@article {pmid42797919,
year = {2026},
author = {Amin, I and Abdelkhalek, A and Pet, I and Ahmadi, M and Abd El-Aziz, NK},
title = {Innovative Approaches Against Planktonic and Biofilm-Producing Clostridium perfringens Associated with Necrotic Enteritis.},
journal = {Veterinary sciences},
volume = {13},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vetsci13090882},
pmid = {42797919},
issn = {2306-7381},
abstract = {Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens; CP), is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the poultry industry worldwide. The pathogenicity of C. perfringens is attributed to the production of more than twenty extracellular toxins and enzymes, with strains classified into seven toxinotypes (A-G) based on their major toxin genes. While the alpha-toxin gene (cpa) is present across all C. perfringens toxinotypes, netB is recognized as the primary virulence determinant of avian NE. However, toxin-gene carriage alone does not establish toxin expression or disease causation. Cpb2 and tpeL have also been associated with virulence in some C. perfringens isolates, although their independent contributions to NE pathogenesis remain less firmly established. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant C. perfringens strains, including multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) isolates, together with the organism's ability to form biofilms, has complicated disease prevention and treatment by enhancing environmental persistence and tolerance to antimicrobial agents. Distinct from reviews that primarily address NE pathogenesis or antibiotic alternatives as broad terms, this review integrates antimicrobial resistance with planktonic and biofilm-associated C. perfringens. Furthermore, it critically evaluates alternative interventions based on their activity against these bacterial states and the strength of supporting in vitro, in vivo, and field evidence. In conclusion, this review highlights the urgent need for sustainable, antibiotic-free strategies to combat NE. Advancing the development and field validation of these alternative approaches may contribute to reducing antimicrobial resistance, limiting biofilm-associated persistence, and improving poultry health and productivity.},
}

@article {pmid42799892,
year = {2026},
author = {Kalangadan, N and Sundaresan, S and Mani, A and Muruganandham, N and Siju, S and Govindarajan, S and Rajaram, K},
title = {Harnessing phage-ciprofloxacin synergy to overcome multidrug-resistant infections and biofilm persistence.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {42799892},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/virology/physiology ; *Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Bacteriophages/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Genome, Viral ; Host Specificity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; },
abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with hospital-acquired and chronic wound infections. Its capacity for biofilm formation and increasing resistance to standard antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin (CIP), complicates treatment. The emergence of CIP-resistant E. faecalis (EFR) strains limits existing antibiotic options and requires alternative treatment approaches. Our study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of a lytic bacteriophage (φR12EFP) and its combination with CIP against E. faecalis. Phage φR12EFP was isolated from environmental samples and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an icosahedral tailed morphology. Whole-genome sequencing identified a 58.6 kb linear double-stranded DNA genome with high coding density and no lysogeny-associated genes, confirming its classification within the Saphexavirus genus. φR12EFP exhibited host specificity toward E. faecalis. Growth curve analysis showed the emergence of bacterial resistance after 10 h of phage exposure. Adsorption and one-step growth assays demonstrated rapid host attachment, with a burst size of approximately 356 PFU/cell, and optimal antibacterial activity at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. φR12EFP remained stable between 4 and 60 °C and pH 5-9. A CIP-resistant EFR strain was developed under selective pressure to establish a clinically relevant model. Combined treatment with φR12EFP (MOI 0.1) and low-dose CIP (5 µg/mL) exhibited EFR bacterial suppression and restored antibiotic efficacy. The combination reduced established EFR biofilm by 75% and improved embryo survival to 90-100% in an in ovo infection model compared with φR12EFP monotherapy alone. These findings indicate that φR12EFP restores CIP sensitivity in resistant E. faecalis and supports the use of phage-antibiotic regimens against multidrug-resistant enterococci.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/virology/physiology
*Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
*Bacteriophages/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Genome, Viral
Host Specificity
Microbial Sensitivity Tests

@article {pmid42799983,
year = {2026},
author = {Nasser, A and Alobaidi, KH and Al-Obaidi, JR},
title = {Dodonaea viscosa-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42799983},
issn = {1618-1905},
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of healthcare-associated mortality, with multidrug resistance and biofilm formation limiting treatment options. Anti-virulence strategies targeting adhesin gene expression offer a promising alternative, yet the ability of green-synthesised ZnO-NPs to suppress MRSA virulence remains underexplored. In this study, ZnO-NPs were synthesised using Dodonaea viscosa leaf extract, with D-Fructose-3-O-methyl identified as the dominant phytochemical. Nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and AFM. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities were evaluated against a clinically isolated MDR MRSA strain (VITEK 2 confirmed; resistant to 15 antibiotic agents) using MIC determination and crystal violet microplate biofilm assay. Virulence gene expression (fnbA, cna) was quantified by RT-qPCR using the 2[-]ΔΔCt method with 16 S rRNA as a reference gene. ZnO-NPs exhibited a characteristic UV absorption at 321 nm and an AFM mean diameter of 34.95 nm. EDS confirmed Zn (28.94%) and O (22.54%) as principal elements, with residual C and Cl attributable to phytochemical surface capping and precursor, respectively. The MIC of ZnO-NPs against MRSA was 4.312 mg/mL - a 7.5-fold improvement over crude D. viscosa extract (32.25 mg/mL). Anti-biofilm inhibition reached 41% and 58% for two clinical isolates at sub-MIC concentrations. RT-qPCR revealed significant downregulation of fnbA (fold change 0.37; 63.4% reduction) and cna (fold change 0.46; 54.0% reduction) relative to untreated controls. These findings demonstrate that D. viscosa-mediated ZnO-NPs combine direct antibacterial activity with transcriptional suppression of MRSA adhesin-encoding virulence genes at sub-lethal concentrations, offering a promising anti-virulence platform with reduced potential for resistance selection compared with conventional bactericidal agents.},
}

@article {pmid42800316,
year = {2026},
author = {Hu, W and Du, R and Cao, S and Liu, T and Yuan, Z and Peng, Y},
title = {Scaling up membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR) for sustainable wastewater treatment.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {308},
number = {Pt C},
pages = {127015},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.127015},
pmid = {42800316},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR) have attracted increasing attention as a potential platform for low carbon wastewater treatment, owing to their high oxygen transfer efficiency, biofilm-based process intensification, and reported potential for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under specific configurations. However, successful full-scale implementation requires careful management of scale dependent variations in gas transfer, liquid-side mass transfer, hydrodynamics and biofilm stratification. This review critically examines these bottlenecks and the engineering principles required to manage them. Key challenges include membrane wetting, boundary layer resistance, lumen pressure loss and condensate accumulation in longer fibres, flow maldistribution at high packing density, excessive biofilm growth and matrix specific competition for oxygen. Emerging strategies, including intermittent scouring, redox regulation, spatially differentiated aeration, model informed module design and hybrid nitrogen removal configurations, provide potential scaling pathways, but their performance remains configuration and wastewater dependent. Reliable full-scale deployment therefore requires treating MABR as an integrated platform combining module design, gas-water regulation, biofilm control and greenhouse-gas management. Plant wide models and data driven soft sensors may support adaptive operation, although real-time closed-loop control remains to be demonstrated. By synthesizing material evolution, hydrodynamic regulation and operation emission interactions, this review identifies the engineering conditions that may influence the long term operational and environmental performance of MABR.},
}

@article {pmid42786181,
year = {2026},
author = {Antypas, H and Schmidtchen, V and Staiger, WI and Yanhong, LI and Tan, RJW and Ng, KKF and Neo, CJY and Radhesh, SM and Tanoto, FR and da Silva, RAG and Colomer-Winter, C and Schütz, SD and Kloehn, J and Muthualagu Natarajan, L and Manzano, C and Wong, JJ and Pethe, K and Hasse, B and Brugger, SD and Wong, SL and Van Tyne, D and Zinkernagel, AS and Kline, KA},
title = {Author Correction: Loss of Fsr quorum sensing promotes biofilm formation and worsens outcomes in enterococcal infective endocarditis.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-78152-1},
pmid = {42786181},
issn = {2041-1723},
}

@article {pmid42786866,
year = {2026},
author = {Verma, A and Sharma, S},
title = {Nano-Carriers in Biofilm-Associated Infections: Clinical Challenges, Regulatory Hurdles, and Translational Perspectives.},
journal = {Recent advances in drug delivery and formulation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2174/0126673878496546260903102828},
pmid = {42786866},
issn = {2667-3886},
abstract = {Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms encapsulated by an Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) matrix, which plays a crucial role in recurrent and chronic infections caused by implanted medical devices. The natural resistance of biofilms to antimicrobials and the difficulty in diagnosing them pose a challenge in the fight against infections. The biofilm life cycle, consisting of attachment, maturation, and dispersion stages, further complicates this issue. Nanocarriers have increasingly been proposed to overcome the challenges posed by biofilms because of their small size, large surface area-to-volume ratio, and physicochemical properties. Due to the unique characteristics of nanocarriers, researchers have used them to facilitate antimicrobial delivery, enhance drug permeability into biofilms, and promote the effects of the administered drugs. Researchers have used various techniques such as quorum-sensing inhibition, EPS matrix breakdown, and targeted drug delivery to treat biofilm infections. Although considerable advancements have been made in treating biofilm infections through the use of nanocarriers, there are still several issues that need to be addressed before moving into clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid42789175,
year = {2026},
author = {Yamaguchi, CC and Mori, JF and Kutsuna, S and Kanaly, RA},
title = {Identification of Putative Cellulose Synthase Gene xcsA2 Required for c-di-GMP-Induced Biofilm Formation and Cell Aggregation in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942.},
journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/bit.70396},
pmid = {42789175},
issn = {1097-0290},
support = {17K00555//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI/ ; 23K05013//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI/ ; 22H04984//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI/ ; 24H02301//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI/ ; 25K08898//Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI/ ; JPMJSP2179//JST SPRING research grant Japan/ ; },
abstract = {Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is a widely used model cyanobacterium for diverse research fields and for bioproduction applications owing to its ease of cultivation, genetic modification, and ability to fix CO2. We found that a laboratory strain of S. elongatus PCC 7942 expressing the ydeH gene from E. coli exhibited pronounced biofilm formation and cell aggregation upon ydeH induction, despite the species rarely showing these phenotypes under standard laboratory conditions. Our findings demonstrate that this strain harbors latent potential for biofilm formation and aggregation through c-di-GMP synthesis, suggesting possible applications in biomass recovery. Further, we identified that xcsA2 (Synpcc7942_2151), a putative cellulose synthase gene containing a PilZ domain that binds c-di-GMP is an indispensable gene in this biofilm-producing phenotype and experimentally confirmed ydeH-induced cellulose-like β-1,4-linked glucans production. Notably, xcsA2 represents the first putative functional cellulose synthase gene involved in biofilm/aggregate formation in S. elongatus and suggests that this organism may serve as a useful platform for bacterial cellulose bioproduction. Overall, discovery of xcsA2 provides a new genetic basis for exploring cellulose synthase evolution in cyanobacteria and specifically opens possibilities for engineering cellulose bioproduction utilizing S. elongatus.},
}

@article {pmid42790370,
year = {2026},
author = {Song, D and Xun, J and Wang, L and Han, Z and Liu, C and Cheng, W and Zhao, Y and Sun, Z and Ma, J},
title = {Aluminum hydrolysis species as metabolic drivers: Novel insights into biofilm function regulation in gravity-driven membrane (GDM) systems.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {308},
number = {Pt C},
pages = {126994},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.126994},
pmid = {42790370},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Aluminum (Al) salt coagulation is frequently employed as a pretreatment strategy in gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration to alleviate fouling, however, its actual efficacy remains highly variable and occasionally counterproductive, with the underlying mechanisms largely unexplored. This study systematically revealed how Al hydrolytic species dictated biofilm functionality and overall GDM performance, shifting the conventional perspective from viewing Al as a simple foulant precursor to recognizing it as a decisive metabolic regulator. The formation of ε‑Al13 under high coagulant doses induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and enzymatic inhibition, thereby suppressing energy metabolism and nitrogen transformation pathways. In contrast, optimized dosing promoted the generation of Al6 species, which established a low-mass-transfer-resistance, biocompatible microenvironment and acted as sustained-release nutrient carriers selectively enhancing nitrification, denitrification, and anammox activities, while curtailing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulation and inhibiting biofilm-to-biofouling transition. Based on these mechanistic insights, a micro-flocculation-GDM (MGDM) system was developed, achieving a flux approximately 2.3‑fold higher than conventional GDM alongside significantly improved pollutant removal (87.17% for NH4[+]‑N and 60.61% for UV254). These findings not only provided critical theoretical guidance for optimizing GDM operation but also established a refined species‑oriented biofilm regulation framework, offering a practical technological pathway for scalable engineering applications of GDM systems in surface water treatment.},
}

@article {pmid42791618,
year = {2026},
author = {Zwicker, P and Bradtke, AML and Ploch, NL and Hübner, NO},
title = {233 nm far-UV-C radiation for biofilm inactivation.},
journal = {Photochemistry and photobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/php.70153},
pmid = {42791618},
issn = {1751-1097},
abstract = {The formation of biofilms protects bacteria from antibiotic therapy or disinfection based on different mechanisms. The treatment of biofilms is furthermore impeded by their characteristic of being composed of multiple species; thus, it is necessary to identify involved species to determine an appropriate treatment. Consequently, new methods for inactivating involved bacteria in biofilms are necessary. One possibility might be the use of skin-compatible doses of 233 nm far-UV-C irradiation. In the presented study, the potential for biofilm formation of various bacteria species and strains was identified using a plate-based assay (crystal violet staining) as well as two cultivation-based assays on agar plates (Congo red, calcofluor). Strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa were selected and grown on stainless steel carriers for 24 h followed by irradiation with skin-tolerable doses of 233 nm far-UV-C radiation (20-80 mJ/cm[2]). Viability of bacteria was assessed via quantification of colony-forming units. Irradiation led to a statistically significant inactivation of up to 2.28 lg (S. epidermidis), 2.60 lg (S. aureus), and 1.16 lg (P. aeruginosa). Higher doses tended to result in slightly higher inactivation, but without statistical significance. Since UV-C irradiation does not remove bacteria and the surrounding matrix, additional cleansing is necessary for biofilm removal. But UV-C irradiation can be an effective addition to cleansing and chemical treatment for biofilm inactivation. Therefore, for potential applications on skin or mucous membranes, UV-C currently represents a valuable additional method that broadens the antiseptic treatment repertoire.},
}

@article {pmid42791989,
year = {2026},
author = {Baca-García, A and Baca, P and Abellán, A and Arias-Moliz, MT and Valderrama, P},
title = {Research Trends in Antimicrobial Oral Hygiene Products, the Oral Microbiome, and Dental Biofilm: A Bibliometric Analysis (2006-2025).},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15090839},
pmid = {42791989},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {PID2023-149087NB-I00//Spanish State Research Agency/ ; },
abstract = {Objective: This study aims to provide a global landscape of research into oral hygiene products with antimicrobial or microbiome-modulating activity through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to identify trends and hotspots that may influence future research frontiers. Methods: A structured bibliographic search was conducted within the Web of Science Core Collection database from 2006 to 2025. Manual screening was performed to exclude duplicate records, studies that did not align with the core topic, and those failing to meet the predefined inclusion criteria. Bibliometric and visual analyses were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package 'bibliometrix' to evaluate production metrics, citation networks, and multi-level collaboration patterns. Results: The analysis included 1007 publications. Sreenivasan PK was the most productive author, and Lundberg JO was the most cited. The United States, followed by India, Brazil, and China, led global research volume, while the United Kingdom and the Netherlands led in total citations. The International Journal of Dental Hygiene was the most productive journal (n = 48), and the Journal of Dentistry was the most cited (n = 1356). Burgeoning research hotspots include the impact of mouthwashes on the oral microbiome and systemic disorders, the controlled clinical use of chlorhexidine, and alternative formulations incorporating probiotics, herbal extracts, or hyaluronic acid. Conclusions: This study underscores a global shift in dental research priorities from traditional bacterial elimination toward preserving oral microbiota eubiosis. While chlorhexidine remains a subject of research due to its widespread use for therapeutic benefits, bibliometric research highlights its potential systemic consequences as a hotspot. Therefore, future research should focus on innovative antimicrobial formulations for mouthwashes and toothpastes that maintain oral health without causing dysbiosis.},
}

@article {pmid42792024,
year = {2026},
author = {Tabassum, N and Javaid, A and Karthikeyan, A and Kim, M and Kim, YM and Khan, F},
title = {Prophage-Derived Molecules as Anti-Vibrio Agents in Aquaculture: Mechanisms of Biofilm Control and Virulence Suppression.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15090874},
pmid = {42792024},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {RS-2021-NR060118 and RS-2023-00241461//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; This research was also a part of the project titled 'Global Bluefood leadership project (RS-2025-02373103)', funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; },
abstract = {Vibriosis causes substantial losses in marine and brackish-water aquaculture, while increasing antimicrobial resistance limits the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic treatment. Biofilm formation and quorum-sensing-controlled virulence further contribute to the persistence of pathogenic Vibrio species. Prophages integrated into Vibrio genomes encode proteins and regulatory elements that may provide alternative approaches for controlling these pathogens. This review evaluates endolysins, polysaccharide depolymerases, nucleases, holins, spanins, tailocins, regulatory proteins, and small RNAs associated with prophages and related phages. The available evidence was classified according to molecular origin to distinguish validated prophage-derived molecules from those obtained from temperate or lytic phages and from molecules characterized in non-Vibrio bacteria. Endolysins and depolymerases can disrupt bacterial cells and biofilm matrices, whereas prophage regulatory elements may influence quorum sensing, adhesion, motility, toxin production, and secretion systems. However, the evidence directly supporting prophage-derived anti-Vibrio agents remains limited. Most experimentally demonstrated activity has been reported for endolysins and one validated depolymerase, and many of these molecules originated from lytic rather than temperate phages. No direct Vibrio-specific evidence is currently available for phage-derived nucleases, holins, spanins, or tailocins as isolated control agents. Prophage genomes nevertheless provide an extensive source of regulatory and antimicrobial candidates for further investigation. Progress toward aquaculture application will require experimental validation, effective delivery methods, safety assessment, scalable production, and clear regulatory standards.},
}

@article {pmid42792029,
year = {2026},
author = {Duggal, AP and Alreja, AB and Vashee, I and Nordstrom, H and Harrelson, E and Fallen, N and Takano, KA and Blaustein, RA and Fouts, DE and Gonzalez-Juarbe, N},
title = {Phage-Antibiotic-Peptide Synergy Overcomes Biofilm-Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Serratia marcescens.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15090879},
pmid = {42792029},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; /JG/JG CDC HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Background/Objectives: Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe hospital-acquired infections, notable for its biofilm formation abilities and development of extensive antibiotic resistance. Here, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of bacteriophages, antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides (BAP), alone and in combination, against fourteen multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. marcescens isolates sourced from hospitals and other environmental settings.

METHODS: S. marcescens was grown planktonically or in surface-associated biofilms, and biofilm biomass was measured via changes in absorbance and colony-forming units or live/death staining.

RESULTS: Combining bacteriophage with a low-dose cocktail of penicillin-streptomycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin enhanced antimicrobial activity compared with antibiotics alone. Across the isolate panel, responses to BAP treatment varied according to determined antibiotic resistance profiles. The highly resistant AR-0517 isolate was selected for detailed mature biofilm analysis, where the BAP treatment reduced biofilm biomass by 97.8% and recoverable bacteria by 99.99%. Microscopy and viability assays further confirmed extensive biofilm disruption and bacterial killing.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of multiple bacterial pathways can enhance antimicrobial activity against MDR S. marcescens in vitro and support further evaluation of BAP as a potential strategy for biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42792030,
year = {2026},
author = {Akkache, A and Védère, M and Hathroubi, S},
title = {Next-Generation Antimicrobial Peptides for Biofilm-Associated Infections: Engineering, Biomaterial Delivery and AI-Assisted Discovery.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15090880},
pmid = {42792030},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly regarded as next-generation antimicrobial agents because of their broad-spectrum activity, rapid killing, antibiofilm potential, immunomodulatory properties, and mechanisms of action that differ from those of many conventional antibiotics. Despite these advantages, their clinical translation remains limited by proteolytic instability, hemolysis or cytotoxicity, poor pharmacokinetics, salt and serum sensitivity, production costs, and delivery challenges. The AMP field is therefore shifting from natural peptide discovery toward integrated engineering pipelines that combine rational peptide modification, biomaterial-based delivery, high-throughput screening, and artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning approaches. Chemical and structural modifications, including D-amino acid substitution, N-glycine substitution, cyclization, lipidation, PEGylation, terminal amidation, hydrocarbon stapling, hybridization, sequence truncation, metal coordination, and biomaterial immobilization, are being used to improve stability, potency, selectivity, antibiofilm activity, and tissue localization. In parallel, AI-guided approaches, including ML, deep learning, and generative modeling, enable large-scale exploration of diverse peptide sources, including microbiomes and extinct proteomes, to entirely new sequences, while supporting optimization of potency, selectivity, stability, toxicity, and synthesizability. This focused review summarizes recent advances in AMP engineering, biomaterial-assisted delivery, and AI-guided discovery for biofilm-associated infections in the context of antimicrobial resistance.},
}

@article {pmid42792071,
year = {2026},
author = {Abilova, Z and Balabayev, B and Shevchenko, P and Yernazarova, M and Bulashev, A and Rychshanova, R and Gabitova, A},
title = {Association Between Biofilm Phenotype and Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes from Northern Kazakhstan.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15090921},
pmid = {42792071},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {BR22885795, "Improving Food Safety"//Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the Scientific and Technical Pro-gramme for 2024-2026/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives:Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen of public health concern because of the severe outcomes associated with invasive listeriosis, its ability to persist throughout the food chain, and its capacity to form biofilms. In this study, the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes, and biofilm-forming capacity of L. monocytogenes from food of animal origin in Northern Kazakhstan were investigated, and the association between the biofilm phenotype and antimicrobial resistance was also assessed. Methods: A total of 1561 samples were analyzed. L. monocytogenes was isolated and identified according to ISO 11290-1 and confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST recommendations. Resistance genes were detected by PCR, and biofilm formation was assessed using a crystal violet assay. Results:L. monocytogenes was detected in 34 (2.18%) samples. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was observed in 18 (52.9%) isolates, with the highest resistance rate observed for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14/34, 41.2%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 8 (23.5%) isolates and was defined as resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes, including β-lactams, macrolides, and sulfonamides. The most frequently detected resistance genes were msrA (26.5%) and mefA (20.6%). All isolates formed biofilms, with 44.1% classified as strong producers and 55.9% as moderate producers. Strong biofilm formation was significantly associated with antimicrobial resistance (OR = 4.71, p = 0.045). Conclusions:L. monocytogenes was detected in 34 (2.18%) animal-origin food samples from Northern Kazakhstan. The isolates demonstrated antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming capacity, with a significant association between strong biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. These findings highlight the importance of continued microbiological surveillance of L. monocytogenes in animal-origin foods.},
}

