC, 4X-MIC, and water (control). Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Least squares in JMP Pro 18. The MIC and MBC of PAB for all isolates ranged from 11.36 to 28.42 ppm, PB from 15.26 to 71.21 ppm, and HB was 106.67 to 350 ppm. Bacillus licheniformis formed the most biofilm (5.39 Log10 CFU/mL) as single-species bacteria while Salmonella attached more (6.36 Log10 CFU/mL) than E. coli (5.41 Log10 CFU/mL) and Bacillus (2.08 Log10 CFU/mL) when grown together in mixed cultures. PAB and HB eliminated the biofilms of all strains tested at MIC in mixed-species cultures while PB had no significant effect. Overall, PAB demonstrated the greatest potential as a DWS sanitizer, showing superior efficacy against planktonic and biofilm cells compared to PB and HB. This research highlights the importance of targeted microbial profiling and sanitizer efficacy testing for pre-harvest pathogen control, providing valuable insights for enhancing food safety in poultry production systems.},
}

@article {pmid40279390,
year = {2025},
author = {Djermoun, S and Rode, DKH and Jiménez-Siebert, E and Netter, N and Lesterlin, C and Drescher, K and Bigot, S},
title = {Biofilm architecture determines the dissemination of conjugative plasmids.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {122},
number = {17},
pages = {e2417452122},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2417452122},
pmid = {40279390},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {ANR-19-ARMB-0006-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; 16GW0245//Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)/ ; RF20200502684//Association Vaincre la Mucoviscidose (French CF Association)/ ; 955910//EC | H2020 | PRIORITY 'Excellent science' | H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)/ ; TMCG-3 _ 213801/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; DR 982/6-1 part of SPP 2389//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; 57552336//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst France (DAAD France)/ ; 47902YJ//Germaine de Stael swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Plasmids/genetics ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology ; *Conjugation, Genetic ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; },
abstract = {Plasmid conjugation is a contact-dependent horizontal gene transfer mechanism that significantly contributes to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. While the molecular mechanisms of conjugation have been extensively studied, our understanding of plasmid transfer dynamics within spatially structured bacterial communities and the influence of community architecture on plasmid dissemination remains limited. In this study, we use live-cell fluorescence microscopy to investigate the propagation of the broad host range RP4 conjugative plasmid in Escherichia coli populations exhibiting varying levels of spatial organization. In high-density, two-dimensional cell monolayers, direct and tight contact between donors and recipients is not only necessary but also sufficient to trigger RP4 plasmid transfer, ensuring optimal plasmid propagation. In three-dimensional mature biofilms, the emergent community architecture limits the ability of donor cells to enter regions with high cell density, which hinders the establishment of direct contacts with recipients and impedes plasmid transfer in biofilms. In contrast, microcolonies, early-stage biofilms, and biofilms with a lower surface coverage leave open access points for donor cells in regions that later emerge as high-cell-density regions in mature biofilms, which facilitates plasmid transfer. These findings reveal the crucial role of bacterial community architecture in determining the efficiency of plasmid dissemination.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Plasmids/genetics
*Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology
*Conjugation, Genetic
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Microscopy, Fluorescence

@article {pmid40279259,
year = {2025},
author = {Romero, O and Gutierrez-Gongora, D and Geddes-McAlister, J},
title = {Cryptococcus neoformans Biofilm Formation and Quantification.},
journal = {Current protocols},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {e70133},
pmid = {40279259},
issn = {2691-1299},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cryptococcus neoformans/physiology/growth & development ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that heads the Fungal Priority Pathogen List published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022. This pathogen is a primary cause of death for immunocompromised individuals (e.g., those with HIV/AIDS, the elderly, immunotherapy recipients), causing approximately 118,000 deaths yearly worldwide. C. neoformans relies on virulence factors that include a polysaccharide capsule, melanin, extracellular enzymes, and thermotolerance to initiate and sustain host infection. Additionally, similar to other fungal pathogens (e.g., Candida albicans), C. neoformans may develop a biofilm organization linked to more persistent cryptococcal infections. Cryptococcal biofilms are highlighted in cases of cryptococcal meningitis, in which biofilm-like structures form that are highly resistant to host immune response and to antifungal therapies. In this regard, fungal biofilm formation has become an important area of study as a means to improve our understanding of the mechanisms regulating biofilm formation and infection and to advance the discovery of antibiofilm therapeutics. To assess biofilm properties and compare across treatments, quantification and evaluation of cell viability are important. Herein, we describe a standardized method to establish a cryptococcal biofilm and quantify total biomass and cell viability. © 2025 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Culturing and biofilm formation Basic Protocol 2: Biofilm quantification Alternate Protocol: Biofilm viability assay.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cryptococcus neoformans/physiology/growth & development
Humans

@article {pmid40279159,
year = {2025},
author = {Smith, E and Matthews, A and Westra, ER and Custodio, R},
title = {Disruption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing influences biofilm formation without affecting antibiotic tolerance.},
journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)},
volume = {171},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001557},
pmid = {40279159},
issn = {1465-2080},
mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/genetics/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth & development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mutation ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of antimicrobial resistance-related deaths, and novel antimicrobial therapies are urgently required. P. aeruginosa infections are difficult to treat due to the bacterium's propensity to form biofilms, whereby cells aggregate to form a cooperative, protective structure. Autolysis, the self-killing of bacterial cells, and the bacterial cell-to-cell communication system, quorum sensing (QS), play essential roles in biofilm formation. Strains of P. aeruginosa that have lost the lasI/R QS system commonly develop in patients, and previous studies have characterized distinctive autolysis phenotypes in these strains. Yet, the underlying causes and implications of these autolysis phenotypes remain unknown. This study confirmed these autolysis phenotypes in the PA14 QS mutant strains, ΔlasI and ΔlasR, and investigated the consequences of QS loss and associated autolysis on biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility. QS mutants exhibited delayed biofilm formation but ultimately surpassed the wild-type (WT) in biofilm mass. However, the larger biofilm mass of the QS mutants was not reflected in higher live-cell numbers, indicating an altered biofilm structure. Nevertheless, QS mutant biofilms were not more susceptible to antibiotics than the WT. Artificial supplementation of ΔlasI with a QS signal molecule (autoinducer) restored the strain's QS system without the associated costs of QS, enabling ΔlasI to achieve higher pre-treatment and post-treatment live-cell numbers. Overall, the lack of QS functioning was not detrimental to biofilm antibiotic tolerance, though the artificial disruption of QS may reduce the advantages of QS mutants within in vivo mixed-strain populations. Much remains to be understood regarding the regulation and induction of the autolysis phenotypes observed in these strains, and future research to fully elucidate the control and consequences of autolysis may offer potential for novel antimicrobial therapies.},
}

*Quorum Sensing/genetics/drug effects
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth & development
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Mutation
Drug Resistance, Bacterial

@article {pmid40278326,
year = {2025},
author = {Leśna, M and Górna, K and Kwiatek, J},
title = {Managing Fear and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Dental Hygiene Visits with Guided Biofilm Therapy: Analysis of Psychological and Physiological Differences Between Women and Men-A Conceptual and Multivariate Regression Model.},
journal = {Journal of personalized medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40278326},
issn = {2075-4426},
abstract = {Background: Dental anxiety is a significant barrier to dental care, leading to avoidance behaviors and compromised oral health. This study aimed to analyze fear and anxiety during dental hygiene visits with Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT), focusing on gender differences in psychological and physiological responses to develop a more personalized approach to dental care. Methods: A total of 247 patients participated in this study. Psychological assessments included the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X2), while physiological responses were measured through heart rate monitoring before and after procedures. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of anxiety levels. Results: Multivariate regression analysis identified gender, sensory sensitivity (e.g., absence of tools in the field of view), past traumatic dental experiences, and individual preferences for anxiety reduction as significant predictors of anxiety levels. Gender differences were also observed in anxiety management strategies, with women more frequently preferring the elimination of sensory triggers and direct communication with dental professionals. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of personalized anxiety management protocols in dentistry. Tailored communication strategies, optimized clinical environments, and individualized pre- and post-procedure care plans can enhance patient experience and treatment acceptance. Implementing such patient-centered, data-driven approaches aligns with the broader principles of precision medicine in dental care.},
}

