@article {pmid42924002,
year = {2026},
author = {Stindlova, M and Kuzelova Kostakova, E and Jencova, V and Havlickova, K and Peroutka, V and Zdenkova, K and Chudobova, E and Stepanova, J and Lukas, D and Peroutkova, S},
title = {Influence of Fiber Diameter and Surface Structure of Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Materials on Yeast Retention and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {11},
number = {41},
pages = {63692-63706},
pmid = {42924002},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Understanding how microorganisms interact with nanofibrous materials (NMs) is essential for designing functional surfaces, yet morphology-yeast interactions remain far less studied than bacterial systems. Here, we investigated how fiber diameter and secondary surface structuring of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) NMs affect yeast retention, adhesion, biofilm development, and cell transfer. Five PCL NMs were prepared from two PCL molecular weights (PCL45, PCL80) as smooth fibers and as structured fibers generated by two distinct post-processing routes: polymer-spray-induced texturing (PCL45_80, PCL80_80) and enzymatic surface restructuring (PCL80_E). Interactions with model yeasts (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and ATCC 90028; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 and CCM 8381) were assessed by retention, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity during static growth (2 h, 24 h, 72 h), and SEM imaging; cell transfer from colonized agar to NMs was measured using an adapted agar-mesh assay. All tested PCL NMs exhibited high retention (84.7-100%), regardless of fiber diameter or secondary structures. Material-dependent differences were most pronounced during early adhesion, whereas biofilm formed on all NMs and its biomass was strongly strain-specific. Overall, NMs with larger fiber diameter (PCL80 series) supported denser yeast colonization than PCL45, while the secondary structures used here did not confer antifungal activity nor enhance biofilm formation. For cell transfer, PCL45_80 exhibited the highest attachment potential, yet ∼50 % of cells remained on the donor surface. Collectively, these results show that PCL nanofiber morphology modulates yeast-surface interactions primarily by tuning early attachment and colonization capacity.},
}

@article {pmid42924216,
year = {2026},
author = {Peng, TY and Lai, SY and Wu, YA and Yang, YT and Mine, Y and Huang, HY},
title = {Physico-mechanical properties and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation of bio-based flexible crowns versus stainless steel and zirconia crowns for pediatric full-coverage restorations.},
journal = {Journal of dental sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {2211-2218},
pmid = {42924216},
issn = {2213-8862},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Bio-based flexible (BFX) have recently emerged as a potential alternative to conventional pediatric full-coverage restorations, but evidence regarding their properties and microbial behavior remains limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physico-mechanical properties and microbial behavior of BFX crown compared with stainless steel crowns (SSC) and zirconia crowns (ZRC) for pediatric full-coverage restorations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mandibular primary molar crowns from BFX, SSC, and ZRC were assessed. Weight was measured using an electronic balance, and surface roughness and topography were evaluated using a stylus profilometer and atomic force microscopy. The arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) and root mean square roughness (Rq) were determined. Compressive strength was assessed using a universal testing machine, and deformation was quantified as the root mean square (RMS) deviation from three-dimensional scans. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet staining, with optical density measured at 490 nm (OD490) at 24 and 48 h. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05).

RESULTS: BFX crowns had the lowest mean weight (0.15 g) and the highest surface roughness parameters Ra (0.162 μm) and Rq (0.121 μm) among the tested systems (P < 0.05); they also exhibited a more irregular and undulating surface, as indicated by three-dimensional surface topography analysis. Furthermore, BFX exhibited the highest maximum compressive load (1306.5 N) and a significantly greater RMS deformation, suggesting a more compliant mechanical behavior (P < 0.05). Over time, S. mutans biofilm accumulation was consistently greater on BFX than on SSC and ZRC surfaces (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: BFX crowns combine low weight, high load-bearing capacity, and mechanical compliance, offering a potential alternative for pediatric full-coverage restorations. However, their greater surface roughness and biofilm formation may increase bacterial adhesion, warranting cautious use in pediatric population with high caries risk.},
}

@article {pmid42918665,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Z and Liu, YN and Liu, B and Cao, B},
title = {Integrated nanocoating and biofilm engineering enhance extracellular electron transfer.},
journal = {Trends in biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tibtech.2026.09.026},
pmid = {42918665},
issn = {1879-3096},
abstract = {Extracellular electron transfer (EET) at the cell-electrode interface is central to microbial electrochemical technologies. It remains constrained by the low conductivity of individual cells, physiological impairment associated with coating the cell surface with an interconnected, conductive polymer layer, and a limited capability for biofilm formation. Here, we develop a conductive, enhanced, and dynamic biohybrid system to overcome these barriers. We establish a recovery strategy for Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells coated with a conductive polydopamine (PDA) nanoshell, restoring cellular physiology while retaining the coating. The recovered cells exhibit enhanced EET and reduced charge-transfer resistance. We further promote biofilm formation in the recovered PDA-coated cells using a cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)-targeted optogenetic approach. This integrated strategy generates a highly conductive, enhanced electrode biofilm with further improved EET and reduced charge-transfer resistance. This work highlights the importance of preserving cell physiology in the design of conductive biofilms and establishes a framework that integrates material coating with biofilm engineering for advanced bioelectronic interfaces.},
}

@article {pmid42918926,
year = {2026},
author = {López-Arias, L and Alvarez, N and Helman, E and Herrera, J and Leone, M and Farber, M},
title = {Detection and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in aquatic biofilm from the soto stream, Buenos Aires, Argentina.},
journal = {Parasitology research},
volume = {125},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42918926},
issn = {1432-1955},
support = {PICT-2021-I-INVI-00564//Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica/ ; },
mesh = {Argentina ; *Blastocystis/isolation & purification/classification/genetics/physiology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Rivers/parasitology ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics/chemistry ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Genotype ; },
abstract = {Blastocystis is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites in humans. This protist has been detected in water from various sources, with the highest prevalence in wastewater. In a previous study, we demonstrated that Blastocystis can adhere to and maintain viability within aquatic biofilms in wastewater. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate wastewater contamination by viable Blastocystis at four sites along an urban stream (Buenos Aires, Argentina) using aquatic biofilms. Two sampling strategies were employed: retrieval from fallen and submerged plant leaves (natural surfaces) and from submerged glass slides (artificial surfaces) at three time points. Biofilms were cultured in Jones' medium to assess parasite viability, and Blastocystis subtypes were identified by PCR and sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. Contamination levels at each site were evaluated 15 days after the glass slides were immersed, and the results were expressed as cysts per milligram of biofilm. Biofilms containing viable parasites were more frequently detected at sites with higher population density. The loads ranged from 1 to 61 cysts per milligram of biofilm, with remarkably higher values at the sites with most significant human impact. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of subtypes ST1 (allele 4), ST4 (allele 42), and ST8 (allele 21 and allele 95), with ST1 and ST8 being the most prevalent across sampling periods. The two sampling strategies proved useful, although their applicability depends on the specific objective of the study. This study provides the first evidence supporting the use of aquatic biofilms as an effective tool for monitoring viable Blastocystis in wastewater and for assessing spatial and temporal contamination patterns.},
}

Argentina
*Blastocystis/isolation & purification/classification/genetics/physiology
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Rivers/parasitology
DNA, Protozoan/genetics/chemistry
Sequence Analysis, DNA
DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
Genotype

@article {pmid42919178,
year = {2026},
author = {Azizi, M and Saniee, P and Ramezani, M},
title = {Gastric microbiota‑derived postbiotics as antimicrobial and anti‑biofilm agents.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42919178},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {IR.NIMAD.REC.1398.421//National Institute of Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Bacteria/isolation & purification/classification/genetics/drug effects ; *Probiotics/pharmacology ; Caco-2 Cells ; Gastritis/microbiology ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Stomach/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The human gastric microbiota is recognized as a diverse and metabolically active ecosystem with significant roles in health and disease. Beyond probiotics, postbiotics, non-viable microbial products with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties, offer stable and safer therapeutic alternatives. Rising antimicrobial resistance and biofilm associated infections caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans highlight the urgent need for new strategies. Based on this evidence, the present study aimed to isolate bacterial strains from gastric biopsies of patients with gastritis, evaluate their probiotic traits with molecular confirmation, and prepare postbiotics from these strains. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of the postbiotics were then tested in vitro against S. aureus and C. albicans, two clinically relevant biofilm-forming pathogens.

RESULTS: From 20 gastric biopsies, 65 isolates were recovered, mostly Gram‑positive bacilli (n = 52). β‑hemolytic strains (n = 29) were excluded, leaving 34 for probiotic screening. Nine isolates survived strongly at pH 2.5 (> 10⁶ CFU/mL), and several showed bile salt resistances with inhibition rates between 0.1 ± 0.1 and 2.4 ± 0.3. 2 isolates maintained high viable counts under simulated gastric juice at 4 h and 24 h, adhered strongly to Caco‑2 cells, and produced ammonia from L‑arginine. 16S rRNA sequencing identified one (Q3) as Lacticaseibacillus and the other (M2) as Ligilactobacillus. Both were resistant to vancomycin, ceftazidime, and amikacin. Postbiotics were prepared from extracellular and intracellular metabolites through centrifugation, filtration, lysis, and lyophilization, yielding PQ3 and PM2. MIC assays showed PQ3 inhibited S. aureus at 0.125 g/mL and C. albicans at 0.5 g/mL, while PM2 was more potent (0.0625 g/mL and 0.125 g/mL, p < 0.0001). MBC/MFC assays confirmed stronger killing by PM2, with bactericidal activity at 0.125 g/mL versus 0.25 g/mL for PQ3, and fungicidal activity at 0.5 g/mL versus 1.0 g/mL (p < 0.0001). Biofilm assays revealed PQ3 reduced S. aureus biofilms by 18-49% and C. albicans by 28-51%, whereas PM2 achieved 27-74% and 56-85% inhibition respectively (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: Gastric‑derived postbiotics demonstrated strong antibacterial, antifungal, and anti‑biofilm activity. These results highlight their promise for future investigation, although in vivo validation, future genomic and mechanistic studies are needed to further support the therapeutic potentials of gastric‑derived postbiotics.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/metabolism
*Bacteria/isolation & purification/classification/genetics/drug effects
*Probiotics/pharmacology
Caco-2 Cells
Gastritis/microbiology
Microbial Viability/drug effects
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Stomach/microbiology
Sequence Analysis, DNA
DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Bacterial Adhesion
Molecular Sequence Data
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

@article {pmid42919220,
year = {2026},
author = {Alabdullatif, M},
title = {Predominance of SCCmec type III, multidrug resistance, and evidence of ica-independent biofilm formation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42919220},
issn = {1471-2334},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Female ; Adult ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most common causes of infections, with its clinical treatment complicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains and the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This study aimed to determine biofilm formation, MDR, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of S. aureus isolated from a private hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a one-year period (February 2025 - February 2026). A total of 1,604 clinical samples were collected from patients (> 18 years), and isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was assessed via crystal violet assay, quantified by OD492, and classified by Stepanović's method. The presence of mecA, icaA, and SCCmec types were detected via polymerase chain reactions (PCR).

RESULTS: From 1,604 samples, 107 (6.67%) non-duplicate S. aureus isolates were obtained, primarily from urine (34.6%; 37/107). Isolates were more frequent among females (61.7%; 66/107) and patients aged 41-60 (58.8%; 63/107). Among the isolates, 62.6% (67/107) were identified as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 71.9% (77/107) were MDR. Biofilm formation was observed in 72.9% (78/107) of isolates (25.2% strong, 17.8% moderate, and 29.9% weak). Notably, only 15.9% (17/107) of isolates carried the icaA gene, suggesting that the majority of biofilm formation occurs via ica-independent mechanisms. Biofilm-forming isolates exhibited significantly higher resistance to cefoxitin (P < 0.001) and ciprofloxacin (P = 0.028) compared to non-biofilm isolates. MRSA, MDR, and the mecA and icaA genes were likewise significantly more prevalent in biofilm-formers (P < 0.05). SCCmec type III was the most frequent among the MRSA isolates (46.3%; 31/67).

CONCLUSION: This study highlights a strong correlation of biofilm formation with increased antibiotic resistance among our S. aureus clinical isolates. The high prevalence of MRSA, MDR, and SCCmec type III suggest the need for continuous surveillance and robust infection control strategies to manage clinical pathogens.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
Humans
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Female
Adult
Bacterial Proteins/genetics
Male
Middle Aged

@article {pmid42920704,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, C and Wang, Y and Zhou, S and Han, G and Zhai, Y},
title = {Antimicrobial activity of ginsenoside Rh2 against Enterococcus faecalis and its biofilm.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1979316},
pmid = {42920704},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is frequently associated with persistent root canal infections and treatment failure, and effective strategies for its elimination remain limited. Plant-derived compounds may provide alternative antimicrobial strategies for endodontic treatment.

METHODS: In the present study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), a bioactive compound derived from ginseng, against planktonic and biofilm forms of E. faecalis. The effects of Rh2 on extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)-associated carbohydrate content and biofilm metabolic activity were evaluated using the phenol-sulfuric acid and MTT assays, respectively. Biofilm structural alterations were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The cytotoxicity of Rh2 toward L929 cells was assessed using an MTT assay, with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) serving as the reference antimicrobial agent.

RESULTS: Rh2 exhibited antibacterial activity against planktonic E. faecalis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 μg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6.250 μg/mL. Rh2 inhibited biofilm formation and reduced the biomass of established biofilms at 2 × MIC and 4 × MIC. Rh2 also markedly reduced EPS-associated carbohydrate content, altered biofilm architecture, and decreased the metabolic activity of biofilm-associated bacteria. Under the tested conditions, Rh2 exhibited favorable cellular compatibility at concentrations with antibacterial activity against E. faecalis.

CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Rh2 against E. faecalis and support further investigation of its potential as an intracanal antimicrobial agent.},
}

@article {pmid42920768,
year = {2026},
author = {Zeng, Y and Wu, Z and Yan, Z and Wang, Y and Yang, Z and Huang, Y and Cao, S and Yao, X},
title = {Phage vB_KpnS_MK54: lPS-associated factors involved in phage adsorption and depolymerase-driven anti-biofilm effects.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1963357},
pmid = {42920768},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Understanding phage K. pneumoniae-host interactions is essential for elucidating phage infection mechanisms and developing phage-derived antibacterial strategies. This showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in phage vB_KpnS_MK54 adsorption by constructing the isogenic deletion mutants LPKPΔmsbA and LPKPΔlpxB, in which phage adsorption was reduced by 2-3 log compared with the wild-type strain. Biofilms are associated with persistent infections and increased tolerance to antimicrobial treatment, posing a significant clinical challenge. We further characterized the recombinant depolymerase Dep_Zy, which exhibited potent depolymerase and antibiofilm activities, including depolymerase activity at 0.1 μg/mL, 55% inhibition of biofilm formation at 10 μg/mL, and 30% degradation of mature biofilms at 1 μg/mL. Notably, Dep_Zy potentiated the activity of conventional antibiotics, resulting in a 1-3 log reduction in biofilm-associated bacterial counts when combined with kanamycin, gentamicin, or streptomycin. These findings elucidate the molecular basis of phage-host interactions and highlight Dep_Zy as a promising enzymatic strategy for controlling multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae through biofilm disruption and antibiotic potentiation.},
}

@article {pmid42920972,
year = {2026},
author = {Kanungo, A and Kumar, R and Acharya, S},
title = {Evaluation of carvacrol and quercetin against surgical site infection pathogen Escherichia coli: In silico target identification, anti-biofilm efficacy, and cellular safety.},
journal = {Biochemistry and biophysics reports},
volume = {48},
number = {},
pages = {102837},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102837},
pmid = {42920972},
issn = {2405-5808},
abstract = {Surgical site infections (SSIs) are postoperative complications driven by biofilm development on surgical wounds or implanted medical equipment. SSIs create a risk in terms of morbidity, extended hospitalization, and in extreme cases may cause mortality. The multi-drug-resistant bacteria, which frequently exist as poly-microbial communities in biofilms, present multiple tolerance mechanisms that render SSIs extremely difficult to treat with standard antibiotics. Besides, biofilm development relies on genes/proteins which act as master regulators governing biofilm assembly. Thus, targeting these regulatory switches can effectively curb biofilm development. Phytochemicals have come up as a likely option that can be effective against biofilm-forming multi drug-resistant bacteria by interacting with biofilm forming master regulators. In this study, in silico approaches were implemented to compare the interacting efficiency of different phytochemicals on a master biofilm regulator protein in Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common SSI pathogen. Validation of the most potent phytochemicals after analyzing the in silico results were carried out under in vitro settings to confirm their antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against biofilm-forming bacteria. Furthermore, in vitro safety assessments on human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity, confirming the bio-compatibility of the phytochemicals at the therapeutic concentrations. Thus, targeting central biofilm regulators with non-toxic phytochemicals may to reduce the incidence of biofilm associated infections in post-surgery patients.},
}

@article {pmid42921020,
year = {2026},
author = {Ababneh, Q and Al-Rousan, E and Jaradat, Z and Almomani, G and Al-Obaidat, J and Alazzeh, R and Ogiliat, S and Al-Najjar, F},
title = {Retail Frozen Blended Beverages as Vehicles for Opportunistic Antibiotic-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Bacteria.},
journal = {International journal of microbiology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {3043052},
doi = {10.1155/ijm/3043052},
pmid = {42921020},
issn = {1687-918X},
abstract = {The consumption of milkshakes, slushies, and smoothies has increased due to their refreshing taste and nutritional benefits. However, the microbiological quality of these beverages poses significant public health concerns. This study is aimed at investigating the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in these popular beverages, addressing a critical gap in food safety research. A total of 150 samples of milkshakes, smoothies, and slushies were collected, and the target bacteria were identified using microbiological and molecular methods. The obtained results revealed the prevalence of coliforms (50%), Klebsiella spp. (37.3%), Escherichia coli (9.3%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.6%), Listeria spp. (4.6%), and Staphylococcus spp. (4%) in the collected samples. Most isolates were sensitive to the tested antibiotics. Acinetobacter baumannii isolates exhibited high resistance levels against tetracycline (71.4%) and doxycycline (57.1%). The highest resistance among the 14 E. coli isolates was observed against ampicillin and sulfonamides (78.6%), while highest resistance rate among the Klebsiella isolates was observed against ampicillin (71.4%). Biofilm-forming ability varied among the isolates. Most Staphylococcus isolates (66.7%) and Acinetobacter isolates (71.4%) demonstrated strong biofilm-forming capacity, whereas the majority of Listeria isolates (85.7%) showed weak biofilm formation. These findings underscore the need for quality control measures to ensure continuous monitoring and enhancement of microbial safety of these products.},
}

@article {pmid42922307,
year = {2026},
author = {Novosiadlyi, R and Rozhko, M and Dmytryshyn, T and Kutsyk, R and Pelekhan, B and Kovalyshyn, K and Rozhko, S},
title = {The influence of chemical irrigants on the condition of the root canal biofilm in case of periodontitis treatment.},
journal = {Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)},
volume = {79},
number = {8},
pages = {1783-1790},
doi = {10.36740/WLek/222258},
pmid = {42922307},
issn = {0043-5147},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology ; *Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; *Periapical Periodontitis/microbiology/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Aim: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of commonly used endodontic irrigation solutions against bacterial and fungal isolates recovered from infected root canals in patients with apical periodontitis, in order to determine their relative effectiveness against clinically relevant endodontic microorganisms.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The strains of opportunistic microorganisms representing the optionally anaerobic transient microflora of the oral cavity were used in the study. 11 chemical solutions used to eliminate microorganisms in the root canal, were applied in the microbiological study. Microbial cultures were isolated from the infected root canal and identified on the basis of morphological, cultural properties and such biochemical microtests as "STAPHYtest 16", "STREPTOtest 16" (Lachema, Czech Republic) and test systems VITEK 2 GP and VITEK 2 YST (biomerieux, France) using VITEK 2 Compact analyzer.

RESULTS: Results: Comparing the effect of irrigation solutions on S.aureus MSSA bacteria, such irrigant as Chlorhexedin 2% (Endohex) provided the most positive result Hypochlorite 5.25% (Cerkamed) provided a positive effect on C.ablicans as well constituting 88.82±1.65 in comparison with Chlorhexedine 2% (29.22±0). Citric acid 40% (Cerkamed) was the best to eliminated S.gordonii (27.28±0.35). However, Maleic acid 6% showed the least effect on it (6.55±0.45). Hypochlorite 5.25% (Cerkamed), Hypochlorite 6% Chloran showed the best influence on the Candida group, while Citric acid 40% showed the lowest influence.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The conducted microbiological studies showed a diverse effect of irrigation solutions on groups of different microorganisms causing periodontitis. The obtained results provide an opportunity to select differentially irrigation solutions for the elimination of microorganisms detected in the root canals. A positive result of the elimination of irrigation solutions on microorganisms causing periodontitis is observed.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology
*Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology
*Periapical Periodontitis/microbiology/drug therapy

@article {pmid42922900,
year = {2026},
author = {Guo, W and Xue, K},
title = {Commentary: Resistance breakers: a novel approach to tackle biofilm associated infections and antimicrobial resistance.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1976224},
pmid = {42922900},
issn = {1664-302X},
}

@article {pmid42923054,
year = {2026},
author = {Anand, G and Lahariya, R},
title = {Biofilm-associated healthcare-associated infections: mechanisms, clinical burden, and emerging therapeutic frontiers - a narrative review.},
journal = {GMS hygiene and infection control},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {Doc66},
pmid = {42923054},
issn = {2196-5226},
abstract = {Biofilms are highly organized microbial communities embedded within an extracellular polymeric matrix and represent a critical yet underappreciated driver of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Their ability to colonize medical devices and host tissues underlies major infections, including central line-associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Biofilm formation is dynamic, multistage process involving attachment, maturation, and dispersal of microorganisms, each phase reinforcing persistence and therapeutic failure. The matrix impedes immune clearance and antimicrobial penetration, while quorum sensing, metabolic heterogeneity, and persister cell formation further enhance tolerance. Clinically important bacterial and fungal biofilms, particularly those formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida species, exhibit resistance far exceeding planktonic cells. Diagnostic limitations obscure true disease burden, and current strategies relying on antimicrobials and device removal remain inadequate amid rising resistance. This manuscript provides comprehensive synthesis of existing and novel strategies to mitigate HAIs, with particular emphasis on translational relevance.},
}

@article {pmid42906521,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, T and Hu, X and Yang, S and Sun, H and Zhang, R and Pang, Z and Chen, M and Ge, M and Luo, Y},
title = {Bimetallic biomimetic catalytic STING sensitizer for coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses against biofilm infections.},
journal = {Biomaterials},
volume = {338},
number = {Pt B},
pages = {124710},
doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124710},
pmid = {42906521},
issn = {1878-5905},
abstract = {Implant-related infections remain refractory because bacterial biofilms create a physical barrier and are accompanied by local immune dysfunction. Here, we develop a biomimetic metallo-immunocatalytic nanoplatform by cloaking a pH-responsive manganese-iron layered double hydroxide (MFH) core with an M1 macrophage membrane to form MFHM. This design integrates a structurally coupled Mn-Fe catalytic lattice with a functionally preserved biointerface, enabling infection-targeted delivery, colloidal stability, and microenvironment-responsive ion release. Within the acidic biofilm niche, the electronically coupled MFH core promotes Fe/Mn redox cycling and sustains Fenton-like reactive oxygen species generation, thereby disrupting extracellular polymeric substances, damaging bacterial membranes, and perturbing bacterial metal homeostasis. Concurrently, released Mn[2+] and redox-active Fe species act as immunomodulatory cues that enhance cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, promote pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and phagocytic function, and facilitate dendritic-cell maturation and downstream adaptive immune engagement. In a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus implant-associated infection model, MFHM markedly reduces bacterial burden, promotes tissue repair, and elicits a coordinated immune response that may support protective adaptive immunity, without apparent treatment-related systemic toxicity. These findings establish a catalytic-immune framework based on a biomimetic bimetallic nanostructure and highlight its potential therapeutic application in recalcitrant biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42906770,
year = {2026},
author = {Jin, M and Zhou, D and Li, M and Kong, X and Jiang, S and Li, Q and Tang, Y and Zhu, S and Wang, Y and Sun, W and Han, S and Wei, L and Zhou, L and Song, W},
title = {Diosmetin targets sortase A to inhibit biofilm formation and combines with vancomycin against MRSA-induced pneumonia.},
journal = {Biochimie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.biochi.2026.10.026},
pmid = {42906770},
issn = {1638-6183},
abstract = {The global challenge of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has driven the development of anti-virulence strategies. Sortase A (SrtA), a key enzyme responsible for anchoring surface virulence factors in MRSA, represents a promising target to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotics. This study investigated the therapeutic potential and anti-virulence activity of diosmetin against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In a mouse model of S. aureus-induced pneumonia, diosmetin combined with vancomycin significantly improved therapeutic efficacy, as evidenced by increased survival, reduced pulmonary bacterial burden, and attenuated histopathological injury. In vitro, diosmetin exhibited no direct antibacterial activity at concentrations up to 512 μg/mL, yet it potentiated the antibacterial effect of vancomycin, with a checkerboard assay yielding a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.375. Diosmetin disrupted the early stages of biofilm development by impairing sliding motility, reducing exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion. Molecular docking identified SrtA as a potential target. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and point mutation assays further confirmed the direct interaction between diosmetin and SrtA. Meanwhile, the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay demonstrated that diosmetin inhibited SrtA activity, with an IC50 of 9.28 μg/mL. Functional assays using the ΔsrtA mutant further supported the critical role of SrtA in mediating diosmetin's anti-virulence effects. Additionally, diosmetin protected A549 cells against S. aureus-induced pyroptosis and provided protection in a Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) infection model. Collectively, diosmetin represents a promising anti-virulence agent targeting SrtA-associated biofilm formation and an antibiotic adjuvant for vancomycin against MRSA pneumonia.},
}

@article {pmid42908343,
year = {2026},
author = {Adair, K and Sabatini, C and Stellrecht, E and Scannapieco, FA},
title = {Effect of Water Rinsing on Dental Biofilm pH After Exposure to Fermentable Carbohydrate: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Oral diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/odi.70543},
pmid = {42908343},
issn = {1601-0825},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The ability of rinsing with water following exposure to fermentable carbohydrate (FC) to raise dental biofilm pH has been surprisingly understudied. This scoping review's objective was to assess the evidence for water's effect on neutralization of dental biofilm pH following FC.