@article {pmid42792073,
year = {2026},
author = {Yoon, JH and Kim, YJ and Kim, KY},
title = {3-Hydroxyflavone Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Enhances Antibiotic Activity Against Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15090925},
pmid = {42792073},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {RS-2025-02216619//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria has created an urgent need for new therapies that target virulence factors. Biofilm formation is a major determinant of bacterial pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. Methods: Biofilm formation assays (using crystal violet staining) were performed in independent triplicates to evaluate the biofilm-inhibitory activity of 3-Hydroxyflavone. A bacterial viability assay (colony-forming unit counting) was used to assess the enhanced antibiotic activity, and qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to investigate the transcriptional modulation of biofilm-related genes. Results: 3-Hydroxyflavone inhibited biofilm formation in E. faecalis (IC50 = 1.025 μg/mL), E. faecium (IC50 = 0.19 μg/mL), S. aureus (IC50 = 1.21 μg/mL), C. acnes (IC50 = 0.132 μg/mL), S. sobrinus (IC50 = 5.49 μg/mL), P. aeruginosa (IC50 = 22.1 μg/mL), and E. coli (IC50 = 10.88 μg/mL). Notably, these effects were observed without significant inhibition of planktonic bacterial growth, indicating a biofilm-specific mechanism of action. 3-Hydroxyflavone also downregulated the expression of quorum-sensing genes (FsrB, FsrC, GelE, EbpA, EbpB, Acm, Scm, and Bps), the biofilm virulence gene Esp, and cytolysin genes (CylLs, CylR, and CylM), while exhibiting strong enhanced antibiotic activity in the viability assay. Conclusions: These in vitro findings suggest that 3-Hydroxyflavone may serve as a promising antibacterial adjuvant for controlling biofilm-associated bacterial infections. However, further studies, including in vivo validation, are required to determine its clinical applicability.},
}

@article {pmid42792583,
year = {2026},
author = {Ning, C and Zhou, J and Yu, Z and Yang, Y and Kang, M and Dong, Z and Sun, Y and Meng, X and Guo, H},
title = {The Combined Strategy of Baicalin and Oxacillin Sodium Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Biofilm Inhibition, Virulence Attenuation and In Vivo Anti-Infection Efficacy.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {15},
number = {18},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biology15181639},
pmid = {42792583},
issn = {2079-7737},
support = {JJKH20261179KJ//Department of Education of Jilin Province/ ; },
abstract = {Over the past few years, considerable scholarly interest has been directed toward the synergistic application of natural compounds alongside conventional antibiotics to address infections stemming from multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the efficacy of baicalin (BA), an extract obtained from Scutellaria baicalensis, when used in conjunction with oxacillin sodium (OXS). Specifically, the study evaluates their combined impact on biofilm formation and toxicity reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain USA300. Furthermore, a murine peritonitis model induced by MRSA USA300 was developed to determine the therapeutic potential of this combination therapy against infection. Experimental data indicate that the co-administration of BA and OXS does not induce hemolysis in vitro. In comparison to treatments involving either BA or OXS alone, the combined regimen significantly enhances the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) within MRSA USA300. Additionally, this synergistic approach suppresses the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), decreases the overall protein content within the biofilm matrix, and impairs the metabolic functions of biofilm cells. The investigation also revealed that the synergistic application of BA and OXS intensifies the suppression of key virulence determinants, specifically lipase activity and staphyloxanthin production, while simultaneously downregulating the transcription of sarA (a global regulator of virulence). These findings substantiate the anti-virulence efficacy of the BA-OXS combination. In a murine model of peritonitis established using MRSA USA300, the healthy mice group, the MRSA USA300 group, the BA group, the OXS group, the combined group of BA and OXS, and the VAN group were set up, with eight mice in each group. The results showed that the combined therapy significantly mitigated body weight reduction, decreased the circulating counts of inflammatory cells, including leukocytes and lymphocytes, and suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, thereby demonstrating potent anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, the co-administration of BA and OXS reduced bacterial burden in the abdominal organs of infected mice and alleviated associated histopathological injuries. Importantly, the treatment regimen exhibited no hepatorenal toxicity in the peritonitis mice, effectively maintaining normal levels. In the plasma of mice suffering from peritonitis, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, was reduced, while the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were elevated. This modulation contributes to anti-infective effects. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for subsequent investigations into the synergistic application of natural compounds and conventional antibiotics against MRSA.},
}

@article {pmid42794365,
year = {2026},
author = {Teng, L and Zhou, Z and Feng, C and Li, G and Men, W and Cui, Y and Liu, S and Zhang, L},
title = {One-Step Sol-Gel-Fabricated CuZn Alloy Aerogel Enabled by Cu-Zn Bimetallic Synergy for Efficient Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Therapy.},
journal = {Gels (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/gels12090815},
pmid = {42794365},
issn = {2310-2861},
support = {01090/432413 and 01090/FZ241004//Tianjin Renai College/ ; },
abstract = {Copper nanoparticles possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, and aerogels with 3D interconnected porous networks can trap bacteria and sustain metal ion release to boost bactericidal effects. Zinc is another low-toxicity antibacterial metal, and the Cu-Zn combination is predicted to generate synergistic inhibition. Herein, monometallic Cu aerogel and CuZn alloy aerogel were fabricated by a one-step method, and comparative experiments were performed to verify whether Zn alloying improves the antibacterial performance of Cu aerogel. TEM and XRD suggest the probable formation of Cu-Zn substitutional solid solution; Zn addition refined nanoparticles and relieved particle aggregation. Quantitative viability tests, agar diffusion and biofilm inhibition assays proved that CuZn alloy aerogel exhibited superior bactericidal and anti-biofilm activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the bimetallic alloy induced strain-dependent intracellular ROS accumulation and disrupted bacterial membrane potential to cause irreversible bacterial death. DC2.4 cell tests validated its good cytocompatibility, with cell viability over 70% at 100 ppm, the concentration delivering excellent antibacterial capacity. This work explores the combined antibacterial advantages of Cu-Zn bimetallic alloy aerogel and offers a facile strategy to fabricate biocompatible metal aerogels for biomedical antibacterial applications.},
}

@article {pmid42794839,
year = {2026},
author = {Peñaloza, D and Barros, MJ and Cabezas-Mera, F and Acuña, LG and Vásquez-Arriagada, P and Parra, F and Queraltó, C and Silva, C and Díaz, S and Ubilla, C and Moya-Beltrán, A and Silva, A and Nevermann, J and Parada, P and Gil, F and Fuentes, JA and Calderón, IL},
title = {Participation of the Transcriptional Regulator Fur in Modulating Biofilm Formation of the Salmonid Pathogen Yersinia ruckeri: Beyond Iron Homeostasis.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {18},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27188413},
pmid = {42794839},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {1221610; 1261776; 1220584; 1250831//Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo/ ; },
mesh = {*Yersinia ruckeri/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Iron/metabolism ; Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Homeostasis ; *Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Yersinia Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Flagella/metabolism ; Salmonidae/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens represents a major challenge in aquaculture, since biofilms promote persistence and increase tolerance to antimicrobial treatments. Yersinia ruckeri, the etiological agent of enteric redmouth disease in salmonids, contributes to recurrent infections in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanisms governing biofilm development in this pathogen remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the global transcriptional regulator Fur in the biofilm formation of Y. ruckeri. To this aim, a fur deletion mutant (Δfur) was phenotypically, structurally, and transcriptionally characterized under biofilm-forming conditions. Fur deletion resulted in impaired motility, reduced flagellar synthesis, and a marked decrease in mature biofilm formation. These changes were accompanied by alterations in three-dimensional architecture, cellular organization, and extracellular matrix production, as revealed by scanning electron and confocal microscopy analyses. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling via RNA-seq demonstrated that the absence of Fur leads to extensive transcriptional reprogramming. Genes associated with the biosynthesis of flagella and oxidative stress response were significantly down-regulated, whereas genes associated with SOS responses, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis, and those related to iron acquisition and siderophore systems exhibited significant up-regulation in the absence of Fur. Interestingly, the strong up-regulation of P2-type prophage genes was also observed in the Δfur strain. Collectively, our findings identify Fur as an important contributor to the normal progression toward mature and spatially organized Y. ruckeri biofilms. Likewise, the Fur-dependent pathways and factors identified here provide candidates for future mechanistic studies and may ultimately help identify strategies to interfere with Y. ruckeri persistence in aquaculture environments.},
}

*Yersinia ruckeri/genetics/physiology/metabolism
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Iron/metabolism
Animals
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Homeostasis
*Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Profiling
*Yersinia Infections/microbiology/veterinary
Flagella/metabolism
Salmonidae/microbiology

@article {pmid42795359,
year = {2026},
author = {Sangkanu, S and Khanansuk, J and Abdjan, MI and Wang, Y and Phoopha, S and Udomuksorn, W and Wink, M and Dej-Adisai, S},
title = {From Detoxified Yam to Bioactive Extracts: Integrated Extraction and In Silico Evidence of Anti-Biofilm Activity of Dioscorea hispida Extracts Against Cutibacterium acnes.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life16091494},
pmid = {42795359},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {This research was funded by the National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund (NSRF) and Prince of Songkla University (Ref. No. PHA6701074S), and Prince of Songkla University under the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, Thailand.//Prince of Songkla University/ ; },
abstract = {The increasing prevalence of biofilm-associated infections caused by Cutibacterium acnes has stimulated interest in food-derived natural products as alternative sources of anti-biofilm agents. This study investigated the effects of processing and extraction conditions on the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity, and anti-biofilm properties of Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Reflux extraction of dried yam with 80% ethanol produced the crude extracts with the highest yields (1.39-1.80%), whereas fresh yam yielded 0.51-0.97% extract. Using Gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS) analysis, linoleic acid ethyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and stigmasterol were identified as the major constituents. Among the tested extracts, DH-W-F-H (D. hispida-water washing-fresh-hexane) and DH-W-F-E (D. hispida-water washing-fresh-ethanol) were extracted from fresh yam using hexane and ethanol, respectively, while DH-W-D-E (D. hispida-water washing-dry-ethanol) was isolated from dried yam using ethanol and exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 64 to 2048 µg/mL. These extracts demonstrated pronounced concentration-dependent inhibition of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Cutibacterium acnes. The strongest anti-biofilm activity was observed against C. acnes, with biofilm formation nearly eliminated at MIC concentrations. Moreover, all three extracts significantly reduced established C. acnes biofilms, with DH-W-F-H exhibiting greater eradication efficacy than vancomycin under the tested conditions. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, major fatty acid derivatives were evaluated against C. acnes lipase (CALipase), a virulence factor associated with biofilm development, using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and the Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) binding free-energy calculations. The compounds exhibited favorable interactions with CALipase, with linoleic acid ethyl ester (FA2) showing the strongest binding affinity, stable protein-ligand interactions throughout a 200 ns simulation, and the most favorable binding free energy. Collectively, the biological and computational findings suggest that fatty acid-rich extracts from processed D. hispida suppress biofilm formation through an antivirulence mechanism involving CALipase inhibition. These results highlight the potential of D. hispida as a source of metabolites for the development of functional food ingredients and value-added cosmetic and dermatological applications.},
}

@article {pmid42795464,
year = {2026},
author = {Kraus, K and Mikziński, P and Subhadra, B and Paluch, E},
title = {Hydrogels for Local Drug Delivery in Biofilm-Associated Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Current Progress and Future Directions.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14091882},
pmid = {42795464},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains one of the most serious complications of arthroplasty, largely due to the formation of microbial biofilms on implant surfaces. Biofilm-associated infections exhibit increased tolerance to antimicrobial therapy and host immune responses, making eradication difficult and often requiring repeated surgical interventions. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective local therapeutic strategies capable of delivering high concentrations of antimicrobial agents directly to the site of infection while minimizing systemic toxicity. Hydrogels have emerged as promising drug delivery platforms for the management of biofilm-associated PJI. Their biocompatibility, injectability, high water content, and tunable physicochemical properties enable controlled and localized release of therapeutic agents within the infected peri-implant environment. This narrative review summarizes recent advances in hydrogel-based approaches, including antibiotic-loaded hydrogels, systems incorporating anti-biofilm enzymes, bacteriophage-loaded formulations, and nanoparticle-enhanced platforms. It also highlights future research directions, with particular emphasis on the need for expanded clinical studies to facilitate the translation of emerging hydrogel-based therapies into clinical practice. Further development of these systems should focus on the incorporation of novel therapeutic agents into hydrogel platforms, aiming to enhance biofilm eradication and improve treatment outcomes in patients with PJI. Particular attention is given to stimuli-responsive ("smart") hydrogels that release therapeutic payloads in response to infection-related triggers such as pH changes, with emphasis on the need for expanded clinical studies to facilitate the translation of emerging hydrogel-based therapies into clinical practice. Further development of these systems should focus on the incorporation of novel therapeutic agents into hydrogel platforms, aiming to enhance biofilm eradication and improve treatment outcomes in patients with PJI.},
}

@article {pmid42795520,
year = {2026},
author = {Dai, S and Lan, W and Geng, W and Liu, P and Wang, B and Li, X and Fan, Y and Wang, F and Xu, D and Zheng, Y},
title = {Community Interactions and Extracellular Riboflavin Are Associated with Oral Biofilm-Mediated Medical Stainless Steel Corrosion.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14091938},
pmid = {42795520},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {250246//National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates/ ; U24A20713//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025YFF0517101//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; U24A2032//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52425112//National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; 2023A1515240066//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; XLYC2203137//Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program/ ; XLYC2402047//Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program/ ; 2025-MS-031//Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025‑BS‑0632//Liaoning Provincial Doctoral Research Startup Fund/ ; },
abstract = {Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) at oral biomaterial interfaces is viewed as an ecological phenomenon, yet how microbial composition and interspecies interactions shape corrosion remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether oral microbial community composition and interspecies interactions contribute to medical 316L stainless steel corrosion. Consortia-enhanced Cr and Fe release and localized surface pitting, with marked inter-subject variability. Interface-associated biofilms exhibited trends toward compositional shifts and showed enrichment of predicted pathways for fermentation and riboflavin metabolism, along with higher genome-based metabolic interaction potential than planktonic communities. Extracellular riboflavin accumulated in MIC systems and correlated positively with dissolved Cr and Fe concentrations. In perturbation assays, riboflavin supplementation increased corrosion current density (icorr) and metal dissolution, whereas roseoflavin reduced extracellular riboflavin availability and corrosion-related parameters without marked changes in the measured biofilm biomass or surface-associated ATP levels. A defined three-strain consortium (C. tsuruhatensis, R. erythropolis, and T. aromatica) reconstituted the S3 high-corrosion phenotype, including elevated icorr, extracellular riboflavin accumulation, and induced pitting, consistent with a proposed riboflavin-linked model involving species-dependent metabolic interactions. These findings suggest that extracellular riboflavin may represent a candidate redox-active factor associated with microbial community interactions and corrosion activity, providing an ecological framework for understanding microbiota-associated corrosion resistance at oral biomaterial interfaces.},
}

@article {pmid42795542,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhan, X and Pei, Y and Huang, Y and Li, N and Huang, W and Tang, Y and Liang, H},
title = {Co-Expression of PA0290 and PelD Enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14091961},
pmid = {42795542},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {nos. 32470196 and 32170188 to H.L., and 32500162 to X.Z.//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; nos. 2022YFC2304401 and 2021YFA0911200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; no. 20231120104808001//Shenzhen Science and Technology Program/ ; no. 2024A1515010319//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; no. 2025AFD079//Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {How individual diguanylate cyclases generate specific outputs within bacterial c-di-GMP networks remains unclear. Here, we characterized PA0290, a PAS-PAC-GGDEF protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and examined its relationship with the c-di-GMP receptor PelD. Deletion or overexpression of PA0290 alone did not significantly affect biofilm formation. A bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid screen identified PelD as a candidate PA0290-interacting protein, and co-expression of PA0290 and PelD markedly enhanced static and flow-cell biofilm formation. Purified PA0290 generated an HPLC product peak with a retention time closely matching that of the authentic c-di-GMP standard, whereas substitution of the conserved GGEEF motif with GGAAF reduced product formation and weakened the biofilm-enhancing phenotype observed upon PA0290-PelD co-expression. PA0290-PelD co-expression did not produce sustained activation of the bulk c-di-GMP-responsive cdrA-lux reporter. Clinical isolates also displayed heterogeneous biofilm-forming capacity and variable PA0290 and pelD transcript abundance. Together, these findings support a functional association between PA0290 and PelD in biofilm regulation. The absence of sustained bulk c-di-GMP-responsive reporter activation suggests that this phenotype is not accompanied by a generalized increase in c-di-GMP-responsive transcription.},
}

@article {pmid42795605,
year = {2026},
author = {Ebenberger, SP and Pombo, JP and Rechberger, A and Fleischhacker, D and Schild, S},
title = {Repression of the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) During Biofilm Formation Provides a Fitness Advantage for Vibrio cholerae.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14092024},
pmid = {42795605},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {P33073//FWF Austrian Science Fund/ ; 32577//FWF Austrian Science Fund/ ; DOC50//FWF Austrian Science Fund/ ; //University of Graz/ ; },
abstract = {The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a contact-dependent bacterial weapon to inject hazardous proteins into competitors and can be pivotal for bacterial fitness. Throughout the lifecycle of Vibrio cholerae, beneficial and detrimental activities of the T6SS have been described, but its role in biofilm-associated interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that biofilm formation is accompanied by significant repression of T6SS genes. Expression analyses across multiple V. cholerae isolates revealed consistent downregulation of the major T6SS gene cluster in biofilm-derived cells relative to planktonic cultures. Consistent with this biofilm-dependent repression, a loss of the T6SS did not affect V. cholerae biofilm formation. Notably, biofilm-derived V. cholerae wild-type isolates and their isogenic T6SS-deletion mutants displayed comparable resistance to attacks by T6SS-reactive Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings suggest that T6SS repression during biofilm growth provides a fitness advantage for V. cholerae by limiting susceptibility to T6SS-mediated counterattacks from neighboring heterologous T6SS[+] predatory species. Our results, therefore, identify conditional T6SS silencing as a potential adaptive strategy that promotes survival within multispecies microbial communities, particularly in environments containing bacteria with highly active or more potent T6SS machineries.},
}

@article {pmid42795683,
year = {2026},
author = {Bieda, A and Illner, S and Senz, V and Oschatz, S and Grabow, N and Löbermann, M and Reisinger, EC and Sombetzki, M},
title = {Effects of Sub-Inhibitory Rifampicin, Minocycline, and Dalbavancin on Early Biofilm Formation and Transcriptional Responses in Staphylococcus aureus SA113.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14092101},
pmid = {42795683},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Implant-associated infections are often caused by biofilm-forming pathogens such as Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. While local antibiotic delivery systems aim to prevent adhesion and biofilm establishment, declining drug concentrations may result in sub-inhibitory exposure, which can modulate bacterial adaptation linked to antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and regulatory responses. We investigated the effects of sub-inhibitory antibiotic exposure on biofilm formation in S. aureus SA113 and associated transcriptional responses. The biofilm-producing strain S. aureus SA113 was exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin, minocycline, and dalbavancin during early biofilm formation. Phenotypic effects were assessed by crystal violet staining, enumeration of colony-forming units, and scanning electron microscopy, while transcriptional responses were analyzed by qPCR. Despite stable counts of culturable adherent bacteria, sub-inhibitory antibiotic exposure differentially altered biofilm formation and transcriptional responses. Rifampicin was associated with increased biomass at higher sub-inhibitory concentrations and increased early expression of icaA, icaD (+4.2 log2) and fnbA (+2.7 log2) at 1/2× MIC. Minocycline reduced biomass at lower concentrations with partial recovery toward control levels at 1/2× MIC, while transcriptional analysis at 1/4× MIC after 6 h showed increased expression of icaA, icaD (+2.1 log2) and fnbA (+4.3 log2). Dalbavancin induced a distinct transcriptional response characterized by increased expression of vraS (+1.1 log2) and lrgA (+1.8 log2), without induction of matrix-associated genes, while adherent biofilm biomass was reduced to 42.9% at 1/2× MIC. Morphologically, this was associated with compact aggregates rather than diffuse biofilm structures. Sub-inhibitory antibiotic exposure differentially modulated early biofilm formation in SA113 in a drug-specific manner. Overall, the distinct dalbavancin-associated response may be relevant for the development of preventive local drug-delivery systems.},
}

@article {pmid42796702,
year = {2026},
author = {Silva, C and de Sousa, T and Rodrigues, J and Igrejas, G and Poeta, P},
title = {Ecological Stress Tolerance and Biofilm-Associated Persistence in Opportunistic Bacteria Isolated from Livestock Faeces.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15090935},
pmid = {42796702},
issn = {2076-0817},
support = {UIDB/CVT/00772/2020//Foundation for Science and Technology/ ; LA/P/0059/2020//Foundation for Science and Technology/ ; UID/50006/2025//FCT/MCTES through national funds/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Animals ; *Feces/microbiology ; *Pseudomonas/isolation & purification/physiology/growth & development ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Livestock/microbiology ; *Alcaligenes faecalis/isolation & purification/physiology/growth & development ; Pseudomonas putida/isolation & purification/physiology ; },
abstract = {Livestock faeces constitute an important environmental interface within the One Health framework, as bacteria shed by animals are directly exposed to external environmental conditions, where they may persist and subsequently disseminate across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. The ability of these microorganisms to tolerate environmental stresses is therefore critical for their persistence and ecological distribution. In this study, the responses of 5 Pseudomonas putida, 15 Pseudomonas fulva, and 12 Alcaligenes faecalis isolates recovered from livestock faeces to different environmental stress conditions were investigated. Bacterial growth was evaluated under different temperatures, increasing NaCl concentrations, and carbon starvation, while biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate assay. Growth was markedly affected by all stress conditions, although substantial variability was observed among isolates of the same species. Despite reduced growth under the most adverse conditions, all three species remained capable of growing across a wide range of environmental stresses. A. faecalis exhibited greater salt tolerance and biofilm-forming capacity than Pseudomonas spp., with biofilm formation detected in almost all isolates of both species. Furthermore, no statistically significant correlations were detected among the evaluated stress tolerance traits. These findings demonstrate that livestock-associated P. putida, P. fulva, and A. faecalis possess physiological characteristics that promote persistence under diverse environmental conditions, highlighting the potential role of livestock faeces as environmental reservoirs of opportunistic bacteria within the One Health context.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Animals
*Feces/microbiology
*Pseudomonas/isolation & purification/physiology/growth & development
*Stress, Physiological
*Livestock/microbiology
*Alcaligenes faecalis/isolation & purification/physiology/growth & development
Pseudomonas putida/isolation & purification/physiology