@article {pmid40278120,
year = {2025},
author = {Torres-Cano, A and de Armentia, C and Roldán, A and López-Peralta, E and Manosalva, J and Merino-Amador, P and González-Romo, F and Puig-Asensio, M and Ardanuy, C and Martín-Gómez, MT and Romero-Herrero, D and Pérez-Ayala, A and López-Lomba, M and Durán-Valle, MT and Sánchez-Romero, I and Muñoz-Algarra, M and Roiz-Mesones, MP and Lara-Plaza, I and Ruíz Pérez de Pipaón, M and Megías-Lobón, G and Mantecón-Vallejo, MÁ and Alcázar-Fuoli, L and Megías, D and Zaragoza, O},
title = {Resistance to Azoles in Candida parapsilosis Isolates from Spain Is Associated with an Impairment in Filamentation and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40278120},
issn = {2309-608X},
support = {204038738//Gilead Sciences/ ; PID2020-114546RB//Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033)/ ; },
abstract = {In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of fluconazole-non-susceptible (FNS) Candida parapsilosis. The reasons why these strains are able to colonize hospitals remain unknown. It is also unclear whether these strains exhibit resistance to the disinfectants used in hospitals, facilitating their spread. For these reasons, in this work, we aimed to investigate whether fluconazole resistance was associated with virulence traits and the resistance of these strains to common hospital disinfectants. The general conclusion of the study was that more than 95% of the FNS strains, regardless of the resistance mutation they carried, had filamentation problems, whereas around 75% of the susceptible strains formed pseudohyphae and were capable of filamentation. This 95% of the FNS strains did not form pseudohyphae, did not invade agar, and did not form biofilms, while the susceptible strains exhibited the opposite behaviour. Through microfluidics experiments, we observed that both the susceptible and FNS strains were capable of adhering to a plastic surface under dynamic conditions, but the FNS strains formed unstable aggregates that did not remain attached to the surface, confirming the filamentation defect of these strains. In the second part of the study, we observed that FNS strains are susceptible to clinical disinfectants, although they presented a slight resistance to some of them, such as chlorhexidine, compared to susceptible isolates. In this work, we address important aspects to understand the dissemination of FNS strains in clinical outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40277479,
year = {2025},
author = {Mahapatra, A and Panda, S and Tumedei, M and Panda, S and Das, AC and Kumar, M and Del Fabbro, M},
title = {Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of 0.2% Tea Tree Oil Mouthwash in Prevention of Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40277479},
issn = {2304-6767},
support = {2023-14394//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis is a prevalent condition caused by dental plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is a gold standard for plaque control but is associated with adverse effects such as tooth staining and altered taste. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and antimicrobial effectiveness of 0.2% tea tree oil mouthwash as a natural alternative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: A comparative study was conducted on 60 participants aged 18-60 years, divided into two groups: Group T (tea tree oil) and Group C (chlorhexidine), each comprising 30 participants. Clinical outcomes assessed included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and microbiological Colony Forming Units (CFUs). Parameters were recorded at baseline, 7 days, and 28 days. Results: Group T exhibited significantly lower PI and BOP scores at 7 and 28 days compared to Group C (p < 0.05). Both groups showed comparable reductions in CFU counts, indicating similar antimicrobial efficacy. Importantly, tea tree oil had fewer adverse effects, with no reports of tooth staining or altered taste, unlike chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Tea tree oil mouthwash demonstrated equivalent or superior clinical outcomes compared to chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. It is a viable and well-tolerated alternative for managing plaque-induced gingivitis, supporting further research into its long-term use and efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40277329,
year = {2025},
author = {Ma, N and Cai, K and Zhao, J and Liu, C and Li, H and Tan, P and Li, Y and Li, D and Ma, X},
title = {Mannosylated MOF Encapsulated in Lactobacillus Biofilm for Dual-Targeting Intervention Against Mammalian Escherichia coli Infections.},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2503056},
doi = {10.1002/adma.202503056},
pmid = {40277329},
issn = {1521-4095},
support = {32394043//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32402773//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U22A20514//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U23A20232//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024YFD1300403//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD1301103//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2022YFD1300404//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2023M743804//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; BX20240418//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 1041-00109019//2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University/ ; B16044//111 Project/ ; },
abstract = {Pathogenic bacterial infections pose a major concern, especially concerning mammalian enteritis and diarrhea. Compared to conventional antibiotic intervention, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit superior antibacterial properties and lower cytotoxicity, demonstrating great promise in the treatment of pathogen-induced diarrhea. However, the achievement of their precise targeted delivery is still a significant challenge. Herein, a novel precision nano-system with a dual-targeting approach for treating intestinal infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) is designed. First, Zn-MOF was synthesized based on ZnO, which possessed enhanced elimination of planktonic bacteria and biofilms. Through mannosylation, Zn-MOF@Man specifically recognized the FimH pili of E. coli, leading to its aggregation and subsequent eradication. Second, guided by whole genome sequencing, the encapsulation of Lactobacillus biofilm exertd immunomodulatory function, overcomed challenges related to intestinal targeting, and facilitated sustained drug release. Furthermore, Zn-MOF@Man/LRB maintaind microbiota equilibrium and promoted stem cell differentiation and barrier stability, ensuring consistent anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice, piglets, and humans. This approach represents a novel dual-targeting antimicrobial strategy, combining probiotic biofilms and E. coli-oriented delivery, advancing safe and effective treatment that restores intestinal homeostasis for potential applications in both human medicine and animal husbandry.},
}

@article {pmid40277263,
year = {2025},
author = {Gürpinar Tosun, Ö and Köseoğlu Eser, Ö},
title = {[Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Biofilm Formation in Sequential Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Pediatric Patients with Cystic Fibrosis].},
journal = {Mikrobiyoloji bulteni},
volume = {59},
number = {2},
pages = {145-157},
doi = {10.5578/mb.20250232},
pmid = {40277263},
issn = {0374-9096},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Child ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/complications ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Male ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; },
abstract = {Kistik fibrozis (KF), solunum yollarında yoğun mukus birikimi nedeniyle kronik enfeksiyonlara yol açan genetik bir hastalıktır. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, KF hastalarında sık rastlanan ve uzun süreli enfeksiyonlara ve kolonizasyona neden olan önemli bir patojendir. Bu çalışma, KF çocuk hastalarının solunum yolu örneklerinden ardışık olarak elde edilen P.aeruginosa izolatlarının antibiyotik duyarlılık profillerinin ve biyofilm oluşturma yeteneklerinin karşılaştırılmasını amaçlamıştır. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İhsan Doğramacı Çocuk Hastanesi KF Ünitesinde 2021-2023 yılları arasında prospektif olarak takip edilen KF hastalarından (n= 80) alınan solunum yolu örneklerinde üreyen ardışık kronik P.aeruginosa izolatları incelenmiştir. Bakteri tür tanımlaması MALDI-TOF MS ile yapılmış ve konvansiyonel yöntemlerle doğrulanmıştır. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri EUCAST önerileri doğrultusunda sıvı mikrodilüsyon ve gradiyent test yöntemleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Antibiyotik direnç genleri (blaVIM, blaIMP, blaNDM, blaKPC) polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Biyofilm oluşumu, kristal viyole mikrotitrasyon plak yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Kistik fibrozis hastalarında eşlik eden en sık sistemik bulgu ekzokrin pankreas yetmezliği (n= 58) ve bronşektazi (n= 44) olarak saptanmıştır. P.aeruginosa dışında 56 hastada başka bir etkenin daha ürediği [metisiline duyarlı Staphylococcus aureus (n= 46), metisiline dirençli S.aureus (n= 31), Acinetobacter spp. (n= 2) ve tüberküloz dışı mikobakteri (n= 2)] saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, izolatların antibiyotik direnci seftazidime en yüksek (%3.75), kolistine en düşük (%1.25) bulunmuştur. Tobramisin, meropenem ve levofloksasine direnç %2.5 olarak saptanırken, siprofloksasine direnç tespit edilmemiştir. Antibiyotik direnç genleri açısından en sık saptanan gen blaVIM olup ilk izolatlarda %12.5, sonraki izolatlarda ise %10 oranında belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya dahil edilen izolatların hiçbrisinde blaKPC, blaIMP ve blaNDM direnç genleri saptanmamıştır. Biyofilm oluşumu değerlendirildiğinde, ilk izolatların %77.5'inde, sonraki ardışık 80 izolatın 59 (%73.7)'unda kantitatif olarak biyofilm oluşumu gösterilmiştir. İzolatların 11 (%18.6)'inin güçlü pozitif, 33 (%55.9)'ünün orta pozitif ve 15 (%25.4)'inin zayıf pozitif biyofilm oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, P.aeruginosa'nın KF hastalarında yüksek biyofilm oluşturma kapasitesine sahip olduğu belirlenirken antibiyotik tedavisinin mikroorganizmanın eradikasyonunda etkin rol oynamadığı saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, ardışık izolatların biyofilm yapımı ve antibiyotik direnç paternlerinde anlamlı değişiklikler göstermediğini ortaya koymuştur. Benzer antibiyotik duyarlılık ve biyofilm yapımı gösteren ardışık P.aeruginosa izolatlarında bakterinin yok edilmesi için antibiyofilm duyarlılık testlerinin yapılması ve yeni antibiyofilm tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.},
}