METHODS: The PRISMA-ScR checklist was followed for reporting this scoping review. Four databases were searched for studies that evaluated pH response of dental biofilms to FC followed by water rinsing. Two reviewers selected papers and extracted data independently.

RESULTS: A total of 1296 papers were identified; 14 studies met inclusion criteria and were further evaluated. Ten studies reported volume of water rinses. Of these studies, five used ≥ 20 mL water, and four of these studies found water to raise biofilm pH significantly. The five studies that reported using < 20 mL water did not find water to raise biofilm pH significantly.

CONCLUSION: Based on a small heterogenous set of studies, it may be summarized that rinsing with ≥ 20 mL of water following FC appears to neutralize dental biofilm; its effectiveness should be further investigated as a cost-effective, accessible, dental-caries prevention strategy.},
}

@article {pmid42908345,
year = {2026},
author = {Jiang, K and Wang, W and Lei, H and Wang, T and Xu, L and Yang, Y and Zhou, R and Lin, T and Huang, Y},
title = {D-enantiomeric β-casein 197 disrupts biofilm-associated infection of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii through superior LPS binding and host cell protection.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {2749928},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2026.2749928},
pmid = {42908345},
issn = {2150-5608},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; *Caseins/pharmacology/chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Humans ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Moths/microbiology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; },
abstract = {Biofilms formed by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are a major cause of chronic nosocomial infections and therapeutic failure. L-form antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are rapidly degraded by proteases, whereas D-enantiomeric peptides offer enhanced resistance to proteases. Here, we synthesized L- and D-β-casein 197, a milk-derived AMP, and systematically compared their antibiofilm activities against eight clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. The D-form reduced biofilm biomass by up to 83% during formation and by up to 88% in preformed biofilms. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the D-form caused more extensive membrane disruption, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the D-form bound LPS with higher affinity (KD 0.8 μM vs 3.1 μM), and molecular docking identified additional hydrogen bonds with lipid A. The D-form also more effectively inhibited bacterial motility. Both peptides exhibited low cytotoxicity toward cells (>90% viability at 100 μM), and the D-form reduced bacteria-induced cytotoxicity and bacterial internalization in infected macrophages more effectively than the L-form. In a Galleria mellonella infection model, D-β-casein 197 significantly improved survival against P. aeruginosa no. R1 and A. baumannii no. 13 challenge over 96 h compared to the L-form and untreated infected controls, while larval survival remained comparable to PBS controls, indicating negligible host toxicity. These findings identify D-β-casein 197 as a potent antibiofilm peptide against MDR Gram-negative biofilms, with enhanced activity, and LPS-neutralization assays confirmed that its antimicrobial potency is, at least in part, attributable to its stronger LPS binding affinity.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/physiology
Animals
*Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
*Caseins/pharmacology/chemistry
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Humans
*Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology
Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
Moths/microbiology
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
Molecular Docking Simulation

@article {pmid42909076,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, D and Yuan, F and Yang, Y and Zhou, K and Xie, F and Li, Z and Huang, X and Huang, M and Lin, M},
title = {ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated photodynamic inactivation and reduction of Candida albicans biofilm-associated cells in vitro and in vivo.},
journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1953510},
pmid = {42909076},
issn = {2296-4185},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Candida-associated stomatitis is a common oral mucosal condition, particularly among denture wearers, and is closely associated with persistent Candida albicans biofilms on denture surfaces. ZnPc(Lys)5 is an amphiphilic phthalocyanine-peptide nanomaterial that has previously been shown to form nanoscale supramolecular assemblies in aqueous environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing denture-associated Candida biofilms and alleviating associated mucosal inflammation.

METHODS: Candida albicans suspensions were cultured in vitro, and biofilms were formed on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a common denture base material. The antifungal effects of different concentrations of ZnPc(Lys)5 combined with aPDT were assessed against both planktonic Candida and biofilms. Biofilm structural changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the effects on PMMA physical properties (microhardness [HV] and surface roughness [Ra]) were analyzed. Additionally, a mouse model of Candida-associated stomatitis was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antifungal efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)5-aPDT following repeated applications (three treatments over 5 days).

RESULTS: ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated aPDT exerted a significant concentration-dependent fungicidal effect on planktonic C. albicans, with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 25 μM and no observed dark toxicity. Against mature biofilms, the 50 μM aPDT treatment achieved a reduction of approximately 96% in recoverable viable biofilm-associated cells (P < 0.0001), which was comparable to the efficacy of the commercial cleanser Polident (P > 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed significant disruption of biofilm architecture, while no significant alterations in PMMA microhardness or surface roughness were observed (P > 0.05). In vivo, repeated applications of ZnPc(Lys)5-aPDT significantly reduced epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy comparable to nystatin.

CONCLUSION: ZnPc(Lys)5-aPDT demonstrated significant antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo without compromising PMMA integrity. These findings support ZnPc(Lys)5 as a promising photosensitizer for denture-surface biofilm control and mucosal inflammation mitigation, warranting further investigation under extended or multi-session clinical protocols.},
}

@article {pmid42909636,
year = {2026},
author = {Carneiro, VA and Azevedo, ÁMA and da Silva, BF and Melo, RS and Pereira, AMG and Cavalcante, RMB and Junior, FEAC},
title = {Eugenol Activity Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus: Biofilm Disruption and Additive Interactions with Antibiotics.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {42909636},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/growth & development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/growth & development ; *Eugenol/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology ; Drug Synergism ; Oxacillin/pharmacology ; Humans ; },
abstract = {The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and their ability to form biofilms represent significant challenges in infection control. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of eugenol (Eug) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from food and clinical sources. Antibacterial activity was assessed using disk diffusion, broth microdilution (MIC/MBC), and bacterial growth kinetics. Antibiofilm activity was measured by crystal violet staining, CFU enumeration, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Checkerboard assays evaluated the combinatorial effect of Eug with ciprofloxacin and oxacillin. Eug exhibited inhibition zones of 13-22 mm and MIC/MBC values of 1000-2000 µg/mL. Subinhibitory concentrations significantly delayed bacterial growth. Biofilm biomass was reduced by up to 90% in E. coli and 80% in S. aureus, with SEM confirming structural alterations. Checkerboard assays revealed additive interactions with antibiotics. These findings provide additional evidence of Eug's antibacterial properties and support further investigation into its combinatorial effects with antibiotics against biofilm-associated challenges.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology/growth & development
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Escherichia coli/drug effects/physiology/growth & development
*Eugenol/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology
Drug Synergism
Oxacillin/pharmacology
Humans

@article {pmid42909840,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, M and Zhu, W and Wang, A and Li, H and Zhao, S and Wang, W and Xia, X and Ren, X},
title = {Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Cell-Free Supernatant of Lactobacillus johnsonii Against Salmonella Typhimurium.},
journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42909840},
issn = {1867-1314},
support = {2022YFD2100104//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2023JH1/11200001//Liaoning Innovation Consortia Major Project/ ; LJBKY2024042//Basic Scientific Research Funds of U niversities in Liaoning Province/ ; 2025-Y01//CIFST - Yakult China Foundation of Intestinal Health and Probiotics for Young Scientists/ ; },
abstract = {Salmonella Typhimurium is a predominant foodborne pathogen whose robust biofilm-forming capacity poses a persistent challenge to food safety and public health. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) derived from Lactobacillus johnsonii on biofilms and characterized the transcriptional responses associated with CFS exposure using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). L.johnsonii CFS retarded bacterial growth at high concentrations. Moreover, CFS at various concentrations significantly inhibited biofilm formation in both S. Typhimurium strains, SL1344 and 14028, with maximum inhibition rates of 88.22% and 79.32%, respectively. CFS treatment markedly reduced metabolic activity, surface hydrophobicity, and auto-aggregation, meanwhile impaired bacterial motility and disrupted the architectural integrity of the biofilms. Furthermore, the CFS effectively prevented biofilm formation on various food and food-contact surfaces. RNA-seq analysis revealed that CFS treatment significantly altered the transcriptional profiles of Salmonella, with differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in ribosome, carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. These findings demonstrate the antibiofilm potential of L. johnsonii CFS under laboratory conditions and indicate its potential in controlling Salmonella contamination in food industry.},
}

@article {pmid42910013,
year = {2026},
author = {Rodrigues, KVD and Alves, MHO and de Oliveira, TOB and Oliveira, VN and Oliveira, PHS and Malaquias, LKC and da Silva, WJ and da Silva, LE and Costa, RC},
title = {DentFilm v1.0: an expert-annotated clinical image dataset of complete denture biofilm.},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {69},
number = {},
pages = {113318},
pmid = {42910013},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {Publicly available expert-annotated datasets are essential for developing robust artificial intelligence (AI) models in dentistry. Although several image datasets have been developed for applications involving natural teeth, no publicly available dataset currently exists for automated analysis of biofilm on conventional acrylic resin complete dentures. To address this gap, we present the first expert-annotated clinical image dataset specifically designed for computer vision research on complete denture biofilm. The dataset comprises 720 total files (630 standardized clinical photographs and 90 expert-annotated segmentation masks) obtained from 30 edentulous participants wearing maxillary conventional acrylic resin complete dentures. Images were acquired under controlled conditions at three stages of a denture hygiene protocol (before biofilm disclosure, after 0.5% basic fuchsin application, and after biofilm removal) and include frontal, right lateral, left lateral, right oblique, left oblique, occlusal, and intaglio views. Expert-generated pixel-level segmentation masks were manually created using the disclosed images as visual references, and each image is accompanied by structured metadata describing participant identification, acquisition stage, photographic view, and annotation files. The dataset is organized using a standardized directory structure to facilitate reproducible machine learning workflows and is publicly available through Zenodo. This resourceprovides the first publicly available benchmark dataset for complete denture biofilm analysis, supporting semantic segmentation, image classification, explainable AI, algorithm benchmarking, and the development of automated systems for denture hygiene assessment.},
}

@article {pmid42910901,
year = {2026},
author = {Saravanan, V and Namperumal, L and Ibraheam Attur Mohamed, MN and Sherin, F and Soman, S},
title = {Quality-by-Design-Guided Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Antimicrobial Nanotheranostics for Biofilm Eradication: A Translational Perspective.},
journal = {Drug development and industrial pharmacy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-28},
doi = {10.1080/03639045.2026.2752974},
pmid = {42910901},
issn = {1520-5762},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Biofilm-associated infections remain a major therapeutic challenge due to extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) barriers, metabolic heterogeneity, and hypoxic microenvironments that limit antimicrobial penetration and efficacy. Antimicrobial nanotheranostics have emerged as multifunctional platforms that combine targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and stimuli-responsive therapeutic activation to overcome these barriers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF REVIEW: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive and oxygen-modulating nanoplatforms represent a promising strategy for biofilm eradication by enhancing oxidative antibacterial activity and improving therapeutic penetration within complex biofilm environments. However, their clinical translation remains constrained by challenges related to reproducibility, scalability, safety, and regulatory compliance. This review addresses these limitations through the integration of Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles into antimicrobial nanotheranostic development.

KEY FINDINGS: Recent advances in ROS-responsive and oxygen-regulating nanotheranostic systems are critically examined, with emphasis on the interdependence of hypoxia and ROS generation. The review highlights oxygen-carrying and oxygen-generating nanoplatforms, stimuli-responsive therapeutic strategies, and imaging-guided approaches for biofilm eradication. Furthermore, a QbD-based framework is presented, focusing on Quality Target Product Profiles (QTPPs), Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Critical Material Attributes (CMAs), and Critical Process Parameters (CPPs). Functional CQAs, including ROS generation kinetics, oxygen modulation efficiency, and biofilm penetration depth, are identified as key determinants of therapeutic performance and reproducibility.

CONCLUSIONS: The integration of ROS-responsive nanotheranostics with QbD principles provides a rational strategy for developing clinically translatable antibiofilm therapies. Defining performance-linked quality attributes and robust design spaces can improve reproducibility, safety, scalability, and regulatory compliance, thereby accelerating the development of next-generation antimicrobial nanotheranostic systems for persistent biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42912078,
year = {2026},
author = {Balderrama, ÍF and Nascimento, KBD and Souza, CWO and Souza, MT and Zanotto, ED and Marcantonio, E},
title = {Antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition of a novel bioactive glass coating (F18) on titanium discs.},
journal = {Brazilian dental journal},
volume = {37},
number = {},
pages = {e257059},
pmid = {42912078},
issn = {1806-4760},
mesh = {*Titanium/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Glass/chemistry ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Surface Properties ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the anti-biofilm and bactericidal activity of biofunctionalized titanium with either nanohydroxyapatite or F18 bioactive glass against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. For that, discs (6.0mm diameter and 3.0 mm thickness) with different surface treatments were studied and divided into three groups: 1) machined titanium (M); 2) coated with Nano-hydroxyapatite (Nano-Ha); 3) Biofunctionalized with F18 bioactive glass (BSF18). Surface characterization was investigated through energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and bioactivity assays. Antibacterial activity was investigated according to the JIS Z 2801:2010 standard and ISO 22196:2011. The samples were evaluated for UFC/mL, biofilm morphology, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed after 24 h. The results showed that BSF18 biofunctionalized discs significantly reduced viable bacterial adhesion compared with Nano-Ha and M groups (3.93±0.14; 5.68±0.26; and 5.57±0.16; p<0.0001; respectively). The morphology analysis revealed a smaller number of adhered bacterial cells for BSF18 samples when compared to the M and Nano-HA, additionally, the biofunctionalization of titanium discs with F18 bioactive glass was effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm after direct contact for 24 hours analyzed by confocal laser microscopy which demonstrated greater values for dead cells and lesser live cells for BSF18 surface when compared to machined and Nano-HA (p<0.05). F18 bioactive glass can be a promising biomaterial for preventing and controlling infection by S. aureus on titanium implants. It could be a valid infection-preventing strategy for implant dentistry clinical practice.},
}

*Titanium/chemistry
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Glass/chemistry
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Surface Properties
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy, Confocal
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
Microscopy, Atomic Force

@article {pmid42912835,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, Y and Zhang, Y and Xie, S and Li, X and Han, X and Wang, H and Li, W and Yang, D and Liu, X and Wang, P and Zeng, Q and Liao, Y and Zheng, J},
title = {Aptamer-Functionalized Pro-Photosensitizers for Targeted Elimination of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilm Infection by Sequentially Activated Photodynamic-Antibiotic Therapy.},
journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/smll.76426},
pmid = {42912835},
issn = {1613-6829},
support = {2025ZD01901903//National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China/ ; 82472210//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82503046//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82302842//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82560451//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025AAC020073//National Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia/ ; JCXK2025006-FY04//Interdisciplinary Construction Program of College of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University/ ; XT2025031//Special Talents Start-up Project of Ningxia Medical University/ ; 2024A1515011611//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2023A1515110035//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; SKXRC2025354//Guangdong Provincial Association for Science and Technology - Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project/ ; },
abstract = {Drug-resistant bacterial infections seriously threaten public health, and the formation of a biofilm barrier plays an important role. Drug-resistant biofilms are difficult to remove because the penetration and specificity of traditional antimicrobial drugs are poor, and the microenvironment in the inner layer of biofilms is hypoxic. Herein, we developed activatable aptamer-functionalized pro-photosensitizers (APMB) by modifying the clinical photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) with an aptamer that can specifically bind to drug-resistant bacteria. The APMB can simultaneously achieve imaging-guided efficient anti-infection and biofilm destruction, thereby increasing the therapeutic efficiency of the treatment of bacterial biofilm infections. Additionally, we co-loaded APMB and the antibiotic metronidazole (MNZ) into hydrogels to prepare a degradable microneedle patch, which can utilize photodynamic effects to eliminate biofilms under normoxic conditions and potentiate the hypoxic microenvironment to activate the antibacterial activity of MNZ, ultimately resulting in the synergistic killing of deep-seated bacteria. To summarize, this simple and intelligent phototheranostic molecular platform improves deep anti-infection efficacy through the synergistic effect of sequential activation while decreasing systemic toxicity, thereby providing a promising avenue for clinical translation to combat antimicrobial resistance.},
}

@article {pmid42913078,
year = {2026},
author = {Qiu, X and Liu, Q and Lei, Y and Zhou, Y and Shi, Y and Xu, N and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Miao, T and Wu, F and Wang, L and Deng, C},
title = {Access-to-killing relay by wavelength-division Janus nanomotors for biofilm phototherapy.},
journal = {Journal of colloid and interface science},
volume = {729},
number = {},
pages = {141801},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2026.141801},
pmid = {42913078},
issn = {1095-7103},
abstract = {Biofilm phototherapy is constrained by therapeutic reach, as light-triggered damage is often concentrated near accessible regions while bacteria remain protected within the extracellular matrix. Here we report wavelength-division Janus nanomotors for access-gated biofilm phototherapy, in which asymmetric interfacial energy conversion and wavelength-resolved activation couple active transport with antibacterial action. Janus SiO2/Au/FeTAPP nanomotors (JSAF) combine asymmetric Au and FeTAPP functional domains on dendritic porous silica nanoparticles. Under 808 nm irradiation, the asymmetric Au domain enables 808 nm-responsive active motion consistent with self-thermophoretic transport and contributes to heat-assisted matrix traversal. In mature biofilms, JSA exhibits enhanced penetration and a broader depth distribution than a symmetric SiO2/Au photothermal control, indicating that photothermal matrix disruption alone does not fully reproduce the transport behavior of the Janus architecture. Under 630 nm irradiation, FeTAPP generates singlet oxygen for localized oxidative bacterial killing. Order-dependent irradiation supports an access-first, killing-second relationship, whereas combined dual-wavelength activation enables a continuous access-to-killing process as particle transport progressively extends localized oxidative action into deeper biofilm regions. This wavelength-addressed coupling reduces residual biofilm biomass and improves healing of S. aureus-infected wounds. These findings highlight interfacial asymmetry and wavelength-selective functional coupling as design principles for active colloids operating in transport-limited environments.},
}

@article {pmid42913419,
year = {2026},
author = {Bose, N and Sarkar, A and S Babu, A and Rao, KVB},
title = {Exploring the antibiofilm potential of marine Streptomyces sp. VITNABS17 against biofilm forming Klebsiella pneumoniae: an in vitro and in silico approach.},
journal = {Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1080/10826068.2026.2729250},
pmid = {42913419},
issn = {1532-2297},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated bacterial infections pose a significant challenge in clinical settings due to their persistence and reduced susceptibility to current antimicrobials, underscoring the need for novel antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of cell-free extracts from marine Streptomyces sp. using integrated in vitro and in silico approaches. Initial antibacterial screening by agar well diffusion assay identified VITNABS17 as the most active isolate, exhibiting a broad antibacterial spectrum against the tested bacterial pathogens. Evaluation of biofilm formation by tube method revealed K. pneumoniae as the strongest biofilm-forming pathogen. The ethyl acetate extract of VITNABS17 reduced K. pneumoniae biofilm biomass by 66.2 ± 0.22% at 20 mg/mL, while the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was 1 mg/mL, corresponding to 55.50% inhibition. GC-MS analysis revealed a diverse metabolite profile, with diethyl phthalate identified as the most abundant compound. Molecular docking predicted binding affinities of -6.0 kcal/mol for MrkA and -4.4 kcal/mol for LuxS, indicating potential interactions of diethyl phthalate with biofilm-associated protein targets. The potential isolate was identified as Streptomyces sp. VITNABS17 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, these findings provide preliminary evidence for the antibiofilm potential of VITNABS17 and warrant further investigation into the identification and characterization of its active metabolites.},
}

@article {pmid42914079,
year = {2026},
author = {Shao, S and Jin, W and Chen, M and Ye, Z and Zhang, Z and Qiu, B and Zhong, J and Wu, X},
title = {Enhanced nitrogen and manganese removal in a manganese redox-driven moving bed biofilm reactor: role of extracellular polymeric substances.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125994},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.125994},
pmid = {42914079},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {In this study, the continuous flow moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was developed for conversion of nitrogen and manganese including MBBR1 (R1, with manganese redox cycling function) and MBBR2 (R2, control group). The result suggested that NH4[+]-N removal reached 95±2% and 78±1% by R1 and R2 with NO3[-]-N effluent concentrations of 2.1±0.4 and 7.1±0.6 mg·L[-1], and TN removal through R1 increased compared with R2. Fluorescence characteristics and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were explored, and reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and enzyme activity of biofilm including the correlation between enzyme activity and EPS were analyzed. These results showed that protein decreased in R1 at 0-10 h, and it decreased in R2, and manganese addition promoted the development of an EPS-rich biofilm matrix. β-sheet content of EPS proteins increased from 29.9% in R2 to 34.6% in R1, and EPS mediated manganese redox might stimulate EPS production and simultaneously modified the chemical properties of EPS. Morphology, electrochemistry, and electron transport system activity of EPS/biofilm were investigated, and transcriptomic characteristics of biofilm were elaborated. These representations demonstrated that manganese redox cycling intensified the redox stress signal within biofilm. EPS mediated manganese redox might trigger oxidative stress, but the manganese-amended biofilm in R1 maintained the stronger antioxidant capacity and cell viability. Furthermore, manganese-amended biofilm from R1 had a strong response for protein synthesis and cellular machinery. This study deepens the application of EPS mediated manganese redox for nutrient removal.},
}