@article {pmid42796731,
year = {2026},
author = {Stîngă, RI and Nadăş, GC},
title = {Biofilm Dynamics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Rabbit Odontogenic Infections: A One Health Perspective.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15090963},
pmid = {42796731},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Rabbits ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Rabbit odontogenic abscesses are among the most challenging chronic infections encountered in exotic animal medicine because of their polymicrobial etiology, biofilm-associated persistence, and poor response to conventional antimicrobial therapy. Biofilm formation plays a central role in disease pathogenesis by promoting bacterial adhesion, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, quorum sensing (bacterial cell-to-cell communication), metabolic heterogeneity, and the persister-cell formation (transiently antibiotic-tolerant bacterial subpopulations), collectively reducing antimicrobial susceptibility and contributing to treatment failure and recurrence. In addition to biofilm-mediated tolerance, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) further complicates disease management through mechanisms including horizontal gene transfer, efflux pump activation, enzymatic antibiotic degradation, reduced membrane permeability, and target modification. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microbiology, biofilm dynamics, and resistance mechanisms associated with rabbit odontogenic infections while examining recent advances in molecular diagnostics, including culture-independent sequencing technologies, metagenomics, and advanced imaging approaches. Current and emerging anti-biofilm strategies, such as local antimicrobial delivery systems, enzymatic biofilm disruption, quorum-sensing inhibitors, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, photodynamic therapy, and nanotechnology-based approaches, are critically discussed in the context of their potential application in rabbits. Comparative evidence from human endodontic infections and other veterinary biofilm-associated diseases highlights the translational relevance of rabbit odontogenic abscesses as a naturally occurring model for chronic polymicrobial infections. Finally, key research gaps are identified, emphasizing the need for standardized experimental models, integrated multi-omics analyses, combining genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, longitudinal clinical investigations, and evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship. By integrating microbiology, biofilm biology, antimicrobial resistance, and One Health concepts, this review provides a comprehensive framework to support future research and improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of rabbit odontogenic infections.},
}

Animals
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Rabbits
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Bacteria/drug effects
Humans

@article {pmid42796753,
year = {2026},
author = {Dolee, R and Sakulkeo, O and Wunnoo, S and Mordmuang, A and Maneenoon, K and Thipkham, W and Voravuthikunchai, SP and Götz, F and Luqman, A and Saising, J},
title = {Effects of an Herbal Formulation Ethanolic Extract on Streptococcus pyogenes: Bactericidal Activity, Biofilm Control, and Interactions with Conventional Antibiotics.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15090985},
pmid = {42796753},
issn = {2076-0817},
support = {651B05003//Mae Fah Luang University/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Ethanol/chemistry ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Drug Synergism ; },
abstract = {Streptococcus pyogenes is a pathogen that causes skin infections worldwide. Currently, there is growing interest in herbal formulations as potential sources of antibacterial agents. This in vitro study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of herbal formulation ethanolic extract (HFE), alone and combined with specific antibiotics, against S. pyogenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of HFE were determined using the broth microdilution method. Bactericidal activity was further evaluated using time-kill assays. Bacterial cell morphology was examined using electron microscopy. The interaction between HFE and specific antibiotics was assessed using the checkerboard assay. The MIC and MBC values of HFE against S. pyogenes ATCC 19615 were 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively, while all clinical isolates showed MIC and MBC values of 8 µg/mL. Time-kill curve analysis demonstrated HFE's bactericidal activity within 2 h and induced ultrastructural changes in S. pyogenes cells. HFE also exhibited antibiofilm activity against both biofilm formation and established biofilms. The checkerboard assay showed indifferent interactions, with a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of 0.57-3.00 for all HFE combinations against S. pyogenes. These findings suggest the potential of HFE as a natural health product for the management of S. pyogenes infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Humans
Ethanol/chemistry
Microbial Viability/drug effects
Drug Synergism

@article {pmid42782982,
year = {2026},
author = {Boloș, A and Boloș, OC and Maghet, E and Bita, RG and Briceag, R and Bumbu, BA and Brad, S},
title = {Halitosis: A Prospective Cohort Study Comparing Periodontal Debridement with Tongue Cleaning, Denture Biofilm Management, and Restorative Maintenance.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {42782982},
issn = {2304-6767},
abstract = {Background: Halitosis in elderly dental patients is rarely attributable to a single etiology; tongue coating, periodontal inflammation, denture biofilm, and reduced salivary flow may coexist and modify treatment response. We compared three procedure pathways and examined whether tongue-coating reduction mediates procedure-related improvement. Methods: A prospective cohort of 94 patients aged 65 years or older was assigned by dominant indication to periodontal debridement with tongue cleaning (PDT, n = 33), denture biofilm management (DBM, n = 31), or restorative/prosthetic maintenance (RPM, n = 30). This was a single-center, nonrandomized prospective cohort study; assignment followed the dominant clinical indication rather than randomization. All clinical assessments were made by a single examiner who was masked to the formal procedure-group assignment; masking was partial because the clinical picture at follow-up could sometimes reveal the care delivered. The primary outcome was percentage reduction in volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration at 8 weeks. Secondary outcomes included organoleptic score, HALT, OHIP-14, tongue-coating index, denture plaque index, and a composite clinical response (≥30% VSC reduction plus ≥ 1-point organoleptic improvement plus ≥ 8-point HALT improvement). Linear mixed-effects, multivariable regression, and bootstrap mediation analyses were performed. Results: All three procedures reduced VSC at 8 weeks, but PDT produced the largest absolute reduction (-102.6 ± 20.2 ppb) and the highest composite response rate (57.6%), versus 9.7% in DBM and 3.3% in RPM (p < 0.001). Adjusted analyses showed PDT improved VSC reduction by 22.8 percentage points and DBM by 11.7 percentage points relative to RPM. Tongue-coating reduction mediated 29.5% of the PDT effect and 35.6% of the DBM effect. Xerostomia and reduced salivary flow attenuated the response in DBM and RPM but not in PDT. Conclusions: Periodontal debridement with tongue cleaning was the most effective procedure pathway for elderly halitosis. Tongue-coating reduction was a meaningful, though statistically rather than experimentally established, mediator of treatment benefit, supporting an oral-ecological framework for managing geriatric oral malodor that warrants confirmation in randomized studies.},
}

@article {pmid42782984,
year = {2026},
author = {Isfendiyaroglu, I and Daniskan, AS and Bagkur, C and Ozverel, CS and Isfendiyaroglu, M and Ergucu, Z},
title = {The Effects of Bioactive Glass-Containing Toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Removal from Contemporary Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {42782984},
issn = {2304-6767},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Dental biofilms are complex microbial communities that could lead to the formation of dental caries and other oral diseases. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of two commercially available toothpastes containing bioactive glass (BioMin F and Sensodyne Repair & Protection) on biofilm removal from five contemporary restorative dental materials and bovine enamel. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of bioactive glass-containing toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans viability and colonization on different restorative materials and bovine enamel. Methods: A total of 42 disc specimens representing five restorative dental materials and bovine enamel were incubated with Streptococcus mutans for 24 h to develop biofilms. After bacterial adhesion, specimens were brushed with toothpaste slurries (1:2 dilution) and distilled water (control). Biofilm viability and bacterial colonization were evaluated using the MTT assay and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, respectively. Biofilm morphology on selected specimens was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differences among groups were analyzed statistically using Tukey's test. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among the study groups following brushing (p < 0.05). EQUIA Forte HT (EF) demonstrated the lowest levels of S. mutans viability and colonization, whereas ACTIVA PRONTO (AP) exhibited the highest levels. Among the toothbrushing methods, BioMin F resulted in a greater reduction in bacterial viability and colony counts independent of the restorative materials. Combined analysis indicated that EF brushed with Sensodyne Repair & Protect yielded the lowest bacterial burden, whereas AP brushed with distilled water exhibited the highest. The results describing bacterial viability and colony counts also correlate with the SEM images taken. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, Sensodyne Repair & Protect was associated with lower S. mutans viability and colonization on most restorative materials, particularly EQUIA Forte HT.},
}

@article {pmid42784747,
year = {2026},
author = {Mehta, H and V, A and Srivastava, P and Nebhani, L},
title = {Interfacial Engineering with Amphiphilic Cationic Polymers: Role of Alkyl Chain Length in Biofilm Suppression and Corrosion Protection.},
journal = {ACS applied bio materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsabm.6c01485},
pmid = {42784747},
issn = {2576-6422},
support = {ET-5/2024//Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation promotes microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in marine environments, demanding coatings that can resist bacterial adhesion and corrosion simultaneously. Herein, we report amphiphilic cationic polymer coatings based on quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with varying alkyl chain lengths (C4-C12) deposited over an inherently antimicrobial tannic acid-Cu (TA-Cu) interfacial layer on stainless steel. Increasing the alkyl chain length gives rise to noticeable surfactant-like action, resulting in improved hydrophobicity and reduced surface free energy of the coatings. Specifically, the dodecyl-functionalized polymer has the lowest surface free energy which effectively reduces bacterial adhesion and inhibits the formation of biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The electrochemical tests show a significant drop in corrosion current density and rise in impedance with increasing chain length. The PC12 coating exhibits diffusion-limited corrosion behavior, which indicates a dense and impermeable barrier. In contrast, shorter chain counterparts provide only limited protection as these have less affinity to create a dense coating. The long-chain quaternized PDMAEMA coatings proved efficient multifunctional surfaces to reduce MIC in marine environments owing to their combined effects of decreased surface free energy, improved hydrophobicity, and cationic nature.},
}

@article {pmid42784914,
year = {2026},
author = {Nascimento, YGB and Macedo, TT and Malavazi, LM and Santos, YS and da Silva, LDA and Braga, ARO and Gomes, APAP and Dudu-Silva, G and de Araujo, DR and Torrez, WB and Bueno, MR and Bueno-Silva, B},
title = {Selective ecological modulation of multispecies subgingival biofilm by a non-alcoholic neovestitol-vestitol formulation.},
journal = {Archives of oral biology},
volume = {192},
number = {},
pages = {106770},
doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2026.106770},
pmid = {42784914},
issn = {1879-1506},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a non-alcoholic formulation containing neovestitol and vestitol modulates the development and microbial composition of a complex multispecies subgingival biofilm.

DESIGN: A 33-species subgingival biofilm model was developed over seven days using the Calgary Biofilm Device. From day 3 onward, biofilms were exposed twice daily for 60 s to neovestitol-vestitol compounds incorporated into a poloxamer 407-based vehicle (CNV-PL407; 200-1600 µg/mL), vehicle control, or 0.12% chlorhexidine. On day 7, biofilm metabolic activity, biomass, and microbial composition were evaluated by tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assay and DNA-DNA hybridization.

RESULTS: CNV-PL407 at 1600 µg/mL significantly reduced metabolic activity (~50%) and biomass compared with the vehicle control (p ≤ 0.05), although to a lesser extent than chlorhexidine (~90%). Unlike chlorhexidine, which broadly reduced counts across most evaluated species (31 of 33 species), CNV-PL407 selectively reduced dysbiosis-associated taxa, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium spp. (p ≤ 0.05), while preserving most health-associated species.

CONCLUSIONS: CNV-PL407 promoted selective ecological modulation of multispecies subgingival biofilms, impairing the recruitment of key periodontopathogens without extensive suppression of commensal species. These findings suggest that non-alcoholic neovestitol-vestitol delivery may represent a promising adjunctive strategy for periodontal biofilm control.},
}

@article {pmid42777871,
year = {2026},
author = {Ruan, Z and Yuan, B and Di, J and Ruan, L and Ruan, L},
title = {How membrane aeration and organic carbon enhanced the performance of algal-bacterial biofilm systems for acid mine drainage treatment?.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135932},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135932},
pmid = {42777871},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by low pH, high sulfate concentrations, and toxic heavy metals, poses severe ecological and human health risks. This study compared the performance of a conventional aerated algal-bacterial biofilm reactor (CAABR) and a membrane-aerated algal-bacterial biofilm reactor (MAABR) for AMD treatment. Six reactors with different influent COD concentrations (400 ± 11.41, 1400 ± 19.07, and 2800 ± 18.37 mg/L) were operated for 80 days, and pollutant removal, biofilm properties, and microbial community dynamics were systematically analyzed. Results showed that the MAABRs and CAABRs exhibited broadly comparable sulfate-removal performance, whereas the MAABRs maintained greater aqueous DIC availability and more stable heavy-metal removal under shock loading. Kinetic analysis revealed a transition from algal assimilation (first-order) to SRB-mediated reduction (zero-order) as COD increased, confirming that COD/SO4[2-] ratios regulate pathway dominance. Multiscale biofilm characterization and EPS fluorescence analysis demonstrated that membrane aeration improved CO2/O2 mass transfer, enhanced algal biomass, and maintained higher EPS secretion under stress. High-throughput sequencing revealed the simultaneous enrichment of Pseudomonas and the sulfate-reducing genus Desulfosporosinus, indicating that the MAABR supported the coexistence of functionally distinct microbial populations. Overall, this study demonstrates that membrane aeration enhances algal-bacterial symbiosis, improves pollutant removal efficiency, and strengthens system resilience, providing a promising and sustainable approach for AMD remediation.},
}

@article {pmid42777875,
year = {2026},
author = {Chetawan, W and Chaiprapat, S and Gabriel, D},
title = {Balancing sulfur accumulation and nitrous oxide emissions during sulfide autotrophic denitrification in moving-bed biofilm reactor-based bioscrubbers.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135940},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135940},
pmid = {42777875},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Sulfide autotrophic denitrification (SADN) is a promising strategy for integrating biogas desulfurization with nitrogen removal in anaerobic digestion-based treatment systems. However, its application in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) remains limited by biosulfur (S[0]) accumulation and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study investigated the operational tradeoffs governing SADN performance in an MBBR under different nitrate-to-sulfide (NO3[-]/S[2-]) ratios, electron acceptors (NO3[-] or NO2[-]), and hydraulic retention times (HRTs). Batch assays, microbial community analysis, and techno-economic evaluation were conducted to elucidate biofilm-planktonic biomass interactions and operational feasibility. Complete sulfide removal (>99%) was achieved under all tested conditions. Increasing the NO3[-]/S[2-] ratio reduced S[0] accumulation from 16.5% to 5.2%, mitigating carrier clogging, but simultaneously promoted incomplete denitrification and N2O formation. In contrast, operation at an NO3[-]/S[2-] ratio of 1.6 achieved complete denitrification without detectable N2O emissions while maintaining effective sulfur control, representing the optimal techno-economic condition. Using NO2[-] as electron acceptor enabled complete denitrification and suppressed N2O emissions, but increased S[0] accumulation due to limited electron-accepting capacity for complete sulfide oxidation. Microbial analysis identified Sulfurimonas as the dominant sulfur-oxidizing genus, while mixotrophic denitrifiers contributed to residual sulfur formation. Activity assays showed that biofilm biomass dominated electron transfer, whereas planktonic biomass enhanced reactor performance through synergistic interactions. Decreasing HRT from 24 to 12 h, with increased S[2-] and NO3[-] loadings, maintained S[2-] and NO3[-] removal while reducing reactor footprint. These findings demonstrate that sustainable SADN-MBBR operation requires balancing sulfur control, denitrification completeness, greenhouse-gas mitigation, and reactor stability for scalable low-carbon biogas upgrading applications.},
}

@article {pmid42777881,
year = {2026},
author = {Naloka, K and Suzuki, S and Vejarano, F and Sonthiphand, P and Pombubpa, N and Suzuki, K and Suzuki-Minakuchi, C and Shintani, M and Nojiri, H and Pinyakong, O},
title = {Integrating real-time imaging and transcriptomics reveals morphotype-associated differences in biofilm architecture and pyrene removal by Mycolicibacterium parafortuitum.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135936},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135936},
pmid = {42777881},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are persistent environmental contaminants whose biodegradation is often constrained by low bioavailability, particularly under static and diffusion-limited conditions. This study investigated the association between biofilm architecture and pyrene removal in two closely related Mycolicibacterium parafortuitum strains exhibiting different colony morphotypes. A rough colony morphotype strain, D3 (D3-R), was isolated from agricultural soil using fluorescence-activated cell sorting in a single-cell co-culture with the previously characterized smooth morphotype strain, PO1 (PO1-S). Pyrene removal was monitored by fluorescence imaging and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Comparative genomic analysis showed that both strains possessed complete and highly conserved pyrene degradation pathways despite nucleotide-level variations and differences in mobile genetic elements. Under static conditions, PO1-S exhibited significantly higher (approximately 1.5-fold) pyrene removal than D3-R. Real-time imaging revealed that PO1-S formed flat, laterally spreading biofilms, whereas D3-R developed dense, vertically structured biofilms. Comparative transcriptomic analysis further revealed differential expression of genes involved in extracellular polymeric substance synthesis, cell envelope remodeling, membrane transport, and regulatory functions associated with the contrasting colony morphotypes. Collectively, these findings suggest that differences in biofilm architecture observed between the two closely related strains may contribute to differences in pyrene accessibility and removal under diffusion-limited conditions beyond pyrene degradation gene content alone. These findings provide new insights into the association between biofilm architecture and pyrene removal under static conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42778219,
year = {2026},
author = {Nocera, FP and Schena, R and Romano, A and Cavalli, S and Cortese, L and Fatone, G and Martino, L},
title = {Nasal Colonization of Antimicrobial-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus spp. in Surgical Canine Patients From Italy.},
journal = {Veterinary medicine and science},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {e71235},
pmid = {42778219},
issn = {2053-1095},
support = {//the European Union/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Dogs ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Staphylococcus/physiology/drug effects/isolation & purification ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology ; *Dog Diseases/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus spp. commonly colonise the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and may act as opportunistic pathogens under favourable conditions. Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation are key traits that may contribute to bacterial persistence and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterise the antimicrobial resistance profiles and biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the nasal cavities of dogs admitted to the Surgical Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Naples, Italy.

METHODS: Nasal swabs were collected from 100 dogs prior to surgery. Strains were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to international guidelines. Biofilm formation was assessed using a quantitative crystal violet assay.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A total of 65 Staphylococcus strains were recovered. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most prevalent species (40%; χ[2] = 134.6, df = 14, p < 0.001), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.4%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (7.7%). High levels of resistance were observed to several antimicrobials, with 61.5% and 4.6% of strains being classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR), respectively. Notably, all tested isolates exhibited biofilm formation, with the majority (56.9%) classified as moderate producers. These findings highlight the presence of antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. in the nasal cavities of dogs undergoing surgery. The coexistence of these traits may contribute to bacterial persistence, representing a concern for clinical management. Therefore, preoperative nasal screening in high-risk patients should be considered to optimize prophylactic antimicrobial protocols and reinforce infection control in veterinary surgical settings.},
}

Animals
Dogs
*Biofilms/growth & development
Italy/epidemiology
*Staphylococcus/physiology/drug effects/isolation & purification
*Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/epidemiology
*Dog Diseases/microbiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Female
Male
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary

@article {pmid42778577,
year = {2026},
author = {Yincharoen, P and Mordmuang, A and Techarang, T and Tangngamsakul, P and Kaewubon, P and Atipairin, P and Janwanitchasthaporn, S and Goodla, L and Karnjana, K},
title = {Author Correction: Microbiome and biofilm insights from normal vs tumor tissues in Thai colorectal cancer patients.},
journal = {NPJ precision oncology},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41698-026-01690-w},
pmid = {42778577},
issn = {2397-768X},
}

@article {pmid42779735,
year = {2026},
author = {Quinlan, MA and Crosson, S and Lebeis, SL and Bonito, G and Longley, R and Fiebig, A},
title = {A Caulobacter hub taxon in the soybean root endosphere has a distinctive biofilm and engages in riboflavin-mediated mutualism with Bradyrhizobium.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.14.750808},
pmid = {42779735},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {While it is well established that communities of microbes colonize the surfaces of plants as epiphytes and the interior plant tissues as endophytes, their ecological roles and colonization mechanisms remain under characterized. Members of the genus Caulobacter have emerged as hub taxa in epiphytic and endophytic microbiomes of diverse plant hosts, but the factors that support their colonization and community interactions have not been defined. Here, we characterize Caulobacter sp. RL271, a non-canonical member of the genus recently identified as a hub taxon in the soybean root endosphere. We demonstrate that the surface attachment strategies and biofilm architecture of Caulobacter sp. RL271 are determined by a matrix of capsular polysaccharide and cellulose rather than a polar holdfast adhesin, a classical defining feature of the genus. Both polysaccharide components influence the kinetics of plant root colonization in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We further demonstrate that the ecology of Caulobacter sp. RL271 is shaped by its nutritional dependence on exogenous riboflavin and by interactions with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean roots. This work advances understanding of Caulobacter biology and establishes RL271 as a tractable model for dissecting the functional role of hub taxa in root endophyte communities.},
}

@article {pmid42779783,
year = {2026},
author = {Coluccio, A and Lopez Palomera, F and Lawhorn, S and Spero, MA},
title = {Host nutrients drive paired-substrate growth and distinct biofilm lifestyles in Finegoldia magna.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.07.749807},
pmid = {42779783},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Host-associated bacteria navigate complex nutrient landscapes where metabolites act as both growth substrates and cues that shape behavior. Yet, for most commensal and pathogenic bacteria, the nutrients and metabolisms that support persistence in the host remain unknown. Finegoldia magna is an obligate anaerobe that normally colonizes human skin and mucosal surfaces but also causes persistent biofilm-associated infections on implanted medical devices and in chronic wounds. Here, we developed a defined medium to investigate how nutrients influence F. magna physiology. We found that F. magna has a remarkably restricted metabolism that is specialized to use a limited set of host-relevant nutrients, including glycine, fructose, nucleosides, and betaine. Carbon-source screens showed glycine was the only substrate that supported growth as a sole carbon source. Instead, growth typically required two carbon substrates: a compatible electron donor-acceptor pair, suggesting redox balance imposes major constraints on its metabolism. To determine whether these constraints extend to host environments, we cultured F. magna in media derived from human chronic wound tissue. Despite its chemical complexity, F. magna displayed a similarly restricted metabolic profile, primarily consuming peptides, nucleosides, and betaine. These nutrients also directed biofilm behavior, with different metabolites promoting surface attachment or aggregation. Our findings show that although F. magna lacks metabolic flexibility, this opportunistic pathogen appears specialized to exploit host-derived products of skin physiology, tissue damage, and inflammation. This work suggests that host-associated bacteria with highly specialized metabolisms may be especially responsive to nutrient availability, linking local metabolite composition to key persistence behaviors like biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid42779926,
year = {2026},
author = {Bisht, K and Luecke, AR and Wakeman, CA},
title = {Temperature-dependent reprogramming of virulence traits during Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.16.751985},
pmid = {42779926},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that occupies diverse ecological niches, including soil, water, and the human host. Environmental cues encountered across these habitats trigger adaptive responses that promote survival and persistence through regulation of virulence-associated traits, including secreted factors, siderophores, and biofilm exopolysaccharides (EPS). One major change experienced during the transition from environmental reservoirs to the host is an increase in temperature. Although temperature is a key signal encountered during host transition, its global impact on P. aeruginosa physiology remains poorly understood. We therefore investigated the effects of temperature on planktonic and biofilm-populations, comparing both growth states at 23°C and 30°C, representing environmental temperatures, and at 37°C and 40°C, representing normal and febrile host temperatures. Transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses revealed extensive temperature-dependent regulation of virulence determinants in both growth states. Expression of the type VI secretion system was elevated at environmental temperatures, whereas pyoverdine biosynthesis and the type III secretion system were upregulated at host temperatures. Building on our previous finding that biofilms formed at environmental and host temperatures differ in architecture, biomass, and EPS composition, we next examined how these structural differences influence stress tolerance. Biofilms grown at 23°C and 30°C exhibited substantially greater tolerance to antibiotic stress than biofilms grown at 37°C and 40°C. Growth temperature therefore establishes biofilm properties that subsequently influence the stress-tolerance profile of the population. Collectively, our findings identify temperature as a major environmental cue that reprograms P. aeruginosa physiology in ways likely to support persistence across distinct ecological niches.},
}

@article {pmid42780188,
year = {2026},
author = {Gao, L and Lu, W and Chen, K and Qiu, X and Li, Q},
title = {Mechanisms of synergistic antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of dihydroquercetin combined with ceftazidime against mucoid pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1945324},
pmid = {42780188},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study characterized the synergistic activity of dihydroquercetin combined with ceftazidime (CAZ) against mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mPA). The regimen primarily relieves biofilm-mediated phenotypic tolerance in CAZ-susceptible isolates, rather than reversing classical genetic resistance, while also enhancing efficacy against a minor proportion of intermediate/resistant strains. We further clarified its mechanisms via membrane integrity tests, qRT-PCR of biofilm/quorum-sensing genes and untargeted metabolomics, to provide experimental basis for treating refractory biofilm-related mPA infections.

