@article {pmid40308898,
year = {2025},
author = {Palmer, B and Karačić, S and Bierbaum, G and Gee, CT},
title = {Microbial methods matter: Identifying discrepancies between microbiome denoising pipelines using a leaf biofilm taphonomic dataset.},
journal = {Applications in plant sciences},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {e11628},
pmid = {40308898},
issn = {2168-0450},
abstract = {PREMISE: The occurrence of different microorganisms on aquatic macrophyte fossils suggests that biofilm microbes may facilitate leaf preservation. Understanding the impact of microorganisms on leaf preservation requires studies on living plants coupled with microbial amplicon sequencing. Choosing the most suitable bioinformatic pipeline is pivotal to accurate data interpretation, as it can lead to considerably different estimations of microbial community composition.

METHODS: We analyze biofilms from floating and submerged leaves of Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea and mock communities using primers for the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 18S rRNA, and ITS amplicon regions and compare the microbial community compositions derived from three bioinformatic pipelines: DADA2, Deblur, and UNOISE.

RESULTS: The choice of denoiser alters the total number of sequences identified and differs in the identified taxa. Results from all three denoising pipelines show that the leaf microbial communities differed between depths and that the effect of the environment varied depending on the amplicon region.

DISCUSSION: Considering the performance of denoising algorithms and the identification of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), we recommend DADA2 for analyzing 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA. For the ITS region, the choice is more nuanced, as Deblur identified the most ASVs and was compositionally similar to DADA2.},
}

@article {pmid40308185,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, X and Xiao, T and Liu, Y and Liu, Z and Zhang, B and Liu, P and Chen, Z and Bi, L and Zheng, Q and Hu, WC and Wang, C},
title = {2D MOF Nanozyme-Enhanced Impedance Detector for Synergistic Biofilm Detection and Removal in Bioelectrochemical Systems.},
journal = {Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e202500600},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202500600},
pmid = {40308185},
issn = {1521-3765},
abstract = {The formation of biofilm has become a significant influencing factor to microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Developing effective biofilm detection means are highly imperative for improving the efficiency of MFCs. In this study, we propose a two-dimensional metal-organic framework (2D Cu-BDC) nanozyme-based impedance detector for the simultaneous detection and removal of bacterial biofilms. The promising induction interface features good electron transfer and biofilm attachment properties, realizing sensitive biofilm detection. The impedance response change on the functionalized 2D MOF detector was 3.5 times higher for Gram-positive bacteria biofilm and 2.7 times higher for Gram-negative bacteria biofilm compared to bare electrodes. In addition, the 2D MOF nanozyme demonstrates robust peroxidase-like activity, enabling efficient biofilm degradation at low H2O2 concentration, and further allowing for real-time monitoring of the biofilm elimination process. This study provides a novel approach to using MOF-based biosensors for the simultaneous detection and removal of biofilm in MFCs.},
}

@article {pmid40306587,
year = {2025},
author = {Habib, MB and Shah, NA and Amir, A and Tariq, MH},
title = {Molecular and computational insights into algD biofilm genes in multi drug resistant and extensively drug resistant Pseudomonasaeruginosa.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {205},
number = {},
pages = {107634},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107634},
pmid = {40306587},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Antibiotic-resistance and biofilm formation are the main virulence factors and present a serious treatment challenge in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial resistance, genetic diversity, biofilm-specific algD gene, and computational analysis of clinical isolates. Forty two isolates of P. aeruginosa were examined by PCR, ELISA, sangers sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, MolProbity score, 3D structural modelling, Ramachandran plot, multiple sequence alignment, and protein domain analysis. According to the results, PCR analysis revealed algD gene presence in all isolates. ELISA showed 55 % (n = 23) of the samples produced strong biofilms, 38 % (n = 16) produced moderate biofilms, and 7 % (3) produced weak biofilms. The evolutionary relationships of 8 (S1-S8) P. aeruginosa strains with 81 reference strains were illustrated by the phylogenetic tree. Samples S1-S8 showed excellent MolProbity score (<1.00), low clashed scores (0.67-0.70), most residues in the favored regions (∼96.2-96.5 %), low Ramachandran outliers (0.53-0.56 %), low Rotamer outlier (0.62 %), low bad angles (<2), indicated high-quality models and values preferred percentages showed excellent models with structural refinement. Over all samples S5 and S6 stood out as the top choices for high-confidence modeling and applications. The essential catalytic domain UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase was identified that could be used as important therapeutic targets. High quality models indicated suitability for downstream applications, such as studying protein-ligand interactions, understanding structural aspects of biofilm-resistant bacteria. This study improved our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying P. aeruginosa biofilm resistance and sets the stage for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to combat multidrug resistant strains.},
}

@article {pmid40306463,
year = {2025},
author = {Fabrizio, G and Truglio, M and Cavallo, I and Sivori, F and Francalancia, M and Cabral, RJR and Comar, M and Trancassini, M and Compagnino, DE and Diaco, F and Antonelli, G and Ascenzioni, F and Cimino, G and Pimpinelli, F and Domenico, EGD},
title = {Cefiderocol activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from people with cystic fibrosis.},
journal = {Journal of global antimicrobial resistance},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jgar.2025.04.010},
pmid = {40306463},
issn = {2213-7173},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are a leading cause of acute pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Intrinsic antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate treatment. This study investigates the genomic diversity and cefiderocol efficacy against planktonic and biofilm-associated forms of P. aeruginosa isolates from pwCF.

METHODS: Eight P. aeruginosa clinical isolates and three laboratory strains underwent whole genome sequencing (WGS). Biofilm formation was assessed through biomass, cell count, metabolic activity, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC90) and biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC90) were also determined.

RESULTS: WGS revealed significant genomic diversity, identifying ten distinct sequence types (STs). Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) showed that 10/11 strains were susceptible to cefiderocol, with one isolate (MPA9) displaying resistance linked to the blaOXA486 gene. Adding the β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam (AVI) restored susceptibility in this resistant strain. Although iron metabolism genes were highly conserved across isolates, MPA9 lacked the fpvA iron receptor, potentially contributing to cefiderocol resistance. Biofilm formation significantly increased tolerance to cefiderocol, with an 8-fold rise in MBEC90 compared to MBC90.

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the genomic diversity and adaptive potential of P. aeruginosa in pwCF. Cefiderocol shows promise against planktonic and biofilm-associated P. aeruginosa, and combining it with AVI may counteract β-lactamase-mediated resistance.},
}

@article {pmid40306341,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, J and Shen, Q and Zhang, S and Yuan, C and Wang, M and Tu, H and Feng, L and Sun, F},
title = {Reliable protocol using gradient boosting decision tree with limited experimental data to modify membrane surface for enhanced resilience and nitrogen removal in biofilm system.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {132602},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132602},
pmid = {40306341},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {This study highlights the importance of advanced membrane modification optimization methods for Membrane biofilm reactors (MBfR). Using Response surface methodology (RSM) and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), a relationship between solution concentration, reaction time, and temperature versus membrane surface characteristics was established. The GBDT model accurately predicted surface roughness during training (R[2] = 0.994) and testing (R[2]pred = 0.993), outperforming RSM (R[2] = 0.981, R[2]pred = 0.763, RMSE = 8.302) with a low RMSE of 2.077. The optimal conditions (1 mg·L[-1] concentration, 5 h reaction time, 45 ℃) were used to modify membranes, which enhanced bio-attachment greatly. The optimized membrane achieved a nitrogen removal efficiency of 98.4 % in MBfR, performs better than the control one of 35.7 %. These results demonstrate that GBDT shows promising potential in optimizing membrane modification parameters, providing an effective strategy for enhancing MBfR performance through modelling and modification methods.},
}

@article {pmid40306307,
year = {2025},
author = {Panigrahi, S and Konatam, S and Tandi, A and Roy, DN},
title = {A comprehensive review of emerging 3D-printing materials against bacterial biofilm growth on the surface of healthcare settings.},
journal = {Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1748-605X/add2bb},
pmid = {40306307},
issn = {1748-605X},
abstract = {A significant burden on the healthcare system, microbial contamination of biomedical surfaces can result in hospital-acquired illnesses (HAIs). Bacteria, viruses, and fungi may live on surfaces for days or months and spread to patients and medical personnel. This article describes the 3D printing technologies, such as fused deposition modelling, bioprinting, binder jetting/inkjet, poly-jet, electron beam manufacturing, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and laminated object manufacturing used for manufacturing the healthcare setting's surface to reduce bacterial contamination with exploring anti-biofilm activity against different bacterial species responsible for infections, based on the critical evaluation of published reports. This strategy has immense potential to become an upcoming approach for advancing the coating concept on the material's surface in healthcare settings. Our literature evaluation identifies beneficial 3D printing materials and associated technologies against microorganisms' growth, mainly bacteria involved in implant-based infection, emphasizing the development of anti-biofilm 3D-printed surfaces. Additionally, the authors have identified a few key areas where research and development are critically required to advance 3D-printing technology in healthcare settings.},
}

@article {pmid40306192,
year = {2025},
author = {Esnaashari, F and Nikzad, G and Zahmatkesh, H and Zamani, H},
title = {Exploring the antivirulence mechanisms of ZnO-PEG-quercetin nanoparticles: Biofilm disruption, attenuation of virulent factors, and cell invasion suppression against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Bioorganic chemistry},
volume = {161},
number = {},
pages = {108527},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108527},
pmid = {40306192},
issn = {1090-2120},
abstract = {The dense biofilm architecture and efflux pump activity play critical roles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections by hindering the accumulation and long-term efficacy of antibacterial agents within bacterial cells. The development of engineered nanoparticles capable of penetrating the polysaccharide matrix of biofilms represents a promising strategy for addressing bacterial infections. This is the first report on the synthesis of quercetin-functionalized PEGylated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs) and the evaluation of their anti-biofilm activity against pathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa. The synthesized NPs exhibited spherical shapes with an average size of 59.52 nm. ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs demonstrated biofilm inhibitory levels between 49 % and 67 %, and significantly reduced the production of total exopolysaccharides, alginate, and pellicle by 64.61 %-71.69 %, 30.47 %-45.36 %, and 24.22 %-85.97 %, respectively. ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs not only inhibited early-stage biofilm formation but also disrupted mature biofilms, indicating a dual mode of action against both biofilm development and persistence. Based on our findings, ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs effectively eradicated mature biofilms by 67.2 %-72 % and significantly reduced the metabolic activity and viable cells of preformed biofilms to 34.12 %-55.57 % and 6.25-8.15 log CFU, respectively. Electron and fluorescence microscopy analyses also confirmed the antibiofilm potential of ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs. Furthermore, bacterial adhesion and invasion to HDF cells were significantly diminished in the NP-treated groups. The attenuation of efflux pump activity in the NP-treated strains was confirmed using the EtBr-agar cartwheel assay. Taken together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of ZnO-PEG-QUE NPs as a novel and effective strategy to combat biofilm-associated infections, warranting further investigation in preclinical models.},
}