@article {pmid42914260,
year = {2026},
author = {Srinivasan, R and Wang, Y and Jin, X and Shi, Y and Chen, C and Zhao, Z},
title = {Isoborneol as a natural food-grade antimicrobial: Targeting biofilm resilience of Vibrio alginolyticus on seafood and contact material surfaces.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {245},
number = {Pt 3},
pages = {120831},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.120831},
pmid = {42914260},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Vibrio alginolyticus/drug effects ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Food Microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Animals ; Caco-2 Cells ; },
abstract = {Vibrio alginolyticus is an emerging seafood-borne pathogen with a high ability to form biofilms on seafood and food-contact surfaces, causing persistent contamination and higher tolerance to sanitation. Here, we evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-virulence potential of isoborneol, a natural food-grade monoterpenoid, against V. alginolyticus in this study. Isoborneol consistently demonstrated antibacterial activity against V. alginolyticus, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 500 μg/mL. Membrane permeability, nucleic acid leakage, extracellular protein release, extracellular ATP leakage and scanning electron microscopy collectively supported membrane impairment as an important factor in the antibacterial activity of isoborneol. Isoborneol also effectively reduced mature biofilm, metabolic activity and cell viability in a dose dependent manner. It inhibited immature biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substance production, cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, swimming and swarming motilities and selectively modulated the expression of genes involved in quorum-sensing, biofilm formation, flagellar motility, type IV pili, and outer membrane functions. Isoborneol inhibited bacterial adhesion, invasion and V. alginolyticus induced cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells with no detectable cytotoxicity at the tested sub-MIC concentrations. Moreover, isoborneol has a strong capacity to destroy mature biofilms of V. alginolyticus on the surface of stainless-steel coupons and shrimp shells. The viable cell-counts, survival, metabolic activity and biofilm structural integrity were reduced without visibly damaging the surface of the shrimp shell. Altogether, these findings provide a framework for isoborneol to be considered as a potential natural antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against V. alginolyticus. However, additional safety, sensory, and industrial evaluations are essential before practical application.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Vibrio alginolyticus/drug effects
*Seafood/microbiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Humans
*Food Microbiology
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
Animals
Caco-2 Cells

@article {pmid42914268,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, T and Zhang, X and Liao, G and Xia, G and Zhang, X and Li, D and Zhang, L and Wang, J},
title = {Synergistic antibacterial and anti-biofilm mechanism of cold stress combined with plasma-activated water against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A multi-target transcriptomic analysis.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {245},
number = {Pt 3},
pages = {120839},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.120839},
pmid = {42914268},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Plasma Gases/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Water/pharmacology ; *Cold-Shock Response ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {The increasing resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to conventional sanitizers demands novel multi-target intervention strategies. This study investigated the sequential synergistic antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of cold stress (CS) and plasma-activated water (PAW) against P. aeruginosa. PAW generated at 750 W for 2 min exhibited acidic pH, high oxidation-reduction potential, and substantial levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Sequential CS-PAW treatment achieved a bacterial reduction rate of 88.20 ± 4.41% and reduced biofilm formation (P < 0.05), significantly outperforming CS or PAW alone. Mechanistically, CS pretreatment sensitized bacterial cells by compromising membrane integrity and depleting energy reserves, thereby enhancing their vulnerability to subsequent PAW attack. The combined treatment triggered excessive intracellular ROS accumulation, suppressed superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and induced severe lipid peroxidation. Key energy metabolism enzymes were inhibited, while alkaline phosphatase leakage confirmed cell wall damage. Furthermore, CS-PAW effectively interfered with quorum sensing (QS) by reducing C4-HSL signaling, downregulating QS-related genes (rhlI, rhlR, lasI, lasR), and suppressing the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and virulence factors. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 839 differentially expressed genes, with significant downregulation of pathways controlling QS, biofilm formation, bacterial chemotaxis, the type VI secretion system, and carbon metabolism. Notably, because the CS-PAW intervention targets highly conserved processes, including membrane integrity, central carbon metabolism, and QS signaling, the observed multi-target inhibition provides a robust mechanistic basis for its broad applicability against P. aeruginosa isolates; however, strict mathematical synergy was not quantified, and the current conclusions are explicitly limited to demonstrating statistically superior efficacy over single treatments. Collectively, these findings suggest that CS-PAW acts through a complementary multi-target mechanism rather than requiring strict mathematical synergy, representing a promising non-thermal strategy for controlling P. aeruginosa contamination in food processing environments.},
}

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology/metabolism
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Plasma Gases/pharmacology
Gene Expression Profiling
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
*Water/pharmacology
*Cold-Shock Response
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Transcriptome

@article {pmid42915181,
year = {2026},
author = {Černoša, A and Amigo, JM and Matroodi, F and Sandak, A},
title = {Spectroscopic Insights into Nutrient-Controlled Biofilm Formation in Aureobasidium pullulans as a Basis for Engineered Living Materials.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {42},
number = {36},
pages = {26144-26157},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c01932},
pmid = {42915181},
issn = {1520-5827},
support = {101185862//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; IR0000028//NextGenerationEU/ ; 101044468/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; N2-0445//The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Aureobasidium/physiology/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; },
abstract = {Fungal biofilms represent complex extracellular systems with potential application in engineered living materials (ELMs), yet their chemical composition and structural variability under defined environmental conditions remain poorly understood. Biofilms of Aureobasidium pullulans strains grown on different solid media were investigated using a multimodal spectroscopic approach, including FT-IR, FT-NIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Nutrient-rich media (PDA, SDA, YNB) produced biofilms with largely conserved chemical profiles across strains, whereas nutrient-poor SNA medium induced pronounced changes in polysaccharide, protein, and lipid components, as well as in matrix organization and hydration. Principal component analysis and multiblock data fusion revealed that growth medium is the primary driver of spectral variation, with strain identity exerting a secondary influence. Vibrational bands corresponding to hydroxyl (-OH) and aliphatic (-CH) groups were identified as key contributors to differentiation, reflecting changes in the composition of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). Raman spectroscopy provided complementary molecular information, such as the presence of characteristic protein and polysaccharide vibrations, which helped confirm the biochemical composition of the biofilms and supported the observations from IR and NIR analyses. Results show that the control of nutrient composition and growth conditions enables precise tuning of biofilm properties, including hydration, matrix density, and functional polysaccharide content. Biofilm composition is primarily influenced by nutrient composition rather than by the strain's morphological features. This is important because it indicates that research on living coating formulation can focus on supplying nutrients that promote EPS production and biofilm development, rather than on selecting strains with particular morphologies. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the environmental control of A. pullulans biofilm formation and are relevant to the future development of engineered living coatings, where environmental conditions can be leveraged to influence biofilm composition, structure, and its functional properties.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Aureobasidium/physiology/chemistry
Spectrum Analysis, Raman
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

@article {pmid42915214,
year = {2026},
author = {Hu, L and Yang, H and Fan, L and Zheng, Z and Luan, L and Wang, XJ and Zhang, Q and Li, QY},
title = {Visible-Light-Harvesting Supramolecular Nanoassembly of Tetrathienylethene Tetrapyridinium/Cucurbit[7]uril for Bacterial Biofilm Eradication.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {42},
number = {36},
pages = {26568-26582},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c03498},
pmid = {42915214},
issn = {1520-5827},
support = {22001100//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; NA//Cultivation Fund for Excellent Dissertation (Practical Achievement) in Zhejiang Sci-Tech University/ ; ZZKY2024032//General Hospital of Northern Theater Command Independent Research Project/ ; },
mesh = {Cucurbit(n)urils ; *Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Macrocyclic Compounds ; *Light ; *Bridged-Ring Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms act as a protective "umbrella" that significantly impairs antibiotic penetration, thereby hindering the complete eradication of infections. The clinical translation of organic photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is critically hindered by their intrinsic self-aggregation in aqueous media, which severely compromises reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and impedes penetration into dense bacterial biofilms. Herein, we report a visible-light-harvesting photosensitizer, tetrathienylethene tetrapyridinium chloride (TTC), and construct a supramolecular nanoassembly (TTC@CB[7]) with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) via host-guest complexation. The CB[7] cavity selectively encapsulates the pyridinium moieties, imposing spatial confinement that disrupts detrimental π-π stacking and transforms micron-sized aggregates into uniform nanoscale colloids. This results in a reduction in hydrodynamic diameter from 1230 to 120 nm, a favorable shift in zeta potential from +0.67 mV to +30.9 mV, and a 1.3-fold increase in singlet oxygen quantum yield compared to free TTC. Consequently, under visible light, TTC@CB[7] exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg/mL against both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. More importantly, its nanoscale size and enhanced positive charge facilitate deep penetration into the biofilm matrix, enabling complete eradication of mature biofilms with negligible dark cytotoxicity. This work presents a versatile supramolecular strategy that concurrently resolves aggregation and penetration barriers, paving the way for high-performance aPDT.},
}

Cucurbit(n)urils
*Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology
*Biofilms/drug effects
Macrocyclic Compounds
*Light
*Bridged-Ring Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
*Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/chemical synthesis
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid42915774,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, Z and Luo, X and Tao, N and Zhu, S and Wang, S and Liu, J and Chen, M and Zhou, J and Li, X},
title = {Xinjunan Binds to Pseudomonas syringae Pv. Actinidiae FleQ to Inhibit Flagella and Biofilm Formation and Reduce Pathogenicity.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {74},
number = {39},
pages = {30549-30560},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.6c07386},
pmid = {42915774},
issn = {1520-5118},
support = {32172461//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32572898//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFD1400200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; (2024)007//Guizhou Province Science and Technology Plan Project, Major Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Project QKH/ ; },
mesh = {*Pseudomonas syringae/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Flagella/drug effects/metabolism/genetics ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Actinidia/microbiology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Virulence/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Protein Binding ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a devastating kiwifruit pathogen causing severe economic losses. In this study, Xinjunan (dioctyldiethylenetriamine) exerts potent antibacterial activity against Psa (EC50 = 4.29 mg/L), outperforming thiodiazole-copper (34.8 mg/L). Transcriptomic analysis showed that Xinjunan affected pathways associated with flagellar assembly, biofilm formation, membrane biogenesis, and chemotaxis. Xinjunan treatment also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to bacterial death. Deletion of FleQ enhances Psa resistance to Xinjunan, reduces virulence, and inhibits flagellar formation. Under Xinjunan treatment, the mutant strain showed better growth than the wild-type strain, with no significant differences in motility capacity or ROS levels; the complemented strain restored sensitivity to Xinjunan. Microscale thermophoresis and isothermal titration calorimetry determined dissociation constants of Xinjunan binding to the FleQ protein as 1.64 and 6.41 μM, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations identified FleQ Glu264 as a critical binding residue. These findings provide promising targets for the management of bacterial phytopathogen Psa.},
}

*Pseudomonas syringae/drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/metabolism
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Flagella/drug effects/metabolism/genetics
*Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
Actinidia/microbiology
*Plant Diseases/microbiology
Virulence/drug effects
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/metabolism
Molecular Docking Simulation
Protein Binding

@article {pmid42916069,
year = {2026},
author = {Yurtsever, FM and Arya, S and Maráková, E and Velluvakandy, R and Odehnalová, E and Hejč, J and Heger, Z and Pumera, M},
title = {Image-Guided Magnetic Microrobots for Microplastic Capture and Biofilm Removal in the Female Reproductive System.},
journal = {ACS nano},
volume = {20},
number = {37},
pages = {25264-25274},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.6c02432},
pmid = {42916069},
issn = {1936-086X},
support = {CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/000458//European Regional Development Fund/ ; 90254//Ministerstvo ?kolstv?, Ml?de?e a Telov?chovy/ ; CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004587//European Social Fund/ ; EXPRO: 25-15484X//Grantov? Agentura Cesk? Republiky/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Female ; *Microplastics/isolation & purification/chemistry ; Humans ; *Robotics/instrumentation ; },
abstract = {The health of the female reproductive system is increasingly threatened by emerging environmental contaminants that cause potential bacterial infections, cancer, and fertility problems. Yet effective strategies for the localized removal of these contaminants remain largely unexplored. Among these contaminants, microplastics have emerged as a major global health concern, with growing evidence of their accumulation in human tissues and associated with infectious diseases, carcinogenesis, cellular aging, and infertility due to direct or indirect contact with synthetic fabrics, plastic kitchenware, and disposable feminine hygiene products. Despite these risks, the removal of retained microplastics, particularly from sensitive reproductive environments, remains a significant challenge in biomedical research. Here, we report an image-guided magnetic soft microrobot platform designed for targeted microplastic capture and biofilm eradication within the female reproductive system. Magnetic soft microrobots were fabricated using a droplet solidification method and functionalized with a polydopamine coating via self-polymerization to enhance the surface adhesion and capture efficiency. Real-time visualization and precise navigation were enabled under X-ray fluoroscopy through the incorporation of tantalum-based contrast agents. Functionally, the magnetic soft microrobots inhibited up to 67% of biofilm growth and achieved microplastic capture efficiencies of up to 80% in phosphate-buffered saline and 50% in simulated vaginal fluid, demonstrating a robust performance under biologically relevant conditions. This study demonstrates the integration and application of image-guided microrobots for the removal of microplastics and biofilms in the female reproductive system, offering a promising strategy for minimally invasive interventions to protect reproductive health from environmental pollutants.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Female
*Microplastics/isolation & purification/chemistry
Humans
*Robotics/instrumentation

@article {pmid42918201,
year = {2026},
author = {Biswas, S and Chakraborty, M and DasGupta, S},
title = {pH Dependent Dynamics of an Extended Biofilm: An In Situ Interferometry and Molecular Dynamics Approach.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {42},
number = {40},
pages = {29847-29857},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c03638},
pmid = {42918201},
issn = {1520-5827},
support = {NA//Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur/ ; },
abstract = {The fundamental physics-guided behavior of the extended region of a protein-based biofilm is ubiquitous in nature. The presence of high molecular weight proteins in such films alter the transport processes in a non-trivial way. Herein, an in situ interferometry-based microscopic approach is utilized to probe this in terms of the shape dependent interfacial phenomena in the extended thin film region of a gelatin-based biofilm. Interestingly, the pH, has been identified as an important parameter and has been varied to understand its effect on the extended film. A molecular dynamics simulation of a closely related protein at different pH has been performed as a model system to connect the experimental findings. One of the notable observations, is that, with increasing pH, the thicknesses of such films tend to decrease. It has been established, both in the experiments and MD simulation, that at high pH, the protein molecules remain well dispersed in the medium, whereas, in highly acidic conditions, the molecules tend to undergo agglomeration, increasing the thickness of the thin film. It is postulated that the findings of this study have potential applications in industrial biotechnology and food processing.},
}

@article {pmid42898984,
year = {2025},
author = {Andrabi, SM and Shahriar, SS and Tian, Y and Hayati, F and Su, Y and Zhang, F and Sharma, NS and Wang, G and Wong, SL and Yan, Z and Huang, G and Xie, J},
title = {Engineered Peptides-based Hybrid-nested Microneedle Effectively Treat Biofilm-infected Diabetic Wounds.},
journal = {Advanced functional materials},
volume = {35},
number = {32},
pages = {},
pmid = {42898984},
issn = {1616-301X},
support = {R01 GM138552/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Diabetic wounds with biofilm present a significant challenge in wound care, often leading to chronic inflammation, recurrent infections, impaired healing, and in severe cases, amputations. Addressing this critical challenge requires a multifaceted treatment strategy. Herein, we report a hybrid-nested microneedle scaffold (MQW-CMg-MOF) designed for efficient biofilm removal and accelerated healing of diabetic wounds. This scaffold integrates as a multifaceted system: the bottom layer features a nested microneedle patch embedded with vancomycin, the antimicrobial peptide W379, and the angiogenic QK peptide, while the top layer consists of chitosan cryogels incorporated with magnesium metal-organic frameworks. The nested microneedle patches are engineered to penetrate and mechanically disrupt biofilms and enable a programmed release of embedded agents, effectively addressing infection and promoting angiogenesis. Simultaneously, the cryogels serve as a substrate for scavenging reactive oxygen species and supporting cell ingrowth. The microneedle patches show substantial biofilm removal in vitro and in a preclinical diabetic swine biofilm-infected wound model compared to the control. Most importantly, the combined hybrid-nested microneedle arrays and cryogels effectively combat biofilm infection and promote wound healing in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice. Overall, this multifunctional hybrid system shows promise in facilitating biofilm removal and enhancing the healing of diabetic wounds.},
}

@article {pmid42901666,
year = {2027},
author = {Karamani, EA and Anagnostopoulos, DA and Vafeiadis, G and Giaouris, E and Kakagianni, MN and Boziaris, IS and Parlapani, FF},
title = {Combined phenotypic characterization of dominant Enterococcus strains isolated from aquaculture facilities and fish in Greece: growth kinetics, minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, and biofilm behavior.},
journal = {Food microbiology},
volume = {142},
number = {},
pages = {105313},
doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105313},
pmid = {42901666},
issn = {1095-9998},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; Animals ; Aquaculture ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Kinetics ; *Fishes/microbiology ; Greece ; *Enterococcus/drug effects/isolation & purification/growth & development/physiology/genetics ; *Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification/physiology/genetics ; Temperature ; Phenotype ; *Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification/physiology/genetics ; },
abstract = {Aquaculture is a key contributor to global food security, yet the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within production systems poses a growing threat to food safety and environmental health. Enterococcus spp., commonly present in aquatic environments, are known for their resilience, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm-forming ability. Ιn this exploratory study, we conducted a combined phenotypic characterization of five dominant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from aquaculture facilities and farmed fish in Greece to evaluate their planktonic growth kinetics, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics under modified experimental conditions, and biofilm-forming capacity under temperature conditions representative of aquaculture environments. Planktonic growth dynamics were modeled through the Baranyi and Roberts and Ratkowsky equations, while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin were determined using the broth microdilution method at 12 °C and 30 °C. Biofilm formation was tested on polystyrene microtiter plates at these two temperatures using the classical crystal violet staining method in two growth media: a well-established nutrient-rich laboratory medium, and a medium designed to mimic the natural seawater-associated environment. Growth modeling revealed that maximum specific growth rate (μmax) increased with temperature, whereas lag phase duration decreased. Estimated theoretical minimum growth temperatures (Tmin) ranged from 1.0 °C to 4.1 °C, indicating strain-specific cold adaptation. E. faecium strain 22 exhibited the broadest thermal adaptability and strongest biofilm capacity. Temperature-dependent differences in apparent antimicrobial inhibition were observed. All strains formed detectable biofilm biomass in the nutrient-rich brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, whereas fish feed infusion (FFI) broth did not yield detectable biofilm biomass for all strains except one under the conditions tested. In BHI, crystal violet measurements indicated higher biofilm biomass at the lower temperature. Overall, this work highlights temperature- and strain-dependent behavior in the five studied Enterococcus isolates under aquaculture-relevant conditions and illustrates how combining growth kinetics, antimicrobial inhibition and biofilm formation can inform exploratory hypotheses for risk assessment and hygiene strategies.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
Animals
Aquaculture
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Kinetics
*Fishes/microbiology
Greece
*Enterococcus/drug effects/isolation & purification/growth & development/physiology/genetics
*Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification/physiology/genetics
Temperature
Phenotype
*Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification/physiology/genetics

@article {pmid42901676,
year = {2027},
author = {Zhao, C and Sun, D and Li, S and Lu, X and Liu, X and Mu, Y and Luo, L},
title = {Multi-omics and functional validation profiling reveals the regulatory mechanism of biofilm-forming Tetragenococcus halophilus JY1 in response to salt tolerance.},
journal = {Food microbiology},
volume = {142},
number = {},
pages = {105323},
doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105323},
pmid = {42901676},
issn = {1095-9998},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Enterococcaceae/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Salt Tolerance ; Multiomics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Sodium Chloride/metabolism ; Metabolomics ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are crucial for enhancing microbial productivity in industrial applications, yet the mechanisms underlying their stress resistance and formation in functional microorganisms remain inadequately explored. Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, is widely utilized in traditional fermentation industries; however, research has focused on its planktonic state. To address this gap, this study investigated the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in T. halophilus JY1 under low-salt (0.2 M, LS) and high-salt (3 M, HS) stress conditions. Physiological analyses revealed that biofilms protected cellular integrity under LS and HS, as evidenced by marked elevations in ATPase activity and ATP concentration. Furthermore, salt stress altered the abundance and composition of JY1 biofilms. RNA-seq analysis identified upregulation of genes associated with cell surface composition, energy homeostasis, and ion transport. Metabolomic profiling further revealed elevated levels of glycerophospholipids and fatty acids in JY1 under LS and HS. Functional validation further demonstrated that overexpression of ohrR, yodB, isaA, icaA, ruvA, and ctsR significantly promoted biofilm formation in recombinant strains. In addition, exogenous monounsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C14:1, and C20:1) markedly improved cell survival and biofilm formation under salt stress by modulating membrane lipid composition and enhancing osmotic adaptation. Overall, restructuring of biofilms emerged as a key adaptive strategy for JY1 in response to salinity, while prolonged salt exposure reduced physiological and metabolic activity. This study provides critical insights into the adaptive strategies of biofilm-forming microorganisms and opens new avenues for the application of biofilms in industrial processes.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Enterococcaceae/genetics/physiology/metabolism
*Salt Tolerance
Multiomics
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Fatty Acids/metabolism
Sodium Chloride/metabolism
Metabolomics

@article {pmid42902604,
year = {2026},
author = {Khanem, A and Younas, F and Ullah, I and Islam-Ud-Din, },
title = {Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil inhibits biofilm formation and disrupts pre-formed biofilms in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an in vitro study.},
journal = {Future microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/17460913.2026.2751608},
pmid = {42902604},
issn = {1746-0921},
abstract = {AIM: P. aeruginosa biofilms enable persistent colonization. This study evaluated Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil (EUEO) against twenty four clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.

METHODOLOGY: EUEO was obtained by hydro-distillation and characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. Antibacterial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion, MIC and MBC. Biofilm inhibition (oil added at the start of incubation) and disruption (oil added to 18-h pre-formed biofilms) were quantified. Membrane damage was inferred from the leakage of cytoplasmic content after 4, 8, and 12 h of exposure at 1×MIC.

RESULTS: EUEO was rich in Eucalyptol, comprising 90%. 79.16% isolates formed strong biofilms with OD >0.240, 12.5% showed no biofilm formation (OD <0.120) and 8.3% had moderate biofilms (OD 0.120-0.240). MICs ranged from 3.125 to 25 µg/mL and MBCs from 25 to 50 µg/mL. At 1×MIC, EUEO reduced biofilm formation by 40-85.71% and reduced the biomass of pre-formed biofilms by 46-90%. Time-dependent increase in release of cytoplasmic content, post EUEO exposure was consistent with loss of membrane integrity.