METHODS: Forty-one clinical mPA isolates were screened via the K-B assay. Checkerboard FICI and time-kill assays evaluated combined antibacterial effects Mucoid EPS semi‑quantitative staining assessed mucoid phenotype. Biofilm biomass and membrane permeability were measured by crystal violet staining and ALP leakage. qRT-PCR quantified biofilm/quorum-sensing gene expression. UHPLC-Orbitrap untargeted metabolomics coupled with multivariate analysis identified differential metabolites. Statistics were analyzed using GraphPad Prism and the R package ropls.

RESULTS: 87.8% of the 41 mPA isolates were ceftazidime-susceptible. Mucoid EPS semi‑quantitative staining showed dihydroquercetin‑ceftazidime co‑treatment markedly repressed mucoid EPS, particularly in resistant mPA isolates. Over 90% of strains displayed synergistic (31.7%, FICI ≤0.5) or additive (61.0%, 0.5 < FICI ≤1.0) responses to the combination. Time-kill curves showed the combination achieved a ≥ 2 log₁₀ CFU/mL reduction and suppressed early bacterial growth at 4-8 h. Single drugs weakly inhibited biofilms, whereas co-treatment sharply lowered biofilm biomass (p < 0.01). Dihydroquercetin increased membrane permeability in a time-dependent manner, with stronger effects in the combination group. qRT-PCR revealed co-treatment significantly downregulated lasR, rhlR, pslA, pelA and fliC (p < 0.05). Metabolomics confirmed the combination triggered broader metabolic reprogramming, reducing virulence metabolites and biofilm precursors while elevating citric acid, a core TCA intermediate. KEGG enrichment highlighted perturbed valine/leucine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism and purine metabolism.

CONCLUSION: Dihydroquercetin synergizes with CAZ against mPA by disrupting biofilm/membrane integrity, repressing quorum-sensing and biofilm-related genes, and remodeling bacterial metabolism. This combination can treat biofilm-associated mPA infections and validates dihydroquercetin as a plant-derived antibiotic adjuvant.},
}

@article {pmid42780362,
year = {2026},
author = {Ibacache-Quiroga, C and Schmachtenberg, O and González-Pizarro, K and Herrera, P and Tapia, F and Osses-Lobos, L and Serrano-Barba, B and Stehlík, M and Dinamarca, MA},
title = {Thermal modulation of transcriptional states, biofilm architecture and survival strategies in Cobetia marina.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1858040},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1858040},
pmid = {42780362},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INRODUCTION: Cobetia marina is a marine bacterium that sustains growth and biofilm formation across a broad thermal range, serving as an ideal model for exploring adaptability in thermally dynamic and warming oceans. In this study, we investigated how growth temperature reshapes transcriptional regulation and biofilm architecture in C. marina strain MM1IDA2H-1, as well as its trajectories under thermal stress.

METHODS: We integrated transcriptomic profiling with confocal and electron microscopy at different growth temperatures. Additionally, we conducted adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) under progressive heat stress coupled with whole-genome sequencing.

RESULTS: Transcriptomes from cultures grown at 16 °C, 35 °C, 38 °C, and 41 °C were linked to physiology and biofilm structure, whereas ALE revealed strategies under warming stress. Low temperature promoted a biofilm-competent program driving motility and exopolysaccharide production. Conversely, growth at 41 °C induced a stress-survival state with repression of cooperative traits-quorum sensing-and the activation of DNA repair and oxidative stress responses. Exploratory network analyses predicted NarL, NtrC, CysB, and CsgD as putative components of a temperature-responsive control core, with a reduction in regulatory connectivity at 38 °C, representing a transitional stop-and-reprogram state. Finally, ALE selected for recurrent clone-specific mutations in csgD1, resolving a phenotypic trade-off by downregulating costly biofilm production to maintain growth capacity.

DISCUSSION: Overall, our findings show how C. marina transitions across a wide temperature range and under thermal stress via state-dependent network rewiring, offering a comprehensive eco-physiological framework that links environmental sensing, multicellular organization, and evolutionary trade-offs in highly dynamic and warming oceans.},
}

@article {pmid42781235,
year = {2027},
author = {Yin, M and Su, M and Yi, J and Ren, Y and Zhang, Y and Wu, Q and Yang, C and Xiao, S and Gao, C and Tang, R and Cheng, B and Xia, J},
title = {Dismantling the eDNA-mediated H2S barrier with biohybrids against refractory biofilm infections.},
journal = {Bioactive materials},
volume = {68},
number = {},
pages = {695-715},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.08.049},
pmid = {42781235},
issn = {2452-199X},
abstract = {The spatiotemporal distribution of gaseous mediators is critical for maintaining physiological functions. Biofilms both contain gas-producing bacteria and possess complex architectures that reshape gaseous mediator distribution. However, whether biofilm pathogenicity is linked to such gaseous regulation remains unclear. In this study, we reveal that extracellular DNA (eDNA) within the biofilm matrix contributes to the local retention and enrichment of H2S. This enrichment stabilizes eDNA, strengthens biofilm barriers, impedes gas clearance, promotes bacterial persistence, and induces macrophage immunosuppression, creating a reciprocally protective defensive loop. To dismantle this defense, we engineered a stepwise-responsive biohybrid system in which probiotic-derived engineered minicells actively target hypoxic biofilm regions, while H2S-triggered nanoparticle degradation enables deeper matrix penetration and concurrent H2S scavenging. The retained minicells then catalyze in situ glucose oxidation to generate H2O2, which, together with Fe[2+]-mediated Fenton-like reactions, degrades eDNA and collapses the biofilm. This strategy eradicates persistent bacteria, reverses immunosuppression, and provides a therapeutic strategy to reduce recurrence and optimize refractory infection treatments.},
}

@article {pmid42782135,
year = {2026},
author = {Tsai, Y-C and Lin, L-C},
title = {Deciphering the modular structure of phage depolymerase: a dual-action strategy for biofilm degradation and targeted Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0128526},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01285-26},
pmid = {42782135},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a critical ESKAPE pathogen that can form strong biofilms, which protect it from antibiotics and the host's immune system. Enzymes from bacteriophages, called depolymerases, are often found in tail fiber proteins and provide a useful way to break down these biofilms. In this work, we studied ORF55, a tail fiber protein from Pseudomonas phage phiPA1-3 that contains an SGNH hydrolase domain. Using AlphaFold2 for structural modeling and modular dissection, we identified the specific functions of its N-terminal and C-terminal parts. We found that the full protein (SGNH55_Full) broke down easily. However, a shorter version that kept the SGNH hydrolase domain (SGNH55Δtail_619) was much more stable and better at degrading biofilms. This truncated enzyme worked well against biofilms from clinical isolates, including those resistant to phages. This shows it has broad potential for treatment that does not depend on the virus itself infecting the bacteria. At the same time, we identified the N-terminal domain (TFP55) as the part responsible for binding to the bacterial receptor. We used TFP55 to develop a fast latex agglutination test to detect P. aeruginosa. This test was very specific and sensitive, with a limit of detection of 10 CFU, and it stayed stable for 6 months. Our results show that breaking down phage tail fibers into modules is a powerful strategy. It provides a clear path for creating both effective anti-biofilm agents and stable tools for diagnosis.IMPORTANCEBiofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses severe clinical challenges, and full-length phage depolymerases, while promising, are often unstable. This study overcomes this limitation through the structure-guided modular dissection of the phage tail fiber protein SGNH55. By decoupling its catalytic and host-binding domains, we generated two highly stable tools: a potent enzyme to eradicate multidrug-resistant biofilms and a sensitive diagnostic probe for rapid pathogen detection. This dual-utility approach provides an innovative therapeutic-diagnostic strategy and establishes a universal framework for engineering complex phage proteins.},
}

@article {pmid42782950,
year = {2026},
author = {Galvez, MC and Barlisan, AM and Hermosilla, E and Tabafa, MN and Macalalad, E and Esmeria, J and Vallar, E and Okaneya, S and Cadondon, J and Shiina, T},
title = {Optical Attenuation Analysis of Biofilm Formation on Dental Prostheses Using Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Atomic Force Microscopy.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/dj14090563},
pmid = {42782950},
issn = {2304-6767},
support = {N/A//Commission on Higher Education/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Dental biofilm formation on prosthetic materials contributes to oral diseases and material degradation. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of combining time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) to characterize biofilm-associated optical and surface changes in dental prosthesis materials following antiseptic treatment. Methods: Acrylic resin, composite resin, and stainless-steel specimens were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans biofilms and exposed to water, Orahex, and Watsons mouthwash. TD-OCT was used to obtain extinction coefficient (EC) and optical thickness measurements, while NC-AFM was performed on Orahex-treated specimens to assess nanoscale surface morphology. EC distributions were analyzed descriptively from valid TD-OCT A-scans. Results: Within the examined specimens, EC distributions varied following biofilm formation and antiseptic treatment, with material-dependent responses. Composite resin exhibited the clearest reduction in EC following Watsons treatment, whereas acrylic resin and stainless-steel specimens showed more variable responses. Physical thickness remained relatively stable, while NC-AFM observations of the Orahex-treated specimens supported the TD-OCT findings by demonstrating corresponding surface morphological changes. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates the preliminary feasibility of integrating TD-OCT with NC-AFM for non-destructive evaluation of biofilm-associated optical and surface changes in dental prosthesis materials. The findings are descriptive and exploratory, highlighting the potential of TD-OCT for monitoring prosthetic materials while emphasizing the need for future studies incorporating independent biological replicates and complementary biological validation techniques.},
}

@article {pmid42772826,
year = {2026},
author = {Das, S and Kaibarta, R and Pal, S and Mitra, D and Santoyo, G and Chattaraj, S and Ganguly, M and Ganguly, A},
title = {Cytokine and chemokine dysregulation by biofilm components.},
journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {115-137},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pmbts.2026.08.002},
pmid = {42772826},
issn = {1878-0814},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Chemokines/metabolism ; Animals ; *Cytokines/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Biofilms pose a major challenge in oral and systemic infections due to their capacity to evade host defences and modulate immune responses. Dysregulated cytokine and chemokine signaling induced by biofilm components plays a central role in disease progression, particularly in chronic conditions such as periodontitis, cystic fibrosis, and non-healing wounds. In periodontal disease, the shift from microbial homeostasis to dysbiosis is marked by enhanced pathobiont virulence, elevated inflammatory mediators including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CXCL8, and a bias toward pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization. Localized aggressive periodontitis exhibits an exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial surface molecules and biofilm-derived products, highlighting distinct mechanisms of immune activation. In systemic infections, biofilms facilitate immune evasion through metabolic reprogramming of macrophages and neutrophils, sustaining chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Persistent biofilms in cystic fibrosis lungs, chronic wounds, and medical device-associated infections further illustrate the complex host-microbe interactions, where excessive neutrophil infiltration and prolonged cytokine release aggravate pathology. Moreover, biofilm constituents can suppress protective immune responses, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favours bacterial persistence. This review summarizes current insights into biofilm-mediated immune modulation, emphasizing key cytokine and chemokine alterations across disease contexts and discussing emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune homeostasis and improving clinical outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Chemokines/metabolism
Animals
*Cytokines/metabolism

@article {pmid42772827,
year = {2026},
author = {Joshi, S and Pandey, S and Adake, K and Ahire, K},
title = {Biofilm-driven chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.},
journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {139-168},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pmbts.2026.07.001},
pmid = {42772827},
issn = {1878-0814},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; *Inflammation/pathology/microbiology ; Animals ; *Carcinogenesis/pathology ; Chronic Disease ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Microenvironment ; },
abstract = {Biofilms of pathogenic bacteria are traditionally defined as microcolonies encased in an endogenously produced matrix upon host tissue. However, realistically, it is a highly heterogenous microenvironment composed of the bacterial cells and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and host necrotic tissue, fibrotic tissue, fibrosis-associated cells and their extracellular matrix. This diverse milieu makes biofilms a potent immune evasion strategy. Its immune non-clearance can lead to relapse, potentially resulting in a persistent dysfunctional immune response; chronic inflammation. Characterised by repeated proinflammatory signalling, chronic inflammation may lead to localised or systemic instability by elevating mutagenesis and promoting anti-apoptotic pathways in host cells. This combined with the biofilm microenvironment's relative isolation from the host immune system significantly promotes tumourigenesis. The tumour microenvironment develops in continuum with the biofilm microenvironment as an immunosuppressive vascularised tissue. This tripartite pathophysiology of biofilm-induced chronic inflammation and tumourigenesis presents these clinical conditions, traditionally studied independently of each other, as an intricate web of interdependent disorder. Such interventions may include biofilm-disrupting agents, inflammatory pathway inhibitors targeting NF-κB/STAT3 signalling, and immune checkpoint-directed therapies aimed at dismantling the tumour-protective inflammatory niche.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms
*Inflammation/pathology/microbiology
Animals
*Carcinogenesis/pathology
Chronic Disease
Signal Transduction
Tumor Microenvironment

@article {pmid42772831,
year = {2026},
author = {Roy, PD and Ghosh, A and Nath, S and Ghosh, S},
title = {Role of biofilm in cancer invasion.},
journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {257-276},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pmbts.2026.07.006},
pmid = {42772831},
issn = {1878-0814},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Humans ; Animals ; Quorum Sensing ; *Neoplasm Invasiveness ; *Neoplasms/pathology/microbiology ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {Biofilms produced by bacteria are one of the recognized causes in cancer development and progression. These microbial communities with specific structures are embedded in extracellular matrices. They facilitate chronic infections by enhancing the resistance to various antibiotics and immune defense system of the host. An underlying key mechanism for this process is called quorum sensing (QS). It's basically a cell - density dependent signaling system that regulates bacterial behavior and biofilm formation. Different QS molecules such as N-acyl homoserine lactones have been seen to modulate immune responses and promote different processes like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby contributing to tumor invasion and metastasis. Also, biofilm associated bacteria can directly reprogram host cells too. Certain bacterial toxins such as colibactin from genotoxic strains of E.coli induce DNA damage and somewhat of genetic instability, both of which are hallmarks of cancer initiation. Similarly, adhesins like FadA activate signaling cascades in host epithelial cells, which are considered as genetic expression altering molecules. Therefore, disrupting the QS pathways and targeting microbial effectors that hijack host signaling, are emerging as very promising therapeutic strategies. Further future research, aimed mainly at decoding the biofilm and its host interactions, may unlock novel treatments to cancer progression and eliminate them.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Humans
Animals
Quorum Sensing
*Neoplasm Invasiveness
*Neoplasms/pathology/microbiology
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid42772834,
year = {2026},
author = {Thapar, P and Dev, M and Bora, N},
title = {Mechanism of biofilm formation and host interactions.},
journal = {Progress in molecular biology and translational science},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {89-113},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pmbts.2026.07.016},
pmid = {42772834},
issn = {1878-0814},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Humans ; Quorum Sensing ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Animals ; Bacteria ; },
abstract = {The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in most of the microbial species, majority of human microbial infections and diseases occur due to the formation of biofilms in Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The species of bacteria include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis etc. Not only bacteria but there exists some fungi and protists that may also form biofilms is the factors are favourable. The biofilms are constituted as 10 % microbial mass and 90 % water. 50-90 % of the biofilm matrix is composed of polysaccharides as the organic component. The biofilm makes a microbial species pathogenic in nature. The mechanism of biofilm formation involves the process of quorum sensing. It is a cell-to-cell communication process that controls the regulation of gene expression for the biosynthesis of molecules required for bacterial biofilms. Depending upon the type and the genes present, the mechanism of quorum sensing differs between species to species. In this chapter, different mechanisms involved in biofilm formation in species will be discussed in detail and their specific interactions with the host organisms.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Humans
Quorum Sensing
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
Animals
Bacteria

@article {pmid42773108,
year = {2026},
author = {Fan, G and Wang, H and Gong, Y and Liu, S and Sun, Y and Tian, J and Wang, H and Zhang, L and Zhang, F and Gong, L and Wang, L and Lu, F and Cao, Y and Lu, W and Xu, M and Zhu, S and Gao, W},
title = {Eradication of MRSA biofilm-associated implant infections by low-immunogenic sustained-release lysostaphin fused to thermosensitive polypeptides.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42773108},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {52473119//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82470567//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82070550//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; L2612014//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (Beijing Natural Science Foundation)/ ; },
mesh = {*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Lysostaphin/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; *Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; Elastin/chemistry ; Mice ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Female ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Elastin-Like Polypeptides ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcal bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are responsible for intractable infections-especially those associated with implants-through biofilm formation, presenting a worldwide menace. Antibacterial enzymes like lysostaphin (Lst) are promising for combating staphylococcal infections but limited by poor stability, high immunogenicity, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics, which hamper their clinical translation as antibiotic alternatives. Herein, we report a strategy of fusing thermosensitive elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) to Lst to overcome these inherent drawbacks and eradicate MRSA biofilm-induced implant infections. Guided by AlphaFold2, we rationally engineered a chimeric Lst-ELP fusion protein that preserves potent lytic activity, demonstrates markedly enhanced stability, and exhibits substantially reduced immunogenicity relative to free Lst. The thermosensitivity of Lst-ELP enables in situ formation of a sustained-release depot upon subcutaneous injection, translating to an increased maximum tolerated dose, improved pharmacokinetics, and optimized biodistribution. Consequently, a single injection of Lst-ELP not only fully eradicated MRSA biofilms on implants and MRSA from the bloodstream and wound tissues, but also eliminated local and systemic inflammatory responses. This approach achieved complete clearance of MRSA biofilm-associated implant infections without adverse effects, highlighting its potential for clinical translation.},
}

*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
*Lysostaphin/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage/chemistry
*Biofilms/drug effects
Animals
*Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage
Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology
*Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology
Elastin/chemistry
Mice
Delayed-Action Preparations
Humans
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Female
*Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
Elastin-Like Polypeptides

@article {pmid42773361,
year = {2026},
author = {Sagir, E and Cam, S and Guner, EMD and Koku, H and Mavis, B and Bat, E and Erguder, TH and San, M and Yildirim, MU and Ozbudak, CS and Kocaman, B and Bagatarhan, B},
title = {Microfiber-flocked surfaces as a novel platform for biofilm and biohydrogen production.},
journal = {Biotechnology letters},
volume = {48},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {42773361},
issn = {1573-6776},
support = {222M104//Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Hydrogen/metabolism ; *Rhodobacter capsulatus/metabolism/growth & development/physiology ; *Photobioreactors/microbiology ; Surface Properties ; Photosynthesis ; Bacterial Adhesion ; },
abstract = {For biohydrogen production, immobilized systems offer the potential for improved growth and productivity. In this study, microfiber-flocked surfaces were used as a novel strategy for Rhodobacter capsulatus biofilm-based photofermentative biohydrogen production. The surfaces were developed using electrostatic flocking by attaching polyamide microfibers to glass and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces. Parameters such as fiber length, density, and adhesive type were optimized to develop shorter, denser, and vertically oriented microfiber structures. This optimized architecture increased the available surface area for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation while maintaining sufficient light transmittance through the flocked layer. The combination of enhanced biofilm development and adequate light availability supported photosynthetic activity, resulting in enhanced cell growth and hydrogen production. For anaerobic cultures, inclined (vertical) photobioreactor provided superior attachment compared to horizontal setups, presumably due to better light exposure and nutrient availability. These enhanced surfaces led to increased cumulative hydrogen production over 21 days during repeated-batch operations with Rhodobacter capsulatus in a novel photobioreactor. This resulted in a stable biofilm (Abs590: 0.65 ± 0.04) and a hydrogen productivity of 0.32 ± 0.05 mmol/L.h. Thick biofilms formed on the microfiber flocks, exhibiting interconnected extracellular matrices and filamentous extracellular structures. In contrast, horizontally oriented surfaces and aerobic conditions were less effective, as sub-optimal light and oxygen atmosphere levels appear to hinder biofilm growth and hydrogen output. Additionally, a combined ultrasonication and Tween surfactant treatment enabled efficient cell removal and biomass recovery, suggesting reusability of the engineered surfaces. These results highlight microfiber-flocked surfaces as a potential platform for enhanced microbial growth and biohydrogen production. The proposed strategy contributes to the development of biofilm-based continuous processes.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Hydrogen/metabolism
*Rhodobacter capsulatus/metabolism/growth & development/physiology
*Photobioreactors/microbiology
Surface Properties
Photosynthesis
Bacterial Adhesion

@article {pmid42774630,
year = {2026},
author = {Fortaleza, JAG and Cabuhat, KSP and Ramos, ED and Cruz, JTP and Matamis, JG and Mamaat, JER and Libres, AC and de Leon, CS and Nuevo, JJM},
title = {Artificial intelligence applications in biofilm research: computational approaches for biofilm analysis and antimicrobial prediction.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1892814},
pmid = {42774630},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Biofilms are organized groups of microbes surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. This structure helps microbes survive, creates metabolic differences, and makes them less sensitive to antimicrobial treatments. Because biofilms can block antimicrobials and help microbes adapt, they often cause chronic and recurring infections that are hard to treat with standard methods. Most current diagnostic and antimicrobial testing methods focus on free-floating (planktonic) microbes and do not reflect the complex structure and behavior of mature biofilms. This gap often leads to ongoing treatment failures and poor predictions of treatment outcomes. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) and computational modeling have shown promise for improving biofilm research. These tools can help with automated detection, structural analysis, computational phenotyping, and predicting how biofilms will respond to treatments. This review examines current and emerging AI-based methods in biofilm biology, focusing on computational analysis, prediction of antimicrobial responses, and AI-supported antibiofilm therapies. It also discusses challenges such as dataset differences, limited real-world testing, difficulty understanding models, and a lack of models for clinically important mixed-species biofilms. Overall, this review shows how AI could help improve the accuracy, integration, and tailoring of biofilm research and antimicrobial management.},
}