@article {pmid40304704,
year = {2025},
author = {Burnside, M and Tang, J and Baker, JL and Merritt, J and Kreth, J},
title = {Shining Light on Oral Biofilm Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Probing the Accuracy of In Situ Biogeography Studies.},
journal = {Molecular oral microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/omi.12494},
pmid = {40304704},
issn = {2041-1014},
support = {DE029612//NIH-NIDCR/ ; DE029492//NIH-NIDCR/ ; DE029228//NIH-NIDCR/ ; DE028252//NIH-NIDCR/ ; },
abstract = {The oral biofilm has been instrumental in advancing microbial research and enhancing our understanding of oral health and disease. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing have provided detailed insights into the microbial composition of the oral microbiome, enabling species-level analyses of biofilm interactions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been especially valuable for studying the spatial organization of these microbes, revealing intricate arrangements such as "corncob" structures that highlight close bacterial interactions. As more genetic sequence data become available, the specificity and accuracy of existing FISH probes used in biogeographical studies require reevaluation. This study examines the performance of commonly used species-specific FISH probes, designed to differentiate oral microbes within in situ oral biofilms, when applied in vitro to an expanded set of bacterial strains. Our findings reveal that the specificity of several FISH probes is compromised, with cross-species hybridization being more common than previously assumed. Notably, we demonstrate that biogeographical associations within in situ oral biofilms, particularly involving Streptococcus and Corynebacterium, may need to be reassessed to align with the latest metagenomic data.},
}

@article {pmid40304639,
year = {2025},
author = {Silva, BND and Andrade, ARC and Lopes, FES and Aguiar, ALR and Portela, FVM and Silva, ML and Vasconcelos, BM and Sidrim, JJC and Castelo-Branco, DSCM and Cordeiro, RA},
title = {Inhibition of calcineurin as a strategy for biofilm control: Trichosporon spp. as a case study.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2492712},
pmid = {40304639},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Among the opportunistic species related to Invasive Fungal Infections (IFIs), Trichosporon spp. are particularly noteworthy, being responsible for infections with high mortality rates in patients with hematological cancers. Trichosporon spp. are intrinsically resistant to echinocandins and their biofilms are tolerant to polyenes and triazoles. This study investigated the effect of calcineurin inhibition on the development and antifungal tolerance of Trichosporon biofilms. Mature biofilms of T. inkin and T. asahii were treated with Ciclosporin A (CsA) and analyzed for biomass reduction and viability, ultrastructure, and tolerance tolerance to antifungals. Molecular docking studies were performed to understand the attachment of CsA to the calcineurin of T. asahii. CsA was able to significantly reduce both the biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms. Mature biofilms formed in the presence of CsA showed greater susceptibility to antifungals, compared to biofilm growth control. CsA caused structural changes in biofilms. Molecular modeling suggested that CsA can block the active site of the calcineurin A subunit of T. asahii. Calcineurin inhibition seems to be a promising strategy for controlling antifungal-resistant fungal biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid40304465,
year = {2025},
author = {Rudin, L and Kneubühler, J and Dubey, BN and Ahmad, S and Bornstein, MM and Shyp, V},
title = {Inhibitory effect of plant flavonoid cyanidin on oral microbial biofilm.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0284824},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02848-24},
pmid = {40304465},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: As primary colonizers of the tooth surface, oral streptococci play a crucial role in dental caries development. Numerous natural compounds, including flavonoids, are emerging as promising agents for inhibiting dental biofilm formation without compromising bacterial viability, underscoring their potential in non-bactericidal antibiofilm strategies. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of action of the unmodified plant flavonoid cyanidin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of oral streptococci, with a particular focus on the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. At concentrations above 100 µg/mL, cyanidin significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. mutans without impacting bacterial viability. The flavonoid reduced the biomass of surface-associated bacteria and exopolysaccharides (EPS), particularly by inhibiting water-insoluble glucan (WIG) production mediated by the glucosyltransferases GtfB and GtfC. While cyanidin did not exhibit a bactericidal effect on early colonizer streptococci, such as Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mitis, it showed a significant inhibitory effect on bacterial acidogenicity and mixed-species streptococcal biofilms in the presence of S. mutans. Remarkably, cyanidin gradually reduced the proportion of S. mutans in the mixed biofilm, suggesting a selective impact that may promote a more commensal-dominant community by disrupting S. mutans glucan production and biofilm competitiveness.

IMPORTANCE: The identification of compounds with potent antibiofilm effects that do not compromise bacterial viability presents a promising strategy for oral health management. By preventing biofilm formation and keeping bacteria in a planktonic state, such agents could enhance bacterial susceptibility to targeted therapies, including probiotics or phage-based treatments. Cyanidin, which exhibits strong antibiofilm activity against oral streptococcal biofilms, reduces bacterial acidogenicity and may promote a more commensal-dominant biofilm in vitro, potentially hindering the maturation of cariogenic biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid40303577,
year = {2025},
author = {Awaida, A and El Hachem, R and Issa, A and Kallasy, M and Zogheib, C and Hage, W},
title = {The action of different irrigant activation methods on engineered endodontic biofilm: an in vitro study.},
journal = {Biomaterial investigations in dentistry},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {43065},
pmid = {40303577},
issn = {2641-5275},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Endodontic infections are biofilm-mediated, demanding effective biofilm eradication from the root canal. Root canal complexities, coupled with bacterial biofilm resistance, pose challenges to thorough disinfection. Irrigation, particularly with sodium hypochlorite, is crucial in endodontics. Activation techniques, like sonic or ultrasonic oscillations, enhance irrigant penetration and biofilm disruption, improving decontamination and treatment outcomes.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of XP Finisher, EndoUltra, Eddy and Irriflex in the reduction of the multispecies endodontic biofilm formed by Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis.

METHODS: A total of 44 single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected and divided into groups for investigation: Group A: Irriflex, Group B: XP Finisher, Group C: Eddy system, and Group D: EndoUltra system. Multispecies biofilms, comprising Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, were cultured and inoculated into the pre-treated dentinal canals, which were then incubated for 16 days. Following this, the canals were subjected to the respective irrigation protocols. Bacterial counts were assessed using sterile paper points and culture techniques post-irrigation. Additionally, four non-inoculated root canals were used as negative controls for comparison.

RESULTS: EndoUltra achieved the highest reduction in Total Bacterial Count (TBC) with a median decrease of 75% (interquartile range [IQR]: 70-80%), significantly better than XP Finisher (p = 0.001) and Irriflex (p = 0.001). Eddy led to a reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) with a median decrease of 85% (IQR: 80-90%), significantly outperforming Irriflex (p = 0.001) and XP Finisher (p = 0.001). For Enterococcus faecalis (EF), EndoUltra had a median reduction of 70% (IQR: 65-75%), significantly better than Eddy (p = 0.01) and Irriflex (p = 0.001), while XP Finisher resulted in a reduction of 60% (IQR: 55-65%). EndoUltra showed the highest reduction in Proteus mirabilis (ProM) with 80% (IQR: 75-85%), significantly better than Irriflex (p = 0.001) and XP Finisher (p = 0.001), with Eddy also better than Irriflex (p = 0.009). EndoUltra reduced Candida albicans (CA) by 65% (IQR: 60-70%), significantly outperforming XP Finisher (p = 0.001) and Eddy (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Within its limitations, this study identified EndoUltra as highly effective in reducing bacterial counts, indicating its potential utility in disinfecting root canals. These findings underscore the significance of such methods in enhancing treatment outcomes and addressing root canal infections.},
}

@article {pmid40301384,
year = {2025},
author = {Azimzadeh, M and Greco, G and Farmani, A and Nourian, A and Pourhajibagher, M and Taherkhani, A and Alikhani, MY and Bahador, A},
title = {Biofilm inhibition of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa using green-synthesized silver nanoparticles and colistin.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {14993},
pmid = {40301384},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {140004293640//Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Silver/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Humans ; Drug Synergism ; Green Chemistry Technology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of colistin and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on the biofilm formation and expression of Quorum Sensing regulated and related genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Ten clinical P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients with burn wound infections were investigated. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates was determined using disk diffusion and microbroth dilution tests. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using propolis and characterized. The microtiter plate method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of colistin and silver nanoparticles combination (AgNPs@CL) on the inhibition of biofilm formation. The effect of AgNPs@CL on the expression of genes controlled by QS was evaluated using RT-PCR. All isolates were strong biofilm formers. Confronting AgNPs@CL, all isolates were either synergistic or additive and effectively decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates. The SEM analysis corroborated the enhanced biofilm inhibition observed with the combined treatment compared to individual AgNPs or colistin treatments. When exposed to AgNPs@CL, the expression levels of lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pelA, and pslA genes significantly decreased in P. aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and clinical isolate No. #354, which displayed synergistic activity. In contrast, with additive activity, clinical isolate No. #30 showed no significant decrease. Targeting critical components of QS could effectively inhibit biofilm production. The results of our study suggest AgNPs@CL as an auxiliary to antibiotic therapy.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Silver/chemistry/pharmacology
*Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Colistin/pharmacology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
Humans
Drug Synergism
Green Chemistry Technology
Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid40298576,
year = {2025},
author = {Oancea, OL and Ciurea, CN and Mare, AD and Man, A and Stefanescu, R and Rusu, A},
title = {In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect and Influence on the Bacterial Biofilm Formation of Glutamic Acid and Some Structural Analogues.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40298576},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Glutamic acid (GLA) is an essential amino acid with a key role in human metabolism. A potential involvement in anticancer therapy and possible antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects were also observed. Glutamine (GLN) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are GLA structural derivatives for which the last two effects were evaluated, with contradictory results. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity and the influence on the biofilm formation of GLA, GLN, MSG, and glutamic acid diethyl ester (GLADE) on clinically relevant bacteria. Methods: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial reference strains were used to test the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of GLA, GLN, MSG, and GLADE. The antibacterial properties were assessed by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The influence on biofilm formation was assessed by the crystal violet method, reading the optical densities (ODs) by spectrophotometry. Results: GLN did not demonstrate an inhibitory capacity at the maximum tested concentration (2.86 mg/mL); GLA showed inhibitory activity at 1.76 mg/mL and 0.88 mg/mL; MSG inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at 112 mg/mL; GLADE had the most promising results on all bacterial strains (MICs of 12.75 mg/mL and 25.5 mg/mL). GLADE showed satisfactory MBC values on all bacterial strains (at 51 mg/mL and 25.5 mg/mL). Conclusions: GLA and some structural analogues are attractive options for possible antibacterial activity; optimizing GLADE to increase its antibacterial activity could be a new approach.},
}