CONCLUSION: These in vitro findings suggest that EUEO may be a candidate natural agent against P. aeruginosa biofilms, although viability-based and in vivo studies are needed to confirm this.},
}

@article {pmid42903591,
year = {2025},
author = {Yao, S and Huang, J and Geng, J and Wei, D and Wang, C and Song, Y and Zhang, G and Feng, J},
title = {RmpA drives metabolic reprogramming to modulate the phenotypic switch between hypermucoviscosity and biofilm formation in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {hLife},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
pages = {504-516},
pmid = {42903591},
issn = {2949-9283},
abstract = {Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is a major cause of severe community-acquired infection. A key plasmid-encoded factor, regulator of mucoid phenotype A (RmpA), activates capsule locus gene expression to promote hypermucoviscosity, a phenotype that is strongly linked to increased pathogenicity. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms that control RmpA in hvKp remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a rmpA knockdown strain in hvKp using CRISPR interference and assessed the global regulatory role of RmpA through complementary multi-omic sequencing (RNA sequencing [RNA-seq] and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing [ChIP-seq]), promoter-gfp reporter assays, and phenotypic experiments. The functional role of RmpA was evaluated in Escherichia coli via heterologous expression. The RNA-seq analysis revealed that RmpA activates carbohydrate metabolism pathways, but represses pathways related to DNA replication, ribosome metabolism, and biofilm formation. The ChIP-seq analysis further confirmed the potential role of RmpA as a global regulator that enhances capsule production by activating transcripts within the capsule locus. It also upregulates genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport, which supplies essential precursors for capsule synthesis. RmpA modulates the phenotypic switch between hypermucoviscosity and biofilm formation by repressing type III fimbriae genes. Notably, RmpA overexpression in E. coli induced changes in multiple metabolic pathways. These findings position RmpA as a latent central regulator in hvKp that orchestrates the metabolic pathways and phenotypic traits essential for virulence.},
}

@article {pmid42904367,
year = {2026},
author = {Xiao, X and Yan, M and Yang, L and Li, Q and He, L and Yuan, Z and Guo, Y and Zhong, X and Ding, X},
title = {Hybrid membrane vesicle-enabled sonodynamic therapy using ciprofloxacin for treating biofilm-associated infections.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d6tb01238h},
pmid = {42904367},
issn = {2050-7518},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections on indwelling medical devices pose significant clinical challenges due to antibiotic resistance and poor drug penetration. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising strategy utilizing ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the lack of safe and effective sonosensitizers and bacterial-targeting delivery systems limits its application in treating biofilm infection. To address these limitations, we developed antibiotic ciprofloxacin-loaded hybrid membrane vesicles (CIP@HMVs), where ciprofloxacin acts as a safe sonosensitizer and HMVs serve as a detoxified bacterial-targeted delivery system. HMVs were engineered by fusing Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived outer membrane vesicles (PAEVs) with macrophage membrane vesicles (MMVs), creating a dual-functional nanoplatform with homotypic bacteria-targeting and detoxification capabilities. CIP@HMVs exploited ciprofloxacin's sonosensitizer properties to generate singlet oxygen ([1]O2) under ultrasound, while HMVs enhanced bacterial uptake in P. aeruginosa. This enabled synergistic bactericidal effects against planktonic bacteria via membrane disruption and intracellular ROS burst, achieving a 5.7-log bacterial reduction in catheter biofilms in vitro. Crucially, HMVs neutralized PAEVs' LPS toxicity in vitro and demonstrated negligible systemic toxicity in vivo. In a murine catheter-infection model, CIP@HMVs under ultrasound achieved 99.8% bacterial eradication and reduced inflammation. This bacterial-targeting sonodynamic platform provides a transformative strategy for treating device-associated biofilm infections with high efficacy and biosafety.},
}

@article {pmid42904866,
year = {2026},
author = {Costa, IV and Zolotareva, M and Cavalheiro, M and Mil-Homens, D and Miranda, IM and Sasamoto, K and Fialho, A and Rodrigues, AG and Chibana, H and Teixeira, MC},
title = {Genomic Landscape Underlying Biofilm Formation Diversity in Nakaseomyces glabratus Clinical Isolates.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {e70444},
doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70444},
pmid = {42904866},
issn = {2045-8827},
support = {UID/04565/2025//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; OSCARS 101129751//European Commission/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Animals ; Humans ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; *Mycoses/microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; *Genetic Variation ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation is a key determinant of persistence and pathogenicity in fungal infections, yet the genetic basis underlying its variability among clinical isolates remains poorly understood. In this study, a collection of 95 N. glabratus clinical isolates was analyzed in terms of biofilm formation capacity, revealing large phenotypic diversity. Interestingly, urinary tract associated isolates were found to produce, on average, twice as much biofilm as the remaining isolates. A more in-depth analysis was carried out focusing on a selection of three of the lowest biofilm producing and four of the highest biofilm producing isolates. Higher total biofilm mass was found to consistently correlate with higher metabolic activity and carbohydrate extracellular matrix content, while no correlation with virulence against the Galleria mellonella infection model could be detected. Whole-genome sequencing of these high and low biofilm producing strains led to a list of 184 genes whose mutation may underlie biofilm formation variability. Deletion of 24 of these genes, identified BST1, EST3, LSM7, AMS1 and ZCF21 as previously uncharacterized contributors to biofilm formation, whose disruption results in a measurable reduction in biofilm biomass. Altogether, the obtained knowledge suggests within-host positive selection in the urinary tract, for N. glabratus specialization towards biofilm growth. The identification of new effectors of biofilm formation is consistent with the existence of a multi-layered network that connects transcriptional regulation and cell surface architecture in biofilm development.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Animals
Humans
Whole Genome Sequencing
*Mycoses/microbiology
Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology
*Genetic Variation

@article {pmid42904912,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, C and Wang, X and Wu, J and Wang, T and Fu, Z and Huang, R},
title = {Enhancing multistage anammox biofilm system by ultrasonic irradiation: performance and microbial community characteristics.},
journal = {Environmental technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1080/09593330.2026.2749486},
pmid = {42904912},
issn = {1479-487X},
abstract = {The multistage anammox biofilm system constructed on anaerobic baffled biofilm reactor was enhanced by ultrasound irradiation. The optimal ranges of ultrasonic working parameters for enhancing the specific anammox activity (SAA) were explored. When the ultrasonic frequency, power and irradiation duration were in the range of 35∼55 kHz, 60∼100 W and 1.0∼3.5 min, SAA increased by 35.57%∼43.96%. Then, the long-term effect of ultrasound on the multistage anammox biofilm system was further studied. The optimal ultrasonic parameters with 40 kHz, 90 W and 3 min per week were adopted and the remarkable enhancing effect was attained. Furthermore, the ultrasonic enhancing mechanism was uncovered. The EPS analysis indicated that the introduction of ultrasound increased EPS and its PN/PS to promote the formation and renewal of anammox biofilms. The bacterial community analysis revealed that Candidatus Kuenenia emerged as the predominant bacteria in the mature biofilms of the control group while Candidatus Brocadia predominated in the mature biofilms of the ultrasonic group. The microbial community succession was redirected under the function of ultrasonic irradiation, which was helpful to improve the anammox performance. Moreover, the ultrasonic irradiation increased the abundance and biodiversity of AnAOB. This study offers the significant theoretical basis for construction of the ultrasound-strengthened multistage anammox system.},
}

@article {pmid42905816,
year = {2026},
author = {Antypas, H and Gonçalves da Silva, RA and Wong, GKX and Liang, C and Muthualagu Natarajan, L and Tan, RJW and Neo, CJY and Wong, SL and Kline, KA},
title = {Enterococcus faecalis biofilm rewires neutrophil metabolism to suppress antimicrobial activity.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {12},
number = {43},
pages = {eaej4153},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aej4153},
pmid = {42905816},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/physiology/immunology ; *Neutrophils/metabolism/immunology/microbiology ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Extracellular Traps/metabolism/immunology ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology/immunology/metabolism ; Glycolysis ; },
abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that persists in biofilm-associated infections despite robust neutrophil recruitment. How E. faecalis evades neutrophils remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how E. faecalis biofilms alter effector functions in human neutrophils and a murine wound infection model. We found that E. faecalis biofilm suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, bacterial engulfment, and neutrophil-mediated control of biofilm growth. This suppression is partly driven by production of lactic acid through the lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) of E. faecalis, which acidifies the extracellular environment, lowers neutrophil intracellular pH, and disrupts glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. In a murine wound infection model, loss of LDH increased neutrophil recruitment and NETosis. We also found that high bacterial density, a defining feature of biofilms, suppresses NETosis through a lactic acid-independent mechanism. Collectively, these findings identify biofilm immune evasion strategies mediated by bacterial metabolism and the high-density structural organization of biofilm-associated bacteria.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Enterococcus faecalis/physiology/immunology
*Neutrophils/metabolism/immunology/microbiology
Humans
Animals
Mice
Extracellular Traps/metabolism/immunology
Lactic Acid/metabolism
*Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology/immunology/metabolism
Glycolysis

@article {pmid42906245,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, C and Li, K and Liu, S and Wang, J and Wang, D and You, J},
title = {Salinity-dependent effects of erythromycin on biofilm development and conjugative plasmid transfer on poly(vinyl chloride) microplastics.},
journal = {Marine environmental research},
volume = {223},
number = {},
pages = {108490},
doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108490},
pmid = {42906245},
issn = {1879-0291},
abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics frequently co-occur in aquatic environments and jointly influence the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the modulatory role of salinity, a highly dynamic factor in estuarine and coastal regions, remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of erythromycin (ERY) on biofilm development and RP4 plasmid conjugative transfer on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) MPs across varying salinity levels (5‰, 10‰, and 15‰). Results demonstrated that MP hydrophobicity increased with salinity, while the ERY adsorption capacity followed the order: 5‰ > 15‰ > 10‰. A higher salinity (15‰) promoted biofilm biomass and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion on MPs. Notably, conjugative transfer frequencies within MP-associated biofilms were consistently higher than those in planktonic cultures. Under varying salinities, the conjugation frequencies in biofilms displayed a U-shaped trend, with higher rates observed at 5‰ and 15‰ compared to 10‰. Crucially, the impact of ERY on plasmid transfer was highly salinity-dependent, i.e., the addition of ERY promoted conjugation at 5‰ and 10‰ but significantly inhibited it at 15‰. Physiological assessments revealed that exposure to varying salinities and ERY induced non-lethal oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species and upregulated antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD), while lipid peroxidation (MDA) remained relatively low. Concurrently, intracellular proline accumulation and cell membrane permeability increased significantly with rising salinity. These findings provide direct experimental evidence that salinity fluctuations and antibiotic residues jointly alter bacterial physiological states and antibiotic resistance dissemination on MPs, which highlights the necessity of considering dynamic environmental variables in ecological risk assessments.},
}

@article {pmid42898821,
year = {2026},
author = {Azhar, MA and Mir, TA and Ahmed, S and Assiri, AM and Broering, DC},
title = {Biofilm-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus: role in chronic infections and therapeutic challenges.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1915213},
pmid = {42898821},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {One of the major contributors to persistent healthcare and community-associated infections is S. aureus, which has a remarkable ability to form biofilms that protect it against the host immune system and antimicrobial therapy. In recent years, it has become clear that biofilm development is a highly orchestrated and dynamic process, controlled by complex genetic networks, transcriptional regulators, two-component systems (TCSs), and environmental signals. The present review covers the molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation, maturation, maintenance, and dispersal of biofilms in general, and in particular, the coordinated functions of adhesins, the icaADBC operon, components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), global regulators (agr, sarA, and sigB), and two-component regulatory systems, as well as emerging insights from transcriptomic studies on biofilm adaptation. We then review the roles of these regulatory pathways in metabolic heterogeneity, antibiotic tolerance, immune evasion, and persistence in clinically relevant biofilm-associated infections, including infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infection, catheter-associated infection, and diabetic foot infection. The review further outlines the latest developments in antibiofilm therapeutics, including matrix-degrading enzymes, quorum-sensing inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage-based therapeutics, lysins, nitric oxide donors, nanoparticle-assisted therapeutics, and CRISPR-Cas-based antimicrobials. Incorporating molecular regulation into infection-specific pathogenesis and emerging therapeutic strategies, this review offers a new perspective on the biology of S. aureus biofilms and highlights opportunities to develop mechanism-based interventions to combat chronic biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42890997,
year = {2026},
author = {Kadhum, AH and Owaif, HAA and Al-Saffar, AZ and Ahmed, ME and Al-Obaidi, JR},
title = {Green-synthesized Capsicum annuum-MgO nanoparticles modulate biofilm formation and virulence-gene expression in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus and reduce MCF-7 cell viability.},
journal = {3 Biotech},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {466},
pmid = {42890997},
issn = {2190-572X},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Fifteen Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates were recovered from 20 blood specimens, of which eight met the definition of multidrug resistance. Five multidrug-resistant isolates formed strong biofilms, two formed moderate biofilms, and one formed a weak biofilm. Tentative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry library assignments indicated that phenolic compounds accounted for 83% of the Capsicum annuum extract (CAE) profile. The CAE-mediated MgO preparation consisted of spherical-to-irregular, partly agglomerated particles with a mean FE-SEM-derived particle or agglomerate size of 95.73 ± 21.47 nm, a mean AFM-derived lateral diameter of 110.6 nm, an X-ray diffraction crystallite size of approximately 34 nm, and a zeta potential of - 30.38 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 15.62 mg/mL for CAE and 31.25 µg/mL for CAE/MgONPs. Among the seven strong or moderate biofilm producers, the largest reductions in biofilm biomass were 61.2% with CAE and 68.8% with CAE/MgONPs; however, some isolate-treatment combinations increased biofilm biomass. Exploratory qRT-PCR in three isolates showed isolate-dependent regulation of fbp and luxS, with fold changes ranging from 0.43 to 18.15 relative to untreated controls. CAE and CAE/MgONPs reduced MCF-7 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with estimated IC50 values of 190.3 and 189.1 µg/mL, respectively. These findings support further investigation of CAE/MgONPs while showing that their antibiofilm and transcriptional effects are strain dependent.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-026-05094-2.},
}

@article {pmid42891006,
year = {2026},
author = {Varin-Simon, J and Guillaume, C and Dghoughi, Y and Siboni, R and Velard, F and Gangloff, SC and Colin, M and Reffuveille, F},
title = {Bone cells modulate Cutibacterium acnes colonization and biofilm formation on bone and titanium.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {100404},
pmid = {42891006},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Cutibacterium acnes causes around 10 % of prosthetic joint infections, predominantly in the shoulder. Its eradication is complex due to its low virulence and its ability to form biofilm. Although C. acnes behavior on prosthetic materials like titanium is described, its interactions with bone remain poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of bone on C. acnes adhesion and biofilm formation. Two clinical strains, C2 (non-PJI) and PJI2 (PJI-isolate), were incubated with fresh (cellularized) or frozen (cell-free) bone explants, fibronectin-coated titanium discs, and combinations thereof. Adhesion and biofilm formation were assessed by colony counts, microscopies, and RT-qPCR of biofilm-related genes. Results showed that C. acnes adhered and initiated biofilm formation to bone, with upregulation of stress- and biofilm-related genes (groEL, tuf, fbaA, eno, sucD) in C2. Osteoblasts promoted C. acnes adhesion to bone, as evidenced by the reduced bacterial attachment observed on cell-free bone. The presence of bone affected C. acnes behavior on titanium: osteoblast and their secretions enhanced bacterial adhesion to titanium with an effect depending on the bacterial strain as well as the osteoblast donor. The bone mineral matrix also influenced bacterial behavior, increasing the adhesion of the PJI2 strain to the implant. However, the composition of the biofilm matrix on titanium remained unchanged. In conclusion, the bone microenvironment promotes C. acnes adhesion and biofilm formation on both bone and titanium, especially through bone cells presence. This effect strongly depends on a strain-osteoblast donor combination, highlighting the necessity of new diagnostic approach for C. acnes prosthetic joint infections.},
}

@article {pmid42891975,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, Y and Li, Q and Lai, Q and Tian, X and Li, Y and Li, G and Yue, Q and Duan, F},
title = {Tissue-specific antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Penthorum chinense Pursh: integration of metabolomics and Random Forest machine learning.},
journal = {Natural product research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1080/14786419.2026.2736641},
pmid = {42891975},
issn = {1478-6427},
abstract = {Penthorum chinense Pursh is a traditional medicinal and edible plant rich in flavonoids and complex polyphenols. Evaluating its aqueous extracts against foodborne pathogens via biomass assay, microplate spread tests and scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct tissue-specific efficacies: leaf and stem extracts exhibited strong bactericidal effects (16-128 mg/mL), notably against Bacillus cereus, whereas flower extracts demonstrated potent biofilm inhibition (IC50 < 1 mg/mL). Broad-coverage UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS metabolite profiling annotated 93 compounds, and integration with Random Forest nested cross-validation prioritised candidate constituents associated with the measured activities. While confirming established antimicrobials (gallic acid, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, afzelechin, corilagin, and hydrolysable derivatives of quercetin, kaempferol, and liquiritin) as major active constituents, our ML model first revealed several unreported bioactive compounds. Specifically, turmeronol A, vanillic acid glucoside, lotaustralin, and 2',6'-dihydroxydihydrochalcone-4'-O-(3''-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside act as crucial bactericidal agents, while Gemin D, lamiophlomiol C, 4'-hydroxyflavanone, and pinocembrin-7-O-[4,6-HHDP]-glucoside primarily contribute to anti-biofilm efficacy. Finally, their multi-target mechanisms were preliminarily explored.},
}

@article {pmid42892397,
year = {2026},
author = {Lakhanapuram, HK and Ratchasong, K and Varma, A and Kumar, V and Arslan, M and Saengsawang, P and Mitsuwan, W},
title = {Biofilm-mediated pathogenesis in staphylococcal bovine mastitis: A mechanistic review of virulence, pharmacokinetic barriers, and advanced anti-biofilm therapeutic strategies.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {221},
number = {},
pages = {108880},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108880},
pmid = {42892397},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Bovine mastitis remains one of the most economically significant infectious diseases affecting dairy production worldwide, causing substantial losses through reduced milk yield, treatment costs, and premature culling. Among the causative agents, Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are particularly problematic due to their capacity to establish chronic intramammary infections through biofilm formation, facilitating immune evasion and marked antimicrobial tolerance. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review integrates mechanistic and translational evidence on biofilm-mediated pathogenesis, pharmacokinetic barriers, and anti-biofilm interventions in staphylococcal bovine mastitis. A structured literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection was conducted for investigations published between January 2015 and February 2026. From 513 identified records, 26 primary empirical studies met all eligibility criteria and were synthesized. Mechanistically, staphylococcal biofilm development entails initial adhesion mediated by microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs), followed by extracellular matrix accumulation governed by the icaADBC operon responsible for polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA/PNAG) synthesis, alongside ica-independent pathways orchestrated by the biofilm-associated protein (Bap) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). These developmental stages and dispersal dynamics are coordinated by the agr quorum-sensing system and the global regulator sarA. Comparative genomic evidence indicates that NAS species, particularly Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, harbor specialized virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants that drive subclinical persistence. Beyond bacterial determinants, antimicrobial efficacy is severely constrained by mammary pharmacokinetic barriers, including non-specific drug binding to milk proteins, sequestration in fat globules, and rapid clearance during milking cycles. Emerging therapeutic strategies notably phytochemical-loaded nanoemulsions, matrix-dispersing enzymes, and bacteriophage endolysins-demonstrate substantial capacity to dismantle established biofilms and restore antimicrobial susceptibility in preclinical models. Overcoming persistent staphylococcal mastitis will require translating dual-action formulations combining matrix-degrading agents with advanced delivery systems into validated intramammary therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid42898334,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, J and Chu, F and Zhang, Q and Qi, X and Zhang, L and Zhang, X and Zhang, Y and Lv, Y and Li, W and Cai, N and Zhang, D and Zhu, Z},
title = {PF127 hydrogel-assisted in-situ Staphylococcus aureus biofilm fabrication endowing pathological animal model for chronic osteomyelitis.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1914727},
pmid = {42898334},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Chronic osteomyelitis driven by biofilms remains difficult to treat and thus the exploration of its clinical therapy and pathological mechanism largely depend on effective animal models. However, standardized and efficient methods for establishing stable and reproducible animal models for chronic osteomyelitis are still lacking. This study developed a Hydrogel Assisted In-situ Biofilm Fabrication (HAIBF) method by coupling thermosensitive Pluronic F-127 (PF127) hydrogel with biofilm fragments, which stably mimic the pathological process of biofilm-infected chronic osteomyelitis. Forty-eight rats were randomly allocated into four groups: a planktonic bacteria injection group, a direct biofilm injection group, a PF127-loaded biofilm injection group, and a blank control group. Rats were euthanized, and tibial samples were harvested once a week for the following month after infection. Macroscopic examination, SEM, CLSM, micro-CT with three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis, and H&E staining were combined to evaluate biofilm localization, bone destruction, and tissue pathology. PF127 facilitated the stable localization of biofilm within bone tissue. Collectively, these results validated the successful establishment of a chronic osteomyelitis model characterized by persistent biofilm infection, pathological bone remodeling, and impaired bone repair. HAIBF integrates low-metabolism biofilm fragments with an injectable, thermoresponsive PF127 hydrogel to establish an implant-free bone infection model that undergoes in situ gelation and promotes the local retention of biofilm-derived material. Within a relatively short infection progression period, this model reliably reproduces persistent biofilm-associated infection and selected pathological features of chronic osteomyelitis, thereby providing a more stable and consistent experimental platform for mechanistic studies and therapeutic evaluation.},
}

@article {pmid42898672,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, J and Zhou, Q and Cao, D and Yu, W and Zhang, Y and Chen, J and Zheng, X and Ye, F},
title = {Biofilm-host immunometabolic crosstalk in Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic implant infection: mechanisms and translational constraints.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1957346},
pmid = {42898672},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Staphylococcal Infections/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Animals ; *Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/immunology ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/immunology/microbiology/metabolism ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Neutrophils/immunology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Orthopedic implant biofilms are not only antibiotic-tolerant bacterial communities but metabolically active niches that reshape host immunity. Compared with planktonic infection, mature biofilms impose spatial and metabolic constraints that can uncouple leukocyte recruitment from sterilizing activity. Neutrophils can penetrate and phagocytose portions of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, but clearance becomes incomplete as biofilms mature and may coexist with degranulation and neutrophil extracellular trap-associated tissue injury. Macrophages show impaired access and bactericidal programming, and biofilm-derived lactate can promote interleukin-10 (IL-10) through histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11)/HDAC6-dependent epigenetic reprogramming in experimental systems. Human periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) tissues are enriched in granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs), whereas the glycolysis/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) phenotype and its contribution to persistence are supported primarily by murine PJI, with limited human transcriptomic corroboration. In chronic S. aureus infection models, MDSC-derived lactate can suppress CD4-positive (CD4+) T-cell glycolysis; conversely, immune pressure drives heterogeneous bacterial metabolic, stress-response, and virulence programs. We synthesize these interactions as bidirectional biofilm-host immunometabolic crosstalk linking persistent infection to bone-interface damage. Source control and antibiotics remain essential. Local, time-limited, dysfunction-directed host interventions are presented here as a hypothesis-generating translational framework rather than evidence-based clinical recommendations, because host-directed immunometabolic therapies for PJI remain preclinical.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Staphylococcal Infections/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
Animals
*Staphylococcus aureus/physiology/immunology
*Prosthesis-Related Infections/immunology/microbiology/metabolism
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Neutrophils/immunology/metabolism

@article {pmid42890510,
year = {2026},
author = {El-Demerdash, AS and Said, MA and Hazaa, MM and Amer, MM and Mahran, YF and Alahdal, H and Alhammadi, MM and Abdelhamid, AG},
title = {Disrupting Salmonella colonization and resistance: probiotic cell-free supernatants inhibit biofilm formation and invasion in meat and human isolates.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1889179},
pmid = {42890510},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Probiotics/pharmacology ; *Meat/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Salmonella enterica/drug effects/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology ; *Salmonella Infections/microbiology ; Caco-2 Cells ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Gastroenteritis/microbiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica remains a paramount global public health threat due to the rapid emergence of multi-drug and pan-drug resistant (PDR) strains transmitted through the food supply chain. This study adopted a One Health cross-sectional framework to investigate the occurrence and biocontrol of PDR Salmonella enterica serovars (S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, and S. Anatum) isolated from clinical gastroenteritis cases and retail meat products in Egypt.