@article {pmid42774850,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, X and Chen, T and Linghu, Q and Wang, H and Luo, S and Zhou, H and Min, X and Huang, J},
title = {A nutrient-sensing protease DegS suppresses biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae via the CdgH-c-di-GMP-VpsR axis under nutrient limitation.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100398},
pmid = {42774850},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {The transition of Vibrio cholerae from the host intestine to oligotrophic aquatic environments presents a severe nutrient downshift, yet the upstream sensory mechanism that triggers adaptive biofilm formation remains unclear. Here, we identify the periplasmic protease DegS as a critical nutrient-responsive regulator that suppresses biofilm development under low-nutrient conditions. We demonstrate that a ΔdegS mutant exhibits robust biofilm formation, enhanced antibiotic tolerance, and significantly increased colonization on environmentally relevant surfaces such as microplastics. Strikingly, this regulation is independent of the canonical σ[E] stress pathway. Instead, we elucidate a novel signalling axis wherein DegS negatively regulates the diguanylate cyclase CdgH. Loss of DegS relieves this inhibition, leading to elevated cellular c-di-GMP levels, which in turn activates the master transcriptional regulator VpsR, upregulating biofilm matrix gene expression. This DegS-CdgH-c-di-GMP-VpsR pathway is functional not only in minimal medium but also in simulated natural aquatic environments. Our findings reveal DegS as a key upstream sensor that translates nutrient scarcity into a precise inhibitory signal via c-di-GMP-dependent transcription, providing new insights into the molecular basis of V. cholerae environmental adaptation and highlighting a potential target within its transmission chain.},
}

@article {pmid42775987,
year = {2026},
author = {Biswas, S and Bhattacharyya, S and Biswas, S and Bhattacharya, SP and Ghosh, A and Bhattacharya, A},
title = {The interface of biofilm and immune system for Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens.},
journal = {Infection and immunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0037426},
doi = {10.1128/iai.00374-26},
pmid = {42775987},
issn = {1098-5522},
abstract = {The ESKAPE group of pathogens comprises Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., which are capable of developing profound biofilms while infecting host tissues and medical devices. In addition to acting as a barrier to antimicrobial treatments and as a niche for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes, biofilm-associated extracellular polymeric substances and metabolites modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. With the rise of emerging resistance against last-resort antibiotics, divulging the cross-talk between ESKAPE biofilms and the host immune system is essential for designing therapies aimed at immunoactivation. Compared with their Gram-positive ESKAPE counterparts, limited therapeutics coupled with higher mortality-associated phenotypes make Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens an urgent priority for immediate action. The ultimate goals for strategizing such interventions are to disrupt biofilm integrity, restore immune efficacy, and improve clinical outcomes against multi- or pan-drug-resistant pathogens. Against this backdrop, this review highlights the alteration of the host immune system and the modifications in innate and adaptive immune responses caused by Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens. In addition, the possibility of success of immunomodulation-based strategies in combating bacterial biofilms and accentuating the activity of known antimicrobials is discussed objectively.},
}

@article {pmid42777407,
year = {2026},
author = {Gurkin, G and Bespalov, I and Efremov, A and Perchikov, R and Medvedeva, A and Usovkin, K and Kalish, P and Medvedev, M and Arlyapov, V},
title = {Polypyrrole-ferrocene-biofilm electrode for rapid BOD biosensing and energy recovery from wastewater: Bayesian calibration for field application.},
journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {174},
number = {},
pages = {109460},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109460},
pmid = {42777407},
issn = {1878-562X},
abstract = {Developing high-performance bioelectrodes for environmental sensing and energy recovery remains challenging. We present a ternary platform integrating polypyrrole (PPy), ferrocene, and an electroactive Rhodococcus fascian biofilm on graphite paste electrodes. Optimal PPy loading (50 μg per 0.2 cm[2]) was determined by impedance spectroscopy, giving a charge-transfer resistance of 28 ± 6 Ω·cm[2] for the PPy-ferrocene-biofilm system - more than 1200 times lower than that of the PPy-biofilm electrode. The bioelectrode served both as a BOD biosensor and as an anode in a 3D-printed dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The biosensor exhibited a wide linear range of 4-600mg O2/dm[3], a ∼5min response time, and 6% RSD. For the first time in a whole-cell BOD sensor, Bayesian calibration reduced the required standards from 15 to 7 while preserving accuracy and providing uncertainty quantification for the Hill equation parameters. Validation against the standard BOD5 method on real surface waters yielded R[2]=0.9828. In the MFC, the ternary anode delivered a power density of 2.0mW·m[-2] and removed 89% of COD and 92% of BOD from domestic wastewater. These results confirm the synergistic effect of the conductive polymer, mediator, and biofilm, offering a versatile platform for rapid water-quality monitoring and wastewater treatment with concomitant electricity generation.},
}

@article {pmid42777782,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghari, M and Heidarpour, M and Ghaemi, M and Salmannejad, F and Khoramian, B},
title = {Trace Element Changes in Goat Milk Following Experimentally Induced Intramammary Infection With Biofilm Positive and Negative Strains of Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Veterinary medicine and science},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {e71250},
doi = {10.1002/vms3.71250},
pmid = {42777782},
issn = {2053-1095},
support = {53824//Ferdowsi University of Mashhad/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Milk/chemistry ; *Trace Elements/metabolism ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; Goats ; *Biofilms ; Female ; *Mastitis/veterinary/microbiology/metabolism ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/metabolism ; *Goat Diseases/microbiology/metabolism ; Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trace elements in milk provide valuable information about mammary gland health and immune response. The biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus aureus is known to contribute to persistent and chronic mastitis infections.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare changes in milk trace element concentrations following experimental intramammary infection with biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative strains of S. aureus in goats.

METHODS: Nine healthy lactating goats (native Iranian breed, 1-5 years old) were allocated to two groups and inoculated intracisternally in one udder half with either biofilm-positive (n = 5) or biofilm-negative (n = 4) strains of S. aureus (10[3] CFU/mL). The strains were isolated from bovine mastitis and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the nuc. Ceftiofur was administered for treatment after confirmation of infection. Ceftiofur was chosen because both strains were sensitive to this antibiotic and previous research has shown Ceftiofur to be effective against both biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative S. aureus isolates. Milk samples were collected immediately before challenge (T0), at 6 (T1), 12 (T2), 24 (T3), 36 (T4), 48 (T5) and 72 (T6) hours post-challenge, immediately prior to treatment (T7), and at 1 (T8), 7 (T9) and 14 (T10) days post-treatment. Concentrations of copper, calcium, selenium, zinc, magnesium, potassium, sodium and phosphorus were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).

RESULTS: The milk calcium concentration at T2 and T4 was significantly higher in the biofilm-positive group than that in the biofilm-negative group (p < 0.05). The amount of milk selenium at T4 and T10 was significantly higher in the biofilm-positive group than that in the biofilm-negative group (p < 0.05). The milk potassium and phosphorous levels at T7 were significantly higher in the biofilm-positive group than that in the biofilm-negative group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Biofilm-positive strains of S. aureus induced a greater secretion of certain trace elements (particularly calcium, selenium, potassium and phosphorus) into goat milk compared with biofilm-negative strains. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that biofilm-forming strains cause more extensive mammary epithelial damage and barrier dysfunction. These alterations may be indicative of increased mammary epithelial permeability and may also lead to compromised local immunity, allowing for persistent mastitis development by biofilm positive strains.},
}

Animals
*Milk/chemistry
*Trace Elements/metabolism
*Staphylococcus aureus/physiology
Goats
*Biofilms
Female
*Mastitis/veterinary/microbiology/metabolism
*Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/metabolism
*Goat Diseases/microbiology/metabolism
Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology

@article {pmid42766198,
year = {2026},
author = {Fadel, AA and Alobaidi, KH and Al-Obaidi, JR},
title = {In Vitro antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and virulence-modulating activity of Cinnamomum verum-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles against carbapenem-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli.},
journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42766198},
issn = {1618-1905},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent a critical antimicrobial resistance threat globally, with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) CRE isolates increasingly documented in both community and healthcare settings across the Middle East and worldwide. Conventional antibiotic options for CRE UPEC infections are severely constrained, with susceptibility typically retained only to aminoglycosides and fosfomycin, necessitating urgent development of alternative therapeutic strategies.

METHODS: Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃-NPs) were synthesised using aqueous bark extract of Cinnamomum verum, rich in trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. The synthesised Fe₂O₃-NPs were characterised by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities were evaluated against two CRE UPEC clinical isolates confirmed by VITEK 2 (carbapenem MIC values: ertapenem ≥ 8 mg/L, imipenem ≥ 16 mg/L, meropenem 8 mg/L). Virulence gene expression was quantified by RT-qPCR using the 2⁻ᴰᴰᶜᵗ method, targeting csgD and fimH with 16 S rRNA as the reference gene.

RESULTS: The C. verum extract displayed a UV absorption maximum at 300 nm, which shifted to 290 nm in the Fe₂O₃-NP preparation, consistent with nanoparticle formation. FTIR confirmed Fe-O stretching at 621.08 cm⁻¹ with retained phytochemical surface-capping bands. FE-SEM revealed a mean particle diameter of 65.63 nm; AFM confirmed a mean of 49.23 nm (n = 905 particles). Elemental analysis confirmed the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles with phytochemical capping, while XRD indicated a predominantly amorphous phase consistent with room-temperature biogenic synthesis. The nanoparticle preparation exhibited an MIC of 0.19 mg/mL against the tested CRE UPEC culture, compared with 25 mg/mL for the crude extract. Anti-biofilm activity reached 93.4% (blank-corrected). RT-qPCR indicated reduced csgD and fimH expression in the two evaluable treated samples; these preliminary findings require confirmation using additional biological replicates.

CONCLUSION: These proof-of-concept findings indicate that C. verum-mediated Fe₂O₃-NPs show potent in vitro multi-mechanism antibacterial activity against two clinically confirmed CRE UPEC isolates, combining promising antibacterial potency with transcriptional suppression of key virulence determinants; validation in a larger isolate panel is required to confirm generalisability. These findings identify the nanoparticle preparation as a promising in vitro candidate for further antibacterial and anti-virulence investigation. However, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, validation using a larger collection of clinical isolates, and in vivo studies are required before any therapeutic application can be considered.},
}

@article {pmid42767305,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, J and Wang, Q and Song, Y and Qiu, Y and Liu, G and Li, D and Feng, Y},
title = {Inoculum-dependent biofilm assembly shapes electron uptake in microbial electrochemical denitrification.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125728},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.125728},
pmid = {42767305},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {Microbial electrochemical denitrification systems (MEDS) offer a promising route for nitrate removal from low C/N waters without external organic carbon addition, yet their practical application is limited by slow startup and low reaction rates. Here, we investigated how inoculum-derived initial conditions shape cathodic biofilm assembly and electron uptake behavior in MEDS by comparing organic-rich and organic-poor mixed inocula. Organic-rich inocula promoted rapid biofilm establishment, with biomass reaching 22.79 ± 0.56 μg·cm[-2] and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies exceeding 90%, whereas organic-poor inocula formed sparse biofilms and achieved TN removal below 60%. Control experiments that removed or compensated for inoculum-derived soluble organics showed that these differences were not explained solely by residual substrates, but were strongly linked to inoculum-dependent biofilm assembly capacity. Electrochemical analyses, inhibitor assays, mediator measurements, and cytochrome-associated characterization collectively indicated that sludge-derived biofilms exhibited a greater contribution of surface-coupled electron uptake, whereas biofilms derived from organic-poor inocula showed a greater relative contribution of diffusible/mediator-assisted electron transfer. This inoculum-dependent performance trend persisted in real low C/N water and was accompanied by lower N2O yield in sludge-derived systems after stable biofilm establishment. Mechanistically, the results show that inoculum-derived carbon and microbial legacy regulate early-stage biofilm formation, which in turn shapes electron uptake behavior and system-level denitrification performance. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for understanding startup limitation in mixed-culture electrotrophic denitrification and offer practical guidance for designing more robust nitrate-removal strategies in carbon-limited waters.},
}

@article {pmid42767473,
year = {2026},
author = {Mita, H and Kuroda, T and Nomura, M and Ohta, M},
title = {In vitro Biofilm-forming Ability and Antiseptic and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Strains Derived from Surgical-site Infections in Equine Orthopedic Surgery.},
journal = {Journal of equine veterinary science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106150},
doi = {10.1016/j.jevs.2026.106150},
pmid = {42767473},
issn = {0737-0806},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious complication of equine orthopedic surgery. Biofilm formation by the causative bacteria contributes to treatment failure by conferring tolerance to antimicrobial agents and disinfectants; however, data on biofilm formation and antiseptic or antimicrobial exposure in equine clinical isolates are limited.

AIMS/OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of bacterial strains isolated from postoperative equine orthopedic SSI and to assess the susceptibility of established biofilms to disinfectants and antimicrobial agents after short-term exposure.

METHODS: A total of 102 bacterial strains were evaluated. Biofilms were formed using a 96-well plate with a peg-lid system, and biofilm biomass was quantified spectrophotometrically. Biofilms were exposed for 10 min to five agents: povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, gentamicin, and ampicillin. Viable bacteria were quantified by colony-forming unit counts, and effects were expressed as log reductions relative to controls.

RESULTS: Biofilm-forming ability varied among bacterial groups, with Acinetobacter spp. showing the highest optical density (1.68 ± 0.91) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting lower values (0.12 ± 0.08). Povidone-iodine achieved a >5 log₁₀ CFU reduction across all bacterial groups. In Gram-negative bacteria, it achieved significantly greater reductions than chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride (1-3 log₁₀ CFU reduction). Antimicrobial agents showed little bactericidal activity against 24-h biofilms.

CONCLUSION: Biofilm formation at surgical sites should be considered following equine orthopedic surgery. In this in vitro study, povidone-iodine had greater activity than other agents against established biofilms, suggesting its potential usefulness for biofilm-associated surgical site disinfection.},
}

@article {pmid42767886,
year = {2026},
author = {Nguyen, AT and Kumar, S and Li, Y and Dan, A and Davis, H and Kreth, J and Ferracane, J and Koley, D},
title = {Multimodal electrochemical platform for real-time mapping of heterogeneous ion release from bioactive-glass dental composites and its correlation with interfacial oral biofilm activity.},
journal = {Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2026.09.001},
pmid = {42767886},
issn = {1879-0097},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The clinical longevity of dental restorations is compromised by pathogenic biofilm colonization at the material-tooth interface. This study aimed to determine whether bioactive glass (BAG)-containing dental composites function as dynamically responsive interfaces, in which localized metal ion release directly modulates multispecies oral biofilm behavior, rather than acting as passive ion reservoirs.

METHODS: A multimodal analytical platform was used to monitor interfacial dynamics. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) equipped with custom Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ion-selective microelectrodes mapped the chemical microenvironment 20 µm above composite surfaces. Continuous impedance tracking and solid-state pH microsensors simultaneously quantified biofilm volume and localized acidification on resin, Ca-BAG, Mg-BAG, and Zn-BAG substrates.

RESULTS: Mapping revealed highly heterogeneous ion-release profiles, yielding localized concentrations of 101.1 ± 13.6 µM Ca²⁺, 40.8 ± 21.2 µM Mg²⁺, and 16.1 ± 4.1 µM Zn²⁺ at pH 6.2, a greater than tenfold increase relative to pH 7.2. Zinc-releasing composites extended biofilm maturation to 7.4 ± 0.4 days versus 3.3 ± 0.1 days on resin controls, sustaining an interfacial pH ≥ 6.7 ± 0.2 at a biofilm volume of 29 µm³ /µm². Resin substrates acidified to pH 6.3 ± 0.2 under equivalent biofilm loading.

SIGNIFICANCE: These findings establish a quantitative correlation between localized ion-release profiles and biofilm metabolic activity, consistent with a localized interference mechanism and reframing ion-releasing bioactive composites as dynamically responsive interfaces. The analytical framework provides a quantitative basis for the rational design of next-generation interfacially active biomaterials.},
}

@article {pmid42767985,
year = {2026},
author = {Kusunur, AB and Medidi, PK and Kumar, SD and Nakka, A and Chigilipalli, H and Gattu, R and Sivam, V and Rangasamy, A and Vaiyapuri, M and Badireddy, MR},
title = {Edible Fish as a Source of Klebsiella pneumoniae: Incidence, Virulence, Biofilm Formation, Antimicrobial Resistance and Control Strategies.},
journal = {Journal of AOAC International},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jaoacint/qsag087},
pmid = {42767985},
issn = {1944-7922},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fish sold in retail markets are prone to contamination with pathogenic bacteria. Investigations on occurrence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, its characterization in seafood are essential for the protection of consumer health.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the incidence of K. pneumoniae in fish and characterized their virulence profile, biofilm-forming ability, antimicrobial resistance and their control using water-soluble chitosan and postbiotics.

METHODS: In total, 144 fish and processing water samples from fish retail markets of Visakhapatnam, India were screened for presence of K. pneumoniae using MacConkey agar and amplifying khe gene. Virulence characterization (entB, mrkD, kfu, allS, rmpA, ybtS, iutA) antibiotic susceptibility test (disc diffusion assay against 28 antibiotics) biofilm-forming ability and anti-K. pneumoniae activity of water-soluble chitosan (microtiter plate assay) were studied.

RESULTS: Eleven fish samples showed presence of K. pneumoniae. All the isolates possessed entB gene, however, 91% of the isolates carried mrkD and kfu genes. Antibiogram studies showed that all isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.19 to 0.39. Resistance genes detected in K. pneumoniae were bla  SHV (91%), bla  TEM (27%), sul1(18%), tetA (9%), tetD (9%), and catA2 (9%). Majority of K. pneumoniae isolates were moderate biofilm formers (63.6%) and the biofilm-forming ability was potentiated by supplementation with lactose (100%) followed by fructose (90.9%) and ribose (90.9%) sugars. Water-soluble chitosan (1%) showed effective control of all K. pneumoniae.

CONCLUSION: The present study showed majority of the K. pneumoniae isolates from seafood were found to be virulent, multidrug-resistant, ESBL producers, and moderate biofilm formers indicating potential health risk to fish consumers. Water-soluble chitosan showed a significant inhibitory effect on growth of all K. pneumoniae isolates.

HIGHLIGHTS: The detection of virulent and MDR K. pneumoniae in edible fish meat, albeit at a low level, poses a significant threat to consumers.},
}

@article {pmid42769418,
year = {2026},
author = {Natarajan, PM and Ebenezer, V and Varma, SR and Ganesh, P},
title = {Novel biofilm-targeted therapeutics for oral infections: enzymes, EPS disruptors, phage/CRISPR, photodynamic and cold-plasma approaches - a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1915920},
pmid = {42769418},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Plasma Gases/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bacteriophages ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects ; *Mouth Diseases/therapy/microbiology ; Phage Therapy ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Microbial biofilms underpin the chronicity, recurrence and antimicrobial tolerance of most oral infections. As mechanical and antibiotic strategies are constrained by antimicrobial resistance and by the protective biofilm matrix, non-antibiotic, biofilm-targeted therapeutics have attracted intense interest. We systematically mapped and appraised five mechanistically distinct modalities - matrix-degrading (anti-biofilm) enzymes, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) disruptors, bacteriophage and CRISPR-based therapy, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) - selected because each targets a different, non-antibiotic vulnerability of the biofilm.

METHODS: Following a PRISMA 2020 protocol (PROSPERO), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from inception to January 2026. In vitro, animal and clinical studies reporting a quantitative anti-biofilm outcome for any modality against oral or oral-relevant pathogens were included, appraised with RoB 2, SYRCLE and a modified in vitro checklist, and the certainty of evidence rated with GRADE. Prespecified subgroup (biofilm maturity, species complexity) and quality-based sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Seventy-eight studies met the criteria; 58% (45/78) were in vitro/ex vivo, 16 animal and only 17 (22%) clinical, so clinical evidence was limited and concentrated in aPDT. aPDT provided small but consistent adjunctive gains over scaling and root planing (SRP): pooled additional probing-pocket-depth reduction ≈0.35-0.45 mm and clinical-attachment gain ≈0.25-0.34 mm at 3-6 months (low-moderate certainty). EPS disruptors reduced biofilm biomass by 58-94% and CAP rendered ≈90% of treated samples culture-negative in vitro, but both rested on preclinical data (low-very-low certainty). Enzymes and phage/CRISPR acted mainly by dispersal or targeted killing (representative reductions ≈1.5-4.5 log10 CFU). Efficacy fell consistently against mature, multispecies biofilms; sensitivity analysis excluding high-risk studies changed estimates minimally.

CONCLUSION: On current evidence these modalities are best positioned as adjuncts that enhance, rather than replace, mechanical and antimicrobial therapy. Only aPDT currently has sufficient clinical evidence for consideration as an adjunct to conventional therapy; the remaining modalities remain investigational and require further translational and clinical development. Combination (matrix-first) strategies, targeted delivery, and standardised oral-biofilm models and clinical trials are priorities.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420261428848.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Humans
*Photochemotherapy/methods
*Plasma Gases/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Animals
Bacteriophages
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects
*Mouth Diseases/therapy/microbiology
Phage Therapy
CRISPR-Cas Systems

@article {pmid42763077,
year = {2026},
author = {Afrose, N and Rajendran, K},
title = {Integrating a multistage DoE strategy using Plackett-Burman screening and Box-Behnken optimization to develop cefuroxime transfersomal patch for diabetic ulcer biofilm eradication.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {127412},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127412},
pmid = {42763077},
issn = {1873-3476},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm (BF)-forming S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are present in Diabetic ulcers (DUs) showing high tolerance to conventional antibiotics. Cefuroxime (Cef) exhibits strong activity but low skin permeability and low BF penetration.

OBJECTIVE: To design and develop a Cef loaded-transfersomal patch for better topical delivery and BF eradication in DUs.

METHODOLOGY: 11 variables were screened by Plackett-Burman design (12 runs) and five variables found to be critical were optimized by Box-Behnken design (46 runs). Transfersomes were optimized and embedded in HPMC K5 patches. Characterization included size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, deformability index, FTIR, DSC, ex-vivo permeation, and stability. Anti-BF activity was determined by MBEC, time-kill activity and crystal violet assay.

RESULTS: The optimized formulation yielded transfersomes with mean size 178.3±4.8 nm (PDI 0.28±0.01), zeta potential -34.3±0.7 mV, entrapment efficiency 79.3±0.6%, deformability index 4.5±0.1, and 24 hrs drug release 77.7±1.6%. Patches showed an even thickness, folding endurance >175, drug content 86.6%, and cumulative skin permeation 136 μg/cm[2] (≈12.6% of load). Amorphous drug dispersion was confirmed by DSC. Importantly, the patch was effective in reaching MBEC values of 21 μg/ml and 45 μg/ml respectively against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in 8-12 hrs, which represents ≥3 log10 reduction. BF mass reduction was observed by crystal violet assay. The accelerated stability showed no significant difference in the critical quality attributes.