@article {pmid40298551,
year = {2025},
author = {Mancheño-Losa, M and Meléndez-Carmona, MÁ and Lumbreras, C and Lora-Tamayo, J},
title = {Efficacy of Ceftobiprole and Daptomycin at Bone Concentrations Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm: Results of a Dynamic In Vitro PK/PD Model.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40298551},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Background: The presence of biofilms and low antimicrobial concentrations in bone tissue make prosthetic joint infections (PJI) difficult to treat. Ceftobiprole (CTO) has a potential role in MRSA PJI. This study evaluated the efficacy of ceftobiprole and daptomycin (DAP) alone and in combination against MRSA biofilms at expected bone tissue concentrations. We assessed whether CTO-DAP outperformed DAP combined with a non-anti-MRSA beta-lactam (cefazolin [CZO]). Methods: A dynamic in vitro PK/PD biofilm model (CDC biofilm reactor) was used to simulate concentrations expected in cortical bone at a standard dosing of DAP (10 mg/kg/24 h), CTO (500 mg/8 h), and CZO (2 g/8 h), and assess performance against a 48-h MRSA biofilm from two clinical isolates that cause PJI (MRSA-1811 and MRSA-1733). Time-kill curves using the log change method (Δlog10 CFU/cm[2]) assessed antimicrobial efficacy over 56 h. Resistance emergence was monitored. Results: Although both monotherapies were active, neither reached bactericidal levels nor was one superior to the other (Δlog10 CFU/cm[2] CTO vs. DAP: -1.44 ± 0.25 vs. -1.50 ± 0.01 [p = 0.686] and -1.55 ± 0.74 vs. -0.56 ± 0.36 [p = 0.108] for MRSA-1811 and MRSA-1733, respectively). Only in the MRSA-1811 isolate did the CTO-DAP combination improve the activity of each monotherapy, without achieving a synergistic effect (Δlog10 CFU/cm[2]: CTO-DAP -2.087 ± 0.048 vs. CTO -1.436 ± 0.249 [p = 0.013] and vs. DAP -1.503 ± 0.011 [p = 0.006]). No combination therapy (CTO-DAP vs. DAP-CZO) outperformed the other in either strain. No resistant bacterial subpopulations appeared with any antibiotic regimen. Conclusions: At clinically relevant concentrations, ceftobiprole and daptomycin showed similar activity against MRSA biofilms. The CTO-DAP combination showed comparable efficacy to DAP-CZO.},
}

@article {pmid40298499,
year = {2025},
author = {Silva-de-Jesus, AC and Ferrari, RG and Panzenhagen, P and Dos Santos, AMP and Portes, AB and Conte-Junior, CA},
title = {Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Production Genes in the Genomic Sequences of S. aureus: A Global In Silico Analysis.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40298499},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {141119/2021-7, 402215/2022-2, and 173493/2023-8//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)/ ; E-26/200.891/2021, E-26/202.514/2024, and E-26/205.688-2022//Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)/ ; Finance Code 001//Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/ ; },
abstract = {Background:Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a significant public health threat due to its exceptional adaptability, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and capacity to form biofilms, all of which facilitate its persistence in clinical and environmental settings. Methods: This study undertook an extensive in silico analysis of 44,069 S. aureus genomic sequences acquired from the NCBI database to assess the global distribution of biofilm-associated and resistance-associated genes. The genomes were categorized into human clinical and environmental groups, with clinical samples representing a predominant 96%. Results: The analysis revealed notable regional discrepancies in sequencing efforts, with Europe and North America contributing 76% of the genomes. Key findings include the high prevalence of the ica locus, which is associated with biofilm formation, and its robust correlation with other genes, such as sasG, which was exclusively linked to SCCmec type IIa. The AMR gene analysis revealed substantial genetic diversity within environmental samples, with genes like vga(E) and erm being identified as particularly prominent. The clonal complex analysis revealed ST8 (USA300) and ST5 as the predominant types in human clinical isolates, while ST398 and ST59 were most frequently observed in environmental isolates. SCCmec type IV was globally prevalent, with subtype Iva being strongly associated with ST8 in North America and subtype IVh with ST239 in Europe. Conclusions: These findings underscore the dynamic evolution of S. aureus via mobile genetic elements and highlight the necessity for standardized metadata in public genomic databases to improve surveillance efforts. Furthermore, they reinforce the critical need for a One Health approach in monitoring S. aureus evolution, particularly concerning the co-dissemination of biofilm and resistance genes across various ecological niches.},
}

@article {pmid40294275,
year = {2025},
author = {Amado, P and Dillinger, C and Bahou, C and Hashemi Gheinani, A and Obrist, D and Burkhard, F and Ahmed, D and Clavica, F},
title = {Ultrasound-activated cilia for biofilm control in indwelling medical devices.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {122},
number = {18},
pages = {e2418938122},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2418938122},
pmid = {40294275},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {204965//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (SNF)/ ; 853309//EC | ERC | HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 212298//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (SNF)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cilia/physiology ; Humans ; *Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology ; *Ultrasonic Waves ; Microfluidics/methods ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation and encrustation are major issues in indwelling medical devices, such as urinary stents and catheters, as they lead to blockages and infections. Currently, to limit these effects, frequent replacements of these devices are necessary, resulting in a significant reduction in patients' quality of life and an increase in healthcare costs. To address these challenges, by leveraging recent advancements in robotics and microfluidic technologies, we envision a self-cleaning system for indwelling medical devices equipped with bioinspired ultrasound-activated cilia. These cilia could be regularly activated transcutaneously by ultrasound, generating steady streaming, which can be used to remove encrusted deposits. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the generated streaming can efficiently remove encrustations and biofilm from surfaces. To this end, we developed a microfluidic model featuring ultrasound-activated cilia on its wall. We showed that upon ultrasound activation, the cilia generated intense, steady streaming, reaching fluid velocity up to 10 mm/s. In all our experiments, this mechanism was able to efficiently clean typical encrustation (calcium carbonate and oxalate) and biofilm found in urological devices. The generated shear forces released, broke apart, and flushed away encrusted deposits. These findings suggest a broad potential for ultrasound-activated cilia in the maintenance of various medical devices. Compared to existing methods, our approach could reduce the need for invasive procedures, potentially lowering infection risks and enhancing patient comfort.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cilia/physiology
Humans
*Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology
*Ultrasonic Waves
Microfluidics/methods

@article {pmid40293563,
year = {2025},
author = {Alves-Silva, EG and Bronzato, JD and Lopes, ABS and Arruda-Vasconcelos, R and Louzada, LM and De-Jesus-Soares, A and Marciano, MA and Steiner-Oliveira, C and Gomes, BPFA},
title = {Effect of ultrasonic agitation of methylene blue during the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing viable cells from a multispecies biofilm and endotoxins: an in vitro study.},
journal = {Lasers in medical science},
volume = {40},
number = {1},
pages = {214},
pmid = {40293563},
issn = {1435-604X},
support = {financial code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; financial code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; financial code 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 15/23419-5, 17/25090-3, 2019/19300-0, 21/13871-6//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 15/23419-5, 17/25090-3, 2019/19300-0, 21/13871-6//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 15/23419-5, 17/25090-3, 2019/19300-0, 21/13871-6//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; nº 303852/2019-4, 102276/2019-6, 421801/2021-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; nº 303852/2019-4, 102276/2019-6, 421801/2021-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Methylene Blue/pharmacology ; *Photochemotherapy/methods ; *Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology ; Endotoxins ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Humans ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology ; },
abstract = {To evaluate the effect of the agitation of an ultrasonic photosensitizer during the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing multispecies biofilm composed of E. faecalis, C. albicans, and E. coli and endotoxins (LPS) within the root canals. Thirty lower premolars were contaminated and randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). Group 1 (G1) used saline solution as a control, G2 (aPDT) used a photosensitizer (0.005% methylene blue with 3 min) applied into the root canal followed by a red laser (100 mW power, 9 J of energy, for 90 s), and G3 (aPDT + U) used 0.005% methylene blue activated by ultrasound for 20 s followed by the application of a red laser as described in G2. The effectiveness of each protocol was determined through colony forming units per milliliter count (CFU/mL), and the levels of LPS were quantified by using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate technique. The data was statistically analyzed at a 5% level of significance. Viable bacteria were detected in all three groups, with a mean of 2.82 × 10[3] CFU/mL. The saline group was not effective in reducing viable counts or LPS levels (P > 0.05). The aPDT group resulted in a 56.27% reduction compared to baseline samples and aPDT + U promoted a 56.97% reduction in viable microorganisms from the biofilm. LPS was detected in all samples with a mean of 18.84 EU/mL. Saline was not effective in reducing LPS levels (P > 0.05). aPDT was effective in reducing LPS levels (P < 0.05) with a mean of 1.7 EU/mL. aPDT + U promoted additional LPS removal compared to the aPDT group (P < 0.05), with a mean of 0.02 EU/mL. For both CFU and LPS analyses, aPDT and aPDT + U were more effective than the control group, while aPDT + U was more effective than aPDT. In conclusion, ultrasonic activation of the photosensitizer during the aPDT increased antimicrobial activity against a mature multispecies biofilm, while lowering the LPS levels.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Methylene Blue/pharmacology
*Photochemotherapy/methods
*Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology
Endotoxins
Escherichia coli/drug effects
Humans
Candida albicans/drug effects
Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects
In Vitro Techniques
Dental Pulp Cavity/microbiology

@article {pmid40293242,
year = {2025},
author = {Schlechter, RO and Marti, E and Remus-Emsermann, MNP and Drissner, D and Gekenidis, M-T},
title = {Correlation of in vitro biofilm formation capacity with persistence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli on gnotobiotic lamb's lettuce.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0029925},
doi = {10.1128/aem.00299-25},
pmid = {40293242},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Bacterial contamination of fresh produce is a growing concern for food safety, as apart from human pathogens, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) can persist on fresh leafy produce. A prominent persistence trait in bacteria is biofilm formation, as it provides increased tolerance to stressful conditions. We screened a comprehensive collection of 174 antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant Escherichia coli originating from fresh leafy produce and its production environment. We tested the ability of these strains to produce biofilms, ranging from none or weak to extreme biofilm-forming bacteria. Next, we tested the ability of selected antibiotic-resistant isolates to colonize gnotobiotic lamb's lettuce (Valerianella locusta) plants. We hypothesized that a higher in vitro biofilm formation capacity correlates with increased colonization of gnotobiotic plant leaves. Despite a marked difference in the ability to form in vitro biofilms for a number of E. coli strains, in vitro biofilm formation was not associated with increased survival on gnotobiotic V. locusta leaf surfaces. However, all tested strains persisted for at least 21 days, highlighting potential food safety risks through unwanted ingestion of resistant bacteria. Population densities of biofilm-forming E. coli exhibited a complex pattern, with subpopulations more successful in colonizing gnotobiotic V. locusta leaves. These findings emphasize the complex behavior of ARB on leaf surfaces and their implications for human safety.IMPORTANCEEach raw food contains a collection of microorganisms, including bacteria. This is of special importance for fresh produce such as leafy salads or herbs, as these foods are usually consumed raw or after minimal processing, whereby higher loads of living bacteria are ingested than with a food that is heated before consumption. A common bacterial lifestyle involves living in large groups embedded in secreted protective substances. Such bacterial assemblies, so-called biofilms, confer high persistence and resistance of bacteria to external harsh conditions. In our research, we investigated whether stronger in vitro biofilm formation by antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli correlates with better survival on lamb's lettuce leaves. Although no clear correlation was observed between biofilm formation capacity and population density on the salad, all tested isolates could survive for at least 3 weeks with no significant decline over time, highlighting a potential food safety risk independently of in vitro biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40292401,
year = {2025},
author = {Meng, F and Yang, L and Ji, M and Zhu, S and Tao, H and Wang, G},
title = {Nanomaterials: A Prospective Strategy for Biofilm-Forming Helicobacter pylori Treatment.},
journal = {International journal of nanomedicine},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {5209-5229},
pmid = {40292401},
issn = {1178-2013},
mesh = {*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/physiology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Nanostructures/chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is prevalent in over 50% of the global population and is recognized as the primary etiological agent for the development of gastric cancer. With the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance, clinical treatment of H. pylori is a significant challenge. The formation of H. pylori biofilm is an important reason for antibiotic resistance and chronic infection, and it is also one of the key obstacles to eradicating H. pylori. H. pylori biofilm acts as a physical barrier, preventing the penetration of antibiotics and increasing the expression of efflux pump genes and drug-resistant gene mutations. Therefore, the treatment of H. pylori biofilm is extremely challenging. Nanomaterials, such as inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles, which have properties including disrupting bacterial cell membranes, controlling drug release, and overcoming antibiotic resistance, have attracted significant interest. Furthermore, nanomaterials have the ability to treat H. pylori biofilm owing to their unique size, structure, and physical properties, including the inhibition of biofilm formation, enhancement of biofilm permeability, and disruption of mature biofilm. Moreover, nanomaterials have targeting functions and can carry antimicrobial drugs that play a synergistic role, thus providing a prospective strategy for treating H. pylori biofilm. In this review, we summarize the formation and antibiotic-resistance mechanisms of H. pylori biofilm and outline the latest progress in nanomaterials against H. pylori biofilm with the aim of laying the foundation for the development and clinical application of nanomaterials for anti-H. pylori biofilm.},
}

*Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/physiology
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/administration & dosage
Humans
*Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
*Nanostructures/chemistry
Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects
Nanoparticles/chemistry

@article {pmid40292111,
year = {2025},
author = {Zahedi, FD and Soo, MY and Abdul Samat, MN and Md Pauzi, SH and Husain, S and Wan Hamizan, AK and Abdullah, B and Gendeh, BS and Ismail, AS and Richmond, RV},
title = {The effect of diluted 1% baby shampoo on biofilm reduction in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e19134},
pmid = {40292111},
issn = {2167-8359},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Sinusitis/microbiology/therapy/complications ; *Nasal Polyps/microbiology/complications/therapy ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Chronic Disease ; Male ; Female ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Rhinitis/microbiology/therapy/complications ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Rhinosinusitis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm has been identified as the contributing factor for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Nasal douching using baby shampoo was thought to be effective in patients with CRSwNP. We aimed to study the in-vitro reduction of biofilm using diluted 1% baby shampoo.

METHODS: Sixty nasal polyps taken from patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were sent for histopathological examination using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Another portion of the same samples was sent for tissue culture and tissue culture plate assay to identify S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and determine their biofilm forming capacity. The efficacy of diluted 1% baby shampoo versus normal saline was tested on the biofilm in vitro where the optical density readings were compared pre- and post-treatment.

RESULTS: The prevalence of biofilm in patients with CRSwNP is 21.7%. Thirteen samples were positive for biofilm; P. aeruginosa 23% (n = 3), S. aureus 15% (n = 2), no bacterial growth 54% (n = 7) and others 8% (n = 1). Biofilm formation was significant in both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p < 0.001) whilst a significant reduction of biofilm was seen in diluted 1% baby shampoo (p = 0.043).

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, diluted 1% baby shampoo is an effective treatment in the reduction of biofilm for CRSwNP.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Sinusitis/microbiology/therapy/complications
*Nasal Polyps/microbiology/complications/therapy
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
Chronic Disease
Male
Female
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Rhinitis/microbiology/therapy/complications
Middle Aged
Adult
Aged
Rhinosinusitis

@article {pmid40287107,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, T and Shen, H and Wang, P and Wang, Y and Liu, J and He, M and Gu, L and Wang, S and Wei, M},
title = {Antibiofilm activity of arachidonic acid against linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis: A potential strategy for combating biofilm-related infections.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {205},
number = {},
pages = {107629},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107629},
pmid = {40287107},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Enterococcus faecalis, a prevalent opportunistic pathogen, readily forms biofilms on surfaces, contributing to its virulence and antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have highlighted arachidonic acid (AA) as a promising antibiofilm agent. This investigation aimed to elucidate the antibiofilm activity of AA against linezolid-resistant E. faecalis and explore its potential molecular mechanisms. A total of 21 E. faecalis strains were included in this study: the standard strain ATCC 29212 and 20 linezolid-resistant clinical isolates. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics and AA, the microbroth dilution method was performed. Checkerboard microdilution assays were also performed to assess the interaction between AA and linezolid. The crystal violet method was performed to evaluate the biofilm formation abilities of E. faecalis and the biofilm inhibition activities of different concentrations of AA (0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM). In addition, the expression levels of biofilm-related genes (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC, gelE, ace, atlA, and esp) were measured employing quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). All clinical strains exhibited resistance to linezolid and tetracycline while remaining susceptible to other antibiotics, including penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and tigecycline. The MICs of AA against all 21 E. faecalis isolates were >1 mM. Synergy was observed in 75 % of strains (15/20), while additivity was observed in 25 % strains (5/20). All isolates displayed strong biofilm-forming abilities. AA significantly reduced biofilm formation with average inhibition rates of 68.16 %, 69.64 %, and 72.01 % at concentrations of 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM, respectively (P < 0.001). AA treatment resulted in decreased expression of ebpB, ebpC, ace, and atlA (P < 0.001), while simultaneously increasing gelE expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AA exhibited potent inhibitory effects on E. faecalis biofilm formation probably by influencing bacterial adhesion. The addition of AA can restore the susceptibility of linezolid against E. faecalis. These findings suggest that AA may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and treating E. faecalis infections, particularly those associated with biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40286948,
year = {2025},
author = {Shi, W and Dai, F and Li, Y and Sun, Z and Meng, M and Yang, Q and Zhang, W},
title = {Glucose protects the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio alginolyticus by inhibiting biofilm formation.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {163},
number = {},
pages = {110368},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110368},
pmid = {40286948},
issn = {1095-9947},
abstract = {Biofilms not only enhance the colonization of bacteria on the surface of the host but also increase the pathogenicity of bacteria. In this study, five carbon sources were determined to inhibit the biofilm formation of Vibrio alginolyticus R9 to different levels. Among the tested carbon sources, 0.5 % glucose showed an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation but a promotion in the dispersal of mature biofilms of V. alginolyticus R9, both of which led to significant loss in biofilm mass. It was further shown that glucose inhibited the biofilm formation of V. alginolyticus R9 by inhibiting autoaggregation and promoted the dispersal of mature biofilms by inhibiting isocitrate lyase (aceA) activity. The addition of glucose in diets reduced intestinal tissue damage caused by V. alginolyticus R9 via inhibiting 83.8 % V. alginolyticus R9 colonized in the intestine of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, with a relative percent of survival of 47.4 % and improved pathological symptom. However, the relative abundance of Vibrio in the intestine of L. vannamei decreased 13.4 % in the presence of glucose. It could be concluded that glucose alleviated infection symptoms of L. vannamei mainly by inhibiting the biofilm formation of V. alginolyticus R9 on the intestinal epithelium rather than reducing the relative abundance of Vibrio in the intestine. This is the first study to demonstrate that glucose can inhibit biofilm formation and promote the biofilm cell dispersal of V. alginolyticus, which offers a new strategy for the control of Vibrio infections in aquaculture.},
}

@article {pmid40286227,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdoul-Latif, FM and El Mhamdi, MI and Ainane, A and Ali, AM and Oumaskour, K and Cherroud, S and Cacciatore, S and Ainane, T},
title = {Development and Perfection of Marine-Based Insecticide Biofilm for Pea Seed Protection: Experimental and Computational Approaches.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {30},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {40286227},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Insecticides/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Pisum sativum/chemistry ; *Seeds/drug effects ; Animals ; Chitosan/chemistry ; },
abstract = {This work aims to develop an insecticidal biofilm based on Calothrixin A, collagen, and chitosan for the protection of pea seeds. The main objective is to improve the ingredient concentrations maximizing the insecticidal activity of the biofilm and to study the desorption of Calothrixin A according to the diffusion parameters. Eight biofilm formulations were prepared with different concentrations of the components and tested on Sitona lineatus and Bruchus pisorum. The results show that a high concentration of Calothrixin A tended to increase insecticidal activity, although this increase was not always significant, while a higher concentration of collagen and chitosan reduced insecticidal activity, probably by limiting the diffusion of the active ingredient. The prediction models for insecticidal activity showed that the interaction of the factors had no significant impact on the responses, but the model for Sitona lineatus presented better accuracy. The diffusion tests revealed that the CB3C-5 biofilm, with high diffusion parameters, correlated with insecticidal activity. The characterization of the CB3C-5 biofilm showed adequate physical, mechanical, thermal, and structural properties for agricultural seed storage application. Moreover, the computational approach showed that Calothrixin A interacts more efficiently with the OR5-Orco complex than with the small OBP, disrupting the olfactory detection of insects. This mechanism highlights the targeting of the olfactory complex as a potential strategy to control insect pests. This research contributes to the understanding of the role of marine-based biofilms for seed protection and opens perspectives for the development of ecological solutions against insect pests, particularly in the field of sustainable agriculture.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Insecticides/pharmacology/chemistry
*Pisum sativum/chemistry
*Seeds/drug effects
Animals
Chitosan/chemistry

@article {pmid40285394,
year = {2025},
author = {Liang, C and Wang, Y and Shi, S and Yan, A and Liu, Q and Liu, W and Han, H and Qi, W and Chen, T and Sun, W and Chen, Y},
title = {Integrating Biofilm-Based Fermentation With Continuous Processes for Improved L-Valine Production.},
journal = {Biotechnology journal},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {e70027},
doi = {10.1002/biot.70027},
pmid = {40285394},
issn = {1860-7314},
support = {2022YFC2105400//the National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 22178176//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22208157//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XTA2201//the Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture/ ; 2023BEE01011//the Key R&D project of Ningxia; Hui Autonomous Region/ ; SKL-MCE-22A04//the State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering/ ; 2024ZB495//the Jiangsu Provincial Outstanding Postdoctoral Program/ ; 24KJB530014//the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; BK20233003//Basic Research Program of Jiangsu/ ; },
mesh = {*Valine/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Fermentation ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Glucose/metabolism ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Kinetics ; },
abstract = {L-valine, an essential branched-chain amino acid, is widely used across various industrial sectors. Despite its significance, there is a scarcity of continuous fermentation methodologies, specifically for L-valine production. Biofilm-based Technologies face challenges in sustaining continuous L-valine production due to cell wall damage caused by L-valine sterilization. Here, we combined continuous fermentation principles with Biofilm-based technologies to develop a biofilm-based continuous fermentation (BCF) system, enabling sustained L-valine production. By analyzing the fermentation kinetics of free-cell fermentation (FCF), we optimized the L-valine titer in BCF to 60-70 g/L, achieving a yield of 0.44 g/g glucose-a 10% increase over FCF. Notably, reducing the controlled L-valine titer in BCF extended the fermentation time but simultaneously decreased both the yield and production rate. Conversely, shortening the fermentation time was associated with an increase in both yield and production rate. In summary, BCF significantly improved L-valine purity, yield from glucose, and production rate while reducing by-product formation.},
}