Humans
*Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Child
*Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/complications
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Prospective Studies
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
Male
Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
Chronic Disease
Female

@article {pmid40276588,
year = {2025},
author = {Rupa, N and Donthineni, PR and Basu, S and Arunasri, K},
title = {The burden of antimicrobial resistance in biofilm forming Staphylococcus spp. from Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis patients eyes.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100278},
pmid = {40276588},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic allergic ocular surface disease with seasonal recurrences and severe forms showing vision threatening complications. The purpose of the study is to understand the prevalence and diversity of biofilm-forming bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in VKC compared to healthy individuals (HC). For this, conjunctival swab samples were collected from VKC (n = 26) and HC (n = 23), of which culture positive samples were 77 % and 78.26 % respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a significant increase in bacterial diversity in VKC compared to HC (p < 0.05), identifying 16 and 9 bacterial species, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis emerged as the predominant bacterium in both groups, with relative abundances of 52.8 % in HC and 30.2 % in VKC (p < 0.001). Biofilm formation was observed in 64.15 % of bacterial species in VKC and 31 % in HC (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed temporal biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. in both groups. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing showed that biofilm forming Staphylococcus spp. from VKC exhibited multidrug resistance (>2 antibiotics) more frequently than those from HC. Additionally, Staphylococcus spp. in VKC demonstrated higher resistance to fluoroquinolones compared to HC. These findings indicate a significantly greater prevalence of biofilm-forming and antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus bacteria in VKC Patients compared with HC.},
}

@article {pmid40275634,
year = {2025},
author = {Aththanayake, AMKCB and Deeyamulla, MP and Megharaj, M and Rathnayake, IVN},
title = {Biofilm Formation and Detoxification of Hexavalent Chromium by Bacillus subtilis: A Sustainable Approach to Bioremediation.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70022},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.70022},
pmid = {40275634},
issn = {1521-4028},
support = {//This research was funded by the National Research Council, Sri Lanka, Investigator Driven Research Grant-18-083./ ; },
abstract = {Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a toxic environmental pollutant, primarily generated by industrial processes, posing a significant risk to biota. Effective detoxification of Cr(VI) is necessary before environmental discharge. This study focused on the Cr(VI) tolerance and detoxification potential of an isolated Bacillus subtilis strain KCBA07C10, along with the effects of Cr(VI) stress on its biofilm formation, and its potential application in bioremediation. The bacterial strain isolated from treated textile effluent, was subjected to growth studies in Cr(VI)-supplemented media with a low carbon source. Detoxification potential was assessed through Cr(VI) and total Cr removal analyses, while biofilm formation was evaluated using spectrophotometric assays and scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed that B. subtilis KCBA07C10 tolerates high Cr(VI) concentrations (> 16.0 mg/L) and achieves significant detoxification via bioreduction, removing nearly 88% of Cr(VI) even under nutrient-limited conditions. These findings highlight the strain's potential for bioremediation. Furthermore, quantitative assays demonstrated a positive correlation between Cr(VI) exposure and biofilm formation (p = 0.009, α = 0.05), suggesting an adaptive defense mechanism. This study highlights the potential of B. subtilis KCBA07C10 as an eco-friendly agent for Cr(VI) detoxification and bioremediation applications.},
}

@article {pmid40275546,
year = {2025},
author = {Jungpraditphol, I and Sutthiboonyapan, P and Khamwachirapitak, C and Krasaesin, A and Srithanyarat, S and Porntaveetus, T and Wiriyakijja, P},
title = {Shotgun Metagenomics of Biofilm Microbiome in Oral Lichen Planus With Desquamative Gingivitis.},
journal = {Oral diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/odi.15349},
pmid = {40275546},
issn = {1601-0825},
support = {68-032,68-059//Health Systems Research Institute/ ; HEA_FF_68_008_3200_001,HEA_FF_68_223_3200_015//Thailand Science Research and Innovation Chulalongkorn University/ ; DRF68_007//Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition often associated with desquamative gingivitis (DG). The oral microbiome's role in OLP and DG (OLP-DG) is gaining recognition, but prior 16S rRNA studies lacked taxonomic resolution. This study introduced shotgun metagenomic sequencing to thoroughly compare the supragingival and subgingival plaque microbiomes of individuals with and without OLP-DG.

METHODS: Twenty-seven participants (9 OLP-DG, 18 non-OLP) were recruited. Supra- and subgingival plaque samples were collected separately. Genomic DNA was analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Microbial abundance and diversity were assessed through bioinformatic and statistical analyses.

RESULTS: We observed significant changes in the supragingival and subgingival microbiomes in OLP-DG. Supragingival plaque showed reduced Corynebacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, with enrichment of an unnamed Synergistaceae genus and three unnamed species (Candidatus Saccharibacteria bacterium oral taxon 955 and 488 and GGB10852_SGB17523). Subgingival plaque revealed increased Flavobacteriaceae and Rhodocyclaceae, and reduced Actinomycetaceae. Although alpha or beta diversity was not significantly different, common commensals like Corynebacterium matruchotii and Streptococcus mitis were less abundant in OLP-DG patients.

CONCLUSION: This first-time application of metagenomic sequencing revealed a distinct microbiome in OLP-DG, characterized by novel bacterial species and reduced commensals, suggesting a potential role in OLP-DG pathogenesis, and warranting further study.},
}

@article {pmid40275521,
year = {2025},
author = {Veiga, FC and de Felicio, R and Trivella, DBB and Macedo, AJ},
title = {Lipopeptides from Antarctic Bacillus siamensis N52R1 inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf095},
pmid = {40275521},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIM: To search for active compounds produced by microorganisms isolated from the Antarctic environment, against biofilms of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven different bacteria from Antarctic were cultivated, and their secretome (supernatants of the culture media) extracted using liquid/liquid partition, rendering 41 fractions of different polarities. Assays were performed to quantify P. aeruginosa pathogenic bacterial growth and inhibition of biofilm formation. From the tested Antarctic isolates the apolar hexane extract fraction of N52R1 strain, identified as Bacillus siamensis, showed activity against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and was fractionated by reverse phase chromatography, corroborated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy images. Applying LC-MS/MS untargeted metabolomics it is suggested that these results were obtained by the action of lipopeptide molecules, particularly plipastatin and surfactin which has no previous report of activity upon the important pathogen P. aeruginosa. In vivo toxicity assays of the antibiofilm fraction of N52R1 upon the invertebrate G. mellonella was performed, showing no toxicity at up to 200 mg/kg.