CONCLUSION: This patch platform with transferosomal technology significantly improves the skin permeation of Cef and the eradication of BF, offering new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of DUs linked with BF.},
}

@article {pmid42763269,
year = {2026},
author = {VanTreeck, KE and Liu, JD and Sherman, K and Tabashsum, Z and Angeles-Solano, M and Lifschin, ZJ and Dayton, PA and Rowe, SE and Papadopoulou, V},
title = {Ultrasound Cavitation From Low-Boiling Point Perfluorocarbon Phase Change Contrast Agents Correlates With Bacterial Burden Reduction in Antibiotic Treatment of Biofilm-Infected Murine Wounds.},
journal = {Ultrasound in medicine & biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2026.08.012},
pmid = {42763269},
issn = {1879-291X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Chronic wounds are often infected by bacteria, which aggregate into biofilms. Biofilms impede antibiotic efficacy, promote infection relapse, and are the leading cause of chronic wound treatment failure. Ultrasound combined with phase-change contrast agents (PCCA) has shown potential to enhance antimicrobial delivery in animal models, yet quantification of cavitation in animal models remains unexplored.

METHODS: In a murine wound infection model with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), animals received topical gentamicin and palmitoleic acid twice daily from days 2-4 post infection. One daily treatment was followed by administration of octafluoropropane (OFP) PCCA and ultrasound (1.1 MHz, 9.09% duty cycle) at either 700 or 1700 kPa. Passive cavitation signals were recorded every 15 seconds during five one-minute exposures. Cavitation dose was quantified from harmonic and broadband emissions and bacterial burden was assessed on day 5.

RESULTS: A strong inverse correlation was observed between cavitation dose and wound bacterial burden (R[2] = 0.88), indicating that increased cavitation was associated with greater reduction in bacterial burden. Cavitation was sustained throughout treatment with 1700 kPa and significantly higher than at 700 kPa (p = 0.0145), where signal declined over time. Limited wound coverage (∼40%) may have reduced overall efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first in vivo evidence correlating cavitation dose to bacterial reduction in MRSA biofilm-infected wounds. These findings support cavitation monitoring as a valuable feedback tool for optimizing ultrasound-enhanced antimicrobial therapies.},
}

@article {pmid42763502,
year = {2026},
author = {Gebaly, EE and Taha, MN and Ashour, HM and Khairalla, AS},
title = {Anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of Ricinus communis and Catharanthus roseus leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.},
journal = {In vitro models},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {255-267},
pmid = {42763502},
issn = {2731-3441},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains a major concern in clinical microbiology owing to its intrinsic multidrug resistance and its elaborate regulatory networks that enable evasion of host immune responses, particularly through robust biofilm development and the secretion of diverse virulence factors. These pathogenic behaviors are tightly governed by quorum-sensing (QS) systems, prompting increasing interest in exploiting plant-derived compounds as potential anti-virulence therapeutics. In this study, leaf extracts from Ricinus communis and Catharanthus roseus were examined for their capacity to modulate biofilm formation and QS-regulated virulence gene expression in the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain. The production of key virulence factors was evaluated using multiple standardized assays, including the crystal violet binding assay (biofilm), azocasein assay (protease), chloroform-HCl extraction (pyocyanin), and the orcinol assay (rhamnolipids), while gene expression was quantified via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The findings indicated that the extracts, rich in tannins and flavonoids, did not affect the planktonic growth of PAO1; however, both significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed biofilm formation and attenuated the production of pyocyanin, protease, and rhamnolipids. Additionally, qPCR analysis revealed pronounced downregulation of central QS regulatory genes, lasI, lasR, and rhlR, highlighting the potential of these phytochemicals to disrupt quorum-sensing-mediated pathogenicity.},
}

@article {pmid42764008,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhou, Y and Zhou, X},
title = {Review of microbiologically influenced corrosion of dental metallic materials: Biofilm-mediated mechanisms, key determinants, and anticorrosion strategies.},
journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {174},
number = {},
pages = {109461},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109461},
pmid = {42764008},
issn = {1878-562X},
abstract = {Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) poses a significant threat to the integrity and service life of the surfaces of dental metallic materials prostheses and implants. Microorganisms forming biofilms alter the local environmental conditions on the surface of biomaterials and exacerbate biocorrosion processes. When oral metallic materials undergo corrosion, the leached toxic ions may cause inflammatory reactions, sensitization, and teratogenicity. However, little is known about the specific roles of different oral microorganisms in these corrosion mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of MIC is crucial for improving the biosafety and clinical performance of dental materials. This review provides a systematic overview of MIC in the oral cavity, covering biofilm characteristics, microbial metabolites, corrosion mechanisms, typical corrosion behavior, and current preventive strategies. A major limitation of existing research is the predominant use of single- or dual-species models, which fail to reflect the complexity of the oral ecosystem; this complexity may either mitigate or exacerbate corrosion risks, and must be addressed in future research. MIC of dental metallic materials is a multidisciplinary field of research that can apply methodologies from materials science, corrosion science and biology to further investigate the mechanisms by which oral microorganisms corrode dental metallic materials, thereby guiding the development of advanced materials that combine corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and environmental sustainability.},
}

@article {pmid42764359,
year = {2026},
author = {Shi, L and Tian, W and Xu, M and Yu, L and Chen, X and Cai, Q and Xu, D and Liu, B and Long, B and Chen, H and Qin, H and Han, Y and Amantai, H and Gu, J and Tang, M and Zharmukhametova, A and Chen, J and Li, Y},
title = {Multidrug resistance, biofilm formation, and pathotype diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic lambs in intensive sheep farms, Aksu, Xinjiang, China.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42764359},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {202410757006//Tarim University/ ; 2023ZD099//Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification/pathogenicity/classification/physiology ; *Diarrhea/microbiology/veterinary ; Sheep ; China ; *Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Sheep Diseases/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mice ; Virulence/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Farms ; Feces/microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Under the One Health framework, the antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic lambs pose a potential threat to public health security. Aksu in Xinjiang is a major intensive mutton sheep breeding base in China. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene carriage, biofilm-forming ability, pathotype distribution and phylogenetic group characteristics of E. coli from diarrheic lambs in this region, and analyze their potential correlations.

METHODS: A total of 150 samples were collected from diarrheic lambs in 6 intensive mutton sheep farms. E. coli was isolated and identified via differential media and specific gene detection; the disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. PCR was performed to detect resistance and virulence gene carriage, and E. coli pathotypes were determined based on molecular characteristics. Mouse challenge assay was adopted to evaluate bacterial pathogenicity, crystal violet staining to assess biofilm-forming ability, and PCR to conduct phylogenetic group typing.

RESULTS: A total of 121 E. coli strains were isolated with an isolation rate of 80.7%, including 38.0% multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains and 49.6% pathogenic strains (5 single pathotypes and 7 hybrid pathotypes). Mouse models showed all tested pathogenic strains had pathogenicity. Phylogenetic group analysis showed that group B1 was the predominant phylogroup (76.0%). Moreover, 78.6% of the strains had biofilm-forming ability, and MDR strains exhibited significantly higher biofilm-forming ability than non-MDR strains. The isolated strains harbored abundant resistance and virulence genes, with 13 different types of resistance genes and 18 virulence genes with distinct functions detected in total.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic report on the diversity characteristics of pathogenic E. coli from diarrheic lambs in intensive sheep farms in Aksu, clarifying the phylogenetic and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of the strains and revealing a significant association between biofilm formation and bacterial resistance. These findings provide a basis for the coordinated management of cross-domain public health risks in underdeveloped regions under the One Health framework, and contribute to the sustainable development of the mutton sheep industry and the safeguard of public health security.},
}

Animals
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Escherichia coli/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification/pathogenicity/classification/physiology
*Diarrhea/microbiology/veterinary
Sheep
China
*Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
Phylogeny
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Sheep Diseases/microbiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Mice
Virulence/genetics
Virulence Factors/genetics
Farms
Feces/microbiology

@article {pmid42766042,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, L and Ke, W and Su, H and Wang, Z and Mao, Y and Su, Z and Zhang, L and Guo, Y and Hong, X and Ye, H and Feng, R and Luo, L and Lin, F and Huang, T},
title = {Formulation-dependent sugar regulation enhances biofilm-mediated stability and bioactivity of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations.},
journal = {World journal of microbiology & biotechnology},
volume = {42},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42766042},
issn = {1573-0972},
support = {No. 7120ED2503//Biocontrol Bacteria-mediated Regulation of Rhizosphere Function in Tea Garden Weeds and Mechanisms of Enhanced Efficacy/ ; No. 2025J01567//Fujian Provincial Project for the Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm Resources, the Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; No. N2023Z007//Nanping Academy of Resource Industrialization Chemistry project/ ; No. 2026N5004//Fujian Science and Technology Planning Project/ ; },
mesh = {*Bacillus thuringiensis/physiology/radiation effects/metabolism/drug effects/growth & development ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Ultraviolet Rays ; *Sugars/metabolism/chemistry/pharmacology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Animals ; Pest Control, Biological ; },
abstract = {Sugars are important carbon sources involved in microbial growth and functional regulation. However, how sugars with different structural characteristics regulate microbial pesticide performance in complex formulation systems remains unclear. In this study, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulations were used to systematically evaluate the effects of different sugars on functional traits. The results showed pronounced type-dependent regulatory effects. Sugars with distinct structural features modulated biofilm formation by affecting cell adhesion and extracellular polysaccharide production. An optimized sugar combination increased biofilm yield by approximately tenfold. Certain sugars further enhanced UV tolerance and insecticidal activity. For example, pectin increased the survival rate of suspension concentrates by 5.3-fold after 4 h of UV exposure, while glucose, glycerol, and maltose improved insecticidal activity by 2.72-3.91-fold. Further analysis indicated that sugar structural characteristics are critical determinants of their regulatory effects, influencing bacterial surface interactions and the microenvironment. This biofilm-centered mechanism showed consistency across different formulation types. Overall, this study provides new insights into the development of stable and efficient Bt-based biopesticides.},
}

*Bacillus thuringiensis/physiology/radiation effects/metabolism/drug effects/growth & development
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Insecticides/pharmacology
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
Ultraviolet Rays
*Sugars/metabolism/chemistry/pharmacology
Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism
Animals
Pest Control, Biological

@article {pmid42762837,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, L and Wen, Y and Sun, M and Liu, J},
title = {Reed root-biofilm systems are associated with cadmium depletion in wetland soils, along with extracellular polymeric substances compositional shifts and distinct bacterial enrichment.},
journal = {Journal of biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbiotec.2026.09.014},
pmid = {42762837},
issn = {1873-4863},
abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) contamination in wetland soils poses a severe threat to ecosystem health, yet traditional remediation strategies often lack efficient, self-sustaining mechanisms for long-term depletion. This study investigates the roles of reed root-biofilm (RRB) systems in Cd depletion and shaping microbial community structure. Through a 240-day factorial microcosm experiment involving five treatment groups (bulk soil, sterilized soil, reed root-biofilm alone, and their combinations) across a Cd concentration gradient (0-10mg/kg), and integrating ICP-OES analysis, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 3D fluorescence spectroscopy, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing, the results show that RRB amendment was associated with Cd depletion zones in bulk soil (reducing total Cd concentrations from 10 to 4.25mg/kg), compared to the unamended controls. This process was associated with the secretion of protein-like and humic-like EPS, with protein-like fluorescence intensity reaching 569.9 in the root-biofilm treatment group. Notably, RRB amendment was associated with a consortium enrich in Methylophaga, Rheinheimera, Azoarcus, and Desulfuromonas, while maintaining high Shannon diversity (6.48) under metal stress. Unlike sterile controls that relied solely on abiotic adsorption, RRB amendment was associated with a coordinated pattern of EPS compositional changes and microbial community shifts. These findings suggest that RRB-associated Cd depletion coincided with EPS compositional changes and microbial community shifts. This study provides a basis for developing root-biofilm-based strategies to improve both Cd depletion efficiency and process sustainability in contaminated wetland remediation.},
}

@article {pmid42762932,
year = {2026},
author = {Shu, H and Li, Q and Hu, W and Xu, Q and Li, G and Li, H and Sun, J},
title = {Potential-driven balance of extracellular electron transfer activity and Microstructure stability in Shewanella biofilm for uranium recovery.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135867},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135867},
pmid = {42762932},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Bioelectrochemistry enables uranium recovery from uranium-contaminated water. Within microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), electroactive biofilm growth is critical, but the impact of electrode potential on biofilm structure and function remains unknown. This study explored variations in micro-structure, extracellular electron transfer, and uranium recovery of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms cultivated under different potential shocks from -0.2 to 0.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in MECs at -0.2 V. Across this range, uranium recovery exhibited a clear non-monotonic trend, peaking at 0.2 V and exhibiting the most unreliable performance at 0.6 V. At 0.2 V (low potential, LP), the biofilm electrode exhibited 99.72 % uranium recovery with 42.19 % U(IV) reduction. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy revealed needle-like mineral within the inner extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), attributed to moderate c‑type cytochrome (c-Cyts) density (104.89 % of open circuit potential, OCP), suitable charge transfer resistance (Rct, 68.34 % of OCP), and a dense EPS network (bulk density 138.07 % of OCP). At 0.6 V, the biofilm exhibited higher electrochemical activity (c-Cyts 113.15 % and Rct 48.41 % of OCP), but poorer structural stability (EPS bulk density 101.38 % of OCP), causing fluctuating recovery (99.39 % to 94.10 %) and a lower U(IV) proportion (33.90 %). These results indicate that balancing biofilm activity and structural stability is essential for efficient and sustainable recovery of uranium. The LP biofilm electrode achieved 98.09 % uranium recovery with a surface distribution coefficient (Kd,s) of 1.414 L/cm[2] in real mining groundwater. This finding presents a balance model linking biofilm electrode activity and stability, highlighting the necessity of regulating cultivation potential shock.},
}

@article {pmid42755848,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Y and Mi, J and Cao, X and Wang, M and Feng, H and Kong, F and Zhang, X and Liu, X},
title = {A biomimetic urchin-like photothermal nanoplatform for the efficient eradication of Streptococcus mutans and biofilm dispersion.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1917604},
pmid = {42755848},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development/radiation effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gold/chemistry ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; *Biomimetics/methods ; Humans ; Dental Caries/microbiology/therapy ; Animals ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Biomimetic Materials/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries, primarily driven by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to the protective extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix and the limited efficacy of conventional antibiotics.

METHODS: To address this, we report a biomimetic photothermal nanoplatform (FWA NPs) featuring a hierarchical, urchin-like multi-spiked architecture, synthesized via the co-assembly of ferrocene-tryptophan conjugates and in situ biomineralized gold nanoparticles.

RESULTS: Benefiting from this unique topological structure, FWA NPs maximize interfacial interactions with bacterial membranes and exhibit enhanced near-infrared absorption, achieving a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 54.4%. Under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, this rapid and localized heat generation induced efficient eradication of S. mutans, which manifested as a dramatic reduction in bacterial colonies from ~107 to ~105 CFU/mL and irreversible membrane damage characterized by massive surface wrinkling, localized collapse, and membrane rupture. Additionally, FWA NPs reduced the survival rate of S. mutans biofilms to approximately 10%, Crucially, FWA NPs demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with a hemolysis rate of approximately 1% for red blood cells and a relative survival rate of 90% for normal cells.

CONCLUSION: By synergistically integrating topological advantages with highly efficient energy conversion, this rationally designed nanoplatform offers a highly effective, non-antibiotic therapeutic paradigm for combating biofilm-associated oral infections and mitigating the global threat of antimicrobial resistance.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development/radiation effects
*Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Gold/chemistry
Microbial Viability/drug effects
*Biomimetics/methods
Humans
Dental Caries/microbiology/therapy
Animals
Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Biomimetic Materials/pharmacology

@article {pmid42756979,
year = {2026},
author = {Yousefi Avarvand, A and Saki, M and Moradi, M and Ekrami, A and Akrami, S},
title = {Molecular identification of toxin-antitoxin system genes and their relationship with biofilm formation among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from hospitalized and outpatients in educational hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran.},
journal = {GMS hygiene and infection control},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {Doc56},
pmid = {42756979},
issn = {2196-5226},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are present on the chromosomes and plasmids of many bacteria, including Escherichia coli. The functions of TA systems in bacteria are unclear. The biological roles of TA systems are hypothesized to include growth regulation, persistence, and biofilm development. E. coli biofilms are the source of both urinary tract infections and bacteremia.

OBJECTIVES: The current investigation aims to discover the relationship between biofilm development and toxin-antitoxin systems in clinical isolates of E. coli.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 E. coli isolates were tested for biofilm formation by microtiter plate assay and the presence of several TA systems such as MazF, RelE, hipA, ccdB, and MqsR.

RESULTS: Microtiter plates revealed that 90 E. coli isolates produced biofilms. The results revealed that 75 (75%), 80 (80%), 81 (81%), 58 (58%), and 51 (51%) of the isolates contained mazF, ccdB, relE, mqsR, and hipA TA loci, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that TA genes are common in clinical isolates of E. coli strains. The results demonstrated that the TA system is related with biofilm development.},
}

@article {pmid42757165,
year = {2026},
author = {Harrass, S and To, J and Noorian, P and Espinoza-Vergara, G and Cooper, VS and Rice, SA and McDougald, D and Hoque, MM},
title = {Mixed-species interactions constrain diversification and shape biofilm evolution.},
journal = {ISME communications},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {ycag237},
pmid = {42757165},
issn = {2730-6151},
abstract = {Experimental evolution provides a powerful framework for dissecting how ecological interactions shape adaptive trajectories. Here, we evolved Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas protegens, and P. aeruginosa in single- and mixed-species biofilm communities for 24 weeks and tracked changes in population dynamics, phenotypes, and genomes. In mono-species evolution, all three species exhibited similar dynamics of adaptation, with steadily increasing biofilm-associated populations. In contrast, mixed-species communities displayed striking compositional shifts, with P. protegens emerging as the dominant biofilm former and K. pneumoniae dominating the supernatant. Phenotypic assays revealed that all three species showed enhanced biofilm formation, but this increase was consistently greater in isolates from mono-species than mixed species communities, with P. protegens showing the largest gains. Beyond biofilm production, biofilm-associated isolates exhibited greater phenotypic diversification than planktonic isolates, whereas mixed-species interactions constrained diversification. Whole-genome sequencing identified species-specific putative adaptations such as csrD in K. pneumoniae, yfiBNR in P. protegens, and cheA in P. aeruginosa that arose early, persisted, and were enriched in mixed-species isolates. Functional assays support the contribution of these mutations to enhanced biofilm formation, with yfiBNR mutations in P. protegens increasing cyclic-di-GMP production and producing a competitive advantage that recapitulated its dominance in evolved biofilms. Our findings show that biofilm evolution fosters phenotypic diversification, whereas interspecies interactions shape adaptive trajectories, with specific mutations associated with keystone drivers of ecological dynamics in multi-species communities.},
}

@article {pmid42759825,
year = {2026},
author = {Cardozo, B and Pereira, ACC and Mita, D and Nunes, EM and de Barros, MC and de Andrade, FB and Alves-Silva, EG and Bronzato, JD and Alarcon, CSO and Pecorari, VGA and Pinheiro, ET and Gomes, BPFA},
title = {In vitro evaluation of photodynamic therapy associated with irrigation protocols in the control of multispecies endodontic biofilm.},
journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105653},
doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105653},
pmid = {42759825},
issn = {1873-1597},
abstract = {AIM: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), either alone or in combination with various irrigation protocols, against mature multispecies biofilms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multispecies biofilms consisting of nine bacterial species were cultivated on 72 bovine dentin discs and randomly assigned to six groups (n = 12 each): saline (control), saline + aPDT, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + 17% EDTA, NaOCl + EDTA + aPDT, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) + EDTA, and CHX + EDTA + aPDT. aPDT was performed using 0.005% methylene blue and a red diode laser (660 nm, 100 mW, 9 J, 90 s). The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed through colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The data were analyzed using a significance level of 5%.

RESULTS: The saline control exhibited the highest microbial load, which was significantly reduced when combined with aPDT (p < 0.05). Both NaOCl and CHX, in the absence of aPDT, significantly decreased microbial levels compared to saline (p < 0.05). When used alongside aPDT, NaOCl resulted in the lowest CFU values; however, no additional antimicrobial benefit from light activation was observed. The antimicrobial reduction achieved with saline + aPDT was comparable to 2% CHX. CLSM analysis corroborated these findings.