*Valine/biosynthesis/metabolism
*Fermentation
*Biofilms/growth & development
Glucose/metabolism
Bioreactors/microbiology
Kinetics

@article {pmid40284748,
year = {2025},
author = {Roy, A and Roy, PK and Cho, SR and Park, SY},
title = {Effects of Fucoidan on the Inhibition of Biofilm Formation of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Seafoods and Its Molecular Antibiofilm Mechanisms.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284748},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2021R1I1A3A04037468//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; R2025055//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; },
abstract = {Foodborne illnesses, particularly those caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium, present a significant challenge to public health, especially within the seafood industry due to biofilm formation on foods. This study investigated the antibiofilm potential of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium biofilm on crab and shrimp surfaces. Fucoidan's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 150 µg/mL. Sub-MIC (1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and MIC) were evaluated for their impact on inhibition of biofilm formation. Fucoidan treatment resulted in significant, dose-dependent inhibition in biofilm formation, achieving 2.61 log CFU/cm[2] and 2.45 log CFU/cm[2] reductions on crab and shrimp surfaces, respectively. FE-SEM analysis confirmed biofilm disruption and cell membrane damage. Real-time PCR showed the downregulation of quorum-sensing (luxS) and virulence (rpoS, avrA, and hilA) genes. These results propose that fucoidan has the ability as a natural antibacterial agent for controlling Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium biofilms in seafood processing, thereby enhancing food safety and minimizing contamination.},
}

@article {pmid40284732,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, M and Wu, S and Chen, P and Shao, L and Shen, Z and Zhao, Y},
title = {Biofilm Dispersal in Bacillus velezensis FZB42 Is Regulated by the Second Messenger c-di-GMP.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284732},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that plays a crucial role in regulating biofilm development, yet the role in Gram-positive bacteria remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that dispersed cells from biofilms of Bacillus velezensis FZB42 exhibit a unique phenotype and gene expression compared to planktonic cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1327 downregulated and 1298 upregulated genes, among which the c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase coding yuxH gene was remarkably upregulated. Deletion of the yuxH gene led to elevated c-di-GMP levels accompanied by reduced amounts of "actively dispersed cells" from the pellicle and the capacity of motility. Deletion of spoIIIJ, spo0J, and kinA resulted in increased c-di-GMP levels and reduced biofilm dispersal ability. Also, the level of c-di-GMP was increased when adding the cues of inhibition biofilm dispersal such as glucose and calcium ions. Collectively, these present findings suggest the c-di-GMP level is negatively correlated with biofilm dispersal in Bacillus velezensis FZB42, which sheds new light on biofilm regulation in Bacillus velezensis FZB42.},
}

@article {pmid40284688,
year = {2025},
author = {Beenken, KE and Smeltzer, MS},
title = {Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Associated Infections: Have We Found a Clinically Relevant Target?.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284688},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {R01AI119380-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30-GM145393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most diverse bacterial pathogens. This is reflected in its ability to cause a wide array of infections and in genotypic and phenotypic differences between clinical isolates that extend beyond their antibiotic resistance status. Many S. aureus infections, including those involving indwelling medical devices, are therapeutically defined by the formation of a biofilm. This is reflected in the number of reports focusing on S. aureus biofilm formation and biofilm-associated infections. These infections are characterized by a level of intrinsic resistance that compromises conventional antibiotic therapy irrespective of acquired resistance, suggesting that an inhibitor of biofilm formation would have tremendous clinical value. Many reports have described large-scale screens aimed at identifying compounds that limit S. aureus biofilm formation, but relatively few examined whether the limitation was sufficient to overcome this intrinsic resistance. Similarly, while many of these reports examined the impact of putative inhibitors on S. aureus phenotypes, very few took a focused approach to identify and optimize an effective inhibitor of specific biofilm-associated targets. Such approaches are dependent on validating a target, hopefully one that is not restricted by the diversity of S. aureus as a bacterial pathogen. Rigorous biological validation of such a target would allow investigators to virtually screen vast chemical libraries to identify potential inhibitors that warrant further investigation based on their predicted function. Here, we summarize reports describing S. aureus regulatory loci implicated in biofilm formation to assess whether they are viable targets for the development of an anti-biofilm therapeutic strategy with an emphasis on whether sarA has been sufficiently validated to warrant consideration in this important clinical context.},
}

@article {pmid40284537,
year = {2025},
author = {Giarritiello, F and De La Motte, LR and Drago, L},
title = {Viscosupplementation and Synovial Fluid Rheology: A Hidden Risk for Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Joint Infections?.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40284537},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Synovial fluid (SF) plays a critical role in joint lubrication, load distribution, and maintaining homeostasis within the synovial cavity. Its rheological properties, primarily influenced by hyaluronic acid (HA) and other macromolecules, are essential for normal joint function. However, alterations in the physicochemical characteristics of SF can occur due to septic conditions, including septic arthritis (SA) and periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), which significantly impact joint health. Bacterial colonization in infected joints often leads to the formation of biofilms, microbial aggregates encased in an extracellular matrix, which confer resistance to antibiotics and host immune responses. Biofilm formation in SF-altered environments is a major challenge in treating joint infections, particularly in patients with prosthetic implants. Viscosupplementation, primarily through intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, has been widely used to restore SF viscosity and function in degenerative joint diseases. More recently, polyacrylamide (PAA)-based gels have emerged as an alternative viscosupplementation strategy. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of viscosupplements on biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion in septic joints, as changes in SF viscosity and composition may influence bacterial colonization and persistence. This review aims to assess the interaction between viscosupplementation and biofilm formation in septic joint pathologies, examining the effects of HA and PAA on SF rheology and bacterial adhesion. Understanding these interactions is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies and mitigating the risk of biofilm-associated infections in patients undergoing viscosupplementation.},
}

@article {pmid40283897,
year = {2025},
author = {Amann, V and Kissmann, AK and Firacative, C and Rosenau, F},
title = {Biofilm-Associated Candidiasis: Pathogenesis, Prevalence, Challenges and Therapeutic Options.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40283897},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {465229237//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 915477//Austrian Research Promotion Agency/ ; },
abstract = {The rising prevalence of fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida species, presents a major risk to global health. With approximately 1.5 million deaths annually, the urgency for effective treatment options has never been greater. Candida spp. are the leading cause of invasive infections, significantly impacting immunocompromised patients and those in healthcare settings. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and the emerging species C. auris are categorized as highly dangerous species because of their pathogenic potential and increasing drug resistance. This review comparatively describes the formation of microbial biofilms of both bacterial and fungal origin, including major pathogens, thereby creating a novel focus. Biofilms can further complicate treatment, as these structures provide enhanced resistance to antifungal therapies. Traditional antifungal agents, including polyenes, azoles and echinocandins, have shown effectiveness, yet resistance development continues to rise, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as the anti-biofilm peptides Pom-1 and Cm-p5 originally isolated from snails represent promising candidates due to their unique mechanisms of action and neglectable cytotoxicity. This review article discusses the challenges posed by Candida infections, the characteristics of important species, the role of biofilms in virulence and the potential of new therapeutic options like AMPs.},
}

@article {pmid40283123,
year = {2025},
author = {González-Alonso, M and Guerra-González, A and Villar-Suárez, V and Fernández-Castilla, B and Sánchez-Lázaro, JA},
title = {Efficacy of Different Irrigation Solutions on Bacterial Biofilm in Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40283123},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {Background: Chemical debridement with an irrigating solution associated with surgical debridement has proven to be useful in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature regarding the efficacy of different irrigation solutions on bacterial biofilm. Methods: This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Network Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-NM) checklist. A Network Meta-Analysis was performed to analyze which irrigation solution achieved a greater reduction in colony-forming units (CFU) after specific exposure times in vitro. Effect size was measured using the log ratio of means (logRoM) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The rank probability for each treatment was calculated using P-values. Results: After discarding duplicates, screening, and reviewing the full texts, four studies with 10 irrigation solutions for different exposure durations were included. The solutions were studied on mature biofilms of the most frequent bacteria. The greatest effect was achieved with 10% povidone-iodine for 5 min (est.: -12.02; 95% CI: -14.04, -9.99). The best-ranked solutions were 10% povidone-iodine for 5, 3, and 1 min (respective p-values: 0.977, 0.932, 0.887), and its combination with hydrogen peroxide for 3 min (p-score: 0.836). Povidone-iodine 0.3% for 5 min completed the top five ranked solutions in this study (p-score: 0.761). Conclusions: Our results show that 10% povidone-iodine is the best antiseptic solution when studied in vitro in the context of prosthetic joint infection. Further research in these areas is necessary to determine whether these results are reproducible with in vivo situations.},
}

@article {pmid40280370,
year = {2025},
author = {Mnisi, TJ and Matotoka, MM and Mazimba, O and Shekwa, W and Masoko, P},
title = {Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Compounds from Peltophorum africanum Sond. Stem and Mechanisms of Active Fractions Against Nosocomial Pathogens.},
journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {119876},
doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2025.119876},
pmid = {40280370},
issn = {1872-7573},
abstract = {Peltophorum africanum is widely used in indigenous medicine to treat infections, wounds, and inflammatory conditions. This study employs a bioassay-guided approach to isolate antibacterial compounds elucidating their pharmacological mechanisms and supporting their potential as sources of anti-infective agents.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to investigate P. africanum stem as a potential source of novel compounds for drug discovery, emphasizing its antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant properties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromatographic techniques were used to fractionate and isolate antibacterial compounds. Structural elucidation was performed using NMR and LC-MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using the microbroth dilution method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-biofilm activity was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method. The antibacterial mechanism of action of the most active fraction was examined by assessing changes in INT-dehydrogenase activity and monitoring the leakage of intracellular proteins and DNA.