CONCLUSION: we demonstrate the relevance and diversity of compounds from Antarctic microorganisms, in order to find bioactive agents against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40274962,
year = {2025},
author = {Huynh, U and King, J and Zastrow, ML},
title = {Calcium modulates growth and biofilm formation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {14246},
pmid = {40274962},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2239712//National Science Foundation/ ; 2239712//National Science Foundation/ ; R35GM138223/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM138223/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM138223/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Lactobacillus acidophilus/growth & development/drug effects/physiology ; *Calcium/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Lactobacillus plantarum/growth & development/drug effects/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Probiotics ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Lactobacillaceae are a large, diverse family of Gram-positive lactic acid-producing bacteria. As gut microbiota residents in many mammals, these bacteria are beneficial for health and frequently used as probiotics. Lactobacillaceae abundance in the gastrointestinal tract has been correlated with gastrointestinal pathologies and infection. Microbiota residents must compete for nutrients, including essential metal ions like calcium, zinc, and iron. Recent animal and human studies have revealed that dietary calcium can positively influence the diversity of the gut microbiota and abundance of intestinal Lactobacillaceae species, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impacts of calcium on the growth and biofilm formation of two distinct Lactobacillaceae species found in the gut microbiota, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917. We found that calcium ions differentially affect both growth and biofilm formation of these species. In general, calcium supplementation promotes the growth of both species, albeit with some variations in the extent to which different growth parameters were impacted. Calcium ions strongly induce biofilm formation of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 but not L. plantarum ATCC 14917. Based on bioinformatic analyses and experimental chelator studies, we hypothesize that surface proteins specific to L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, like S-layer proteins, are responsible for Ca[2+]-induced biofilm formation. The ability of bacteria to form biofilms has been linked with their ability to colonize in the gut microbiota. This work shows how metal ions like Ca[2+] may be important not just as nutrients for bacteria growth, but also for their ability to facilitate cell-cell interactions and possibly colonization in the gut microbiota.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Lactobacillus acidophilus/growth & development/drug effects/physiology
*Calcium/pharmacology/metabolism
*Lactobacillus plantarum/growth & development/drug effects/physiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
Probiotics
Humans

@article {pmid40274812,
year = {2025},
author = {Moon, J and Seo, K and Kwon, JS},
title = {Novel two-stage expansion of Streptococcus mutans biofilm supports EPS-targeted prevention strategies for early childhood caries.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {65},
pmid = {40274812},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {HI19C1330//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; HI19C1330//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; 2022R1C1C1010304//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2022R1C1C1010304//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2022R1C1C1010304//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/growth & development/physiology/drug effects ; *Dental Caries/prevention & control/microbiology ; Humans ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Durapatite/chemistry/metabolism ; Osmotic Pressure ; },
abstract = {Early childhood caries (ECC) affects nearly half of preschool children worldwide and characterized by rapid progression across multiple teeth. While Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a keystone species in dental caries, its process for rapid biofilm expansion remains unclear. Using an air-solid interface model simulating the oral environment, we uncovered a novel expansion for S. mutans biofilms. Our findings reveal that S. mutans employs a distinct two-step expansion strategy. Through osmotic pressure, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) spread and transport bacterial clusters to new sites. Subsequently, the hydroxyapatite surface enables new colony formation. Hydroxyapatite's acid-neutralization properties appear critical for bacterial growth and colonization. Despite successful EPS spreading, environments without hydroxyapatite failed to support new colony formation. These results reveal the unique pattern of rapid ECC progression in sugar-rich environments and establish EPS as a promising therapeutic target, advancing understanding of cariogenic biofilm behavior and preventative strategies for ECC prevention.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Streptococcus mutans/growth & development/physiology/drug effects
*Dental Caries/prevention & control/microbiology
Humans
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism
Child, Preschool
Durapatite/chemistry/metabolism
Osmotic Pressure

@article {pmid40273787,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, J and Pan, Y and Wen, X and Gao, P and Zhou, J},
title = {Rapid start-up of nitrogen and organic matter removal in sequencing batch biofilm reactors treating hypersaline mustard tuber wastewater with autochthonous microorganisms.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {383},
number = {},
pages = {125490},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125490},
pmid = {40273787},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The treatment of hypersaline industrial wastewater (≥50 g NaCl L[-1]) faces persistent challenges in start-up and nitrogen removal efficiency due to microbial inhibition under extreme salinity. However, leveraging native microbial consortia for rapid system establishment remains underexplored. This study proposed a rapid-start strategy for sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) treating hypersaline mustard tuber wastewater (MTWW) through in-situ enrichment of autochthonous microorganisms in MTWW. Five SBBRs, each with distinct inoculation (municipal sludge vs. autochthonous microorganisms) and salinity-increase strategies (direct vs. gradual increase), were systematically compared. Systems acclimated with autochthonous microorganisms achieved start-up within 30 days (Phase Ⅰ:0-30 g NaCl L[-1] and Phase Ⅱ: 30-70 g NaCl L[-1]), with COD and TN removal efficiencies of 82.40 %-92.85 % and 85.72 %-94.68 %, respectively. Notably, rapid-start systems maintained comparable TN and COD removal to gradual acclimation (p > 0.05) despite transient nitrification instability during dissolved oxygen fluctuations (recovered within 5∼6 cycles). The rapid-start reactors demonstrated greater ammonia oxidation activity, driven by the dominance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) over bacteria (AOB). Rapid salinity increases selectively enriched halophilic functional bacteria, such as Halomonas, Nitratireductor, Arcobacter, and Phaeodactylibacter, supporting anoxic/aerobic and sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification processes. Most of the functional microorganisms across all reactors originated directly from the MTWW, confirming the indispensability of autochthonous inoculum. Our findings demonstrate that autochthonous microorganisms in hypersaline MTWW can be directly engineered for rapid system establishment, bypassing lengthy acclimation. This strategy reduces start-up costs and provides a scalable solution for industries requiring immediate hypersaline wastewater treatment capacity.},
}

@article {pmid40270823,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, S and Fan, B and Gao, S and Jia, J and Zhang, Y and Shen, H and Zhou, W},
title = {Clinical isolation, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity analysis of different species of the Stephanoascus ciferrii complex.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1570952},
pmid = {40270823},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The Stephanoascus ciferrii complex, comprising Stephanoascus ciferrii, Candida allociferrii, and Candida mucifera, is an emerging fungal pathogen with increasing isolation rates and antifungal resistance. However, detailed information about clinical isolation rates and pathogenicity comparisons among the three species are lacking. In order to fill in this information gap, this study aimed to investigate and compare the clinical isolation rates and pathogenicity of the three species. Twenty-seven S. ciferrii complex strains isolated from the secretion specimens of patients admitted to Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between 2012 and 2023 were included. According to the results of ITS sequencing, there were 15 strains of S. ciferrii, 7 strains of C. allociferrii, and 5 strains of C. mucifera. Antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated that the S. ciferrii complex exhibited high MICs against azole antifungal agents, particularly fluconazole, while it showed lower MICs against echinocandins. S. ciferrii displayed higher MICs against caspofungin than C. allociferrii (P < 0.05). The results of biofilm quantification using crystal violet staining indicated C. allociferrii exhibited stronger biofilm-forming ability than S. ciferrii in RPMI-1640 medium (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between C. allociferrii and C. mucifera or between S. ciferrii and C. mucifera. The results were similar with the metabolic activity by using XTT assay. The G. mellonella larvae infection experiments revealed that the survival rates of larvae infected by strains of the S. ciferrii complex were 60%, 50%, and 48% at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, the G. mellonella larvae lethality caused by C. allociferrii and C. mucifera were significantly higher than that caused by S. ciferrii (P < 0.001). This study is the first to describe and compare the pathogenicity and biofilm formation ability of the three species of S. ciferrii complex in the clinical context. Our research reveals the high prevalence of S. ciferrii in the complex and elucidates the correlation between fungal drug resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence, thus providing essential empirical evidence for further study of the clinical pathogenic characteristics of each species in the complex and treatment strategies.},
}