METHODS: Clinical samples (n=20) from gastroenteritis patients were screened for PDR Salmonella and confirmed via invA gene PCR in addition to six PDR isolates previously from meat samples. Biocontrol efficacy was evaluated using cell-free spent media (CFSM; postbiotic preparations) derived from a consortium of probiotic strains. Chemical profiling of CFSM was executed via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and biofilm formation were quantified. Host cell invasion was assessed using a gentamicin protection assay in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Ultrastructural alterations were examined via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Transcriptomic mechanisms were elucidated via RT-qPCR targeting biofilm regulators (csgD, sdiA) and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) invasion genes (hilA, invF, prgH, and sipA).

RESULTS: CFSM from Lactobacillus helveticus EMCC 1654 and Lactobacillus plantarum CCUG 30503 demonstrated marked antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. At sub-inhibitory concentrations (10% v/v), CFSM significantly attenuated biofilm formation and reduced host-cell invasion efficiency in S. Kentucky to 0.08% relative to untreated controls. TEM micrographs confirmed severe cell envelope disintegration, membrane detachment, and cytoplasmic leakage in CFSM-treated cells. RT-qPCR analysis revealed significant downregulation of the master biofilm regulator csgD (fold-change: 0.002) and the quorum-sensing receptor sdiA (fold-change: 0.02). Furthermore, key SPI-1 invasion genes were markedly repressed, including hilA (0.188), invF (0.001), prgH, and sipA (0.037). Quantitative HPLC profiling of L. plantarum CCUG 30503 CFSM- the lead candidate for downstream mechanistic analysis- identified a multi-organic acid cocktail dominated by lactic (1.89 mg/mL), succinic (1.53 mg/mL), and acetic (1.11 mg/mL) acids.

CONCLUSION: Lactobacillus-derived postbiotics (CFSM) function as effective antivirulence agents that disrupt both the transcriptional networks governing biofilm synthesis and SPI-1-mediated host invasion, while physically compromising bacterial cell wall integrity. These findings highlight probiotic CFSM as a sustainable, non-antibiotic strategy to mitigate PDR Salmonella persistence across the food-to-clinical continuum.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Probiotics/pharmacology
*Meat/microbiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Salmonella enterica/drug effects/isolation & purification/genetics/physiology
*Salmonella Infections/microbiology
Caco-2 Cells
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacterial Proteins/genetics
Gastroenteritis/microbiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

@article {pmid42890996,
year = {2026},
author = {Han, S and Li, Q and Shi, T and Zhou, W and Jin, G and Hu, Z and Zhang, S and Zhang, K and Yang, R and Hu, G and Xu, C and Li, S},
title = {Antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene, and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli isolated from yaks in Qinghai, China.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1894554},
pmid = {42890996},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence gene profiles, and biofilm formation capabilities of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from yaks in Qinghai, China.

METHODS: A total of 60 isolates were analyzed for resistance against 11 antibiotics. PCR was used to identify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes. Biofilm formation was assessed via phenotypic assays. Phylogenetic typing and serotyping were performed using standard molecular and immunological methods.

RESULTS: High prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed, particularly to tetracyclines (43.33%), ciprofloxacin (33.33%), and cefotaxime (33.33%). A total of 63 ARGs were identified, with bla EC-18 (85%) being the most prevalent. Virulence gene screening detected 253 factors, including csgA, csgC, and entD (100% prevalence). Biofilm assays showed that 40% of isolates were strong biofilm producers. Phylogenetic typing classified most strains as phylogroup B1 (81.67%), with sequence types ST2522 (8.33%) and ST56/ST10 (5% each) being dominant. Serotyping revealed O25 and O107 as the most common serotypes (16.67% each). Strong biofilm formers exhibited higher ARG diversity, including bla EC-18 (79.17%) and sul1 (41.67%).

CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings identify diarrheic yak‑associated E. coli as a potential reservoir of resistance and virulence determinants, and support strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, farm hygiene, and One Health surveillance in the Qinghai‑Tibet Plateau.},
}

@article {pmid42886461,
year = {2026},
author = {Gong, W and Priebs, J and Ohse, VA and Bremges, A and Dieck, HT and Klotz, LO and Dargatz, M and Steinbrenner, H},
title = {A Bacillus subtilis strain with high proficiency for biofilm formation delays the onset of aging-associated morphological defects in cholinergic neurons of C. elegans.},
journal = {GeroScience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42886461},
issn = {2509-2723},
abstract = {Aging is accompanied by progressive functional decline and morphological defects of cholinergic neurons. Some probiotic bacteria with proficiency for biofilm formation in the gut are being discussed as potentially neuroprotective. Here, we screened Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) strains for biofilm production, using an in vitro assay. Thereafter, a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strain with its cholinergic neurons expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fed for up to 15 days on either the identified biofilm-producing B. subtilis strain B4U 50 or the control B. subtilis strain 168, with or without addition of a standardized Ginkgo biloba preparation. The morphology of the cholinergic neurons was monitored at several consecutive days by fluorescence microscopy. The occurrence of morphological defects such as knots and ruptures within the axons of cholinergic neurons, as observed with increasing age, was significantly lower in nematodes provided with the B4U 50 strain. Even worms whose diet was switched to B4U 50 later in life showed less damage of their neurons, as compared to worms fed on the control strain. Supplementation with the Ginkgo biloba preparation was neuroprotective in worms fed on either B. subtilis strain, while a stronger beneficial effect was observed upon combined administration of B. subtilis B4U 50 and the Ginkgo biloba preparation. In conclusion, feeding a B. subtilis strain proficient for biofilm formation, B4U 50, was neuroprotective when compared to a diet consisting of control B. subtilis, delaying the onset of aging-associated morphological defects in cholinergic neurons of C. elegans.},
}

@article {pmid42886893,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, Y and Ou, Y and Chu, H and Wu, ZC and Sun, F and Yao, H and Tong, R},
title = {Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Proteins as Biocompatible Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Through Disrupting Bacterial Membranes.},
journal = {ACS applied bio materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsabm.6c01477},
pmid = {42886893},
issn = {2576-6422},
support = {C6022-22 W//Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee/ ; },
abstract = {The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections urgently demands therapeutic strategies with distinct mechanisms of action. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (abPDT) offers a promising alternative, yet its clinical translation is often limited by the poor solubility, low biocompatibility, or complex delivery requirements of conventional photosensitizers (PSs). Here, we report the application of recombinant water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) from the Brassicaceae family as fully natural, self-contained PSs for abPDT. WSCP forms exceptionally stable tetrameric complexes with chlorophylls, providing outstanding water solubility, high photostability, negligible dark toxicity, and food-grade biocompatibility. Upon 660 nm light irradiation, WSCP-mediated abPDT achieves broad-spectrum killing of clinically relevant Gram-positive (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria and effectively disrupts mature biofilms. Mechanistically, WSCP adheres to bacterial surfaces and generates singlet oxygen in situ, causing rapid membrane permeabilization, leakage of intracellular contents, and cell death, through a resistance-evading, physical mode of action. In a murine MRSA-infected wound model, a single topical application of WSCP followed by light exposure significantly reduces bacterial burden, suppresses inflammation, accelerates tissue regeneration, and promotes wound closure without observable toxicity. This work establishes WSCP-based abPDT as a safe, simple, and highly effective platform to combat antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42887263,
year = {2026},
author = {Magrini, M and Mallmann, S and Kempka, AP and da Silva Robazza, W and Moroni, LS},
title = {Nutritional matrix shifts the temperature-salinity response of biofilm formation by Salmonella Heidelberg and Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {463},
number = {},
pages = {112120},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.112120},
pmid = {42887263},
issn = {1879-3460},
abstract = {Food residues on processing surfaces may modify microbial responses relative to standardized laboratory media, potentially limiting model transferability. This study evaluated viable biofilm-associated populations of Salmonella Heidelberg and Listeria monocytogenes on AISI 304 stainless steel under combined NaCl (1.09-3.91%) and temperature (6.88-42.12 °C) conditions. A Central Composite Rotatable Design was conducted in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) and chicken juice, with 22 independent observations for each pathogen-matrix combination. Complete second-order polynomial models were fitted and evaluated using analysis of variance, lack-of-fit tests, residual diagnostics, and heteroscedasticity-consistent inference. Model performance varied across pathogen-matrix combinations, with R[2] values of 0.767 and 0.828 for S. Heidelberg in chicken juice and BHI, respectively, and 0.507 and 0.718 for L. monocytogenes. Significant lack of fit was detected for S. Heidelberg in chicken juice and L. monocytogenes in BHI. Cross-matrix transfer of BHI-derived models to chicken juice showed no significant directional bias, but prediction errors remained substantial, with RMSE values of 0.94 and 1.10 log CFU/cm[2] for S. Heidelberg and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Response-surface structure differed significantly between matrices for S. Heidelberg (p = 0.0016), whereas evidence was weaker for L. monocytogenes (p = 0.071). These findings demonstrate matrix-dependent responses and indicate that relationships obtained in standardized media may not be directly transferable to food-derived matrices.},
}

@article {pmid42887802,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, H and Li, L and Peng, Y and Peng, X and Li, Z and Zhao, B},
title = {Nitrogen removal mechanisms in improved hybrid activated sludge-membrane aerated biofilm reactor: Insights from metagenomics and metaproteomics.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {136070},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.136070},
pmid = {42887802},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) is a promising process for low C/N wastewater treatment. A hybrid activated sludge-membrane aerated biofilm reactor (H-MABR) capable of achieving two‑stage SND was developed and exhibited satisfactory nitrogen removal performance; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this, an improved H-MABR was developed and integrated metagenomic and metaproteomic analyses were performed to systematically elucidate the spatial distribution of microbial communities and their functions in the reactor. The results showed that the improved H-MABR achieved removal efficiencies of 94.4 ± 0.4% for chemical oxygen demand, 92.9 ± 0.7% for total nitrogen, and 97.8 ± 0.8% for ammonia nitrogen. Multi‑omics analysis identified seven dominant microbial genera and three highly expressed nitrogen metabolic pathways. The outer ring was the primary nitrogen removal zone, where the aerobic zone mainly mediated nitrification and the anoxic zone exhibited significantly upregulated activities of NosZ, NirK, NirS, and NorC (ORA vs. ORO), strongly supporting the denitrification function in this zone. The inner ring served as an important auxiliary nitrogen removal unit, showing particularly strong ammonia nitrogen removal performance, which was attributed to the highly expressed hydroxylamine dehydrogenase. This study provides a foundation for advancing the understanding and application of SND systems.},
}

@article {pmid42889003,
year = {2026},
author = {Jung, N and Christe, L and Gier, S and Friedrich, JR and Haddad, F and Roth, P and Mello-Viera, J and Mosler, T and Schiller, S and Frangakis, AS and Đikić, I and Windbergs, M},
title = {Proteomic profiling reveals growth condition-driven functional differences in bacterial membrane vesicles from planktonic and biofilm cultures.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1881620},
doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2026.1881620},
pmid = {42889003},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development/metabolism ; *Proteomics/methods ; *Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development/metabolism ; *Plankton/growth & development/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; *Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Proteome/analysis ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are key mediators of host-pathogen interaction and intercellular communication. However, their characterization has been conducted almost exclusively under planktonic growth conditions, even though biofilm formation is the predominant mode of bacterial persistence in chronic and device-associated infections. How the shift from planktonic to biofilm growth reshapes BMV composition and function, and how this is affecting the host, remains poorly understood.

METHODS: Here, we systematically compared BMVs from the ESKAPE pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, representing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, across both growth conditions. Particle sizes and number-weighted size distributions were obtained by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis, respectively.

RESULTS: Cryogenic electron micrographs showed intact, membrane-enclosed vesicles for all four isolations. Biofilm-derived BMVs exhibited a more negative surface charge compared to their planktonic counterparts. Quantitative proteomics identified growth mode as a strong determinant of cargo: planktonic BMVs were enriched in ribosomal proteins, whereas biofilm-derived BMVs carried central metabolic enzymes. Notably, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins of the Psl, Pel, and Ica systems were more abundant in planktonic than in biofilm BMVs. P. aeruginosa BMVs isolated from biofilms carried heme and iron acquisition systems, proteins of the oxidative stress defense, and the secreted proteases LasB and AprA, while planktonic S. aureus BMVs were enriched in secreted virulence factors, highlighting species-level differences. Functionally, all preparations reduced metabolic activity in epithelial cells with only limited lactate dehydrogenase release, identifying metabolic suppression rather than membrane rupture as the dominant effect. In the case of P. aeruginosa, biofilm-derived BMVs suppressed metabolic activity significantly more than planktonic ones. In human macrophages, planktonic BMVs elicited the strongest IL-1β and TNF-α responses, whereas biofilm-derived vesicles induced earlier secretion of IL-6 and, for P. aeruginosa, a distinctly reduced release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These effects persisted under polymyxin B, which reduced but did not abolish the overall cytokine responses.

DISCUSSION: This indicates that vesicle cargo does not simply mirror the biofilm matrix, pointing to a contribution of vesicle-associated components beyond lipopolysaccharide. Together, these data establish a comparative framework linking bacterial growth mode to BMV composition and host cell response, advancing the understanding of vesicle-mediated processes in chronic infection.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development/metabolism
*Proteomics/methods
*Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development/metabolism
*Plankton/growth & development/metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
*Cell Membrane/metabolism
*Proteome/analysis

@article {pmid42889150,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, H and Xu, J and Zhou, Y and Zhang, Z and Shang, Z and Li, B and Bai, Y and Zhang, J},
title = {4-Hydroxycoumarin inhibits biofilm formation and enhances antibiotic efficacy against Escherichia coli O157:H7.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1934000},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1934000},
pmid = {42889150},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Conventional bactericidal antibiotics often fail to eradicate Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157) infections due to biofilm-mediated antimicrobial tolerance, and monotherapy can inadvertently drive resistance selection. This study aimed to identify compounds capable of modulating LuxS/AI-2-related phenotypes and to evaluate their potential to disrupt biofilms and enhance antibiotic efficacy against E. coli O157.

METHODS: The effects of 4-HC on biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) biosynthesis, and flagella-mediated motility were assessed in vitro. Antibiotic potentiation was evaluated through combination assays across multiple antibiotic classes. In vivo efficacy was tested in a murine systemic infection model, with qualitative histological observation used to evaluate splenic, hepatic, and ileal tissue damage.

RESULTS: 4-HC disrupted biofilm formation by suppressing EPS biosynthesis and flagella-mediated motility, thereby destabilizing biofilm architecture and impairing bacterial dissemination. 4-HC acted as a broad-range potentiator for most antibiotics tested, with the most pronounced effect observed in combination with fosfomycin sodium. This combination reduced systemic bacterial burden and restored intestinal barrier function in vivo. In the murine model, the 4-HC-fosfomycin regimen improved survival and markedly attenuated splenic necrosis and ileal tissue damage, with efficacy superior to monotherapy.

CONCLUSION: 4-HC disrupts biofilm formation and enhances antibiotic efficacy against E. coli O157 infection, supporting the strategy of combining biofilm-modulating adjuvants with conventional antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance. However, rigorous safety evaluation is required before clinical translation.},
}

@article {pmid42889781,
year = {2026},
author = {Parit, SD and Mane, PM and Patil, SR},
title = {Phenotypic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Patients With Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Insights Into Resistance Mechanisms and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {e116262},
doi = {10.7759/cureus.116262},
pmid = {42889781},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Background In patients receiving mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious illness connected with healthcare. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)is among the most often used pathogens linked to VAP and is increasingly characterized by multidrug resistance, β-lactamase production, and biofilm-forming ability. This study focused on assessing the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, prevalence of multidrug resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production, and biofilm-forming ability among isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from endotracheal tube (ETT) aspirates of individuals with VAP. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional research study was carried out in the Microbiology Department at Krishna Charitable Hospital and Medical Research Center, Karad, India. A total of 104 non-repetitive P. aeruginosa isolates acquired from ETT aspirates of patients clinically suspected of VAP were included. Identification was carried out utilising conventional microbiological and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. ESBL and the production of MBLs were detected phenotypically by combined disk diffusion methods. The Congo red agar (CRA) method and the Christensen's tube method were used to evaluate biofilm development. Results Among the 104 VAP patients, 72 (69.23%) were male, and 32 (30.77%) were female. The highest proportion of cases was observed in the 21-40-year age group (45.65%). Most (49.04%) of VAP cases occurred in the medical intensive care unit (MICU), and 54.81% of cases appeared five days after starting mechanical ventilation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed complete resistance to piperacillin and imipenem (100% each), followed by piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem (98.08% each), ciprofloxacin (97.12%), ceftazidime (95.19%), levofloxacin (94.23%), and cefepime (87.50%). Aztreonam demonstrated the highest susceptibility (83.65%). ESBL production was detected in 7 (6.73%) isolates, whereas MBL production was identified in 80 (76.92%) isolates. Biofilm formation was observed in 54 (51.92%) isolates by the Christensen's tube method and in 23 (22.12%) isolates by the CRA method. Conclusions A significant occurrence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa was found among those who had VAP. Extensive antimicrobial resistance, high MBL production, and frequent biofilm formation highlight the therapeutic obstacles linked to these infections. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, strict infection-control measures, and judicious antibiotic use are essential to reduce the transmission of resistant strains and improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42889910,
year = {2026},
author = {Singh, A and Pandit, S and Pant, P and Singh, TP and Sharma, S and Sharma, P},
title = {Ertapenem Exposure Is Associated with Downregulation of Purine Biosynthesis Proteins and Inhibition of Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {11},
number = {40},
pages = {60668-60679},
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.5c11260},
pmid = {42889910},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems owing to its capacity for mature biofilm formation. These biofilms create polymer-based matrices that reduce bacterial vulnerability to immune responses and antimicrobial agents, complicating the treatment of drug-resistant S. aureus strains and underscoring the need for novel antibacterial targets. Here, we provide the first evidence that FGAM synthase (PurQ), an essential enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, is a putative intracellular protein target associated with ertapenem exposure in S. aureus. Our study demonstrates that ertapenem exhibits potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC = 1 μg/mL) and is a potential inhibitor of biofilm formation. Mechanistically, this antibiofilm activity correlates with selective downregulation of purine biosynthesis proteins. Using LC-MS/MS analysis of biofilm-derived adherent S. aureus cells, we quantified 1,706 proteins and identified 59 proteins with statistically significant expression changes in ertapenem-treated versus untreated S. aureus cells (49 downregulated, 10 upregulated). Proteins associated with purine biosynthesis were predominantly downregulated, particularly FGAM synthase (PurQ) with a -2.29 log2 fold change. Molecular docking supported by 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated stable ertapenem binding to the PurQ active site (docking score: -9.615 kcal/mol) through interactions with key residues: Gly53, Asp54, Tyr55, Gln89, His141, Gly142, Glu143, and Gly144. Collectively, these findings implicate a novel aspect of ertapenem's activity, connected to the disruption of purine biosynthesis in S. aureus through targeted downregulation of FGAM synthase. This work provides a strong foundation for drug repurposing strategies aimed at targeting purine biosynthesis in drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid42889990,
year = {2026},
author = {Nie, C and Xia, R and Ma, L and Li, S and Zhang, J},
title = {N-acyl-homoserine lactonase-nanosilver composite modulates the bacterial community of an in vitro enriched biofilm model of early childhood caries.},
journal = {Frontiers in oral health},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1779148},
doi = {10.3389/froh.2026.1779148},
pmid = {42889990},
issn = {2673-4842},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of a nanocomposite comprising N-acyl-homoserine lactonase Est816 and silver nanoparticles (Ag-Est816) on the microbial community of an enriched in vitro biofilm model derived from supragingival plaque of children with early childhood caries (ECC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Supragingival plaque samples were collected from 30 children aged younger than 6 years (15 males and 15 females) diagnosed with ECC. These samples were cultured in vitro to form biofilms, which were then treated with or without the Ag-Est816 composite for two days. The composition of the biofilms was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in α- and β-diversity, taxonomic composition, and predicted microbial functions. Biofilm morphology and biomass were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystal violet assays.

RESULTS: The Ag-Est816 composite significantly reduced microbial α-diversity, including species richness and phylogenetic diversity (Chao1, Observed species, Faith's PD, p < 0.05). It also significantly altered overall bacterial community composition, as demonstrated by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and paired permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), although the effect size was modest (R [2] = 0.0286, P = 0.002). At the genus level, the abundances of Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, and Moryella were markedly decreased, whereas Haemophilus and Granulicatella were enriched. LEfSe analysis revealed Actinomyces and Lactobacillus as characteristic taxa enriched in the Control group, while Enterococcus and Granulicatella were significantly enriched following treatment. Functional prediction revealed that Ag-Est816 influenced pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism, and nucleotide sugar biosynthesis. SEM imaging and biomass quantification confirmed that the Ag-Est816 composite disrupted biofilm architecture and significantly reduced total biomass.

CONCLUSION: The Ag-Est816 composite suppressed several low-abundance cariogenic genera while reducing overall community richness, altered microbial metabolic functions, and compromised biofilm structural integrity. These findings indicated this non-invasive nanocomposite has potential as an adjunctive therapy for caries prevention in children.},
}

@article {pmid42890051,
year = {2025},
author = {Nomani, M and Salimi, B and Varahram, M and Jamaati, H and Mortaz, E},
title = {Galactooligosaccharides Suppress the Development of Biofilm in the Presence of Blood Polymorphonuclear Cells of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients: A Pilot Study.},
journal = {Tanaffos},
volume = {24},
number = {4},
pages = {321-329},
pmid = {42890051},
issn = {1735-0344},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacterial biofilms pose a significant healthcare challenge due to their robust resistance to antibiotics and their involvement in various diseases, including cancer and infectious conditions. Biofilms hinder the antimicrobial activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) by restricting their penetration through the extracellular matrix. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, non-antibiotic strategies are gaining attention. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have been investigated for their potential to inhibit bacterial growth. This study investigates the impact of GOS on the biofilm development of GFP-labelled Staphylococcus aureus (GFP-SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GFP-PA) in the presence of blood PMNs from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and healthy controls.Materials and Methods: Bacterial biofilms were investigated in the presence or absence of PMNs isolated from the blood of 12 NSCLC patients and 3 healthy controls (HC), with the inclusion of GOS. These PMNs were incubated with GFP-SA or GFP-PA biofilms and exposed to various concentrations of GOS (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) for 24 hours in a microplate setting. The progress of bacterial biofilm was quantified using the crystal violet assay.

RESULTS: GOS itself, with bacteria at high concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%), suppressed biofilm formation. PMNs of NSCLC patients show higher biofilm formation than in the absence of PMNs.

CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, PMNs in NSCLC patients may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the lungs, potentially leading to an overgrowth of biofilm-forming bacteria. GOS are known to influence immune function and may improve the ability of PMNs to fight infections. Consequently, it is proposed that GOS could enhance the ability of PMNs to phagocytose bacterial biofilms and counteract the negative effects of cancerous PMNs on biofilm formation. However, further research is needed to confirm whether GOS can effectively manage bacterial biofilms in lung cancer patients.},
}

@article {pmid42878875,
year = {2026},
author = {Yurdcu, AN and Akçelik, M and Akçelik, N},
title = {Biofilm state transitions: quorum sensing inhibition and network destabilization.},
journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {110},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42878875},
issn = {1432-0614},
mesh = {*Quorum Sensing ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Salmonella typhimurium/physiology/genetics ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are traditionally viewed as surface-associated, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-encased aggregates. Here, we present a theoretical perspective positioning biofilm formation as a coordinated regulatory state transition, drawing on a synthesis of published transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic studies that document systemic reprogramming of gene regulatory networks, second-messenger signaling (e.g., cyclic di-GMP), quorum sensing circuits, and metabolic flux distribution. Spatial stratification within biofilms generates metabolically distinct subpopulations-including persisters and dormant cells-that enhance collective robustness. Using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a model organism, we formalize quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) as one plausible bifurcation control parameter, with its destabilizing effects described by a coarse-grained phenomenological model governed by cooperativity, population density, and signal decay rates. We show, through bifurcation analysis and cross-referencing with published experimental biofilm disruption studies, that sufficiently strong signal-decay-type QSI can collapse the high-signal biofilm attractor without imposing strong bactericidal pressure. This network-centric perspective elucidates how destabilization of collective regulatory circuits-rather than direct cell killing-can enhance therapeutic susceptibility. Additionally, the framework provides a conceptual basis for combinatorial strategies integrating antivirulence interventions with conventional antimicrobials, with the potential to reduce the pace of resistance evolution by targeting cooperative rather than essential traits. Predictions arising from this framework require direct experimental validation to establish quantitative accuracy. KEY POINTS: • Biofilms can be conceptualized as coordinated regulatory attractor states sustained by multilayered feedback coupling. • QSI is formalized as one plausible bifurcation control parameter capable of destabilizing the high-commitment biofilm state when implemented as signal-degradation-type inhibition. • Network destabilization may enhance antimicrobial susceptibility while imposing lower evolutionary pressure than direct bactericidal approaches.},
}

*Quorum Sensing
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Salmonella typhimurium/physiology/genetics
*Gene Regulatory Networks
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

@article {pmid42880093,
year = {2026},
author = {Aktera, S and Alib, MH and Hossainc, H and Chowdhurya, MSR and Rahmana, MN and Khana, SS and Nitua, AS and Ahmada, T and Hossaina, MM and Uddina, MB and Rahmana, MM},
title = {Occurrence and characterization of biofilm-forming and multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. in retail poultry meat and associated environments in Sylhet, Bangladesh.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {105},
number = {12},
pages = {107935},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2026.107935},
pmid = {42880093},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {Shigella spp. are important foodborne pathogens increasingly associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and contamination within retail poultry-handling environments. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) determinants, virulence-associated genes, efflux pump genes, and biofilm-forming ability of Shigella spp. isolated from retail poultry meat and associated environments in Sylhet, Bangladesh. A total of 300 samples, including cloacal swabs, meat, handler hand swabs, utensil swabs, and wastewater samples, were collected and analyzed using culture-based methods, biochemical tests, and species-specific PCR. We also performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and molecular characterization. Overall, 50.0% (150/300) of samples were culture-positive for Shigella. Among the 150 culture-positive samples, 144 (96.0%) were confirmed by species-specific PCR, including 98 Shigella flexneri and 46 S. dysenteriae isolates. When calculated against the total number of samples tested, Shigella flexneri and S. dysenteriae were present in 32.67% (98/300) and 15.33% (46/300) of samples, respectively, with the highest prevalence observed in cloacal swabs (46.38% and 21.74%, respectively). AST revealed high resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92.9% and 84.8%), tetracycline (87.7% and 87.0%), azithromycin (86.7% and 76.1%), and levofloxacin (76.5% and 56.5%) among S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae, respectively. In contrast, cefixime and gentamicin remained the most effective agents, showing susceptibility rates of 82.7% and 80.6% in S. flexneri and 67.4% and 58.7% in S. dysenteriae. The predominant resistance genes were tetA (72.45; 78.26%), qnrS (80.61; 89.13%), sul1 (50.0; 69.57%), and blaTEM (38.78; 45.65%), while efflux pump genes acrAB (60.20; 80.43%) and tolC (77.55; 86.96%) were widely distributed. Biofilm formation was detected in 37.76% and 56.52% of isolates by Congo red agar and in 27.55% and 36.96% by microtiter plate assay for S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae, respectively. All isolates exhibited MAR indices >0.20, while MDR and possible XDR (P-XDR) phenotypes were detected in 38.78% and 61.22% of S. flexneri and 58.70% and 41.30% of S. dysenteriae isolates, respectively. These findings highlight the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming Shigella spp. within the investigated retail poultry-handling environment and underscore the need for strengthened biosecurity, antimicrobial stewardship, and One Health surveillance strategies.},
}

@article {pmid42880116,
year = {2026},
author = {Ding, R and Ma, S and Yu, H and Deng, X and Liu, H and Zhou, Y and Qiu, J},
title = {Riluzole attenuates staphyloxanthin biosynthesis and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Bioorganic chemistry},
volume = {183},
number = {},
pages = {110639},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.110639},
pmid = {42880116},
issn = {1090-2120},
abstract = {The rapid emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), pose a major global health challenge and call for alternative therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses staphyloxanthin (STX) and biofilm as complementary virulence-associated traits that promote immune evasion and persistence at infection sites. STX protects bacteria from reactive oxygen species, while biofilms provide a structured barrier that enhances tolerance to host and antimicrobial stress. Targeting these traits may offer a non-bactericidal strategy for infection control. Here, we identified riluzole as an inhibitor of carotenoid production at non-growth-inhibitory concentrations (IC50 = 34.76 μg/mL) and enhances the susceptibility of S. aureus to immune cell killing. Mechanistically, riluzole interacted with CrtN (KD = 48.6 μM) and reduced its enzymatic activity, while transcriptomic analyses revealed broader transcriptional remodeling associated with reduced expression of several STX biosynthetic genes. In addition, riluzole induced membrane-associated physiological stress, including increased membrane permeability, altered membrane fluidity, ATP depletion, enhanced colistin susceptibility, and inhibition of biofilm formation. Riluzole also attenuated Pseudomonas aeruginosa-associated stimulation of S. aureus pigmentation and oxidative-stress protection. In a murine skin infection model, riluzole promoted bacterial clearance and was associated with improved wound repair. Collectively, these findings substantiate the anti-virulence properties of riluzole against S. aureus, and provide a rationale for its further development as a novel therapeutic strategy for MRSA infections.},
}

@article {pmid42881136,
year = {2026},
author = {Long, Y and Zhang, M and Li, L and Shi, Y and Wang, Y and Li, M and Ren, Y and Tang, Y},
title = {Bio-Pd-Mediated In Situ Polymerization of Conjugated Microporous Polymers on Bacterial Surfaces for Biofilm Eradication and Infected Wound Healing.},
journal = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70460},
doi = {10.1002/marc.70460},
pmid = {42881136},
issn = {1521-3927},
support = {22274095//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms exhibit remarkable resistance to conventional antibiotics and host immune responses, posing a major challenge for the treatment of bacterial infections and infected wounds. Herein, we propose a Bio‑Pd‑driven in‑situ polymerization strategy on bacterial surfaces to fabricate a cationic conjugated microporous polymer (CCMPM) that achieves synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm performance. A mannose-functionalized monomer and a quaternary ammonium-functionalized monomer were rationally designed to enhance bacterial targeting, water solubility, and bacterial membrane affinity. Under Bio-Pd catalysis, the two monomers underwent Sonogashira coupling directly on bacterial surfaces to generate CCMPM in situ. The intimate interactions between CCMPM and bacterial cells effectively shortened the diffusion distance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enhancing photodynamic antibacterial efficacy, while the cationic polymer coating inhibited bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, the in situ polymerized CCMPM achieved complete eradication of Escherichia coli under light irradiation and efficiently eliminated biofilm-embedded bacteria. Furthermore, CCMPM significantly accelerated infected wound healing and promoted tissue regeneration without inducing obvious systemic toxicity. This work establishes Bio-Pd-mediated in situ polymerization as an effective strategy for constructing functional conjugated microporous polymers on bacterial surfaces for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.},
}

@article {pmid42881180,
year = {2026},
author = {Anjur-Dietrich, MI and Jones, KG and Mullet, JI and Vo, NN and Castro, KG and Parker, SM and Chisholm, SW},
title = {Biofilm formation and dynamics in the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42881180},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {984601//Simons Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {*Prochlorococcus/physiology/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Seawater/microbiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; },
abstract = {The picocyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is responsible for ~10% of annual marine carbon fixation and plays a role in the global carbon budget. While these phototrophs are primarily considered free-living and neutrally buoyant in the euphotic zone, we observe that they can form biofilms on diverse substrates. This trait is conserved across Prochlorococcus ecotypes, and populations continuously transition between planktonic and biofilm states via a non-genetic heritable mechanism. Throughout their growth, cells in biofilms retain a reversible, dynamic attachment state, and measurements of growth, photosynthesis, and carbon exudation rates reveal that cells in biofilms exude more organic carbon than their planktonic counterparts. Estimates of the fraction of Prochlorococcus cells attached to particles in the ocean-obtained through metagenomic analysis of serially-fractionated samples-reveal that a significant adherent population exists throughout the euphotic and mesopelagic zones. This work describes a dimension of Prochlorococcus's ecological niche and suggests a role in carbon export to the deep sea.},
}

*Prochlorococcus/physiology/genetics/growth & development/metabolism
*Biofilms/growth & development
Seawater/microbiology
Carbon/metabolism
Photosynthesis

@article {pmid42881520,
year = {2026},
author = {Nandwani, S and da Silva Pedrosa, M and Phillips, C and Vasconcellos, A and de Aguiar Ribeiro, A},
title = {Influence of contemporary resin-based restorative materials on the microbial composition of in vitro biofilm microcosms.},
journal = {American journal of dentistry},
volume = {39},
number = {5},
pages = {218-225},
pmid = {42881520},
issn = {0894-8275},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/isolation & purification ; *Saliva/microbiology ; Sucrose/pharmacology ; Lactobacillus/drug effects/isolation & purification ; Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Composite Resins/chemistry/pharmacology ; Durapatite/chemistry ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Bacterial Load/drug effects ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects ; Materials Testing ; Cariogenic Agents/pharmacology ; Resins, Synthetic ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of contemporary resin-based restorative materials on saliva-derived in vitro biofilm microcosms under cariogenic challenge.

METHODS: Thirty specimens (7 mm x 1.8 mm) were fabricated from five resin-based restorative materials (n= 6 per material) according to the manufacturers' instructions: Fuji Ionomer Type II LC (GC), Filtek Supreme Ultra (3M, ESPE), Activa BioActive (Pulpdent), FIT-SA (Shofu America), SDR Flow+ (Dentsply Sirona). Hydroxyapatite (HA) discs (7 mm x 1.8 mm; HiMed Inc.) were used as controls. All specimens were UV sterilized, and biofilms were developed on the specimens using saliva from healthy donors, with and without 0.2% sucrose supplementation to mimic cariogenic challenge. After incubation, biofilm-associated cells were detached and plated onto selective agar plates to quantify total facultative anaerobes, total anaerobic bacteria, mutans streptococci, and Lactobacillus spp. Plates were incubated either under 5% CO₂ or in an anaerobic chamber. CFU counts were normalized to the specimen surface area (log¹º CFU/cm²).

RESULTS: Recoverable viable counts were significantly influenced by both material type and environmental conditions. FIT-SA and SDR Flow+ supported higher bacterial loads, particularly for mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus spp., under sucrose-enriched conditions. In contrast, Fuji maintained lower recoverable CFU under all conditions, suggesting reduced bacterial accumulation on this material in this model. Materials like FIT-SA and SDR Flow+ may promote higher recoverable biofilm-associated bacterial loads under sucrose challenge, while Fuji exhibited consistently lower CFU across conditions.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Resin-based restorative materials marketed as bioactive supported varying levels of viable biofilm accumulation under sucrose challenge. These findings indicate that bioactive claims alone do not necessarily translate into reduced microbial burden and reinforce the need for effective disease control before definitive restorative placement, particularly in high caries-risk patients.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Humans
Streptococcus mutans/drug effects/isolation & purification
*Saliva/microbiology
Sucrose/pharmacology
Lactobacillus/drug effects/isolation & purification
Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry/pharmacology
*Composite Resins/chemistry/pharmacology
Durapatite/chemistry
Colony Count, Microbial
Bacterial Load/drug effects
Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects
Materials Testing
Cariogenic Agents/pharmacology
Resins, Synthetic

@article {pmid42881850,
year = {2026},
author = {Apolo-Aguilar, VL and Berutti-Suarez, LB and Carrillo, JLM},
title = {Biofilm Formation on Invasive Medical Devices in Adult Intensive Care Units: A Scoping Review of Biomedical and Clinical Evidence.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm15197388},
pmid = {42881850},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Biofilm formation on invasive medical devices represents a major challenge in intensive care units (ICUs), contributing to device-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance, and adverse clinical outcomes. Despite its clinical relevance, the extent and characteristics of the available evidence on biofilm formation in invasive medical devices used in adult ICUs remain heterogeneous and incompletely mapped. The objective was to map and characterize the available evidence on biofilm formation in invasive medical devices used in adult ICUs. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review was structured using the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect. Primary studies evaluating biofilm formation on invasive medical devices in adult ICUs were included. Data were extracted on study characteristics, device type, microorganisms, biofilm detection methods, and clinical outcomes. Results were synthesized descriptively and presented through tables and an evidence map. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence was primarily focused on endotracheal tubes, vascular catheters, and urinary catheters. Biofilm formation was consistently documented across these devices, involving Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive cocci, and fungal pathogens. Detection methods were heterogeneous, with early reliance on electron microscopy and increasing use of quantitative phenotypic assays, while molecular approaches remained limited. The evidence map revealed a concentration of studies in vascular devices and significant methodological variability across studies. Conclusions: Biofilm formation on invasive medical devices in adult ICUs is a clinically significant and microbiologically complex phenomenon. The available evidence highlights key device categories and pathogen profiles but is limited by methodological heterogeneity and gaps in molecular characterization and translational research. Future studies should prioritize standardized, multimodal approaches and clinically oriented designs to improve prevention and management of device-associated biofilm infections in critical care settings.},
}

@article {pmid42882660,
year = {2026},
author = {Angeles-de Paz, G and Perez-Garcia, LI and Torres-Ariza, F and Ramírez-Mireles, M and Martínez-Gutiérrez, H and Trejo-Valdez, MD and Rodríguez-Tovar, AV and Torres-SanMiguel, CR},
title = {Comparative Assessment of Fungal Biofilm Development on PEEK and PDMS Biomaterials and the Antifungal Potential of TiO2/ZrO2-Coated PEEK.},
journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {19},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ma19194161},
pmid = {42882660},
issn = {1996-1944},
support = {MAD-TEC-2025-M-143//Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (Secihti)/ ; SIP-MULTI-2026-0023-M4//Secretaria de investigación y Posgrado (IPN)/ ; },
abstract = {Polyether ether ketones (PEEK) and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) are widely used biomaterials; however, their susceptibility to microbial colonization remains a limitation in clinical applications. This study comparatively evaluated biofilm formation by Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus on PEEK and PDMS and characterized the effect of TiO2/ZrO2-based coatings applied to PEEK. Biofilm development was analyzed during adhesion, maturation, and dispersion using biomass quantification, metabolic activity assays, and scanning electron microscopy. Surface modifications were also evaluated. Both species formed a biofilm on the biomaterials, with a significantly higher biomass on the control, followed by PEEK and PDMS. TiO2/ZrO2-based coating affected biofilm maturation, with coating B as the one producing the greatest reduction in biofilm development. These findings suggest that surface modifications, such as hydrophobicity, using TiO2/ZrO2 coatings may influence fungal biofilm reduction and improve the antimicrobial performance of biomedical materials.},
}

@article {pmid42883141,
year = {2026},
author = {Alfiani, RN and Indrianingsih, AW and Krismastuti, FSH and Windarsih, A and Noviana, E and Rahayu, E and Wiyono, T},
title = {Silver-Bacterial Cellulose-Areca catechu Extract Nanocomposite Biofilm for Sustainable Food Packaging: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {31},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules31193373},
pmid = {42883141},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {13/III.10/HK/2026//National Research and Innovation Agency/ ; },
mesh = {*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Cellulose/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Silver/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Food Packaging/methods ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Acacia/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a low-cost, biodegradable biopolymer with excellent mechanical strength and water-holding capacity. It is an attractive material for sustainable food packaging; however, native BC lacks intrinsic antibacterial activity. In this study, silver-bacterial cellulose-Areca catechu nanocomposite biofilms were synthesized through in situ reduction of Ag[+] on BC films, followed by impregnation with A. catechu fruit extract at concentrations of 0-30 mg/mL. The resulting films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling capacity, and color analysis. The films were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the disk-diffusion method. SEM-EDX confirmed the successful deposition of silver nanoparticles within the BC matrix, while FTIR and XRD indicated changes in functional groups and crystallinity following film modification. The swelling capacity of the films ranged from approximately 145 to 370%, with the film containing 20 mg/mL extract exhibiting the highest capacity. The film containing 10 mg/mL extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 6.50 mm against both S. aureus and E. coli, outperforming the pure BC and Ag-BC films as well as the higher-concentration formulations. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) profiling of the A. catechu extract putatively identified more than 120 metabolites dominated by alkaloids such as arecoline and guvacoline. Other detected metabolites include catechin, protocatechuic acid, penicillic acid, nootkatone, and phytosphingosine, which are known to have antibacterial activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the developed nanocomposite biofilms are promising candidates, low-cost, and environmentally friendly antibacterial materials with potential for further development as active food packaging materials. Further safety and migration assessments are required to establish their suitability for direct food-contact applications.},
}

*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Cellulose/chemistry
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Silver/chemistry
*Plant Extracts/chemistry/pharmacology
*Food Packaging/methods
*Nanocomposites/chemistry
Escherichia coli/drug effects
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Acacia/chemistry

@article {pmid42872712,
year = {2026},
author = {Ullah, N and Shao, S and Zhou, C and Li, W and Wang, C},
title = {Alginate and Glycine Betaine Enhance Biofilm Formation in Psychrophilic Activated Sludge Systems.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {28},
number = {10},
pages = {e70428},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70428},
pmid = {42872712},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {2025ZD1202400//National Science and Technology Major Project for Jing-Jin-Ji Regional Integrated Environmental Improvement/ ; 2025ZD1202401//National Science and Technology Major Project for Jing-Jin-Ji Regional Integrated Environmental Improvement/ ; 2025ZD1202404//National Science and Technology Major Project for Jing-Jin-Ji Regional Integrated Environmental Improvement/ ; 20252BCF320025//Key R&D Program of Jiangxi Province, China/ ; 52170114//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52670144//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 21JCJQJC00080//Science and Technology Project of Tianjin, China/ ; B2021208033//Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China/ ; 20224BAB213053//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China/ ; },
mesh = {*Betaine/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Sewage/microbiology ; *Alginates/pharmacology/metabolism ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Glucuronic Acid/pharmacology ; Hexuronic Acids/pharmacology ; Cold Temperature ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/drug effects/metabolism/growth & development ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Microbiota/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Activated sludge systems at sub-optimal temperatures (8°C-16°C) suffer from inhibited biofilm development, diminished extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion and reduced carbon/nitrogen removal. To counteract this, we investigated the synergistic effect of alginic acid (AA, a structural polysaccharide) and betaine (BET, a compatible solute) in sequencing-batch reactors (SBRs) at 8°C-16°C The combined AA + BET amendment elicited a rapid, pronounced response, doubling attached biofilm biomass compared to the control, a significantly greater enhancement than with single amendments. This suggests a synergistic effect in which BET mitigates osmotic stress, thereby improving microbial capacity to utilise AA for structural development. Microbial community analysis revealed that the combined addition of AA and BET reshaped the microbial community, enabling the consortium to acquire a high capacity for EPS production, which conferred cold tolerance, while simultaneously suppressing the growth of filamentous Acidovorax. Principal component analysis (PCA) segregated the AA + BET community, and increased diversity indices indicated greater functional richness. The control group contained 11.43% of microbial taxa that were distinct from those in the experimental group; these taxa, likely lacking targeted regulation, exhibited a lower contribution to the activated sludge process (ASP) system. This dual-stress-alleviation strategy effectively orchestrates a resilient, EPS-rich biofilm with a psychrotolerant core microbiome, offering a practical approach to maintaining robust activated-sludge performance during cold weather However, further pilot-scale validation and techno-economic assessment are needed before practical implementation in full-scale wastewater treatment systems.},
}

*Betaine/pharmacology/metabolism
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Sewage/microbiology
*Alginates/pharmacology/metabolism
Bioreactors/microbiology
Glucuronic Acid/pharmacology
Hexuronic Acids/pharmacology
Cold Temperature
Bacteria/classification/genetics/drug effects/metabolism/growth & development
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism
Microbiota/drug effects

@article {pmid42872961,
year = {2026},
author = {Montero-Gutierrez, BA and Bande, JK and Stites, MD and Kado, T},
title = {Contribution of PonA2 to biofilm and colony formation independent of its catalytic domains in Mycobacterium smegmatis.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0030126},
doi = {10.1128/jb.00301-26},
pmid = {42872961},
issn = {1098-5530},
abstract = {Biofilm and colony growth create microenvironments that require coordinated localization and function of cell envelope components. However, the mechanisms by which membrane organization contributes to cell envelope organization during multicellular growth remain poorly understood. Mycobacterium smegmatis contains an inner membrane domain (IMD) at the subpolar regions of the cell that contributes to cell envelope synthesis. Prior research identified PonA2 as important for de novo formation of distinct plasma membrane domains during planktonic growth. PonA2 is a penicillin-binding protein with transglycosylase (TG) and transpeptidase (TP) activities involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. To investigate the role of PonA2 during colony and pellicle biofilm growth, wild-type, ΔponA2, the complement strain (cponA2), and catalytically inactive PonA2 variants (TG-, TP-, and TG-/TP-) were analyzed. Subpolar IMD localization was maintained in wild-type cells during both colony and pellicle biofilm growth, demonstrating that IMD localization is not exclusive to planktonic growth. Loss of ponA2 resulted in smooth colony and early pellicle biofilm architecture and was associated with reduced abundance of trehalose monomycolate, trehalose dimycolate, and glycopeptidolipids. ΔponA2 cells in colony growth exhibited shortened cell morphology and lacked detectable IMD localization, whereas ΔponA2 cells in pellicle biofilm growth retained bacillary morphology and subpolar IMD localization. In contrast, the catalytically inactive PonA2 variants maintained rugose multicellular architecture, bacillary morphology, and subpolar IMD localization similar to that of wild-type. Together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized noncatalytic role for PonA2 in maintaining normal colony and pellicle biofilm development in M. smegmatis.IMPORTANCEPlanktonic, pellicle biofilm, and colony growth expose mycobacteria to distinct environmental conditions that can affect cell-envelope organization and survival. Prior research has shown that mycobacteria form subpolar plasma membrane domains that support polar cell elongation in planktonic growth, but it remains unclear whether this organization is conserved in multicellular biofilm and colony growth, where cells experience nutrient and oxygen gradients and altered cell-to-cell interactions. Our current study analyzed the plasma membrane domain formation across the two growth states and showed that membrane domain localization is conserved, while the mechanisms required to maintain these domains differ depending on growth conditions. These findings suggest that mycobacteria use growth state-specific mechanisms to coordinate membrane organization.},
}

@article {pmid42872987,
year = {2026},
author = {Abdel Aziz, SAA and Mahgoub, SM and Abdel Rahim, MM and Mohamed, EA and Alfassam, HE and Ahmed, FM and Maoda, S and Rouby, SR and Osman, GSI and Alatawi, A and Mahmoud, R},
title = {Experimental and Monte Carlo Insights into the Biofilm Control of Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Green-Synthesized Ag/Ni(OH)2/Clove Nanocomposites.},
journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {42872987},
issn = {2079-4991},
abstract = {One of the most significant challenges with disease control in humans and animals is biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). The current study investigated the prevalence of K. pneumoniae in fecal and milk samples from cattle and humans, along with their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and biofilm formation, using conventional methods. In addition, the efficacy of Ag/Ni(OH)2/Clove and Ag/Ni(OH)2/C nanocomposites was comparatively evaluated to combat resistance and biofilm-associated traits. K. pneumoniae was recovered from 48.0%, 38.0% and 43.3% of the fecal, milk and stool samples, respectively. Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a noteworthy pattern shared between human and animal samples. Furthermore, a Congo Red (CRA) assay and molecular detection of the biofilm-associated genes iut-A and mrk-A demonstrated that the majority of K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited biofilm characteristics. Using a green chemistry approach, Ag/Ni nanoparticles displayed greater bactericidal activity in the calcined form, as evidenced by a lower MIC (20.83 ± 5.23 μg/mL), an increase in the inhibition zone diameter (20.67 ± 1.76 mm), and low cytotoxicity toward HEK293 cells that was evident only within the lower tested concentration range (7.8-62.5 µg/mL), where cell viability remained above 90.0%; viability declined markedly at higher concentrations, with IC50 values of 264.7 µg/mL for Ag/Ni(OH)2/Clove and 282.8 µg/mL for Ag/Ni(OH)2/C. Notably, compared with Ag/Ni(OH)2/Clove, Ag/Ni(OH)2/C nanocomposites exhibited stronger antibiofilm properties. Likewise, the green synthesis of Ag/Ni(OH)2/Clove and Ag/Ni(OH)2/C nanocomposites represents an efficient approach for improving safety profiles in biological applications when applied within this lower, biocompatible concentration range, particularly against microbial strains exhibiting drug resistance and biofilm formation. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to investigate the interactions of the Ag/Ni(OH)2 composite with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ergosterol, and chitin, which represent bacterial and fungal cell wall components. The negative adsorption energies (-50.15, -23.46, and -8.08 kcal/mol) indicated strong adsorption, supporting the experimentally observed antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ag/Ni(OH)2 composite.},
}

@article {pmid42874063,
year = {2026},
author = {Collet, Q and Curtil-Dit-Galin, M and Faure, A and Martins-Simoes, P and Bastien, S and Valour, F and Laurent, F and Josse, J},
title = {In-patient evolution can heterogeneously impact biofilm formation and intraosteoblastic behavior of Staphylococcus aureus in relapsing bone and joint infections.},
journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiag512},
pmid = {42874063},
issn = {1537-6613},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bone and joint infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are notoriously difficult to manage and are prone to relapse, often leading to serious clinical complications. Treatment failure is frequently attributed to bacterial persistence mechanisms, notably biofilm formation and intracellular survival within osteoblasts.