RESULTS: Betulinic acid-3-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 3-octadecanoyl stigmasterol were isolated from the hexane crude extract. LC-MS identified 13 compounds. The plant samples MIC varied from 0.31-1.25 mg/mL. Isolated compounds had noteworthy activity across all biofilm phases. The fraction exhibited the lowest number of viable cells when assessing INT-dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, it was more effective in causing the release of intracellular proteins and DNA, while also displaying superior antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION: The ability of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds of the P. africanum stem to inhibit biofilm formation and eradication of mature biofilms holds promise for the treatment of biofilm-associated nosocomial infections.},
}

@article {pmid40279691,
year = {2025},
author = {Ogundipe, TT and Obe, T},
title = {Effectiveness of sanitizers on different biofilm-forming microorganisms associated with the poultry drinking water system.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {104},
number = {7},
pages = {105122},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.105122},
pmid = {40279691},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {The sanitation of the poultry drinking water system (DWS) is essential to controlling pathogens and biofilms in the DWS. Intervention approaches including several sanitizers have been developed, but there is limited information on the efficacy of some of these sanitizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of peracid-based (PAB), peroxide-based (PB), and hypochlorite-based (HB) sanitizers against field-isolated Salmonella (10), E. coli (2) and Bacillus (2), along with their antibiofilm effects on six of these bacterial strains on polyvinylchloride (PVC), a common DWS pipe material. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined using the microdilution broth method. For biofilm production, PVC rings were inoculated (5-6 Log10 CFU/mL) in buffered peptone water, incubated at 30°C for 48 h, and detached with cotton swabs for quantification. The antibiofilm effect of the sanitizers was further assessed at MIC, 2X-MIC, 4X-MIC, and water (control). Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Least squares in JMP Pro 18. The MIC and MBC of PAB for all isolates ranged from 11.36 to 28.42 ppm, PB from 15.26 to 71.21 ppm, and HB was 106.67 to 350 ppm. Bacillus licheniformis formed the most biofilm (5.39 Log10 CFU/mL) as single-species bacteria while Salmonella attached more (6.36 Log10 CFU/mL) than E. coli (5.41 Log10 CFU/mL) and Bacillus (2.08 Log10 CFU/mL) when grown together in mixed cultures. PAB and HB eliminated the biofilms of all strains tested at MIC in mixed-species cultures while PB had no significant effect. Overall, PAB demonstrated the greatest potential as a DWS sanitizer, showing superior efficacy against planktonic and biofilm cells compared to PB and HB. This research highlights the importance of targeted microbial profiling and sanitizer efficacy testing for pre-harvest pathogen control, providing valuable insights for enhancing food safety in poultry production systems.},
}

@article {pmid40279390,
year = {2025},
author = {Djermoun, S and Rode, DKH and Jiménez-Siebert, E and Netter, N and Lesterlin, C and Drescher, K and Bigot, S},
title = {Biofilm architecture determines the dissemination of conjugative plasmids.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {122},
number = {17},
pages = {e2417452122},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2417452122},
pmid = {40279390},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {ANR-19-ARMB-0006-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; 16GW0245//Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)/ ; RF20200502684//Association Vaincre la Mucoviscidose (French CF Association)/ ; 955910//EC | H2020 | PRIORITY 'Excellent science' | H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)/ ; TMCG-3 _ 213801/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; DR 982/6-1 part of SPP 2389//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; 57552336//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst France (DAAD France)/ ; 47902YJ//Germaine de Stael swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Plasmids/genetics ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology ; *Conjugation, Genetic ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; },
abstract = {Plasmid conjugation is a contact-dependent horizontal gene transfer mechanism that significantly contributes to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. While the molecular mechanisms of conjugation have been extensively studied, our understanding of plasmid transfer dynamics within spatially structured bacterial communities and the influence of community architecture on plasmid dissemination remains limited. In this study, we use live-cell fluorescence microscopy to investigate the propagation of the broad host range RP4 conjugative plasmid in Escherichia coli populations exhibiting varying levels of spatial organization. In high-density, two-dimensional cell monolayers, direct and tight contact between donors and recipients is not only necessary but also sufficient to trigger RP4 plasmid transfer, ensuring optimal plasmid propagation. In three-dimensional mature biofilms, the emergent community architecture limits the ability of donor cells to enter regions with high cell density, which hinders the establishment of direct contacts with recipients and impedes plasmid transfer in biofilms. In contrast, microcolonies, early-stage biofilms, and biofilms with a lower surface coverage leave open access points for donor cells in regions that later emerge as high-cell-density regions in mature biofilms, which facilitates plasmid transfer. These findings reveal the crucial role of bacterial community architecture in determining the efficiency of plasmid dissemination.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Plasmids/genetics
*Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology
*Conjugation, Genetic
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Microscopy, Fluorescence

@article {pmid40279259,
year = {2025},
author = {Romero, O and Gutierrez-Gongora, D and Geddes-McAlister, J},
title = {Cryptococcus neoformans Biofilm Formation and Quantification.},
journal = {Current protocols},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {e70133},
pmid = {40279259},
issn = {2691-1299},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cryptococcus neoformans/physiology/growth & development ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that heads the Fungal Priority Pathogen List published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022. This pathogen is a primary cause of death for immunocompromised individuals (e.g., those with HIV/AIDS, the elderly, immunotherapy recipients), causing approximately 118,000 deaths yearly worldwide. C. neoformans relies on virulence factors that include a polysaccharide capsule, melanin, extracellular enzymes, and thermotolerance to initiate and sustain host infection. Additionally, similar to other fungal pathogens (e.g., Candida albicans), C. neoformans may develop a biofilm organization linked to more persistent cryptococcal infections. Cryptococcal biofilms are highlighted in cases of cryptococcal meningitis, in which biofilm-like structures form that are highly resistant to host immune response and to antifungal therapies. In this regard, fungal biofilm formation has become an important area of study as a means to improve our understanding of the mechanisms regulating biofilm formation and infection and to advance the discovery of antibiofilm therapeutics. To assess biofilm properties and compare across treatments, quantification and evaluation of cell viability are important. Herein, we describe a standardized method to establish a cryptococcal biofilm and quantify total biomass and cell viability. © 2025 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Culturing and biofilm formation Basic Protocol 2: Biofilm quantification Alternate Protocol: Biofilm viability assay.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cryptococcus neoformans/physiology/growth & development
Humans

@article {pmid40279159,
year = {2025},
author = {Smith, E and Matthews, A and Westra, ER and Custodio, R},
title = {Disruption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing influences biofilm formation without affecting antibiotic tolerance.},
journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)},
volume = {171},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001557},
pmid = {40279159},
issn = {1465-2080},
mesh = {*Quorum Sensing/genetics/drug effects ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth & development ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mutation ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of antimicrobial resistance-related deaths, and novel antimicrobial therapies are urgently required. P. aeruginosa infections are difficult to treat due to the bacterium's propensity to form biofilms, whereby cells aggregate to form a cooperative, protective structure. Autolysis, the self-killing of bacterial cells, and the bacterial cell-to-cell communication system, quorum sensing (QS), play essential roles in biofilm formation. Strains of P. aeruginosa that have lost the lasI/R QS system commonly develop in patients, and previous studies have characterized distinctive autolysis phenotypes in these strains. Yet, the underlying causes and implications of these autolysis phenotypes remain unknown. This study confirmed these autolysis phenotypes in the PA14 QS mutant strains, ΔlasI and ΔlasR, and investigated the consequences of QS loss and associated autolysis on biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility. QS mutants exhibited delayed biofilm formation but ultimately surpassed the wild-type (WT) in biofilm mass. However, the larger biofilm mass of the QS mutants was not reflected in higher live-cell numbers, indicating an altered biofilm structure. Nevertheless, QS mutant biofilms were not more susceptible to antibiotics than the WT. Artificial supplementation of ΔlasI with a QS signal molecule (autoinducer) restored the strain's QS system without the associated costs of QS, enabling ΔlasI to achieve higher pre-treatment and post-treatment live-cell numbers. Overall, the lack of QS functioning was not detrimental to biofilm antibiotic tolerance, though the artificial disruption of QS may reduce the advantages of QS mutants within in vivo mixed-strain populations. Much remains to be understood regarding the regulation and induction of the autolysis phenotypes observed in these strains, and future research to fully elucidate the control and consequences of autolysis may offer potential for novel antimicrobial therapies.},
}

*Quorum Sensing/genetics/drug effects
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/genetics/physiology/growth & development
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Mutation
Drug Resistance, Bacterial

@article {pmid40278326,
year = {2025},
author = {Leśna, M and Górna, K and Kwiatek, J},
title = {Managing Fear and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Dental Hygiene Visits with Guided Biofilm Therapy: Analysis of Psychological and Physiological Differences Between Women and Men-A Conceptual and Multivariate Regression Model.},
journal = {Journal of personalized medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40278326},
issn = {2075-4426},
abstract = {Background: Dental anxiety is a significant barrier to dental care, leading to avoidance behaviors and compromised oral health. This study aimed to analyze fear and anxiety during dental hygiene visits with Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT), focusing on gender differences in psychological and physiological responses to develop a more personalized approach to dental care. Methods: A total of 247 patients participated in this study. Psychological assessments included the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X2), while physiological responses were measured through heart rate monitoring before and after procedures. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of anxiety levels. Results: Multivariate regression analysis identified gender, sensory sensitivity (e.g., absence of tools in the field of view), past traumatic dental experiences, and individual preferences for anxiety reduction as significant predictors of anxiety levels. Gender differences were also observed in anxiety management strategies, with women more frequently preferring the elimination of sensory triggers and direct communication with dental professionals. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of personalized anxiety management protocols in dentistry. Tailored communication strategies, optimized clinical environments, and individualized pre- and post-procedure care plans can enhance patient experience and treatment acceptance. Implementing such patient-centered, data-driven approaches aligns with the broader principles of precision medicine in dental care.},
}