@article {pmid40268347,
year = {2025},
author = {Ali, HR and Valdivia, C and Negus, D},
title = {Bacteriophage-embedded and coated alginate layers inhibit biofilm formation by clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf099},
pmid = {40268347},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: This study aimed to determine the antibiofilm properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae phages previously isolated from Thai hospital sewage water. Furthermore, we aimed to develop a phage-embedded and coated alginate hydrogel, suitable as a wound dressing or surface coating to prevent K. pneumoniae proliferation and biofilm formation.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The biofilm forming capacity of six clinical K. pneumoniae isolates was determined by means of the crystal violet assay and four strains which exhibited strong adherence were selected for further characterisation. Two phages (vB_KpnA_GBH014 and vB_KpnM_GBH019) were found to both significantly prevent (P = <0.0005) and disrupt (P = <0.05) biofilms produced by their K. pneumoniae hosts as determined by optical density readings using the crystal violet assay. Furthermore, alginate layers embedded and coated with phages vB_KpnA_GBH014 and vB_KpnM_GBH019 produced antibiofilm surfaces. Viable counts of recovered biofilms showed that alginate hydrogels containing phage vB_KpnA_GBH014 or vB_KpnM_GBH019 were associated with significantly fewer K. pneumoniae versus no-phage controls (1.61×108 cfu ml-1 vs 1.67×104 cfu ml-1, P = <0.005 and 1.78×108 cfu ml-1 vs 6.11×102 cfu ml-1, P = <0.00005, respectively). Confocal microscopy further revealed a significant reduction in the biovolume of biofilms formed on phage embedded and coated alginate hydrogels compared to no-phage controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Phages vB_KpnA_GBH014 and vB_KpnM_GBH019 can both prevent and disrupt biofilms produced by clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Embedding and coating these phages into alginate produces an antibiofilm matrix which may have promise for coating medical devices or as a wound dressing.},
}

@article {pmid40268122,
year = {2025},
author = {Highmore, C and Cooper, K and Parker, J and Robinson, J and Castangia, R and Webb, JS},
title = {Real-time detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Biofilm in the food processing environment with Bactiscan, a macro-scale fluorescence device.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100511},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100511},
pmid = {40268122},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {Food safety relies on rapid detection methods and rigorous sampling of the food processing environment, and is challenged by recurrent biofilm contamination and by sub-lethally injured bacteria that can evade detection. Bactiscan is investigated as an alternative detection approach, a macro-scale and reagentless device that detects microbial contamination through activating green fluorescence of glycoproteins in the bacterial cell wall. The detection capability of Bactiscan was tested on foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Detection by Bactiscan was assessed using 3 independent observers viewing bacterial samples dried on stainless steel, using 3 biological repeats and 5 technical repeats. Detection by Bactiscan was possible to 1.20*10[6] colony forming units (CFU), compared to 1.36*10[4] CFU by ATP swab testing, where Bactiscan detection limits were defined by the concentration at which 50% of the samples were observed under illumination of the device. Heat-killed and chlorine stressed E. coli and S. enterica caused a 2-log reduction in detection by ATP swab tests (p≤0.05), while detection by Bactiscan was unaffected (p≥0.05). Pathogen biofilms were detectable via Bactiscan with >80% accuracy at 4 days of growth; E. coli and L. monocytogenes biofilms were visible at 2 days of growth. In situ contamination studies determined that Bactiscan can detect microbial contamination on chicken, salmon, and yoghurt samples with stronger fluorescence than a competitor UV torch. The presence of one of the pathogens on the food samples was confirmed by metagenome sequencing, determining that S. aureus was present in 7 samples out of 9 with a relative abundance of >0.5%. These data demonstrate that Bactiscan can effectively detect bacteria present in the food processing environment and can complement existing technologies to improve food industry cleaning practices and infection prevention.},
}

@article {pmid40268021,
year = {2025},
author = {Keikhosravani, P and Khodaei, A and Bollen, T and Nazmi, K and Bikker, FJ and van Steenbergen, M and van Nostrum, CF and van Strijp, J and Weinans, H and Amin Yavari, S},
title = {Developing antibacterial HB43 peptide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for biofilm treatment.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {310},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {143397},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143397},
pmid = {40268021},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections on medical devices are challenging to treat. Therefore, innovative treatment approaches are needed to penetrate biofilms and eliminate bacteria. With this study, we developed chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) encapsulating the antibacterial peptide HB43 at increasing CNP/peptide ratios (from 1 to 4 % for P1-CNP, P2-CNP, and P4-CNP, respectively) using the ion gelation method. Our goal was to enhance antibacterial drug delivery inside a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm. Our analysis showed a direct correlation between the encapsulation efficacy of HB43 and the physical properties of the CNPs, such as size and zeta potential. P1-CNP was identified as the optimal formulation, characterized by its small size, high encapsulation efficiency, and cationic surface charge. Release studies indicated that HB43 was released in a sustained manner particularly under acidic conditions, which enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We tested the P1-CNP in culture media with pH levels of 7.4 and 5.5 to assess the pH responsiveness of the CNPs and mimic the infection environment. Both conditions showed that the HB43 loaded-CNPs effectively reduced bacterial populations in a dose-dependent manner, with up to a 99.99 % reduction in bacterial load. This study offers a promising new strategy for managing biofilm-associated infections and addressing antibiotic resistance by using CNPs loaded with HB43.},
}

@article {pmid40267963,
year = {2025},
author = {Widyasrini, DA and Annisa, M and Sunarintyas, S and Samaranayake, L and Siswomihardjo, W},
title = {Magnesium Infusion on Dental Implants and Its Impact on Osseointegration and Biofilm Development: A Review.},
journal = {European journal of dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1055/s-0045-1806958},
pmid = {40267963},
issn = {1305-7456},
abstract = {Dental implants have gained global popularity as a treatment option for tooth loss. The success of dental implants depends on their optimal integration into the tissues of the alveolar bone and the periodontium. However, several factors can hinder the proper osseointegration of implants, with the growth of biofilm on the implant surface and subsequent peri-implant infections being significant concerns. To overcome this challenge, researchers have explored the incorporation of antimicrobial agents onto metallic implant surfaces to mitigate biofilm growth. Ideally these agents should promote osteogenesis while exhibiting antibacterial effects. Magnesium (Mg) has emerged as a promising dual-function implant coating due to its osteogenic and antibacterial properties. Despite several studies, the precise mechanisms behind osteoinductive and antimicrobial effect of Mg is unclear, as yet. This review aims to collate and discuss the utility of Mg as a dental implant coating, its impact on the osteogenic process, potential in mitigating microbial growth, and prospects for the future. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across several databases and the findings reveal the promise of Mg as a dual-function dental implant coating material, both as a standalone agent and in combination with other materials. The antibacterial effect of Mg is likely to be due to its (1) toxicity particularly at high concentrations, (2) the production or reactive oxygen species, and (3) pH modulation, while the osteoinductive effect is due to a complex series of cellular and biochemical pathways. Despite its potential both as a standalone and composite coating, challenges such as degradation rate, leaching, and long-term stability must be addressed. Further research is needed to understand the utility of Mg as an implant coating material, particularly in relation to its antibacterial activity, osseointegration, and longevity in the oral milieu.},
}

@article {pmid40267282,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, Z and Chen, H and Zhong, GH and Liu, J},
title = {cAMP-Mediated Biofilm eDNA Transfer Facilitates the Resilience of Soil Microbiome to Agrochemical Stress.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00961},
pmid = {40267282},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Soil microorganisms utilize extracellular DNA (eDNA)-based biofilms as a defense against xenobiotics. However, the specific effects and transfer pathways of eDNA under persistent agrochemical exposure remain unclear. This study examined the transfer dynamics of carbofuran-hydrolase gene pchA from Pseudomonas stutzeri PS21. During biofilm formation, pchA was released from eDNA, leading to an enrichment of beneficial microorganisms such as Acidobacteria and Elusimicrobia, which enhanced organic compound metabolism and improved soil microbiome resilience. An increase in the pchA-associated mobile genetic elements and the colocalization of pchA with other bacterial species indicated the potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) under carbofuran exposure. Additionally, carbofuran triggered a cAMP-dependent apoptotic pathway, leading to a 59.6% increase in pchA copy number, which suggested that cAMP played a role in initiating HGT. In conclusion, the cAMP-mediated interspecific transfer of pchA could enhance microbial coadaptation to carbofuran contamination, thereby strengthening the collective defense of soil microbiome against agrochemical stress.},
}