METHODS: To elucidate the underlying causes of relapse, we analyzed 25 relapse pairs, each consisting of an isolate collected during the initial infection and a corresponding isolate obtained at relapse from the same patient. We investigated mutation acquisition in relapse strain during host in-patient stay and assessed their phenotypic consequences, focusing on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, internalization into osteoblasts, intracellular persistence, and cytotoxicity.

RESULTS: Whole-genome comparisons revealed that most relapse strains accumulated mutations during the host in-patient stay, with mutation counts ranging from 0 to 391. These genetic changes variably affected key phenotypes across the relapse strains. Specifically, growth kinetics, biofilm-forming capacity, and intracellular behavior exhibited heterogeneity when compared to initial strains. Integrative analysis of genomic and phenotypic data indicates that mutations in genes involved in virulence regulation and metabolic pathways may contribute to the relapse of S. aureus BJIs. However, no association between specific mutations or phenotypes and the occurrence of relapse in bone and joint infections has been highlighted.

CONCLUSION: Despite its limitations, this study represents an essential first step toward large-scale investigations aimed at understanding how bacterial genome alterations and pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to relapse in bone and joint infections.},
}

@article {pmid42876230,
year = {2026},
author = {Dang, NP and Ali, T and Mota, VC and Lazado, CC and Szabor, P},
title = {Assessment of disinfectant performance against fish-pathogenic bacteria in planktonic and biofilm states.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2026.2747767},
pmid = {42876230},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Disinfecting fish farming equipment and facility surfaces with disinfectant is one of the primary biosafety measures to prevent disease introduction and transmission. However, the actual efficacy of approved disinfectants against fish-pathogenic bacteria and especially their biofilms remain largely undocumented. Six selected disinfectants were evaluated against seven common disease-causing bacteria and their biofilms. None of the tested disinfectants exhibited good efficacy against Mycobacterium salmoniphilum (the log reductions were ≤ 3.3). Two disinfectants showed low efficacy against Pseudomonas fluorescens in comparison to other tested bacteria, log reduction ≤ 4. Among three bacterial biofilms, good efficacies were only observed against the biofilm of Aliivibrio wodanis with 100% biofilm viability reduction for all disinfectants. Reduced disinfectant efficacy was observed for the biofilms of Yersinia ruckeri (97.4 - 100%) and P. fluorescens (> 99%). The study underscores significant gaps in disinfectant performance against fish pathogens, particularly Gram-positive species and suggests that bacterial biofilm formation can substantially compromise disinfection efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid42876498,
year = {2026},
author = {Pan, Y and Xu, Z and Wang, S and Xu, M and Dong, H and Mei, L and Zhang, K},
title = {MerR-type regulator ZccR links zinc homeostasis to biofilm formation and interspecies competition in Streptococcus mutans.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1946820},
pmid = {42876498},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Streptococcus mutans/genetics/metabolism/growth & development/physiology ; *Zinc/metabolism ; *Homeostasis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Zinc is widely present in the oral microenvironment and can influence the growth of oral bacteria. ZccR is a MerR-type transcriptional regulator that controls zinc efflux in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), but its role in biofilm virulence and interspecies competition with oral commensals remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of ZccR in the formation of single-species biofilms of S. mutans and dual-species biofilms with oral commensal streptococci, and its underlying regulatory mechanisms.

METHODS: We constructed an in-frame zccR knockout mutant of S. mutans. The growth curve, crystal violet staining, anthrone method, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and deferred antagonism assay were used to assess growth, biofilm development, dual-species biofilm composition, and interspecies competitive capacity. RNA-seq was employed to identify genome-wide transcriptional alterations, and promoter-lacZ reporter strains were constructed to confirm the transcriptional regulation mode of ZccR on zccE and on itself.

RESULTS: The deletion of zccR significantly suppressed biofilm formation and water-insoluble exopolysaccharide production of S. mutans at 150 μM Zn[2+], a concentration that only modestly affected planktonic growth. In dual-species biofilms containing Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), the mutant exhibited reduced oxidative stress tolerance and weaker inhibition of S. gordonii, despite upregulation of bacteriocin genes. RNA-sequencing identified 89 differentially expressed genes (67 upregulated and 22 downregulated), including downregulation of the mutanobactin cluster and FAD-dependent oxidoreductases, upregulation of iron-uptake genes, induction of HomR-tcy-linked cystine-uptake pathways, glutamine biosynthesis, and CRISPR-Cas genes, and a shift from sucrose import (scrA/msmX) toward lac-dependent lactose/galactose metabolism. Most of these shifts tracked intracellular zinc accumulation rather than direct ZccR control. Promoter-lacZ assays revealed that ZccR activates zccE and represses its own promoter, and zinc acts on these promoters through ZccR-dependent and ZccR-independent routes.

CONCLUSIONS: ZccR links zinc homeostasis with biofilm formation and oral interspecies ecology of S. mutans, thus offering a future intervention point for cariogenic biofilm control.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Streptococcus mutans/genetics/metabolism/growth & development/physiology
*Zinc/metabolism
*Homeostasis
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
*Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Gene Knockout Techniques

@article {pmid42877353,
year = {2026},
author = {Kusuma, SAF},
title = {Nanocarrier-Integrated Topical Dosage Forms for Biofilm-Infected Wounds: Balancing Wound Retention, Biofilm Matrix Penetration, and Translational Feasibility.},
journal = {International journal of nanomedicine},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {643386},
pmid = {42877353},
issn = {1178-2013},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology ; Animals ; Administration, Topical ; Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Drug Carriers/chemistry ; *Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry/administration & dosage ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Bandages ; },
abstract = {Biofilm-infected wounds are difficult to treat because extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrices, wound exudate, polymicrobial spatial organization, impaired antimicrobial penetration, persistent inflammation, and antimicrobial tolerance limit the efficacy of conventional topical therapy. Nanocarriers can protect antimicrobial payloads, enable controlled and stimuli-responsive release, and improve interactions with biofilm matrices; however, their clinical performance also depends on the final topical dosage form that governs wound residence, local exposure, usability, and translation. This review critically examines nanocarrier-integrated topical dosage forms for biofilm-infected wounds by linking nanoscale carrier design with macroscale platform performance. Hydrogels and in situ gels, films, membranes, wound dressings, nanofibers, sprays, foams, and multifunctional systems are discussed in relation to wound retention, exudate management, EPS access, and controlled antimicrobial release. Key strategies, including pH-, enzyme-, ROS-, and light-responsive delivery, EPS disruption, matrix penetration, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, ion-mediated killing, quorum-sensing interference, and wound-adaptive regenerative support, are integrated with translational considerations such as polymicrobial biofilm models, cytocompatibility, recurrence prevention, sterilization, storage stability, manufacturing scalability, regulatory classification, and patient-centered usability. By bridging nanocarrier engineering with topical dosage-form design, this review provides a formulation-oriented roadmap for clinically feasible antibiofilm nanomedicine for chronic and infected wounds, supporting control of infectious diseases, healthcare innovation, and sustainable manufacturing considerations.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Wound Infection/drug therapy/microbiology
Animals
Administration, Topical
Wound Healing/drug effects
*Drug Carriers/chemistry
*Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
*Nanoparticles/chemistry/administration & dosage
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
Bandages

@article {pmid42867782,
year = {2027},
author = {Kang, X and Song, H},
title = {Measure the Biofilm Formation of Salmonella Using Crystal Violet Assay.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {3078},
number = {},
pages = {77-84},
pmid = {42867782},
issn = {1940-6029},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Gentian Violet/chemistry ; *Salmonella/physiology/growth & development ; Staining and Labeling/methods ; },
abstract = {Salmonella can form biofilms, which are structured microbial communities composed of cells that adhere irreversibly to surfaces or to other cells. The formation of Salmonella biofilms may enhance the bacterial resistance to drugs, environmental stress, and the host immune system. Crystal violet staining is one of the most classical and widely used methods for measuring biofilms in laboratories. Its principle is primarily based on the binding of crystal violet to various components within the biofilm. Here, we describe the crystal violet assay protocol to measure the formation of Salmonella biofilms in laboratory conditions, including growth in a microplate and in a glass tube.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Gentian Violet/chemistry
*Salmonella/physiology/growth & development
Staining and Labeling/methods

@article {pmid42867886,
year = {2026},
author = {Mestayer, MA and Fahimipour, F and Geisinger, ML},
title = {Beyond Biofilm Control: Adjunctive Host Modulation Periodontal Therapy.},
journal = {Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)},
volume = {47},
number = {7},
pages = {320-325},
pmid = {42867886},
issn = {2158-1797},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms ; *Periodontal Diseases/therapy/immunology/microbiology ; Host-Directed Therapy ; },
abstract = {Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition driven by a dysregulated host immune response to microbial biofilm, resulting in connective tissue breakdown and alveolar bone loss. Host modulation therapy (HMT) aims to reduce host immune-inflammatory response and promote periodontal stability rather than directly targeting bacteria. Currently available host modulating agents include sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline, which inhibits matrix metalloproteinases and collagen breakdown, as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bisphosphonates, which modulate inflammatory pathways and bone metabolism, respectively. Adjunctive approaches such as statins, omega-3 fatty acids, and certain vitamins have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory and bone-protective effects. Emerging therapies continue to explore targeted cytokine modulation and novel pathways involved in host response. Clinically, the use of HMT is indicated in patients with persistent inflammation, high-risk disease progression, or systemic conditions that influence periodontal breakdown; its use requires careful case selection and individualized decision-making. Limitations, however, such as variable efficacy, potential adverse effects, patient compliance, and concerns regarding long-term use, must be considered when integrating host modulation into periodontal therapy.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms
*Periodontal Diseases/therapy/immunology/microbiology
Host-Directed Therapy

@article {pmid42869143,
year = {2026},
author = {Gaber, DA},
title = {Macrophage-membrane-camouflaged lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for target-specific biofilm penetration and eradication of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104525},
doi = {10.1016/j.xphs.2026.104525},
pmid = {42869143},
issn = {1520-6017},
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms present a formidable therapeutic challenge due to the dense extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix that restricts antibiotic penetration. Here, we engineered biomimetic macrophage-membrane-camouflaged lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (M-LPHNs) designed for targeted delivery and enhanced eradication of MRSA biofilms. M-LPHNs were prepared via emulsification-sonication followed by extrusion-mediated cell membrane coating, yielding monodisperse core-shell spherical structures (∼150 nm, PDI < 0.20) with high colloidal stability in serum. The biomimetic coating imparted a negative surface potential (-28 mV) matching native macrophage membranes and sustained high drug encapsulation efficiencies for vancomycin (78.6%) and daptomycin (84.2%). In vitro susceptibility microdilution assays demonstrated a 4-fold reduction in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) for M-LPHNs compared to free antibiotics. Time-kill kinetics revealed rapid bactericidal activity, achieving >3-log10 kill within 4 h and complete clearance (<10 CFU/mL) at 12 h without secondary regrowth. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, alongside Live/Dead CLSM assays, confirmed that M-LPHNs induce localized plasma membrane disruption, wall thinning, and intracellular leakage. Quantitative flow cytometry confirmed 92.4% calcein leakage, while in silico molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated lipid acyl chain disordering and membrane nanopore formation. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed high biocompatibility in Caco-2 cells (>92% viability) and negligible hemolysis (<1.8%). M-LPHNs represent a promising biomimetic nanomedicine platform for overcoming matrix barriers in recalcitrant MRSA biofilm infections.},
}

@article {pmid42869189,
year = {2026},
author = {Ji, J and Li, H and Hu, F and Geng, Y and Liu, L and Jin, B and Wang, B and Wang, L and Shen, B},
title = {Enhanced nitrogen removal from low C/N municipal wastewater at ambient temperatures through integration of partial denitrification/anammox and partial nitrification/anammox in step-feed continuous-flow pure-biofilm anoxic/oxic/anoxic system.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {136043},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.136043},
pmid = {42869189},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {The limited enrichment and retention of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), coupled with inadequate nitrite supply, remain major obstacles to implementing anammox-based processes in mainstream wastewater treatment. Hence, in this research, a step-feed continuous-flow pure-biofilm anoxic/oxic/anoxic (AOA) process was designed, integrating partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) and partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) to enhance the nitrogen removal efficiency from municipal wastewater with a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) at ambient temperatures. During the stable operating phase, under a temperature as low as 15.2 °C and a C/N of 3.1, the pure-biofilm AOA process achieved average ammonium removal and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiencies of 92.2% and 88.2%, respectively. Notably, the pre-anoxic, oxic, and post-anoxic zones contributed 51.2% (46.9% by PD/A), 13.8% (8.0% by PN/A), and 35.0% (20% by PD/A) of the overall TIN removal, respectively. In situ profiling of pollutant removal pathways and batch activity tests revealed that the pure-biofilm AOA process established a stable and complementary dual nitrite supply network. Microbial community analysis demonstrated that AnAOB were enriched across all functional zones, with relative abundances ranging from 0.1% to 10.3%. Correlation and co-occurrence network analyses (positive: 63.38% > negative: 36.62%) further indicated complex synergistic associations among key functional microorganisms, including anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Overall, this study developed and demonstrated the feasibility of the pure-biofilm AOA process incorporating dual nitrite-supply pathways, offering a promising strategy for the removal of nitrogen from mainstream wastewater with low C/N at ambient temperatures.},
}

@article {pmid42869884,
year = {2026},
author = {Du, T and Cui, M and Shan, J and Wang, S and Chen, S and Song, F and Li, Q and Zhang, L and Zheng, Y and Wang, P and Duan, Y and Zhu, J and Wang, Y and Lu, H and Liu, X and Zhang, Y and Zhang, L and Yang, G and Li, F},
title = {Rhein-induced free fatty acid generation cooperates with silver ions for biofilm-infected diabetic wound healing.},
journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42869884},
issn = {2059-3635},
support = {82474515，82074428//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Anthraquinones/pharmacology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/pathogenicity/growth & development ; *Silver/pharmacology ; *Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/biosynthesis ; *Diabetic Foot/drug therapy/microbiology/pathology/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, LDL/genetics/metabolism ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/pathology/genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/pathogenicity/drug effects ; Animals ; Cholesterol, LDL/genetics/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/pathology/microbiology/metabolism/genetics ; },
abstract = {Diabetic foot infection (DFI) significantly increases the risks of hospitalization and amputation, with biofilm infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) being key drivers of treatment failure. Here, we analyzed MRSA/CREC biofilm-infected ulcer tissues from patients using proteomics and metabolomics. Compared with nonhealing tissues, healed tissues exhibit activation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-mediated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) endocytosis and increased free fatty acid production; thus, we hypothesize a potential countermeasure against biofilms. However, the oxidative instability of free fatty acids limits their therapeutic use. Building on our findings demonstrating the potent anti-MRSA/CREC activity of rhein and its synergy with Ag[+], we developed an injectable hydrogel for sustained codelivery of both agents. This formulation outperforms Ag[+] monotherapy, accelerating wound closure in biofilm-infected diabetic wounds. Mechanistically, rhein binds to LDLR, upregulates its expression, and enhances the LDL-C endocytosis pathway in vascular endothelial cells to generate more free fatty acids. Among these, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is identified as the most critical free fatty acid that promotes healing, as it inhibits biofilm formation and synergizes with Ag[+] to exert antibacterial and pro-healing effects. In summary, this study identifies endogenous host lipid metabolites as "metabolic antibiotics" and establishes a synergistic therapeutic strategy that concurrently suppresses biofilm formation, inhibits planktonic bacteria, alleviates inflammation, and promotes tissue repair in drug-resistant biofilm-infected diabetic wounds.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Wound Healing/drug effects
*Anthraquinones/pharmacology
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/pathogenicity/growth & development
*Silver/pharmacology
*Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/biosynthesis
*Diabetic Foot/drug therapy/microbiology/pathology/genetics/metabolism
Receptors, LDL/genetics/metabolism
*Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/pathology/genetics/metabolism
Escherichia coli/pathogenicity/drug effects
Animals
Cholesterol, LDL/genetics/metabolism
*Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/pathology/microbiology/metabolism/genetics

@article {pmid42870070,
year = {2026},
author = {Kharbot, B and Al-Abdi, A and Schwendicke, F and Paris, S and Askar, H},
title = {Effect of moisture control on root caries progression adjacent to different restorative materials in an in-vitro biofilm model.},
journal = {Odontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42870070},
issn = {1618-1255},
abstract = {This study aimed to assess the impact of moisture control on the risk of caries progression to root restorations (CAR) made of resin composite (RC) or glass ionomer cements (GIC) under conditions of absolute or inadequate moisture control in an in vitro model. In each of the sixty caries-free human maxillary premolars, standardized mesial and distal cavities were prepared 5 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction. The specimens were randomly allocated to the experimental groups RC-Z250 (Scotchbond Universal SE & Z250, 3M, Seefeld, Germany), GIC-DF (DeltaFil, DMG, Hamburg, Germany), GIC-EF (Equia Forte, GC, Tokyo, Japan), and GIC-KF (Ketac Fil, 3M, Seefeld, Germany) (n = 15). In each group, restorations were placed either simulating conditions of absolute (Control) or inadequate (Test) moisture control. After water storage for 100d (37°C, 100% humidity), specimens were subjected to thermocycling (10.000 thermal cycles; 5-55°C), and a continuous-culture Lactobacillus rhamnosus biofilm model for 10d. The integrated mineral loss ΔZ was measured along the tooth-restoration interface (dentin wall lesion; DWL) and the outer surface of the root dentin (dentin surface lesion; DSL) using transverse microradiography. Only group RC-Z250 exhibited significant differences in mineral losses ΔZ between Control and Test lesions in DSLs (ΔZctrl: 704; 517/1329 vol%×µm; ΔZtest: 1629; 1460/1996 vol%×µm; p < 0.05, Wilcoxon) whereas no significant Control-Test difference was observed for DWLs in RC-Z250 or for DSLs and DWLs in the tested GIC groups. In DSLs, the RC-Z250 Controls demonstrated significantly less mineral loss compared to all GIC groups, while the mineral loss adjacent to the Test-restorations did not differ significantly from that of the other groups (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn-Bonferroni). The differences in mineral loss (ΔΔZ = ΔZtest - ΔZctrl) across all groups were not significant (Kruskal-Wallis; p > 0.05). Direct comparison of moisture-associated differences in mineral loss did not reveal significant differences among restorative materials. Under ideal moisture-control conditions, RC-Z250 showed lower mineral loss in DSLs than the investigated GICs, but this finding should be interpreted cautiously due to the simplified model.},
}

@article {pmid42872449,
year = {2026},
author = {Hassan, N and Ali, A},
title = {Biotechnological Approaches to Biofilm-Targeted Antifungal Therapy in Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2174/0113892010514884261005110150},
pmid = {42872449},
issn = {1873-4316},
abstract = {Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RVVC) is increasing worldwide, with biofilm persistence and antifungal resistance limiting treatment options. The combined use of antifungal treatments with antibiofilm agents has become a promising strategy. This review explores advanced therapeutic approaches, their limitations, and prospects. Overgrowth of vaginal Candida inflames the mucosa, causing itching, dryness, and whitish discharge. Biofilm formation worsens the condition, contributing to treatment failure, resistance, and recurrence. Conventional antifungal modalities are often inadequate against these multidimensional biofilm assemblies. Combining natural and synthetic antifungal agents with antibiofilm adjuncts has shown improved outcomes by targeting Candida cells within biofilms. This review compiles studies on multicomponent approaches to managing vaginal Candida infections, focusing on pan-Candida species to clarify species-specific resistance and persistence. Host factors in non-virgin women, a highly affected population, are examined alongside regional data on recurrence and treatment failure. Together, these insights highlight the microbiology of Candida biofilms, host and regional influences, and the socio-economic burden of RVVC, while emphasising the translational importance of combination therapy and biotechnology-driven innovations such as molecular docking, nanocarriers, CRISPR-based gene modulation, and engineered probiotics.},
}