@article {pmid40278120,
year = {2025},
author = {Torres-Cano, A and de Armentia, C and Roldán, A and López-Peralta, E and Manosalva, J and Merino-Amador, P and González-Romo, F and Puig-Asensio, M and Ardanuy, C and Martín-Gómez, MT and Romero-Herrero, D and Pérez-Ayala, A and López-Lomba, M and Durán-Valle, MT and Sánchez-Romero, I and Muñoz-Algarra, M and Roiz-Mesones, MP and Lara-Plaza, I and Ruíz Pérez de Pipaón, M and Megías-Lobón, G and Mantecón-Vallejo, MÁ and Alcázar-Fuoli, L and Megías, D and Zaragoza, O},
title = {Resistance to Azoles in Candida parapsilosis Isolates from Spain Is Associated with an Impairment in Filamentation and Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40278120},
issn = {2309-608X},
support = {204038738//Gilead Sciences/ ; PID2020-114546RB//Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033)/ ; },
abstract = {In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of fluconazole-non-susceptible (FNS) Candida parapsilosis. The reasons why these strains are able to colonize hospitals remain unknown. It is also unclear whether these strains exhibit resistance to the disinfectants used in hospitals, facilitating their spread. For these reasons, in this work, we aimed to investigate whether fluconazole resistance was associated with virulence traits and the resistance of these strains to common hospital disinfectants. The general conclusion of the study was that more than 95% of the FNS strains, regardless of the resistance mutation they carried, had filamentation problems, whereas around 75% of the susceptible strains formed pseudohyphae and were capable of filamentation. This 95% of the FNS strains did not form pseudohyphae, did not invade agar, and did not form biofilms, while the susceptible strains exhibited the opposite behaviour. Through microfluidics experiments, we observed that both the susceptible and FNS strains were capable of adhering to a plastic surface under dynamic conditions, but the FNS strains formed unstable aggregates that did not remain attached to the surface, confirming the filamentation defect of these strains. In the second part of the study, we observed that FNS strains are susceptible to clinical disinfectants, although they presented a slight resistance to some of them, such as chlorhexidine, compared to susceptible isolates. In this work, we address important aspects to understand the dissemination of FNS strains in clinical outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid40277479,
year = {2025},
author = {Mahapatra, A and Panda, S and Tumedei, M and Panda, S and Das, AC and Kumar, M and Del Fabbro, M},
title = {Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of 0.2% Tea Tree Oil Mouthwash in Prevention of Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40277479},
issn = {2304-6767},
support = {2023-14394//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis is a prevalent condition caused by dental plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is a gold standard for plaque control but is associated with adverse effects such as tooth staining and altered taste. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and antimicrobial effectiveness of 0.2% tea tree oil mouthwash as a natural alternative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: A comparative study was conducted on 60 participants aged 18-60 years, divided into two groups: Group T (tea tree oil) and Group C (chlorhexidine), each comprising 30 participants. Clinical outcomes assessed included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and microbiological Colony Forming Units (CFUs). Parameters were recorded at baseline, 7 days, and 28 days. Results: Group T exhibited significantly lower PI and BOP scores at 7 and 28 days compared to Group C (p < 0.05). Both groups showed comparable reductions in CFU counts, indicating similar antimicrobial efficacy. Importantly, tea tree oil had fewer adverse effects, with no reports of tooth staining or altered taste, unlike chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Tea tree oil mouthwash demonstrated equivalent or superior clinical outcomes compared to chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. It is a viable and well-tolerated alternative for managing plaque-induced gingivitis, supporting further research into its long-term use and efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40277329,
year = {2025},
author = {Ma, N and Cai, K and Zhao, J and Liu, C and Li, H and Tan, P and Li, Y and Li, D and Ma, X},
title = {Mannosylated MOF Encapsulated in Lactobacillus Biofilm for Dual-Targeting Intervention Against Mammalian Escherichia coli Infections.},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2503056},
doi = {10.1002/adma.202503056},
pmid = {40277329},
issn = {1521-4095},
support = {32394043//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32402773//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U22A20514//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U23A20232//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024YFD1300403//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD1301103//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2022YFD1300404//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 2023M743804//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; BX20240418//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 1041-00109019//2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University/ ; B16044//111 Project/ ; },
abstract = {Pathogenic bacterial infections pose a major concern, especially concerning mammalian enteritis and diarrhea. Compared to conventional antibiotic intervention, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit superior antibacterial properties and lower cytotoxicity, demonstrating great promise in the treatment of pathogen-induced diarrhea. However, the achievement of their precise targeted delivery is still a significant challenge. Herein, a novel precision nano-system with a dual-targeting approach for treating intestinal infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) is designed. First, Zn-MOF was synthesized based on ZnO, which possessed enhanced elimination of planktonic bacteria and biofilms. Through mannosylation, Zn-MOF@Man specifically recognized the FimH pili of E. coli, leading to its aggregation and subsequent eradication. Second, guided by whole genome sequencing, the encapsulation of Lactobacillus biofilm exertd immunomodulatory function, overcomed challenges related to intestinal targeting, and facilitated sustained drug release. Furthermore, Zn-MOF@Man/LRB maintaind microbiota equilibrium and promoted stem cell differentiation and barrier stability, ensuring consistent anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice, piglets, and humans. This approach represents a novel dual-targeting antimicrobial strategy, combining probiotic biofilms and E. coli-oriented delivery, advancing safe and effective treatment that restores intestinal homeostasis for potential applications in both human medicine and animal husbandry.},
}

@article {pmid40277263,
year = {2025},
author = {Gürpinar Tosun, Ö and Köseoğlu Eser, Ö},
title = {[Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Biofilm Formation in Sequential Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Pediatric Patients with Cystic Fibrosis].},
journal = {Mikrobiyoloji bulteni},
volume = {59},
number = {2},
pages = {145-157},
doi = {10.5578/mb.20250232},
pmid = {40277263},
issn = {0374-9096},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications ; *Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Child ; *Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/complications ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Male ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; },
abstract = {Kistik fibrozis (KF), solunum yollarında yoğun mukus birikimi nedeniyle kronik enfeksiyonlara yol açan genetik bir hastalıktır. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, KF hastalarında sık rastlanan ve uzun süreli enfeksiyonlara ve kolonizasyona neden olan önemli bir patojendir. Bu çalışma, KF çocuk hastalarının solunum yolu örneklerinden ardışık olarak elde edilen P.aeruginosa izolatlarının antibiyotik duyarlılık profillerinin ve biyofilm oluşturma yeteneklerinin karşılaştırılmasını amaçlamıştır. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İhsan Doğramacı Çocuk Hastanesi KF Ünitesinde 2021-2023 yılları arasında prospektif olarak takip edilen KF hastalarından (n= 80) alınan solunum yolu örneklerinde üreyen ardışık kronik P.aeruginosa izolatları incelenmiştir. Bakteri tür tanımlaması MALDI-TOF MS ile yapılmış ve konvansiyonel yöntemlerle doğrulanmıştır. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri EUCAST önerileri doğrultusunda sıvı mikrodilüsyon ve gradiyent test yöntemleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Antibiyotik direnç genleri (blaVIM, blaIMP, blaNDM, blaKPC) polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Biyofilm oluşumu, kristal viyole mikrotitrasyon plak yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Kistik fibrozis hastalarında eşlik eden en sık sistemik bulgu ekzokrin pankreas yetmezliği (n= 58) ve bronşektazi (n= 44) olarak saptanmıştır. P.aeruginosa dışında 56 hastada başka bir etkenin daha ürediği [metisiline duyarlı Staphylococcus aureus (n= 46), metisiline dirençli S.aureus (n= 31), Acinetobacter spp. (n= 2) ve tüberküloz dışı mikobakteri (n= 2)] saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, izolatların antibiyotik direnci seftazidime en yüksek (%3.75), kolistine en düşük (%1.25) bulunmuştur. Tobramisin, meropenem ve levofloksasine direnç %2.5 olarak saptanırken, siprofloksasine direnç tespit edilmemiştir. Antibiyotik direnç genleri açısından en sık saptanan gen blaVIM olup ilk izolatlarda %12.5, sonraki izolatlarda ise %10 oranında belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya dahil edilen izolatların hiçbrisinde blaKPC, blaIMP ve blaNDM direnç genleri saptanmamıştır. Biyofilm oluşumu değerlendirildiğinde, ilk izolatların %77.5'inde, sonraki ardışık 80 izolatın 59 (%73.7)'unda kantitatif olarak biyofilm oluşumu gösterilmiştir. İzolatların 11 (%18.6)'inin güçlü pozitif, 33 (%55.9)'ünün orta pozitif ve 15 (%25.4)'inin zayıf pozitif biyofilm oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, P.aeruginosa'nın KF hastalarında yüksek biyofilm oluşturma kapasitesine sahip olduğu belirlenirken antibiyotik tedavisinin mikroorganizmanın eradikasyonunda etkin rol oynamadığı saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, ardışık izolatların biyofilm yapımı ve antibiyotik direnç paternlerinde anlamlı değişiklikler göstermediğini ortaya koymuştur. Benzer antibiyotik duyarlılık ve biyofilm yapımı gösteren ardışık P.aeruginosa izolatlarında bakterinin yok edilmesi için antibiyofilm duyarlılık testlerinin yapılması ve yeni antibiyofilm tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.},
}

Humans
*Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology/complications
*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Child
*Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology/drug therapy/complications
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Prospective Studies
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
Male
Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
Chronic Disease
Female

@article {pmid40276588,
year = {2025},
author = {Rupa, N and Donthineni, PR and Basu, S and Arunasri, K},
title = {The burden of antimicrobial resistance in biofilm forming Staphylococcus spp. from Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis patients eyes.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100278},
pmid = {40276588},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic allergic ocular surface disease with seasonal recurrences and severe forms showing vision threatening complications. The purpose of the study is to understand the prevalence and diversity of biofilm-forming bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in VKC compared to healthy individuals (HC). For this, conjunctival swab samples were collected from VKC (n = 26) and HC (n = 23), of which culture positive samples were 77 % and 78.26 % respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a significant increase in bacterial diversity in VKC compared to HC (p < 0.05), identifying 16 and 9 bacterial species, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis emerged as the predominant bacterium in both groups, with relative abundances of 52.8 % in HC and 30.2 % in VKC (p < 0.001). Biofilm formation was observed in 64.15 % of bacterial species in VKC and 31 % in HC (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed temporal biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. in both groups. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing showed that biofilm forming Staphylococcus spp. from VKC exhibited multidrug resistance (>2 antibiotics) more frequently than those from HC. Additionally, Staphylococcus spp. in VKC demonstrated higher resistance to fluoroquinolones compared to HC. These findings indicate a significantly greater prevalence of biofilm-forming and antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus bacteria in VKC Patients compared with HC.},
}

@article {pmid40275634,
year = {2025},
author = {Aththanayake, AMKCB and Deeyamulla, MP and Megharaj, M and Rathnayake, IVN},
title = {Biofilm Formation and Detoxification of Hexavalent Chromium by Bacillus subtilis: A Sustainable Approach to Bioremediation.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70022},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.70022},
pmid = {40275634},
issn = {1521-4028},
support = {//This research was funded by the National Research Council, Sri Lanka, Investigator Driven Research Grant-18-083./ ; },
abstract = {Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a toxic environmental pollutant, primarily generated by industrial processes, posing a significant risk to biota. Effective detoxification of Cr(VI) is necessary before environmental discharge. This study focused on the Cr(VI) tolerance and detoxification potential of an isolated Bacillus subtilis strain KCBA07C10, along with the effects of Cr(VI) stress on its biofilm formation, and its potential application in bioremediation. The bacterial strain isolated from treated textile effluent, was subjected to growth studies in Cr(VI)-supplemented media with a low carbon source. Detoxification potential was assessed through Cr(VI) and total Cr removal analyses, while biofilm formation was evaluated using spectrophotometric assays and scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed that B. subtilis KCBA07C10 tolerates high Cr(VI) concentrations (> 16.0 mg/L) and achieves significant detoxification via bioreduction, removing nearly 88% of Cr(VI) even under nutrient-limited conditions. These findings highlight the strain's potential for bioremediation. Furthermore, quantitative assays demonstrated a positive correlation between Cr(VI) exposure and biofilm formation (p = 0.009, α = 0.05), suggesting an adaptive defense mechanism. This study highlights the potential of B. subtilis KCBA07C10 as an eco-friendly agent for Cr(VI) detoxification and bioremediation applications.},
}

@article {pmid40275546,
year = {2025},
author = {Jungpraditphol, I and Sutthiboonyapan, P and Khamwachirapitak, C and Krasaesin, A and Srithanyarat, S and Porntaveetus, T and Wiriyakijja, P},
title = {Shotgun Metagenomics of Biofilm Microbiome in Oral Lichen Planus With Desquamative Gingivitis.},
journal = {Oral diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/odi.15349},
pmid = {40275546},
issn = {1601-0825},
support = {68-032,68-059//Health Systems Research Institute/ ; HEA_FF_68_008_3200_001,HEA_FF_68_223_3200_015//Thailand Science Research and Innovation Chulalongkorn University/ ; DRF68_007//Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition often associated with desquamative gingivitis (DG). The oral microbiome's role in OLP and DG (OLP-DG) is gaining recognition, but prior 16S rRNA studies lacked taxonomic resolution. This study introduced shotgun metagenomic sequencing to thoroughly compare the supragingival and subgingival plaque microbiomes of individuals with and without OLP-DG.

METHODS: Twenty-seven participants (9 OLP-DG, 18 non-OLP) were recruited. Supra- and subgingival plaque samples were collected separately. Genomic DNA was analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Microbial abundance and diversity were assessed through bioinformatic and statistical analyses.