@article {pmid40265102,
year = {2025},
author = {Leejae, S and Pelyuntha, W and Goodla, L and Mordmuang, A},
title = {Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Centella asiatica Extract and Asiatic Acid for Enhanced Biofilm Eradication of Streptococcus Associated With Oral Diseases.},
journal = {Scientifica},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {4867529},
pmid = {40265102},
issn = {2090-908X},
abstract = {The biofilm-forming ability of Streptococcus species, particularly Streptococcus mutans, is a key factor in the pathogenesis of dental caries and periodontitis. Current treatments often exhibit limitations such as incomplete biofilm eradication and cytotoxicity to host tissues, highlighting the need for innovative and biocompatible therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract, its bioactive triterpenoids (asiatic acid and madecassic acid), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract as an alternative strategy for targeting S. mutans biofilms. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the synthesized AgNPs against Streptococcus species were evaluated, alongside cytotoxicity assessments on human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells using the MTT assay. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to the extract, with significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (62.5/125 µg/mL) against S. mutans ATCC 25175 and S. mitis ATCC 49456, highlighting their potent bactericidal activity. Moreover, the AgNPs achieved rapid biofilm disruption, reducing biofilm biomass by 76% within 12 h at 1/2 × MIC, significantly outperforming the extract and triterpenoids. Scanning electron microscopy further revealed substantial extracellular polymeric substance degradation and biofilm structural disruption upon AgNP treatment, confirming their pronounced antibiofilm efficacy. In addition, the synthesized AgNPs demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, maintaining 68% cell viability in dental fibroblast cells, suggesting an optimal balance between antimicrobial potency and cytotoxicity. The synergistic interaction between AgNPs and C. asiatica phytochemicals significantly enhanced biofilm disruption compared to nonfunctionalized AgNPs. These findings underscore the potential of C. asiatica-based AgNPs as a novel, plant-derived nanotechnological approach for managing oral infections caused by biofilm-forming Streptococcus species. This study not only contributes to the development of alternative antibiofilm strategies but also paves the way for future clinical applications in oral healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid40264793,
year = {2025},
author = {Rafiee, Z and Rezaie, M and Choi, S},
title = {Rapid and sensitive antimicrobial susceptibility testing of biofilm-forming bacteria using scalable paper-based organic transistors.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {112312},
pmid = {40264793},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {A scalable, cost-effective paper-based organic field-effect transistor platform has been developed for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of biofilm-forming pathogens. Traditional AST methods are costly, labor-intensive, and slow, with a lack of standardized biofilm models. This system directly tracks protons generated by biofilms, which serve as key indicators of bacterial metabolism under antibiotic exposure. A proton-sensitive PEDOT:PSS channel is employed, where metabolic proton activity de-dopes the transistor, reducing conductivity. The engineered paper substrate facilitates rapid, high-quality biofilm formation, improving assay reliability. The platform was validated on three clinically significant pathogens against frontline antibiotics, providing real-time, quantitative antibiotic efficacy profiles. Integrated with a microcontroller and machine learning algorithm, results are displayed on a liquid crystal display (LCD), classifying antibiotic concentration relative to the minimum inhibitory concentration with over 85% accuracy. This clinically translatable system offers a high-throughput, point-of-care solution for efficient infection management and antibiotic stewardship.},
}

@article {pmid40263806,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, Z and Lei, X and Zhang, Y and Wu, S and Hou, Z and Ma, K and Pei, H and Shang, F and Xue, T},
title = {The membrane protein DtpT plays an important role in biofilm formation and stress resistance in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus RMSA49.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {208},
number = {},
pages = {116249},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116249},
pmid = {40263806},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus has been a major contributor to the contamination of dairy products and preserved foods due to its capacity for biofilm formation and strong resistance to environmental stress. The membrane transport protein di-and tripeptides transporter (DtpT) is the primary transporter of di- and tripeptides in S. aureus, yet its impact on biofilm formation and stress resistance in S. aureus has not been previously reported. Our study focused on the foodborne S. aureus strain RMSA49, revealing that mutation of the dtpT resulted in diminished biofilm formation ability and reduced tolerance to environmental stress (high temperature, dryness, oxidative stress, and salt stress). These findings highlight the significance of DtpT in both biofilm formation and response to environmental stress in foodborne S. aureus. Our study represents the first report demonstrating the crucial role of DtpT in biofilm formation and environmental tolerance in S. aureus, providing new avenues for future research on this protein while also identifying potential target genes for further investigation into S. aureus tolerance mechanisms during food processing and control of biofilm formation.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/metabolism
Food Microbiology
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
*Stress, Physiological
Mutation
Oxidative Stress
*Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid40263799,
year = {2025},
author = {Lu, Z and Zhang, J and Li, J and Feng, L and Wang, Y and Zhu, J},
title = {Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens induced by a novel diguanylate cyclase modulated c-di-GMP promotes spoilage of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {208},
number = {},
pages = {116231},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116231},
pmid = {40263799},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/physiology/enzymology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Animals ; *Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism/genetics ; *Perciformes/microbiology ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas as major agents cause the microbial spoilage in aerobically stored seafoods due to the strong biofilm forming ability, resulting in significant economic losses. C-di-GMP regulates the transition to biofilm states in numerous bacteria, however, its function in biofilm and spoilage of Pseudomonas fluorescens has still been scarce. Here, in a fish spoiler P. fluorescens PF07 strain, 26 proteins of diguanylate cyclase (DGC) containing a GGDEF domain were characterized, and both intracellular c-di-GMP and biofilm formation consistently decreased in the constructed 12 deletion mutants of DGC domain. Compared to wild type (WT) strain, both swimming and swarming in these mutants remarkably enhanced, while the secretion of siderophore, protease activity, and the production of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) were decreased in several mutants, indicating the different modulating effects among these DGC mutants. Furthermore, correlation analysis of these six phenotypes, PF07_04309 exhibited the most significant alteration, which was identified a novel functional DGC enzyme. Moreover, the GGAAA mutation of PF07_04309 induced the down-regulation of Psl and Alg operons and increased flagellar related gene, resulting in forming the sparser and thinner biofilms. Two mutants of 04309 induced by low c-di-GMP significantly declined the accumulation of TVB-N, thiobarbituric acid, extracellular protease activity and spoilage flavor compounds, especially methylamine and carbon disulfide, in the fillets of large yellow croaker stored at 4 °C. Thus, our results indicated that a novel DGC 04309 modulated the polysaccharide secretion, flagellar, and iron carrier by synthesis of c-di-GMP, positively regulating the spoilage potential of P. fluorescens, which expanded the original insights of DGC and c-di-GMP function on microbial food spoilage.},
}

*Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/physiology/enzymology
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
Animals
*Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism/genetics
*Perciformes/microbiology
*Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Seafood/microbiology
Food Microbiology
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

@article {pmid40263097,
year = {2025},
author = {Esteves Barros, IL and Franco Veiga, F and Estivalet Svidzinski, TI},
title = {In vitro characterization of biofilm produced by Fusarium oxysporum, an onychomycosis agent.},
journal = {Anais brasileiros de dermatologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.abd.2024.11.005},
pmid = {40263097},
issn = {1806-4841},
}

@article {pmid40261531,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodrigues, GWL and Del Bianco Vargas Gouveia, S and Oliveira, LC and de Freitas, RN and Dourado, NG and Sacoman, CA and Ribeiro, APF and Chaves-Neto, AH and Sivieri-Araújo, G and de Toledo Leonardo, R and Cintra, LTA and Jacinto, RC},
title = {Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity and oxidative damage induced by laser ablation with indocyanine green versus aPDT with methylene blue and curcumin on E. coli biofilm in root canals.},
journal = {Odontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40261531},
issn = {1618-1255},
support = {001//Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China/ ; 2023/02279-4//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; },
abstract = {Laser ablation and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) serve as adjunctive treatments to enhance microbial reduction in endodontic root canals. This in vitro study assessed laser ablation with Indocyanine Green (ICG) compared to aPDT using Methylene Blue (MB) and Curcumin (CUR) photosensitizers for reducing E. coli biofilms and inducing oxidative damage in root canals. Methods Standardized bovine upper incisor roots (n = 100) were contaminated with E. coli for 10 days to form biofilms. Groups included ICG 0.05% activated by infrared diode laser, CUR 0.05% activated by blue LED, MB 0.01% activated by red laser, sterile saline (NC), and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (PC). Root canal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment, plated on BHI agar for CFU/mL counting. Oxidative damage was assessed using TBARS and carbonylated protein methods. Percentage reduction data underwent two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn's tests for CFU reduction, and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) for oxidative damage. Results No statistical differences were found among groups for E. coli reduction. All groups had higher reduction than NC and lower reduction than PC (p < 0.05). ICG and CUR showed higher oxidative damage than MB and controls in protein carbonyl analyses. In TBARS analysis, ICG exhibited the greatest oxidative damage, statistically higher than other photosensitizers, negative, and positive controls. Conclusion There was no difference between laser ablation with ICG and aPDT with CUR and MB, which were less effective in bacterial reduction than NaOCl. However, ICG-induced higher oxidative damage in Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting its potential as an adjunctive therapy in root canal procedures.},
}