CONCLUSION: aPDT enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of physiological saline, resulting in an antimicrobial effect comparable to that observed with 2% liquid chlorhexidine. Among the irrigation protocols evaluated, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed the greatest antimicrobial efficacy, with no significant additional benefit following the application of aPDT.},
}

@article {pmid42761692,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, Y and Chen, XZ and Wang, WX and Xiong, LL and Jiang, MY and Zhang, GM and Cui, ZX and Chen, ZP and Zhang, BL and Chen, W},
title = {Self-assembled quercetin-zinc supramolecular nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1908591},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1908591},
pmid = {42761692},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections remain a major public health challenge because of limited therapeutic options and the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance. In this study, carrier-free quercetin-zinc supramolecular assemblies (Qct-Zn NPs) were fabricated through coordination-associated self-assembly and characterized using TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS, XPS, and zeta potential analyses. Qct-Zn NPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against multiple MRSA clinical isolates, with enhanced efficacy compared with quercetin or ZnSO4 alone. Time-kill assays demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity, while biofilm assays revealed significant inhibition of biofilm formation and reduction of viable bacteria within mature MRSA biofilms. Mechanistic investigations suggested that Qct-Zn NP treatment was associated with membrane-associated ultrastructural changes, altered intracellular ATP levels, and ROS-associated responses. In vivo studies using murine systemic MRSA infection models showed that Qct-Zn NPs reduced bacterial burdens and systemic inflammatory responses while improving survival outcomes. Importantly, antibacterial efficacy was retained when treatment initiation was delayed to 6 h post-infection under the tested experimental conditions. Together with their favorable hemocompatibility and low cytotoxicity, these findings demonstrate that coordination-driven self-assembly of natural flavonoids and biocompatible metal ions represents a potential strategy for developing antimicrobial materials against drug-resistant staphylococcal infections.},
}

@article {pmid42762721,
year = {2026},
author = {Loera-Muro, A and Ramos-Vega, A and León-Montoya, H and Angulo, C},
title = {Experimental biofilm vaccines for fish aquaculture: an overview.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {92},
number = {},
pages = {129152},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129152},
pmid = {42762721},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {Biofilm vaccines in fish are a trending approach to fighting bacterial diseases. Pathogens, including Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Photobacterium spp., and Streptococcus spp., have been studied for planktonic- and biofilm-derived vaccines. These vaccines have demonstrated safe immunogenicity through the induction of phagocytosis, innate-immune related gene expression, and specific antibodies. Remarkably, protective outcomes range from 77 to 100% in several fish species upon challenges by disrupting biofilm formation, compared to planktonic-derived vaccines that have reached around 30% protection. Oral immunization is the most investigated and desirable route, although other routes have been explored. A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art biofilm-based vaccines is described, including mechanisms of biofilm formation, biofilm-derived antigens, and strategies for their evaluation, providing experimental results along with benefits, obstacles, and perspectives for their affordable use in fish aquaculture.},
}

@article {pmid42752685,
year = {2026},
author = {Ganguly, D and Roy, R and Mondal, P and Das, S and Tribedi, P and Chakraborty, P and Paul, P and Das, S and Chaudhuri, BN and Sarkar, S},
title = {Bridging machine learning and evolutionary optimization of threshold specific dosages of Nisin to suppress MRSA biofilm.},
journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek},
volume = {119},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42752685},
issn = {1572-9699},
support = {TNU/R&D/MP/ 2021/017//Neotia University/ ; TNU/R&D/MG/24/03//the neotia university/ ; },
mesh = {*Nisin/pharmacology/administration & dosage ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Machine Learning ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Predictive Learning Models ; Lactococcus lactis ; Humans ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Soft Computing ; },
abstract = {Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a Gram-positive potent biofilm forming pathogen responsible for minor skin infection to life-threatening sepsis due to its resistance towards traditional antibiotics. The biofilm forming ability of this organism serves as a primary driver of this resistance, rendering traditional therapeutic strategies critically limited. To address this challenge, a natural antimicrobial peptide, Nisin, produced by Lactococcus lactis, was deployed employed against 14 different MRSA isolates. The present study implements an artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI-ML) based predictive framework for optimizing the dosing regimens of Nisin for maximized biofilm inhibition under tailored conditions. Furthermore, to map the treatment dynamics, an empirical dataset of 204 in vitro observations was generated across three moving parameters (Concentration of Nisin, Initial inoculum density adjusted to CFU/mL, and Incubation time). Six different predictive regressor models including multiple linear regression (MLR), polynomial regression (PR), support vector regression (SVR), response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN) configured as an artificial neural network regressor (ANNR) were thoroughly evaluated. Amongst them, the 4th degree PR model demonstrated the superior predictive performance with a R[2] value of 0.964 on testing vectors, and was subsequently incorporated with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to achieve an optimal therapeutic matrix [ Concentration of Nisin = 40 µg/mL, Initial inoculum density adjusted to 1.2 × 10[5] CFU/mL, and Incubation period 7.63 h]. This targeted window effectively maps a clinically relevant, early-stage MRSA infection scenario. Additionally, these optimized parameters were further validated through several antibiofilm assay experimental observations. Collectively, this study establishes an AI driven, precision-guided approach to combat MRSA-borne infection.},
}

*Nisin/pharmacology/administration & dosage
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
*Machine Learning
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Neural Networks, Computer
Predictive Learning Models
Lactococcus lactis
Humans
Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
Soft Computing

@article {pmid42753841,
year = {2026},
author = {Fu, T and Zhang, Z and Zhao, J and Niu, M and Long, H and Pu, L and Xu, W},
title = {Chitosan-trimethoprim injectable hydrogel for anti-biofilm and chronic wound healing.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {154545},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.154545},
pmid = {42753841},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Schiff-base hydrogels are widely used as drug depots. However, their application in antibacterial wound healing is rarely explored. To fill this gap, we developed an injectable chitosan (CS) hydrogel physically loaded with trimethoprim (TMP) within a Schiff-base crosslinked network. The key novelty lies in the covalent crosslinking between aldehyde-terminated PEG and chitosan, which enables pH-responsive release of physically loaded TMP while maintaining injectability and self-healing properties. The hydrogel was characterized by SEM, and its antibacterial activity and wound healing capacity were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results showed ≥99.95% inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and 52.23% against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) within 24 h. The hydrogel disrupted preformed biofilms, reducing biofilm biomass by approximately 46-54% across S. aureus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and mixed-culture models. Drug release exhibited pH-dependent behavior, with cumulative release reaching 95.9% at pH 5.3, 60.21% at pH 6.4, and 41.12% at pH 7.4 at 48 h. DHFR activity in bacterial lysate dropped from 668.0 U/L to 84.8 U/L. Nucleic acid and protein leakage were 4509 μg/mL and 688 μg/mL, respectively. In vivo, the treatment group maintained body weight (23.7 g) versus controls, with only 10% residual wound area by day 7. This hydrogel integrates pH-responsive release, potent antibiofilm activity, and pro-repair function, offering a new strategy for chronic infected wounds.},
}

@article {pmid42754003,
year = {2026},
author = {Chakraborty, T and Chatterjee, M and Das, S and Roy, A and Ramaiah, S and Anbarasu, A},
title = {Biofilm-driven antimicrobial resistance: A review of molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic innovation.},
journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases},
volume = {145},
number = {},
pages = {106028},
doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2026.106028},
pmid = {42754003},
issn = {1567-7257},
abstract = {Biofilms are structured microbial communities embedded within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance matrix that promotes persistence under adverse environmental and host-associated conditions. Their clinical importance is primarily associated with increased antimicrobial tolerance, evasion of host immune responses, and persistence in chronic and medical device-associated infections. This review provides an integrated overview of the molecular and genetic determinants governing biofilm development, including surface attachment, matrix biosynthesis, quorum-sensing networks, cyclic-di-GMP signaling, maturation, and dispersal. The contribution of key matrix components, including polysaccharides, extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA, lipids, and water, is considered in relation to biofilm architecture, stability, and cellular adaptation. Clinically relevant biofilm-forming microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida albicans, are major contributors to chronic infections, healthcare-associated infections, and infections associated with medical devices. The mechanisms contributing to reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in biofilms include restricted drug penetration, metabolic heterogeneity, persister-cell formation, efflux activity, stress-response pathways, and horizontal gene transfer. Conventional in vitro and in vivo biofilm models often fail to fully mimic the complex conditions present within the human host, thereby limiting the clinical translation and therapeutic relevance of experimental findings. In addition, emerging antibiofilm interventions, including quorum-sensing inhibitors, matrix-degrading enzymes, nanoparticle-based delivery systems, antimicrobial peptides, and bacteriophage therapy, are considered alongside the growing application of multi-omics and artificial intelligence for biomarker discovery and therapeutic target identification.},
}

@article {pmid42754112,
year = {2026},
author = {Gupta, S and Jha, MK and Mishra, S and Velásquez-Orta, SB},
title = {Microbial photosynthetic carriers in biofilm bioreactors: a systematic review and quantitative synthesis.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {135843},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135843},
pmid = {42754112},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Microbial photosynthetic biofilm systems have emerged as a promising alternative to suspended cultivation, providing efficient nutrient removal and concentrated biomass production. This study analyses the effect of carriers, under different cultivation conditions, in wastewater treatment and biomass production. A systematic literature review method is adopted to evaluate publication and patent trends. Data obtained is systematically categorised, based on carrier biodegradability, and analysed via a multivariate analysis to identify correlations and highlight key parameters that influence the systems' efficiency. Quantitative synthesis of the available studies revealed comparable treatment efficiencies among horizontal, vertical, inclined, and rotating biofilm systems, suggesting that operational conditions exert a greater influence on performance than reactor orientation. Consequently, reactor configuration should be selected based on its ability to support optimal operating conditions for a specific application. The COD, Total Nitrogen, and Total Phosphate removal efficiencies ranged from 53 to 98%, 25-100%, and 64-99% with overall mean removals of 82%,78% and 88%, respectively. Median reference values of 7.8 for pH, 14 h for light duration, 9 days for HRT, and 26 °C for temperature are derived from global biofilm cultivation systems. Multivariate regression analysis identified illumination (p = 0.002) and cultivation area (p = 0.005), as factors explaining biomass yield (R[2] = 79.76%). Microbial photosynthetic carriers help improve wastewater treatment efficiency whilst producing valuable biomass for bioenergy or bioproducts. This has driven commercialisation efforts and created future opportunities to scale algal biofilm systems.},
}

@article {pmid42754789,
year = {2026},
author = {Batool, M and Ijaz, M and Ahmed, A and Javed, MU and Rasheed, H and Jabir, AA and Shahid, K and Ali, A},
title = {Repurposing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as adjunct therapies against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel milk.},
journal = {Tropical animal health and production},
volume = {58},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {42754789},
issn = {1573-7438},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Camelus ; *Milk/microbiology ; Female ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology ; *Drug Repositioning/veterinary ; *Mastitis/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to biofilm-forming S. aureus is a worldwide issue associated with a variety of persistent infections, including mastitis. This study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of biofilm-forming S. aureus, risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM), and simulation-based computational modeling for biofilm-associated protein. Moreover, repurposing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as adjunct therapies against biofilm-forming S. aureus was investigated in combination with antibiotics. Overall, 384 camel milk samples were collected and subjected to the California mastitis test (CMT), and 51.30% SCM prevalence was found in sampled animals. Among these, 59.39% of SCM-positive milk isolates were positive for S. aureus, while the prevalence of staphylococcal biofilm-positive isolates by Congo red agar (CRA) and tube method was 41.88% and 31.6%, respectively. Further, on genotypic investigation, 47.86% and 31.62% of isolates were found to have icaA and icaD genes, respectively. After this, biofilm-forming isolates were subjected to phylogenetic assessment, and results exhibited strong sequence identity of local icaA and icaD isolates with neighbouring countries. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was further validated with simulation-based computational modeling by using different tools, and results depicted a close evolutionary relationship and predominant structural integrity of the icaA protein. Drug susceptibility profiling of biofilm-positive isolates showed high resistance against amoxicillin, trimethoprim+sulphamethoxazole, and cefixime. Furthermore, In-Vitro combination therapy trials showed synergistic effect of amoxicillin and trimethoprim+sulphamethoxazole with flunixin meglumine and cefixime with meloxicam. This study will provide baseline data on biofilm-forming S. aureus persistence in the camel population, along with devising an effective therapy against biofilm-forming S. aureus infections.},
}

Animals
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Camelus
*Milk/microbiology
Female
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology
*Drug Repositioning/veterinary
*Mastitis/veterinary/microbiology/drug therapy/epidemiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary
Phylogeny

@article {pmid42755067,
year = {2026},
author = {de Barros, MC and Lal, P and de Andrade, FB and Kishen, A},
title = {Hyperglycemia Dysregulates Host Responses to Dual Species Endodontic Biofilm-Derived Products: An In Vitro Study.},
journal = {Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/aej.70121},
pmid = {42755067},
issn = {1747-4477},
support = {2024/17193-0//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; FR152719//MITACS/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant/ ; },
abstract = {This study investigated the effects of hyperglycemia on mitochondrial metabolic activity and inflammatory responses in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLFs) and THP-1-derived macrophages exposed to endodontic biofilm supernatants. PdLFs and macrophages were TGF-β1-cultured in a Transwell system and exposed for 48 h to normoglycemic or hyperglycemic conditions (HG + AGEs), with or without supernatants from 7-day mono- or dual-species biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). Biofilm biomass, colony-forming units, mitochondrial metabolic activity, and cytokine production were assessed. E. faecalis showed higher bacterial counts, whereas F. nucleatum produced greater biomass. Hyperglycemia intensified the inhibitory effect of E. faecalis and the stimulatory effect of F. nucleatum on mitochondrial activity. The dual-species supernatant induced an intermediate metabolic response but the most dysregulated inflammatory profile under hyperglycemia, with increased TNF-α and reduced TGF-β1. Hyperglycemia reprograms host responses to biofilm-derived products, while polymicrobial interactions amplify inflammatory dysregulation.},
}

@article {pmid42749075,
year = {2026},
author = {Ding, J and Shi, Y and Zou, H and Zheng, L and Zhu, W},
title = {Toward ecological realism in microplastic toxicology: Intestinal responses to biofilm-colonized microplastics from distinct environmental compartments in fish.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125694},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.125694},
pmid = {42749075},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {To accurately assess the ecological risks posed by real-world MPs, studies bridging microplastic (MP)-associated biofilms in different environmental compartments and their toxicological consequences are needed. This study investigated 50-week in-situ biofilm development on polyvinyl chloride, polylactic acid, and polyamide 66 (PA66) MPs across the water column and the sediment-water interface (SWI). During colonization in the selected river, the microbial community structures were primarily associated with environmental compartments rather than polymer types. By identifying the highest aging resistance during colonization, PA66 was selected as the model polymer to evaluate the subsequent intestinal toxicity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Tilapia were exposed to pristine, water-colonized, and SWI-colonized MPs for 14 days, followed by assessments of MP accumulation, gut function biomarkers, 16S gut microbiota profiling, and non-targeted metabolomics. Biofilm colonization increased intestinal MP accumulation by 27.8% (water-colonized) and 24.9% (SWI-colonized) relative to pristine PA66 in the gut, altered digestive enzyme activities, and was associated with compartment-specific gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic perturbations. Water-column conditioned MPs were primarily associated with indicators of altered mucosal-related taxa and glycometabolism, whereas SWI conditioning was associated with broader metabolic patterns consistent with oxidative stress and altered nucleotide metabolism. The results suggest that environmental compartment is associated with differences in biofilm-conditioned MP characteristics and biological responses. This study provides novel insights into the compartment-dependent ecological risks of biofilm-colonized MPs and contributes to advancing the paradigm shift toward ecological realism in MP risk assessments.},
}

@article {pmid42749409,
year = {2026},
author = {Ali, NAM and Mohammed, RK},
title = {Molecular insights into small RNA-mediated regulation of biofilm formation and multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under zinc oxide nanoparticle exposure.},
journal = {Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {100729},
doi = {10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100729},
pmid = {42749409},
issn = {2090-5920},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with marked biofilm-forming capacity and increasing multidrug resistance, prompting the need for alternative antimicrobials. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials exhibit antibacterial potential; however, their effects on small RNA-mediated regulation remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of biosynthesized ZnO and determine its effects at subinhibitory concentrations on selected small regulatory RNAs and biofilm-associated genes in clinical P. aeruginosa isolates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty clinical isolates were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation. The biosynthesized ZnO was characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, EDX, FE-SEM, and AFM. The MIC and antibiofilm activity were evaluated using resazurin, broth microdilution, agar diffusion, and crystal violet assays. Three multidrug-resistant isolates underwent PCR and RT-qPCR analyses of ErsA, SrbA, amrZ, and algD after exposure to 12,500 and 25,000 μg/mL ZnO.

RESULTS: Among biofilm-forming isolates, 55% were strong, 33% moderate, and 11% weak producers; 88.8% of multidrug-resistant isolates showed strong or moderate biofilm formation. The ZnO nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 40.75 nm and MIC of 50,000 μg/mL. Significant biofilm inhibition occurred at 25,000 μg/mL (p = 0.039) and 50,000 μg/mL (p = 0.01) concentrations. The inhibition zones at 50,000 μg/mL were 16 ± 1.2 mm, 15 ± 1.0 mm, and 17 ± 1.1 mm for urine, burn, and wound isolates, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed source-dependent transcriptional responses: urine isolates showed marked upregulation of SrbA (58.89-fold) and algD (43.71-fold), indicating pre-adaptation to environmental stressors, while wound isolates exhibited predominantly downregulation of biofilm-associated genes. Burn isolates displayed a biphasic response, with stress pathway activation at 1/4 MIC but gene suppression at 1/2 MIC.

CONCLUSION: Biosynthesized ZnO exerts concentration-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against clinical P. aeruginosa while differentially modulating sRNA-linked regulatory networks under sub-MIC exposure. The key findings demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles effectively inhibit biofilm formation at concentrations ≥25,000 μg/mL, while sub-inhibitory exposure triggers source-specific adaptive transcriptional responses mediated through sRNA regulatory circuits. These findings conclusively support the potential of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles as adjunctive antimicrobial agents against MDR P. aeruginosa biofilms, with the critical caveat that therapeutic concentrations must be maintained above the MIC to prevent adaptive resistance enhancement through sRNA-mediated stress responses.},
}

@article {pmid42749421,
year = {2026},
author = {Fayyadh, KM and Al-Maeni, MA and Al-Khazraji, SFR and Mohammed, OA},
title = {Evaluating the effect of SNPs located on some biofilm genes on their protein function and structure in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia isolates.},
journal = {Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {100751},
doi = {10.1016/j.jgeb.2026.100751},
pmid = {42749421},
issn = {2090-5920},
abstract = {To evaluate the impact of biofilm-associated SNPs (previously identified) on protein structure and function, we employed a suite of bioinformatics tools. SIFT, Mupro, INPS-3D, and NCBI Conserved Domain Search were utilized to analyze changes in function, stability, secondary structure, phi/psi angles, and Relative Solvent Accessibility (RSA). Furthermore, SwissDock and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to compare free energy, RMSF, polarity, flexibility, and molecular contacts between wild-type and mutant proteins. In silico analysis indicated that mutations in quorum-sensing (lasI, rhlI) and biofilm-associated genes significantly impact bacterial biofilm formation. Specifically, SIFT and Mupro predicted that lasI/rhlI mutations D39N (0.01/0.2) and D44N (0.5) impair signaling molecule synthesis. Furthermore, the S32N substitution in ndvB was predicted by INPS-3D to alter secondary structure (β-sheet to coil) and torsion angles (ϕ: -99 to 118; ψ: -94 to 5), likely disrupting protein function. Additionally, the R292A mutation in tssc1 was predicted to impact protein stability (SIFT: 0.01; Mupro: -0.9) and increase burial (RSA 37% to 23%, helix to coil). A frame-shift mutation in tssc1 was also identified, suggesting further modulation of biofilm production. Regarding with docking results, D44N in the rhII gene showed a slight change ΔΔG values from -7 to -7.2 and a change in polarity from 16 to 14, however, molecular dynamic simulation showed significant increase in RSMF value from 1.5 to 3.5 and increase the flexibility in mutant compared with wild type which reflects the importance of this SNP in changing the function of the protein mediating biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid42749658,
year = {2026},
author = {Yu-Nu, N and Paosen, S and Lethongkam, S and Voravuthikunchai, S and Tannukit, S},
title = {Cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.},
journal = {Journal of oral science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2334/josnusd.26-0111},
pmid = {42749658},
issn = {1880-4926},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of the ethanolic leaf extract of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its cytocompatibility to human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells.

METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the ethanolic extract of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf (RTE) against E. faecalis were determined using the broth microdilution method. Biofilm inhibition was assessed using the crystal violet assay. Ultrastructural changes were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas biofilm and dentin surface change of root specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity was evaluated on hPDL cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

RESULTS: RTE exhibited potent antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC of 1 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. RTE significantly inhibited biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner and outperformed sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at sub-MIC levels. TEM revealed morphological disruption of E. faecalis cells following RTE treatment. SEM confirmed effective bacterial reduction without causing erosion of radicular dentin. RTE at sub-MICs demonstrated relatively low cytotoxicity compared with NaOCl.

CONCLUSION: RTE exhibited strong antibacterial and antibiofilm properties while preserving dentin structure and demonstrating cytocompatibility.},
}

@article {pmid42750821,
year = {2026},
author = {Kumar, S and Bhattacharya, S},
title = {Elucidation of the biochemical properties of a partially purified Serratia marcescens SP6 serratiopeptidase with anti-biofilm efficacy.},
journal = {3 Biotech},
volume = {16},
number = {10},
pages = {433},
pmid = {42750821},
issn = {2190-572X},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: This study aimed to purify and biochemically characterize serratiopeptidase from Serratia marcescens SP6 and evaluate its anti-biofilm efficacy against clinically relevant biofilm-forming pathogens. Serratiopeptidase derived from S. marcescens SP6 underwent a four-step purification process: precipitation, dialysis, ion-exchange, and gel filtration chromatography resulting in a 15.91-fold increase in purity, essential for reliably characterizing its biochemical and kinetic properties. The enzyme's molecular weight was determined to be approximately 47 kDa. It demonstrated broad substrate specificity, showing the highest affinity toward casein. Optimal enzymatic activity was recorded at pH 7 and 40 °C, with 89.2% and 82.4% of its activity retained under these conditions for 60 min. Kinetic analysis revealed a K m of 0.034 mM (842 µg/mL) and a V max of 738.2 U/mL, with a turnover number (k cat) of 55.3 s[-1] and catalytic efficiency (k cat /K m) of 1.64 × 10[6] M[-1]s[-1], indicating high catalytic efficiency. The activity of serratiopeptidase was modulated by various metal ions and reagents, with Zn[2+], Co[2+], Ba[2+], Mn[2+], Tween-20, and β-mercaptoethanol acting as activators, while EDTA and PMSF inhibited activity, confirming its classification as a serine-metalloprotease. The enzyme exhibited stability at 4 °C, retaining 61.31% of its activity after 60 days of storage and exhibited resistance to degradation by trypsin and serum, with in vitro half-lives of 4 and 5 h, respectively. Notably, serratiopeptidase displayed anti-biofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1430, achieving maximum biofilm inhibition of 41.65% and 21.87%, respectively, at 200 µg/mL with corresponding IC50 values (defined relative to the normalized response range) of 56.92 ± 8 µg/mL and 124.6 ± 8 µg/mL, respectively, corresponding to 50% of the observed response range rather than 50% absolute biofilm inhibition. These results highlight the enzyme's potential role in biofilm inhibition and suggest its possible use as an adjunct therapeutic agent alongside conventional antimicrobials to combat biofilm-associated infections.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-026-05063-9.},
}

@article {pmid42751600,
year = {2026},
author = {Utomo, RNC and Palkowitz, AL and Schräder, P and Gan, L and Ballerstedt, H and Zimmermann, M and Blank, LM and Fischer, H and Wolfart, S and Tuna, T},
title = {Laminin functionalization of zirconia abutments modulates early oral biofilm formation in vitro.},
journal = {Journal of oral microbiology},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {2731523},
pmid = {42751600},
issn = {2000-2297},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Surface properties of dental implant abutment materials critically influence supragingival biofilm formation by determining the outcome of the early 'race for the surface', in which gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts compete with bacteria for initial adhesion. This study hypothesized that biofunctionalization with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin (FN) or laminin (LN) modulates early oral biofilm formation on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) abutments.

METHODS: Saliva-derived microcosm biofilms were grown on control and biofunctionalized discs. Biofilm biomass, viability, structure, microbial community composition and metabolic activity were assessed using microscopy-based methods, impedance flow cytometry, 16S rRNA sequencing and short-chain fatty acid analysis.

RESULTS: Laminin-functionalized Y-TZP showed the most pronounced delay in early biofilm formation. Biofilm accumulation was delayed during the first three days and was associated with the lowest number of viable cells on day 4, minimal extracellular polymeric substance formation, reduced Veillonella abundance (~9% on day 1) and decreased short-chain fatty acid production.

CONCLUSION: ECM-based coatings do not exert bactericidal effects but transiently reshape early oral biofilm formation. Laminin-functionalized zirconia may act as a biologically selective interface that favors beneficial early host-microbe interactions, potentially creating a microbial environment more compatible with peri-implant soft-tissue health.},
}

@article {pmid42751832,
year = {2026},
author = {Gosset, M and Chatzopoulou, E and Detzen, L and Jepsen, K and Jervøe-Storm, PM and Jepsen, S and Cosgarea, R},
title = {Local and Systemic Risk Factors of Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis and Their Control: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical periodontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jcpe.70189},
pmid = {42751832},
issn = {1600-051X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify local and systemic risk factors/indicators for dental biofilm-induced gingivitis (DB-GI) and to summarize evidence for their control.

METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and divided into PECOTS and PICOTS questions, respectively, related to risk factors/indicators and intervention studies. Only longitudinal studies with at least 3 months duration or studies using the experimental gingivitis protocol were included. Literature search was performed on electronic databases PubMed in Medline, Ovid in EMBASE and SCOPUS. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO.

RESULTS: From an initial screening of 11,529 entries, 71 papers were eventually included, 55 for PECOTS (39 for local factors, 16 for systemic factors) and 16 for PICOTS (11 for local factors, 5 for systemic factors). Local factors: most studies addressed fixed orthodontic appliances as a factor in plaque retention, whereas only a few studies investigated the effects of tooth malalignment/severe crowding on DB-GI. Some studies found higher GI at sites with defective, overhanging or subgingival margins. The removal of fixed orthodontic appliances led consistently to a significant reduction of DB-GI, whereas the evidence for an effect of orthodontic tooth correction on DB-GI in patients with malalignment/severe crowding was rather limited. Systemic factors: adherence to a pro-inflammatory or high-sugar diet increased the risk of DB-GI, whereas an anti-inflammatory/low-sugar diet and dietary advice could reduce it. In patients with pre-existing gingivitis, menstrual cycle hormone fluctuations and gonadotropin-induced ovarian stimulation were associated with increased DB-GI independent of plaque levels. No convincing evidence was found that overweight/obesity increases the risk for DB-GI due to a lack of studies.

CONCLUSIONS: DB-GI may be influenced by local and systemic factors, although the certainty of the evidence varies. Fixed orthodontic appliances consistently increase gingival inflammation through plaque retention, an effect that is generally reversible after appliance removal. Evidence regarding the impact of orthodontic correction of malalignment or severe crowding remains limited. Dietary patterns may influence gingival inflammation, with some preliminary evidence suggesting benefits of anti-inflammatory or low-sugar diets. Hormonal fluctuations and exogenous sex steroid use may increase gingival inflammation in patients with pre-existing gingivitis. Evidence is currently insufficient to support overweight or obesity as risk factors for gingival inflammation.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis is increased by some predisposing local factors and modifying local and systemic factors. Oral hygiene instructions and professional mechanical plaque removal should be intensified in these patients and dietary advice may be considered.},
}

@article {pmid42741124,
year = {2026},
author = {Arbab, S and Ullah, H and Suleman, and Almehmadi, M and Allahyani, M and Aljuaid, A and Jambi, K and Halawi, MH and Feng, C},
title = {Multidrug resistance and biofilm formation among bacterial isolates from chronic wounds in animals: evaluation of anti-biofilm activity.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1916814},
pmid = {42741124},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {Chronic wound infections in animals represent a growing clinical challenge due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and their ability to form biofilms, which significantly reduce treatment efficacy and promote persistent infection. This study aimed to characterize the bacterial profile, antimicrobial resistance patterns, biofilm-forming capacity, and anti-biofilm activity of agents against bacterial isolates recovered from chronic wound specimens. A total of 96 wound samples were analyzed, of which 84 (87.5%) yielded positive bacterial growth. The predominant bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (33.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.4%), Escherichia coli (19.0%), and Klebsiella spp. (11.9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, with ampicillin showing the highest resistance rate (78.6%), whereas imipenem exhibited the lowest resistance (14.3%). Overall, 63.5% of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. Biofilm analysis demonstrated that 38.1% of isolates were strong biofilm producers, with strong biofilm-forming strains exhibiting higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values compared with weak and non-biofilm producers. Evaluation of anti-biofilm agents showed that silver nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, and DNase enzyme reduced biofilm biomass by 72%, 65%, and 58%, respectively. These findings highlight the critical role of biofilm-mediated resistance in chronic wound infections and emphasize the need for integrated antimicrobial and anti-biofilm strategies for effective management of MDR bacterial infections.},
}

@article {pmid42741262,
year = {2026},
author = {Park, MK and Park, YJ and Kim, TH and Hyun, Y and Kwon, SM and Kwon, M and Hwang, TK and Shin, JH},
title = {A γ-polyglutamic acid-based artificial biofilm for field delivery of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KNU-28: an uncontrolled multi-orchard demonstration on peach gummosis with exploratory bark fungal community profiling.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1933566},
pmid = {42741262},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Peach gummosis, caused primarily by Botryosphaeria dothidea sensu lato, is a destructive canker disease with few environmentally friendly management options. Here we report an uncontrolled pre/post field demonstration of a γ-polyglutamic acid-based artificial biofilm - a biodegradable delivery platform whose agent-agnostic design remains untested - encapsulating Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KNU-28 across 143 trees in 18 commercial peach orchards in South Korea. Severity declined from a pre-treatment mean of 4.12 (April) to 2.32 by August (76.2% of 143 trees improved by ≥1 point) and to 1.78 by October in three regions (88.3% of 128 trees). In an ordinal cumulative-link mixed model, severity fell below the April baseline at every later visit; the average monthly odds ratio was 0.70 (95% CI 0.66-0.75); alternative model specifications agreed. Operator-independent image-based ΔE quantification across 74 trees showed a concordant cohort-level decline (lesion-area declines of 19-30%; significant in one of four regions after FDR correction) but agreed only weakly with the ordinal score at tree level (Spearman ρ = 0.16), and is complementary rather than confirmatory. We sequenced fungal ITS2 from 23 bark samples. Multivariate dispersion differed among bark groups (PERMDISP F = 20.7, p < 0.001), and healthy and gummosis-affected bark did not separate under compositionally aware metrics (Aitchison/robust CLR, p > 0.34); the nominally significant Bray-Curtis PERMANOVA (R[2] = 0.248, p = 0.001) therefore cannot be read as a centroid difference. Early- and later-treatment diseased communities did not differ (p = 0.542; all genera FDR q > 0.5). Gummosis-enrolled bark showed higher relative abundances of Wickerhamomyces, Cytospora and Botryosphaeria (dominant ASVs assigned to B. qingyuanensis) than healthy bark, though none survived FDR correction. Because the 19 diseased libraries came from only 10 trees, the genus-severity correlations were replaced by a paired analysis, in which no genus differed nominally. Together, this demonstration establishes the operational feasibility of field-scale application and a parameter-transparent lesion-quantification method; the severity decline and mycobiota trends are accompanying observations. Because untreated controls, strain-level KNU-28 tracking, verification of delivery to bark and a powered microbiome cohort were absent, the data do not establish causal efficacy and warrant randomized, untreated-control trials.},
}

@article {pmid42741371,
year = {2026},
author = {Arias-Real, R and de Los Ríos, A},
title = {Beyond surface scraping to understand fluvial biofilms: an electron microscopy analysis of the rock-biofilm interface in Antarctic meltwater streams.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100396},
pmid = {42741371},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Fluvial biofilms develop through the establishment of microbial communities on submerged mineral surfaces. However, they are routinely studied after detachment from their colonized substrate by scraping or brushing, a standard procedure that homogenizes biofilm architecture and disrupts the biofilm-rock interface. Using an in situ microscopy approach that examines biofilms without separating them from their colonized substrate, we studied undisturbed biofilm-covered rocks collected from Antarctic meltwater streams. Our observations revealed: (i) a highly organized three-dimensional architecture characterized by spatially structured microbial assemblages embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances; (ii) a close association among microbial cells, the colonized rock surface and fine-grained sedimentary components; (iii) the development of an endolithic biofilm fraction through the colonization of internal rock fissures and cavities; and (iv) a frequent laminated structure with alternating layers rich in microbial cells and layers composed mainly of sediment particles, which may preserve a physical signatures of hydrological variability and sediment deposition. Together, these observations challenge the widespread view of fluvial biofilms as uniform microbial layers developing on inert mineral surfaces. Integrating in situ microscopy approaches with conventional destructive approaches offers new opportunities to link microbial diversity with its spatial organization, providing a more complete understanding of fluvial biofilm ecology and microbial-mineral interactions.},
}

@article {pmid42744725,
year = {2026},
author = {Mishra, G and Verma, S and Parihar, VS and Chitra, P},
title = {A systematic review of the effects of surface characteristics and antibiofilm strategies on biofilm formation and OMSI stability.},
journal = {Journal of the World federation of orthodontists},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.08.001},
pmid = {42744725},
issn = {2212-4438},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The role of peri‑implant biofilm in the stability of orthodontic mini-screw implant (OMSI) remains poorly understood. This systematic review evaluated the effect of surface characteristics and antibiofilm strategies on biofilm formation and the impact of biofilm characteristics on OMSI stability.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in Embase, PubMed (MEDLINE), LILACS, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar through April 2026. Studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies and the QUIN tool for in vitro studies. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024516882). Due to methodological heterogeneity across studies, the findings were qualitatively synthesized.

RESULTS: Twenty-three studies were included (18 in vitro, 4 observational, 1 randomized controlled trial). Surface roughness and carbon/oxygen content were positively associated with biofilm formation. Nano-engineered coatings (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, silver/hydroxyapatite, chitosan-silver, biopolymer-embedded silver and selenium, plasma treatment) demonstrated antibiofilm or antimicrobial activity, although effects varied by coating composition and outcome assessed. Antimicrobial interventions (chlorhexidine, superoxidized gel, probiotics, herbal gels, photodynamic therapy, garlic extract) reduced bacterial viability and bacterial counts, although outcome measures and exposure protocols varied considerably. Dysbiotic communities enriched with periopathogenic taxa were reported in unstable OMSIs.

CONCLUSIONS: Surface modifications and antimicrobial interventions may reduce biofilm mass and/or bacterial viability on OMSIs. Current evidence does not support a clear association between quantitative biofilm reduction and improved clinical outcomes. However, qualitative bacterial differences may be associated with OMSI stability. Well-designed and standardized studies are needed to develop evidence-based biofilm management strategies for OMSIs.},
}

@article {pmid42745944,
year = {2026},
author = {Enan, G and Abdel-Shafi, S and El-Nemr, M and Shehab, W and Osman, A and Sitohy, M and Sitohy, B},
title = {Correction: Controlling bacterial biofilm formation by native and methylated lupine 11S globulins.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1933458},
pmid = {42745944},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259334.].},
}

@article {pmid42747172,
year = {2026},
author = {Namiganda, V and Schertzer, JW},
title = {Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsre/fuag047},
pmid = {42747172},
issn = {1574-6976},
abstract = {The ability to use vesicles to deliver cargo safely across distance is a valuable strategy that appears to be universal across all life. The ability of prokaryotes to accomplish this is a relatively new idea, but one that is expanding rapidly. In this review, we will describe what bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are and where they come from. We will also summarize what has been learned about their biogenesis and function through foundational planktonic studies. Using this as a backdrop, we will then contextualize new and exciting discoveries made as the focus of the field has shifted to studying bEVs in more complex multi-species and biofilm communities. We will explore how, when and where bEVs are produced in biofilms and how the circumstances of their formation can affect communication, matrix remodeling, community metabolism, organization, and defense. The boundless versatility of bEVs makes them essential contributors to bacterial community life and also offers great potential for exploitation as applied biologics.},
}

@article {pmid42747286,
year = {2026},
author = {Pauer, H and Nasiri, S and Magalhães, NS and Nguyen, VT and Ferreira, NV and Ferreira, LDS and Bradshaw, AB and Kirby, KE and Sabapathy, T and Udensi, CG and Feofanova, V and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Wilde, J and Pride, DT and Allen-Vercoe, E and Antunes, LCM},
title = {Enterocloster citroniae and related gut microbiome species modulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation through the production of bioactive small molecules.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {2712696},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2026.2712696},
pmid = {42747286},
issn = {2150-5608},
mesh = {*Vibrio cholerae/drug effects/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Cholera/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Cholera is a diarrheal disease that affects millions of people globally. Although the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae, has been extensively studied in isolation, investigation of its interactions with the gut microbiota started relatively recently. We and others previously showed that microbiota-derived metabolites significantly influence V. cholerae behavior. By investigating how an organic extract of human feces affects V. cholerae gene expression, we showed that gut metabolites strongly suppress swimming motility, a trait important for host colonization. Interestingly, extracts of pure cultures of a gut commensal, Enterocloster citroniae, recapitulated this inhibition. Here, we present a comprehensive examination of the effect of small molecules produced by E. citroniae and related species on V. cholerae behavior. We show that E. citroniae small molecules inhibit motility by various V. cholerae strains, and that several phylogenetically related species produce this activity, although the magnitude of the effect varies between strains. Using biofilm formation assays in static and flow conditions, we show that V. cholerae strongly induces biofilm formation in response to E. citroniae metabolites. Transcriptome and reporter analyses showed that several genes involved in the synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide are induced by E. citroniae metabolites. Finally, we show that V. cholerae interactions with host cells are also modulated by this commensal. These findings advance our understanding of microbiome-pathogen interactions and how commensal bacteria influence V. cholerae virulence through the production of small molecules. In the future, this knowledge may be used to design novel microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to combat cholera and other infections.},
}

*Vibrio cholerae/drug effects/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Humans
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Cholera/microbiology

@article {pmid42747706,
year = {2026},
author = {Coignet, L and Jamard, S and Passaret, A and Mézieres, T and Trecourt, A and Vogt, C and Josse, J and Kolenda, C and Médina, M and Royet, K and Laurent, F and Valour, F},
title = {Validation of an innovative tissue-cage/beads rabbit model for ex vivo determination of minimum levels of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm eradication.},
journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42747706},
issn = {1435-4373},
support = {ANR 20-PAMR-0009//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; },
abstract = {To offset limitations of current methods of antibiofilm activity determination, including in vitro technical variations and the limited number of conditions assessable in animals, we describe a rabbit tissue-cage model allowing ex vivo screening of antimicrobials against in vivo-formed S. aureus biofilm. Cages containing six beads of polyethylene, titanium or steel served as support for S. aureus SH1000 biofilm formation. In vitro validation steps included: (i) quantification of bead-adherent bacteria after 24 h incubation in bacterial suspension, measured at 4.7 (95%CI, 4.5-4.9) log10 CFU/bead, with no difference between biomaterials, allowing the selection of polyethylene for animal experiments due to its lighter weight; and (ii) minimum concentration eradicating 90% of biofilm-embedded bacteria (MBEC90) determination by bead incubation in increasing concentrations of vancomycin, daptomycin and rifampicin, which were not significantly different compared to the reference method (MBECAssay[®]). In vivo validation included: (i) subcutaneous implantation of six cages per rabbit; (ii) infection with a range of different inocula (500/1000/2000 CFU/cage) before harvesting on day 7, 14 or 28 for quantification of bead-adherent bacteria. The 500 CFU/cage inoculum with a 14-day harvesting time provided the best balance between reproducibility and infection persistence and was therefore selected for ex vivo MBEC90 determination against in vivo-formed biofilms. Vancomycin, daptomycin, and rifampin MBEC90 values were 1.0, 1.5, and < 0.016 mg/L, respectively, and were significantly lower than those obtained against in vitro-formed biofilms. Compared with existing in vitro and in vivo studies, this innovative model of ex vivo determination of MBEC90 on in vivo-formed biofilm is likely to be more predictive of the in vivo anti-staphylococcal antibiofilm activity and requires a limited number of animals.},
}

@article {pmid42747801,
year = {2026},
author = {Singh, I and Kumar, A and Verma, IK and Sharma, D and Dhakad, MS and Beg, MMA},
title = {Biofilm-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Asia: mapping the clinical burden and antimicrobial resistance through systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2732046},
pmid = {42747801},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii, an evolving pathogen that has become a drug-resistant strain in the last two decades, causes a high rate of infections in health-care settings. Most nosocomial infections were caused by biofilm-forming A. baumannii, which enables it to survive and proliferate under hostile conditions, including high concentrations of antibiotics. They confer resistance to antibiotics and facilitate the spread of drug-resistance genes among strains. For alternative preventive measures, patterns of A. baumannii are required, which are still in their infancy, especially in Asia. Thus, the current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the Asian prevalence of biofilm-forming A. baumannii in clinical isolates. Data extraction was performed by searching various electronic databases and was collected in Microsoft Excel. The extracted data were exported to STATA version 12 for further statistical analysis. The pooled prevalence of biofilm-forming A. baumannii was evaluated using random effects with DerSimonian-Laird. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of individual reports on the pooled prevalence. A funnel plot was used to assess publication bias, and in addition to confirm, Egger's statistical test was employed. The prevalence of biofilm-forming A. baumannii in Asia was 67% (95% CI = 58.50, 75.31). A significant heterogeneity was observed among studies with an I[2] of 98.8%. The prevalence of strong, moderate and weak biofilm-forming A. baumannii was 20.37% (95% CI = 19.31, 21.43), 30.28% (95% CI = 29.17, 31.40) and 0%. The highest prevalence of biofilm-forming A. baumannii clinical isolates was reported for China (99.04%; 95% CI = 97.2, 100.9). The prevalent gene linked to biofilm-forming A. baumannii clinical isolates was the ompA gene (65.38%). The increased biofilm-forming burden of A. baumannii in healthcare settings indicates the need for routine patient screening and the prevention of emerging multidrug resistant A. baumannii. Moreover, these outcomes suggested the design of a novel prevention program by public-health policymakers to control the looming drug-resistant A. baumannii strain.},
}

@article {pmid42733702,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, N and Hu, Y and Liu, L and Chen, Z and Huang, S and Li, M and Mao, X and Xue, X},
title = {From planktonic to biofilm states: single-cell transcriptomics reveals metabolic reprogramming and cellular heterogeneity in Acinetobacter baumannii.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100393},
pmid = {42733702},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii, a notorious nosocomial pathogen, exhibits enhanced antibiotic resistance through biofilm formation. However, a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity and regulatory dynamics underlying biofilm development at single-cell resolution is lacking. This study outlines the transcriptional landscape of A. baumannii biofilm formation at single-cell resolution and explores potential therapeutic targets. We monitored the dynamic formation process of biofilms using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology. Subsequently, we conducted characteristic genes, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, and pseudotemporal analysis on each identified cluster. In this study, scRNA-seq and pseudotemporal trajectory results showed the transition from planktonic to biofilm states in A. baumannii. Increased cellular heterogeneity was observed during biofilm maturation: planktonic subpopulations (AB_0 h) displayed a metabolic divergence between phenylacetate catabolism (paa genes) and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (acnD, atp genes), whereas the 12 h mixed population (M_12 h) exhibited co-upregulation of ribosomal (rpl, rps) and stress response genes (recA, uvrA), facilitating protein synthesis and environmental adaptation. Mature biofilm subpopulations (BF_48 h) activated iron acquisition (bauA, basD) and sulfur/nitrogen metabolism pathways (ssuC, purine degradation genes) under nutrient limitation, alongside DNA repair (uvrB, uvrC) and proteostasis mechanisms (clpB, clpX). Pseudotemporal analysis identified a critical branchpoint (Node 2) that marked the transition from the high-metabolism planktonic to the low-metabolism biofilm state, characterized by the downregulation of ribosomal (rpl, rps) and transporter (putP) genes. These findings characterize transcriptional programs associated with biofilm maturation and reveal subpopulation-specific metabolic features that may represent potential vulnerabilities warranting further investigation through targeted mutagenesis and functional assays.},
}

@article {pmid42733921,
year = {2026},
author = {Weiler, JR and Lapp, CJ and Gescher, J and Edel, M},
title = {Identification of genetic determinants that promote biofilm growth under heterotrophic conditions in Cupriavidus necator using transposon enrichment.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100395},
pmid = {42733921},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Cupriavidus necator is a metabolically versatile β-proteobacterium of growing interest for auto- and heterotrophic bioprocesses, yet the genetic determinants governing its biofilm formation remain largely uncharacterized, particularly under process-relevant heterotrophic conditions. Here, we applied a forward-genetics transposon-enrichment approach to identify loci which promote surface-associated growth. A high-density mini-Tn5 mutant library (26,185 insertion clones, exceeding the >17,000 required for genome-wide coverage) was cultivated as a biofilm in a microfluidic flow-cell system on fructose for 168 h, and the surface-associated community was characterized by deep sequencing. Twelve genes showed significantly elevated insertion frequencies, several with documented links to biofilm formation in other bacteria, including the ferrous-iron uptake system (feoA/feoB), galU, and a GSDEF/EAL dual-domain protein. The gene B2043 (E6A55_RS29530), encoding this c-di-GMP-metabolizing protein, was selected for validation by markerless deletion. Under static conditions, the ΔB2043 mutant showed a 1.69 ± 0.06-fold increase in biofilm-associated biomass (p = 5.16 × 10[-15]). Under flow-through conditions, the mutant attached faster, entered exponential growth ∼10 h earlier, reached its biovolume plateau ∼16 h earlier than the wild-type, and formed distinct tower-like structures. These results identify B2043 as a negative regulator of biofilm formation acting predominantly during attachment, provide the first experimental evidence for c-di-GMP-dependent biofilm regulation in C. necator H16, and establish a functional-genomics framework - together with eleven further candidate loci - for engineering productive biofilms in this organism.},
}

@article {pmid42734275,
year = {2026},
author = {Jayakumar, A and Velusamy, A and Subbian, K and Natarajan, S},
title = {Designing Single-Molecule Nanofiber Therapeutics for Breast Cancer and Biofilm Suppression.},
journal = {Biomacromolecules},
volume = {27},
number = {9},
pages = {5958-5975},
doi = {10.1021/acs.biomac.6c00696},
pmid = {42734275},
issn = {1526-4602},
support = {[grant sanctioned: S.O.(P)/CMRG/P-457/2025, Dated//Chief Minister Research Grant (CMRG) 2024-2025/ ; },
mesh = {*Nanofibers/chemistry ; Humans ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Animals ; MDA-MB-231 Cells ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Polyvinyl Alcohol/chemistry ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Breast carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death among women globally. Conventional treatments are limited by poor targeting, systemic toxicity, and susceptibility to secondary infections, highlighting the need for localized multifunctional therapeutic systems. This study aimed to develop poly(vinyl alcohol)-loaded madecassoside nanofibers (PVA@MAD) as a localized therapeutic platform for breast cancer treatment. Fabricated nanofibers exhibited spider-web-like architecture, swelling behavior, hydrophilicity, degradation, and sustained drug release (∼95% at 72 h under acidic conditions). PVA@MAD showed cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells, with an IC50 value of 49.31 ± 0.010 μg/mL, inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration, indicating antimetastatic potential. In addition, the nanofibers showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Hemocompatibility, brine shrimp, acute, and subacute toxicity studies confirmed excellent biocompatibility. Overall, PVA@MAD nanofibers offer a promising localized therapeutic approach combining anticancer and antibacterial activities for improved breast cancer management.},
}

*Nanofibers/chemistry
Humans
Female
*Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy/pathology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Animals
MDA-MB-231 Cells
*Biofilms/drug effects
Escherichia coli/drug effects
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Polyvinyl Alcohol/chemistry
Apoptosis/drug effects
*Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/chemistry