@article {pmid42860088,
year = {2026},
author = {Zheng, S and Zhao, W and Fu, J and Li, J and Yan, W and Ye, C and Wan, D and Yu, X},
title = {Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria promoted heterotrophic biofilm formation in carbon-limited environments: Threshold effect and mechanistic insights.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {309},
number = {Pt A},
pages = {126965},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.126965},
pmid = {42860088},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) threaten the biological safety of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) by promoting heterotrophic biofilm formation. Given the substantial variability in AOB densities observed across different DWDSs, a quantitative understanding of this interaction is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies, yet it remains poorly characterized. In this study, a simulated drinking water environment with indigenous bacteria was established to investigate the interaction between Nitrosomonas eutropha (AOB) and Sphingomonas sp. (heterotrophic bacteria) during biofilm formation. Results revealed a concentration threshold effect of AOB, where N. eutropha concentrations exceeding 10[3] CFU/mL significantly enhanced Sphingomonas sp. biofilm formation. Quantitatively, approximately 9.26 CFU of N. eutropha supported the growth of 1 CFU of Sphingomonas sp. Mechanistically, high dry mass and lack of flagella in N. eutropha facilitated initial surface colonization, and concentrations above the threshold reduced surface hydrophobicity, thereby promoting Sphingomonas sp. attachment. AOB metabolites subsequently enhanced Sphingomonas sp. activity by reducing reactive oxygen species level, stabilizing biofilm formation. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis identified key metabolites linked to the AOB threshold effect, including pyroglutamic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, and phosphate. These metabolites supported Sphingomonas sp. by enhancing amino acid, energy metabolism, and antioxidation capacity, overcoming the growth barrier in carbon-limited environments. Among them, pyroglutamic acid serves as the primary promoter of Sphingomonas sp. biofilm formation. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory role of AOB in heterotrophic biofilm formation, and suggest that maintaining AOB below a critical threshold may mitigate biofilm-associated risks under oligotrophic conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42860503,
year = {2026},
author = {Karimbakhsh, M and Goli, HR and Ramezani, Y and Nasiri, D and Davoodi, L and Asadollahpour, M and Shahmohammadi, AR and Ehsani, A and Rezaei, S and Gholami, M},
title = {Molecular detection of biofilm-related genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Northern Iran.},
journal = {Journal of applied genetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42860503},
issn = {2190-3883},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely recognized as one of the primary opportunistic pathogens responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections, notably in immunocompromised patients. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, as two major virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, are related to the persistence of prolonged infections. This study was designed to (1) evaluate the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa in northern Iran and (2) analyze the frequency of biofilm-associated genes and their correlation with antimicrobial patterns. Clinical samples (n = 80) were collected from ICUs and other wards and processed for the isolation and identification of P. aeruginosa. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using disk diffusion. PCR was performed to target the biofilm-associated genes. Out of 80 P. aeruginosa isolates, the prevalence of isolates was highest in the ICU (57.5%), and sputum was the most common specimen type (37%). Piperacillin/tazobactam demonstrated the highest activity (76.2% susceptible), followed by amikacin (52.5% susceptible). Notably, 45% of the isolates were MDR, 52.5% were XDR, while 2.5% were neither MDR nor XDR. The biofilm-associated genes ppyR and pslA were detected in 92.5% and 87.5% of the isolates, respectively, whereas pelA was found in 85% of the isolates. Among the 59 pelA, ppyR, and pslA-positive isolates, 47.45% were MDR, 42.37% were XDR, and 10.18% were non-MDR/XDR. Based on these outcomes, we strongly recommend strict infection prevention and control strategies to limit the transmission of MDR-PA, particularly in hospital settings. Piperacillin/tazobactam remains relatively effective; however, its administration should be guided by antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.},
}

@article {pmid42863163,
year = {2026},
author = {Rubio, N and Khalid, A and Bonet, B and Bláhová, L and Romaní, AM and Guasch, H},
title = {Fluvial biofilm functioning is impaired by 1H-benzotriazole under fish-mediated nutrient enrichment.},
journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {301},
number = {},
pages = {108037},
doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.108037},
pmid = {42863163},
issn = {1879-1514},
abstract = {Microbial biofilms respond to environmental stress and drive key biogeochemical processes in streams, underpinning ecosystem services such as toxicant removal, carbon fixation, and nutrient cycling. 1H-benzotriazole (B1H) is a ubiquitous emerging pollutant with known effects on microorganisms, plants and animals, that frequently co-occurs with nutrient enrichment in effluent-impacted freshwaters. Using fluvial microcosms, we evaluated the effects of B1H below reported toxicity thresholds (nominal: 200µg/L; measured 175±12µg/L, mean±SD) on epilithic biofilm structure and functioning under dynamic fish-mediated nutrient enrichment, using mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) as contaminant recipients and nutrient sources. Structural responses were limited, with B1H increasing protein content in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix but producing no significant effects on biomass-related endpoints. In contrast, several functional processes were affected by B1H exposure. B1H particularly reduced phosphorus uptake and biomass-specific community metabolism, indicating lower functional efficiency of epilithic biofilms. Nitrification and heterotrophic carbon utilisation effects were found after prolonged exposure. Progressive fish-mediated ammonium enrichment and phosphorus depletion generated severe stoichiometric imbalance in all treatments that also interacted with B1H exposure to shape biofilm responses. By week 3, exposed and unexposed biofilms converged through partial recovery of some responses in B1H-exposed biofilms, together with declining functional performance in unexposed biofilms under nutrient imbalance. Overall, our findings indicate that contaminant effects on freshwater biofilms depend on the ecological context. B1H illustrates that contaminants can modify freshwater ecosystem functioning through interacting direct and indirect pathways even at concentrations below standard toxicity thresholds, highlighting the importance of incorporating ecological interactions into freshwater ecological risk assessment.},
}

@article {pmid42863274,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, M and Bu, F and Gao, M and Ji, J and Guo, L and Jin, C and Zhao, YG and Yang, X},
title = {One shuttle, two wins: AQDS cuts N2O while boosting denitrification in cold, carbon-limited biofilm systems.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {309},
number = {Pt A},
pages = {127122},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.127122},
pmid = {42863274},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Efficient biological nitrogen removal in biofilm systems is hampered under low-temperature and carbon-limited ("dual-low") conditions, where impaired microbial metabolism curtails denitrification and promotes nitrous oxide (N2O). Quinone moieties of humic substances can shuttle electrons between microorganisms, yet their role in sustaining denitrification under dual-low stress remains unknown. Here we show that supplementing biofilm microcosms with the model humic analogue anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) raised nitrate (NO3[-]-N) removal from below 60% to 81% at 4-6 °C and C/N = 4, while curbing cumulative N2O emissions by 12.1-26.8% and lowering net global-warming potential. Metatranscriptomics revealed coordinated upregulation of denitrification genes (narG, nirK, norB and nosZ) and extracellular electron-transfer genes (omcB, mtrC and macA), accompanied by 67.3% higher electron-transfer efficiency, elevated ATP and enhanced membrane potentials. FISH and SEM imaging captured AQDS-driven co-aggregates of electroactive microorganisms and denitrifiers bridged by nanowire-like structures, and selective enrichment of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Pseudomonas fluorescens. We identify quinone-mediated electron shuttling and direct interspecies electron transfer as the mechanistic basis of this microbial electroactive syntrophy, offering a low-energy strategy for sustainable nitrogen removal in cold, carbon-limited wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid42864564,
year = {2026},
author = {Chowdhury, MAH and Reem, CSA and Mizan, MFR and Ashrafudoulla, M and Ha, SD},
title = {Biofilm-Mediated Persistence of Salmonella in Poultry Processing: A Comprehensive Review of Isolate Heterogeneity, Stress Adaptation, and Antimicrobial Resistance.},
journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety},
volume = {25},
number = {6},
pages = {e70674},
doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70674},
pmid = {42864564},
issn = {1541-4337},
support = {//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2024-00339436//Korean government/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Animals ; *Poultry/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Adaptation, Physiological ; *Salmonella/drug effects/physiology ; Food Microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; *Salmonella enterica/drug effects/physiology ; *Food Handling ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Salmonella enterica remains a major foodborne pathogen in poultry-processing environments, where its persistence is largely attributed to biofilm formation on food-contact and non-food-contact surfaces. Despite extensive research on Salmonella control, persistent contamination continues to challenge food safety due to the complex interplay among isolate-specific traits, stress adaptation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review critically examines the phenotypic and genotypic determinants associated with Salmonella biofilm formation and evaluates their contributions to persistence, stress adaptation, and AMR. Emerging evidence also indicates that mixed-species interactions, particularly with Pseudomonas spp., can influence biofilm architecture, stress tolerance, and the long-term persistence of Salmonella in poultry-processing environments. Particular attention is given to processing-associated stresses, including temperature fluctuations, desiccation, nutrient limitation, and sublethal sanitizer exposure, which can induce adaptive responses that enhance biofilm development, promote persistence, and increase tolerance to antimicrobial interventions. The review further evaluates current detection approaches, including viability-based quantification methods such as digital droplet PCR, and discusses their limitations and applications in identifying and quantifying biofilm-associated and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) populations within processing environments. Existing control measures are assessed with emphasis on the challenges posed by mature biofilms and adaptive resistance mechanisms. Emerging antibiofilm technologies, including enzymatic treatments, bacteriophages, and UV-LED systems, are also examined for their potential industrial implementation. By integrating current knowledge on biofilm biology, stress adaptation, and AMR, this review provides a framework for developing targeted and sustainable strategies to mitigate Salmonella persistence in poultry-processing environments.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Animals
*Poultry/microbiology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Adaptation, Physiological
*Salmonella/drug effects/physiology
Food Microbiology
Stress, Physiological
*Salmonella enterica/drug effects/physiology
*Food Handling
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid42864928,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Ghorbani, M and Al-Taisan, KM and Baashen, M and Jayaram, L and Ramu, R},
title = {Development of Pyrazole and Pyrazolo[4,5-b]pyridine Analogues with Potent Fungal Biofilm Inhibition Properties.},
journal = {Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2174/0115734064519687260917115009},
pmid = {42864928},
issn = {1875-6638},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections continue to pose significant health risks because of two factors, which include drug resistance and the restricted availability of treatment options. Molecular hybridization has been an effective method for developing new drugs with improved therapeutic effects. Fused heterocyclic systems provide researchers with useful frameworks for synthesizing compounds that more effectively engage biological targets. The pyrazole and pyrazolo[ 4,5-b]pyridine derivatives have attracted significant scientific interest due to their multiple biological functions and their ability to be modified in various ways.

METHODS: The target compounds were prepared through cyclization of naphthalene hydrazide 1 with 2-cyano-N-aryl-acetamide 2a-d to give the key 5-amino-pyrazoles 3a-d. These compounds were then converted into pyrazolo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives (5a, 5b, 5d, 7a-c) using various chemical routes. Spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR) were used for structural identification. An ADMET analysis was conducted to assess the drug likeness and pharmacokinetics of each compound. Finally, the selected compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans by assessing their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and filamentation. SEM and gene expression studies were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of action, while molecular docking analysis was performed to identify binding interactions with biofilm-associated proteins.

RESULTS: Compound 5a showed the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 16 μg/mL), with high biofilm inhibition (69%) and filamentation suppression compared to Fluconazole (IC50 = 8 μg/mL, 76.7%). SEM and gene expression data confirmed disruption of the biofilm matrix and the suppression of virulence-related genes. Docking analysis also provided evidence of high-affinity binding to several biofilm-associated proteins.

DISCUSSION: The significant biological activity of compound 5a can be explained by the chloro group present on the pyrazolo[4,5-b]pyridine system. On the other hand, compound 7a, despite containing similar groups, exhibited low activity, possibly due to bulky substituents that cause steric hindrance, preventing its interaction with the target molecules involved in fungal virulence. Thus, both biological and molecular docking studies confirm the suitability of compound 5a for use as an antifungal drug.

CONCLUSION: This research has shown that the synthesized pyrazolo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives showed high antifungal activity. Specifically, compound 5a has been identified as a lead candidate due to its high capacity to disrupt biofilm formation, suppress virulence factor production, and exhibit strong binding affinity for these proteins, thereby making it suitable for the development of future antifungal drugs.},
}

@article {pmid42864988,
year = {2026},
author = {Murahari, SK and Siddoju, K},
title = {Imidazo[1,2-b]Pyrazole-1,2,4-oxadiazole Linked 1,2,3-Triazoles: Synthesis, Antibacterial, Biofilm, and In Silico Studies.},
journal = {Chemistry & biodiversity},
volume = {23},
number = {10},
pages = {e71816},
doi = {10.1002/cbdv.71816},
pmid = {42864988},
issn = {1612-1880},
mesh = {*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Triazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; *Oxadiazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Pyrazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology ; Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Molecular Structure ; *Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis ; },
abstract = {The growing incidence of bacterial resistance, especially in gram-positive infections, emphasizes how urgently new antibacterial medicines must be developed. This study presents the rational design and synthesis of a series of fused imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-1,2,4-oxadiazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (8a-8n) employing a multi-step synthetic approach that includes oxidative cyclisation, amidoxime formation, Vilsmeier-mediated cyclodehydration, and Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The synthesized compounds were assessed for their in vitro antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Multiple derivatives displayed notable antibacterial activity, with compounds 8j and 8l identified as the most effective (MIC = 1.56 µg/mL), exhibiting antibacterial efficacy comparable to or surpassing that of the reference medication dicloxacillin. Biofilm inhibition tests further indicated that compounds 8j and 8l exhibit substantial antibiofilm action. Molecular docking analyses targeting penicillin-binding protein (PDB ID: 1MWT) demonstrated advantageous binding affinities, with compound 8k displaying the most favorable binding score (-9.10 kcal/mol), corroborating the experimental results. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) research revealed that the inclusion of electron-withdrawing substituents, especially dihalogen groups, markedly increases antibacterial efficacy. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of fused imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-1,2,4-oxadiazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids as effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agents against gram-positive bacterial infections.},
}

*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemical synthesis/chemistry
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Triazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis
*Oxadiazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis
Molecular Docking Simulation
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Pyrazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis
Structure-Activity Relationship
Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effects/physiology
Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/physiology
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
Molecular Structure
*Imidazoles/chemistry/pharmacology/chemical synthesis

@article {pmid42865975,
year = {2026},
author = {Shimizu, T and Tago, K and Yokoyama, M and Nakamura, K and Tokieda-Tanoue, S and Kita, A and Miyazaki, S},
title = {Correction to "Discovery of a Colon-Targeted Prodrug As an Escherichia coli Biofilm Inhibitor for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease".},
journal = {ACS medicinal chemistry letters},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {2270-2271},
doi = {10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6c00463},
pmid = {42865975},
issn = {1948-5875},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00675.].},
}

@article {pmid42867360,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, H and Wu, H and Peng, W and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Q},
title = {Molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks governing Yersinia biofilm formation and host adaptation.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0041826},
doi = {10.1128/jb.00418-26},
pmid = {42867360},
issn = {1098-5530},
abstract = {The genus Yersinia includes three human pathogens-Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica-where biofilm formation plays distinct roles in transmission and environmental persistence. All three species share the core biofilm machinery-the hmsHFRS operon, encoding enzymes for poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) exopolysaccharide production, and the c-di-GMP signaling controlling this production-but their regulatory networks and biofilm outputs differ. Transcriptional control of hms involves an integrated network that includes the Rcs phosphorelay (reshaped by rcsA pseudogenization), PhoP/PhoQ, EnvZ/OmpR, BarA/UvrY, Fur/Zur, CRP-cAMP, RovM/RovA, and multiple sigma factors. Post-transcriptionally, the Hfq-sRNA and CsrA-CsrB/CsrC systems modulate gene expression; the latter is directly validated in Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis, whereas its role in Y. enterocolitica is inferred from genomic conservation. At the translational and enzymatic levels, polyamines sustain Hms protein production, while redox signals govern the HmsC-HmsD disulfide switch, controlling diguanylate cyclase activity. This multi-layer architecture ensures that biofilm output is tuned to species-specific ecological niches. In host adaptation, Y. pestis transitioned from a foodborne enteric pathogen to a flea-borne lifestyle through key genetic events-acquisition of ymt, pseudogenization of rcsA, inactivation of y2909/y3389, and ureD-which are not shared with Y. pseudotuberculosis or Y. enterocolitica, thereby explaining their different biofilm-dependent transmission strategies. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have identified host O-glycosylation modifications as receptors for biofilm attachment. This review summarizes progress on the molecular mechanisms, regulatory networks, and host-adaptive functions of Yersinia biofilm formation and proposes future research directions to address knowledge gaps. Future priorities include the identification of c-di-GMP effectors, flea-specific signals, 3D biofilm imaging, and CRISPR-based detection.},
}

@article {pmid42859224,
year = {2026},
author = {Çalı, A and Göçer, S},
title = {Association of virulence genes with biofilm formation in clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {209},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42859224},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/genetics/pathogenicity/isolation & purification/physiology ; Humans ; *Virulence Factors/genetics ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Virulence/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {This systematic review and meta-analysis examined association between virulence gene carriage and phenotypic biofilm formation in human clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched on April 9, 2026, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261405485). Eligible studies used microplate-based biofilm assessment, detected virulence genes, and provided extractable 2 × 2 data. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR). Twenty-six studies comprising 1848 isolates were included. For strong versus non-strong biofilm formation, esp (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.32-4.13), efaA (OR 26.28, 95% CI 1.12-614.84), and sprE (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.18-7.92) showed significant associations, although efaA and sprE estimates were based on few studies and were imprecise. For any biofilm versus no biofilm formation, asa1 (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.39-4.67), esp (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.82-4.04), agg (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.25-2.78), and cylA (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.20-3.91) were significant. Sensitivity analyses identified esp as the most consistent association, although heterogeneity remained for strong biofilm formation. Gene-biofilm associations were gene-specific and phenotype-dependent. esp positivity alone is insufficient to predict biofilm phenotype because biofilm formation is multifactorial and context dependent.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Enterococcus faecalis/genetics/pathogenicity/isolation & purification/physiology
Humans
*Virulence Factors/genetics
*Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology
Virulence/genetics
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid42859546,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, J and Ayiku, L and Larson, B and Patel, A and Adams, D and Moran, P and Burgan, S and Shah, E and Bruno, A and Printz, J and Flom, T and Redman, WK},
title = {Uncovering the phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics of biofilm-released cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {AIMS microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {718-741},
pmid = {42859546},
issn = {2471-1888},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prominent biofilm-forming pathogen associated with chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate due to the protective biofilm matrix. Inducing biofilm dispersion has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy. Although researchers have compared selected biofilm dispersion mechanisms, the characteristics of cells generated by mechanistically distinct release strategies, particularly enzymatic matrix degradation, remain uncharacterized. In this study, we compared P. aeruginosa cells released from biofilms using four distinct dispersion mechanisms: An external signaling molecule (cis-2-decenoic acid; cis-DA), a nutrient cue (glutamate), an environmental toxin (sodium nitroprusside; SNP), and a matrix-degrading enzyme (amylase). Released cells exhibited distinct antibiotic susceptibility, attachment, and gene expression depending on the release mechanism. Glutamate-released cells exhibited greater tobramycin tolerance and attachment, whereas glutamate and amylase-released populations exhibited differences in the expression of selected genes. Additionally, the release mechanism influenced subsequent biofilm recovery and reformation, and cis-DA significantly enhanced tobramycin-mediated killing of mature biofilms. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the mechanism used to induce release may influence subsequent bacterial behavior and antibiotic susceptibility. These findings highlight the importance of considering release mechanism when developing dispersion-based strategies for treating biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid42859814,
year = {2026},
author = {Ortiz-Rivero, J and Siñeriz, P and Sabater, S and Freixa, A},
title = {Urban effluents override drying legacy in stream biofilm bacterial communities.},
journal = {ISME communications},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {ycag270},
pmid = {42859814},
issn = {2730-6151},
abstract = {Bacterial communities in stream biofilms play a fundamental role in the ecological functioning of fluvial ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and primary production, while also serving as indicators of ecosystem health. In Mediterranean streams, these communities are increasingly exposed to multiple sequential stressors of varying intensity, such as drying and chemical pollution, yet their combined effects remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a field experiment in four streams by colonizing artificial substrates, which were subsequently subjected to contrasting drying regimes (intermittent vs. continuous) and later translocated to reaches receiving urban effluents. Bacterial communities were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Both stressors significantly modified community diversity and composition, with consistent responses across streams. Continuous drying acted as a strong environmental filter, reducing diversity and favoring stress-tolerant taxa such as Bacilli and Actinobacteria while decreasing the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria. In contrast, effluent exposure promoted community homogenization and recolonization by effluent-derived taxa, largely dominated by Cyanobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Across both intermittent and continuous regimes, sequential exposure to drying followed by urban effluents further shaped bacterial communities. However, legacy effects of drying were generally weak and largely overridden by effluent inputs. Although some early-colonizing, stress-tolerant taxa persisted, community reorganization was mainly driven by effluent-derived colonization and local environmental conditions. Overall, these results show that the sequence and intensity of disturbances, together with initial community composition, regulate microbial resilience and community reorganization, with clear implications for the functioning of river ecosystems.},
}

@article {pmid42852229,
year = {2026},
author = {Bilská, K and Pribus, M and Bujdák, J and Bujdáková, H},
title = {Photoactive Polyurethane Nanocomposites with Phloxine B‑Functionalized Poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-Saponite for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Inactivation.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {11},
number = {39},
pages = {60246-60258},
pmid = {42852229},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Surface modification is an effective strategy to combat microbial colonization by inhibiting growth or directly inactivating bacteria. In this study, polyurethane (PU)-based nanocomposites (NCs) incorporating saponite nanoparticles modified with poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and functionalized with the photosensitizer phloxine B (PhB) were developed. NCs were developed as thin films fused onto the bulk PU. They were characterized for their physicochemical properties and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. PDDA modification enabled efficient binding of anionic PhB, resulting in high loading capacity while preserving photoactivity. The NC exhibited diffusion-controlled release of PhB, with rapid release in the first few h, and approximately 18% of the total PhB was released from the NC. Biological assays showed that NCs with PhB loading higher than 0.2 mmol g[-1] achieved more than a 2 log10 reduction of S. aureus biofilm cells after irradiation with a green laser, including methicillin-resistant strains. Formation of reactive oxygen species was identified as the anti-biofilm mechanism, with significant increases (more than 10-fold) observed only after laser irradiation. Gene expression analysis showed minimal activation of oxidative stress response genes (sodA, sodM, katA, and ahpC), with no significant differences between irradiated and non-irradiated samples, except for slight sodA activity in the standard strain and one MRSA strain. This suggests that the treatment effect was strong enough to impair bacterial adaptive responses. Overall, the results indicate that photoactive PU-based NCs functionalized with PhB represent a promising platform for effective photodynamic inactivation of bacterial biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid42852299,
year = {2026},
author = {Lusardi, M and Caviglia, D and Chiocca, A and Ponassi, M and Piatti, G and Salis, A and Spallarossa, A and Schito, AM and Brullo, C},
title = {Design, Synthesis, and Microbiological Evaluation of Differently Decorated Pyrazoles Able to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {11},
number = {39},
pages = {58851-58861},
pmid = {42852299},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global public health threat, killing at least 1.27 million people worldwide and associated with nearly 5 million deaths. Antibiotic resistance has been recently recognized by the WHO as a global health emergency. In this scenario, the research and development of novel derivatives specifically active against resistant pathogens became an urgent need. Pyrazole-based compounds have recently attracted significant interest for their potential antimicrobial activity, particularly against resistant Gram-positive strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Based on this evidence, we carried out an in-depth investigation of this chemical class by the synthesis of unreported compounds differently decorated on the pyrazole scaffold. The newly prepared derivatives were tested on a large panel of Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. Interestingly, pyrazolyl ureas (PUs) 1c and 1h showed excellent minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (8-16 μg/mL) against different Staphylococcus strains and were therefore further evaluated by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination and time-kill assays and for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation on several MRSA strains. Pyrazole 1c was shown to exert such inhibition at MIC and sub-MIC concentrations (1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC), highlighting the pharmaceutical potential of this class of compounds against resistant MRSA. Finally, selected PUs did not affect GM-6114 cell viability, thus indicating the lack of cytotoxicity on healthy fibroblasts, and were predicted to possess favorable physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and drug-likeness profiles.},
}