@article {pmid40260792,
year = {2025},
author = {Chowdhury, MAH and Reem, CSA and Ashrafudoulla, M and Rahman, MA and Shaila, S and Jie-Won Ha, A and Ha, SD},
title = {Role of advanced cleaning and sanitation techniques in biofilm prevention on dairy equipment.},
journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {e70176},
doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70176},
pmid = {40260792},
issn = {1541-4337},
support = {//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; 21153MFDS605//Ministry of food and drug safety 2025/ ; RS202400339436//Korea government (MSIT)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Dairying/instrumentation/methods ; *Sanitation/methods ; *Equipment Contamination/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation on dairy equipment is a persistent challenge in the dairy industry, contributing to product contamination, equipment inefficiency, and economic losses. Traditional methods such as manual cleaning and basic chemical sanitation are discussed as foundational approaches, followed by an in-depth investigation of cutting-edge technologies, including clean-in-place systems, high-pressure cleaning, foam cleaning, ultrasonic and electrochemical cleaning, dry ice blasting, robotics, nanotechnology-based agents, enzymatic cleaners, and oxidizing agents. Enhanced sanitation techniques, such as dry steam, pulsed light, acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water, hydrogen peroxide vapor, microbubble technology, and biodegradable biocides, are highlighted for their potential to achieve superior sanitation while promoting sustainability. The effectiveness, feasibility, and limitations of these methods are evaluated, emphasizing their role in maintaining dairy equipment hygiene and reducing biofilm-associated risks. Additionally, challenges, such as equipment compatibility, cost, and regulatory compliance, are addressed, along with insights into future directions and innovations, including automation, smart cleaning systems, and green cleaning solutions. This review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers aiming to tackle biofilm formation in dairy production systems and enhance food safety, operational efficiency, and sustainability.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Dairying/instrumentation/methods
*Sanitation/methods
*Equipment Contamination/prevention & control

@article {pmid40260359,
year = {2025},
author = {Tirumala, N and K, LR},
title = {Bacteriological Profile of Diabetic Foot Ulcer With Special Reference to Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {e80974},
pmid = {40260359},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high sugar levels in the blood for prolonged periods of time. The world's largest number of diabetics resides in India, making it the world's diabetic capital, with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) incidence of around 8-17%. Due to the polymicrobial and multidrug resistant (MDR) nature of DFUs, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is of high importance to help treat patients effectively and prevent the development of MDR bacteria. The ability to form biofilms is a significant additive to virulence of an organism that causes an able strain to be resistant to more antibiotics as compared to a free-living strain, thereby further delaying the healing of DFUs. Materials and methods This study included 74 samples collected from patients with DFUs, out of which 69 (93.24%) yielded growth on culture. Gram staining was done for the direct microscopy, isolation, and determination of organism, and the detection of biofilm formers using Congo Red Agar plates. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results Out of 74 samples collected, 69 (93.24%) yielded growth on culturing, with 5 (6.76%) cultures coming back negative. On Gram staining, 42 (56.8%) samples showed Gram-positive cocci and 53 (71.6%) showed Gram-negative bacilli. On isolating organisms from the samples, 16 (21.7%) samples had Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae at 13 (17.6%) and Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli at 11 each (14.9%), indicating a Gram-negative bacteria predominance. Of the Gram-positive bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus stands at two (2.7%) and Streptococcus pyogenes at one (1.4%). The prevailing monomicrobiality could be attributed to antibiotic administration prior to sample collection. On antibiotic sensitivity of organisms tested against each antibiotic, more than 75% of tested samples were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime, and erythromycin, and around 70% and more of tested samples were sensitive to ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, benzylpenicillin, vancomycin, and clindamycin. Out of the 69 positive cultures, 29 (42.03%) yielded biofilm formers. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant biofilm former with 10 (34.48%) of 29 of total biofilm-forming isolates, followed by E. coli and K. pneumoniae with five each (17.24%) and Proteus mirabilis with three samples (10.34%). Regarding strains forming biofilms according to bacterium species, S. aureus was predominant, with 100% (two out of two samples) of isolates forming biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus was followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 62.5% (10 out of 16 samples), Acinetobacter baumannii (two out of four samples) and Enterobacter cloacae (one out of two samples) with 50% each, E. coli with 45.45% (5 out of 11 samples), and K. pneumoniae with 38.46% (5 out of 13 samples) of isolates forming biofilms. It should be noted that only two S. aureus, four A. baumannii, and two Enterobacter cloacae samples were isolated in comparison to a larger number of Gram-negative bacteria. This study has found that 100% of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are biofilm formers. Conclusion The ability to form biofilms adds immensely to the virulence and antibiotic resistance. Detection of biofilm formers is non-invasive and convenient to measure and would help provide insight into antibiotics to be administered to the patient, thereby reducing development of MDROs and reducing healing time.},
}

@article {pmid40257245,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, EH and Kim, H and Lee, JH and Kim, Y and Kwon, HB and Lim, YJ and Kong, H and Lee, SW and Kim, MJ},
title = {Self-Powered Oxygen Microbubble Generator for Decontamination of Anaerobic Biofilm-Fouled Bioimplants.},
journal = {ACS biomaterials science & engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00303},
pmid = {40257245},
issn = {2373-9878},
abstract = {Biomedical devices often feature a microgap: confined, minuscule spaces that foster bacterial infiltration and biofilm formation. For instance, peri-implantitis with prevalence rates of 4.7-45% at the patient level is a major complication driven by biofilm infections, characterized by chronic inflammation and implant failure. Anaerobic biofilm residing within the microgap serves as a major source of the peri-implantitis, but tools that remove the biofilm are lacking. Therefore, this study presents a novel preventive strategy employing self-powered microbubbler (SM) for targeted decontamination of micrographs in dental implants. SMs are assembled by doping diatoms with MnO2 nanosheets. These particles are activated to generate O2 microbubbles in H2O2 solution via catalase-mimetic activity and can penetrate the biofilm structures. The resulting oxygen bubbles induce effective mechanical disruption and oxygenation within biofilm-mimicking gelatin hydrogels and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms found in the peri-implantitis-affected implants. Such biofilm removal from the microgap restored mechanical stability at implant abutment-fixture connections and reduced bacterial leakage. Multispecies biofilms from patient-derived implants were similarly decontaminated with the mixture of SM-H2O2 outperforming conventional antiseptics like 0.2% chlorhexidine and 3% H2O2 alone. This innovative approach extends beyond dental implants to address biofilm-associated challenges in various biomedical devices with microgap vulnerabilities. Overall, SM-based treatments will offer an efficient and nondamaging solution to enhance the sterility and longevity of various bioimplants with intricated and confined structure.},
}

@article {pmid40255811,
year = {2025},
author = {Varadan, P and Ra, S and Rajendran, MR},
title = {A Comparison Between Multisonic and Ultrasonic Irrigant Activation Techniques for Multispecies Biofilm Removal During Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {e80938},
pmid = {40255811},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {This systematic review aims to compare multisonic and ultrasonic irrigant activation techniques in polymicrobial biofilm removal. We conducted a literature search involving SCOPUS, PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO host, and LILACS databases from inception to December 2024, in addition to a manual search using Google Scholar. The risk of bias assessment was done using the guidelines described for in vitro studies and the criteria for evaluation was based on JBI criteria and CRIS guidelines for quality assessment of in vitro studies. Three articles were included in the final analysis. The included studies evaluated biofilm removal in extracted teeth models incubated with biofilm; while two studies used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methodology, one used colony forming unit (CFU). Except in the study by Llerena et al., the GentleWave® multisonic System (GWS) outperformed ultrasonic irrigant activation (UI) in terms of biofilm removal. Despite the limitations of this systematic review, multisonic irrigant activation demonstrated similar efficacy in reducing intraradicular biofilm when compared to ultrasonic irrigant activation.},
}

@article {pmid40255461,
year = {2025},
author = {Goda, RM and Maghrabi, IA and El-Badawy, MF and Kabel, AM and Omar, AA and El-Morsi, RM and Ramadan, HA and Shohayeb, MM},
title = {Developing a Urinary Catheter with Anti-Biofilm Coated Surface Using Phyto-Assisted Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {1881-1893},
pmid = {40255461},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm-related infections represent one of the major challenging health problems that enhances antimicrobial resistance with subsequent treatment failure of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).

AIM: This study aimed to employ and comprehensively characterize the use of nanoparticles to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are considered one of the most important biofilm inhibitors.

METHODS: The current study aimed to characterize the influence of the bioreductive green synthesis of ZnO-NPs using pomegranate peel extract on bacterial colonization to protect against urinary catheter infections. ZnO-NPs were investigated for their physicochemical properties using UV, FTIR, Dynamic light scattering, and TEM. Catheters were coated with ZnO-NPs using Pistacia lentiscus (mastic), and the slow release of free zinc ions (Zn[+2]) from, the ZnO-NPs-coated catheters, was evaluated using the ICP-AES technique.

RESULTS: The current study revealed that catheter coated by ZnO-NPs exhibited a sustained antibiofilm activity against biofilm-forming and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

CONCLUSION: The present study supports the efficiency of ZnO-NPs as a good candidate for prevention of biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40253144,
year = {2025},
author = {Akter, S and Rahman, MA and Ashrafudoulla, M and Ha, SD},
title = {Biofilm formation and analysis of EPS architecture comprising polysaccharides and lipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli on food processing surfaces.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {209},
number = {},
pages = {116274},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116274},
pmid = {40253144},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth & development ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/growth & development ; *Food Handling ; *Food Microbiology ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/chemistry/metabolism ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Lipids/analysis ; Surface Properties ; Stainless Steel ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are silent but formidable threats in seafood processing, where Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli can quickly transform contact surfaces into reservoirs of contamination. This study explores the dynamic biofilm formation on aluminum, silicone rubber, stainless steel, and polyethylene terephthalate over 24 and 72 h. Quantitative assays including Colony Forming Unit (CFU), Crystal Violet (CV), 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) revealed a significant increase in biofilm density, particularly on aluminum and silicone rubber. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and [1]H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses showed that biofilm EPS exhibits an evolving amphiphilic nature, with stable polysaccharides and increasing lipid content enhancing resilience. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) captured the shift from early attachment to mature, dense biofilms. These findings underscore the crucial impact of surface material on biofilm growth and the pressing need for tailored cleaning protocols to curb contamination risks in food processing environments.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth & development
*Escherichia coli/physiology/growth & development
*Food Handling
*Food Microbiology
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/chemistry/metabolism
*Polysaccharides, Bacterial
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Bacterial Adhesion
*Lipids/analysis
Surface Properties
Stainless Steel

@article {pmid40251887,
year = {2025},
author = {Davis, SC and Avery, JT and Gil, J and Solis, MR and Jozic, I and Kimmerling, KA and Mowry, KC},
title = {Protection with a collagen wound matrix containing polyhexamethylene biguanide supports innate wound healing in biofilm-infected porcine wounds.},
journal = {Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {e70025},
pmid = {40251887},
issn = {1524-475X},
support = {//Organogenesis/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Biguanides/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Swine ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy ; *Collagen/pharmacology ; Debridement ; Immunity, Innate ; },
abstract = {Over 90% of chronic wounds have biofilm infections, making the need for inhibiting reformation of biofilm post-debridement paramount to support progression through the normal phases of wound healing. Herein, we describe a porcine wound model infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and examine the ability of an antimicrobial barrier composed of native type I collagen and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PCMP) to serve as a barrier to protect wounds and support progression through the innate wound healing cascade. Wounds were inoculated with MRSA and allowed to form a biofilm for 72 h, subjected to standard of care sharp debridement, then either left untreated or received PCMP for 5, 10, 15 or 20 days. Wounds were assessed for bioburden, wound closure and expression of genes related to wound healing. Wounds treated with PCMP exhibited statistically lower MRSA levels compared to untreated controls and achieved 90% closure by 2 weeks of treatment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that by reducing bacterial load, wounds progressed through the innate wound healing cascade, while untreated wounds exhibited a dampening of the immune response. Additionally, for randomly assigned wounds, PCMP was not reapplied at dressing changes to assess the impact of inconsistent wound protection. At all timepoints, a resurgence in bioburden was observed following removal of PCMP if the wounds had not fully closed. This study highlights the value of PCMP as an antimicrobial barrier and the importance of protecting wounds through closure and resolution.},
}

Animals
*Wound Healing/drug effects
*Biguanides/pharmacology
*Biofilms/drug effects
Swine
*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Wound Infection/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy
Disease Models, Animal
*Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy
*Collagen/pharmacology
Debridement
Immunity, Innate

@article {pmid40250494,
year = {2025},
author = {Jhuma, TA and Dey, SS and Sarkar, R and Siddique, S and Moniruzzaman, M and Chowdhury, A},
title = {Biofilm inhibition and antagonism of Klebsiella pneumoniae by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw cow milk.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {107603},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107603},
pmid = {40250494},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with their potential health benefits are naturally prevalent in dairy and fermented food products. This probiotic microbiota can be an alternative biological tool for controlling other pathogenic bacteria. The study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from raw cow milk and evaluate their probiotic potential. Twelve gram-positive isolates showing tolerance to bile salt, acid, and low pH were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, which revealed the isolates belong to the genera including Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Weissella. In case of probiotic potential, the isolates exhibited arrays of probiotic properties: autoaggregation (33.65-84.63 %), co-aggregation (8.17-83.22 %), cell surface hydrophobicity for both polar (13.37-90.24 %) and non-polar solvents (5.52-53.58 %) and able to form biofilm (75 % weak, 16.67 % moderate and 8.33 % strong). Statistical analysis revealed the correlation pattern between the probiotic properties and showed a significant strong positive correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity and aggregation. Additionally, three isolates L. lactis, W. confusa, and E. gallinarum that were sensitive to antibiotics, able to produce biofilm, and did not contain virulence genes were able to reduce the biofilm formation of pathogen K. pneumoniae (1.3-4 log) in the co-culture assay. These Findings suggest that LAB from the raw cow milk could serve as a natural biocontrol agent for preventing and controlling K. pneumoniae biofilm formation and pave the way for innovative intervention of LAB in food safety and clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40249671,
year = {2025},
author = {Nilavan, E and Kumar, A and Sivam, V and Vaiyapuri, M and Koombankallil, R and Joseph, TC and Swaminathan, TR},
title = {Molecular characterization, antibiotic resistance pattern, and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from tropical seafood.},
journal = {Journal of AOAC International},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf037},
pmid = {40249671},
issn = {1944-7922},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood poses a major public health concern, particularly in tropical regions.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to isolate, assess antibiotic susceptibility, and determine the biofilm-forming ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from seafood sold in Cochin, India.

METHODS: One hundred seafood samples were collected from retail markets in Cochin and analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus. Phenotypic identification was confirmed through biochemical assays and molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting toxR, tdh, and trh genes. Biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate-crystal violet assay, and antibiotic resistance was determined using the disc diffusion method.

RESULTS: V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 43.0% (43/100) of the total seafood analyzed. A total of 43 isolates were confirmed by the toxR gene, of which five carried the tdh gene, while none harbored the trh gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed 100% resistance to ampicillin, whereas all isolates were fully susceptible to chloramphenicol. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.13 to 0.50. Notably, some multidrug-resistant isolates exhibited strong biofilm formation at 37 °C.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus in seafood sold in Cochin and their ability to form biofilms underscores the need for rigorous monitoring and effective control strategies to safeguard public health.},
}