RESULTS: We observed significant changes in the supragingival and subgingival microbiomes in OLP-DG. Supragingival plaque showed reduced Corynebacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, with enrichment of an unnamed Synergistaceae genus and three unnamed species (Candidatus Saccharibacteria bacterium oral taxon 955 and 488 and GGB10852_SGB17523). Subgingival plaque revealed increased Flavobacteriaceae and Rhodocyclaceae, and reduced Actinomycetaceae. Although alpha or beta diversity was not significantly different, common commensals like Corynebacterium matruchotii and Streptococcus mitis were less abundant in OLP-DG patients.

CONCLUSION: This first-time application of metagenomic sequencing revealed a distinct microbiome in OLP-DG, characterized by novel bacterial species and reduced commensals, suggesting a potential role in OLP-DG pathogenesis, and warranting further study.},
}

@article {pmid40275521,
year = {2025},
author = {Veiga, FC and de Felicio, R and Trivella, DBB and Macedo, AJ},
title = {Lipopeptides from Antarctic Bacillus siamensis N52R1 inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf095},
pmid = {40275521},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIM: To search for active compounds produced by microorganisms isolated from the Antarctic environment, against biofilms of pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven different bacteria from Antarctic were cultivated, and their secretome (supernatants of the culture media) extracted using liquid/liquid partition, rendering 41 fractions of different polarities. Assays were performed to quantify P. aeruginosa pathogenic bacterial growth and inhibition of biofilm formation. From the tested Antarctic isolates the apolar hexane extract fraction of N52R1 strain, identified as Bacillus siamensis, showed activity against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and was fractionated by reverse phase chromatography, corroborated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy images. Applying LC-MS/MS untargeted metabolomics it is suggested that these results were obtained by the action of lipopeptide molecules, particularly plipastatin and surfactin which has no previous report of activity upon the important pathogen P. aeruginosa. In vivo toxicity assays of the antibiofilm fraction of N52R1 upon the invertebrate G. mellonella was performed, showing no toxicity at up to 200 mg/kg.

CONCLUSION: we demonstrate the relevance and diversity of compounds from Antarctic microorganisms, in order to find bioactive agents against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40274962,
year = {2025},
author = {Huynh, U and King, J and Zastrow, ML},
title = {Calcium modulates growth and biofilm formation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {14246},
pmid = {40274962},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2239712//National Science Foundation/ ; 2239712//National Science Foundation/ ; R35GM138223/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM138223/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM138223/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Lactobacillus acidophilus/growth & development/drug effects/physiology ; *Calcium/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Lactobacillus plantarum/growth & development/drug effects/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Probiotics ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Lactobacillaceae are a large, diverse family of Gram-positive lactic acid-producing bacteria. As gut microbiota residents in many mammals, these bacteria are beneficial for health and frequently used as probiotics. Lactobacillaceae abundance in the gastrointestinal tract has been correlated with gastrointestinal pathologies and infection. Microbiota residents must compete for nutrients, including essential metal ions like calcium, zinc, and iron. Recent animal and human studies have revealed that dietary calcium can positively influence the diversity of the gut microbiota and abundance of intestinal Lactobacillaceae species, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impacts of calcium on the growth and biofilm formation of two distinct Lactobacillaceae species found in the gut microbiota, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917. We found that calcium ions differentially affect both growth and biofilm formation of these species. In general, calcium supplementation promotes the growth of both species, albeit with some variations in the extent to which different growth parameters were impacted. Calcium ions strongly induce biofilm formation of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 but not L. plantarum ATCC 14917. Based on bioinformatic analyses and experimental chelator studies, we hypothesize that surface proteins specific to L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, like S-layer proteins, are responsible for Ca[2+]-induced biofilm formation. The ability of bacteria to form biofilms has been linked with their ability to colonize in the gut microbiota. This work shows how metal ions like Ca[2+] may be important not just as nutrients for bacteria growth, but also for their ability to facilitate cell-cell interactions and possibly colonization in the gut microbiota.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Lactobacillus acidophilus/growth & development/drug effects/physiology
*Calcium/pharmacology/metabolism
*Lactobacillus plantarum/growth & development/drug effects/physiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
Probiotics
Humans

@article {pmid40274812,
year = {2025},
author = {Moon, J and Seo, K and Kwon, JS},
title = {Novel two-stage expansion of Streptococcus mutans biofilm supports EPS-targeted prevention strategies for early childhood caries.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {65},
pmid = {40274812},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {HI19C1330//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; HI19C1330//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; 2022R1C1C1010304//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2022R1C1C1010304//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2022R1C1C1010304//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Streptococcus mutans/growth & development/physiology/drug effects ; *Dental Caries/prevention & control/microbiology ; Humans ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Durapatite/chemistry/metabolism ; Osmotic Pressure ; },
abstract = {Early childhood caries (ECC) affects nearly half of preschool children worldwide and characterized by rapid progression across multiple teeth. While Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a keystone species in dental caries, its process for rapid biofilm expansion remains unclear. Using an air-solid interface model simulating the oral environment, we uncovered a novel expansion for S. mutans biofilms. Our findings reveal that S. mutans employs a distinct two-step expansion strategy. Through osmotic pressure, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) spread and transport bacterial clusters to new sites. Subsequently, the hydroxyapatite surface enables new colony formation. Hydroxyapatite's acid-neutralization properties appear critical for bacterial growth and colonization. Despite successful EPS spreading, environments without hydroxyapatite failed to support new colony formation. These results reveal the unique pattern of rapid ECC progression in sugar-rich environments and establish EPS as a promising therapeutic target, advancing understanding of cariogenic biofilm behavior and preventative strategies for ECC prevention.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Streptococcus mutans/growth & development/physiology/drug effects
*Dental Caries/prevention & control/microbiology
Humans
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism
Child, Preschool
Durapatite/chemistry/metabolism
Osmotic Pressure

@article {pmid40273787,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, J and Pan, Y and Wen, X and Gao, P and Zhou, J},
title = {Rapid start-up of nitrogen and organic matter removal in sequencing batch biofilm reactors treating hypersaline mustard tuber wastewater with autochthonous microorganisms.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {383},
number = {},
pages = {125490},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125490},
pmid = {40273787},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The treatment of hypersaline industrial wastewater (≥50 g NaCl L[-1]) faces persistent challenges in start-up and nitrogen removal efficiency due to microbial inhibition under extreme salinity. However, leveraging native microbial consortia for rapid system establishment remains underexplored. This study proposed a rapid-start strategy for sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) treating hypersaline mustard tuber wastewater (MTWW) through in-situ enrichment of autochthonous microorganisms in MTWW. Five SBBRs, each with distinct inoculation (municipal sludge vs. autochthonous microorganisms) and salinity-increase strategies (direct vs. gradual increase), were systematically compared. Systems acclimated with autochthonous microorganisms achieved start-up within 30 days (Phase Ⅰ:0-30 g NaCl L[-1] and Phase Ⅱ: 30-70 g NaCl L[-1]), with COD and TN removal efficiencies of 82.40 %-92.85 % and 85.72 %-94.68 %, respectively. Notably, rapid-start systems maintained comparable TN and COD removal to gradual acclimation (p > 0.05) despite transient nitrification instability during dissolved oxygen fluctuations (recovered within 5∼6 cycles). The rapid-start reactors demonstrated greater ammonia oxidation activity, driven by the dominance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) over bacteria (AOB). Rapid salinity increases selectively enriched halophilic functional bacteria, such as Halomonas, Nitratireductor, Arcobacter, and Phaeodactylibacter, supporting anoxic/aerobic and sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification processes. Most of the functional microorganisms across all reactors originated directly from the MTWW, confirming the indispensability of autochthonous inoculum. Our findings demonstrate that autochthonous microorganisms in hypersaline MTWW can be directly engineered for rapid system establishment, bypassing lengthy acclimation. This strategy reduces start-up costs and provides a scalable solution for industries requiring immediate hypersaline wastewater treatment capacity.},
}

@article {pmid40270823,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, S and Fan, B and Gao, S and Jia, J and Zhang, Y and Shen, H and Zhou, W},
title = {Clinical isolation, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity analysis of different species of the Stephanoascus ciferrii complex.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1570952},
pmid = {40270823},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The Stephanoascus ciferrii complex, comprising Stephanoascus ciferrii, Candida allociferrii, and Candida mucifera, is an emerging fungal pathogen with increasing isolation rates and antifungal resistance. However, detailed information about clinical isolation rates and pathogenicity comparisons among the three species are lacking. In order to fill in this information gap, this study aimed to investigate and compare the clinical isolation rates and pathogenicity of the three species. Twenty-seven S. ciferrii complex strains isolated from the secretion specimens of patients admitted to Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between 2012 and 2023 were included. According to the results of ITS sequencing, there were 15 strains of S. ciferrii, 7 strains of C. allociferrii, and 5 strains of C. mucifera. Antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated that the S. ciferrii complex exhibited high MICs against azole antifungal agents, particularly fluconazole, while it showed lower MICs against echinocandins. S. ciferrii displayed higher MICs against caspofungin than C. allociferrii (P < 0.05). The results of biofilm quantification using crystal violet staining indicated C. allociferrii exhibited stronger biofilm-forming ability than S. ciferrii in RPMI-1640 medium (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between C. allociferrii and C. mucifera or between S. ciferrii and C. mucifera. The results were similar with the metabolic activity by using XTT assay. The G. mellonella larvae infection experiments revealed that the survival rates of larvae infected by strains of the S. ciferrii complex were 60%, 50%, and 48% at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively. Furthermore, the G. mellonella larvae lethality caused by C. allociferrii and C. mucifera were significantly higher than that caused by S. ciferrii (P < 0.001). This study is the first to describe and compare the pathogenicity and biofilm formation ability of the three species of S. ciferrii complex in the clinical context. Our research reveals the high prevalence of S. ciferrii in the complex and elucidates the correlation between fungal drug resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence, thus providing essential empirical evidence for further study of the clinical pathogenic characteristics of each species in the complex and treatment strategies.},
}

@article {pmid40268347,
year = {2025},
author = {Ali, HR and Valdivia, C and Negus, D},
title = {Bacteriophage-embedded and coated alginate layers inhibit biofilm formation by clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf099},
pmid = {40268347},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIMS: This study aimed to determine the antibiofilm properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae phages previously isolated from Thai hospital sewage water. Furthermore, we aimed to develop a phage-embedded and coated alginate hydrogel, suitable as a wound dressing or surface coating to prevent K. pneumoniae proliferation and biofilm formation.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The biofilm forming capacity of six clinical K. pneumoniae isolates was determined by means of the crystal violet assay and four strains which exhibited strong adherence were selected for further characterisation. Two phages (vB_KpnA_GBH014 and vB_KpnM_GBH019) were found to both significantly prevent (P = <0.0005) and disrupt (P = <0.05) biofilms produced by their K. pneumoniae hosts as determined by optical density readings using the crystal violet assay. Furthermore, alginate layers embedded and coated with phages vB_KpnA_GBH014 and vB_KpnM_GBH019 produced antibiofilm surfaces. Viable counts of recovered biofilms showed that alginate hydrogels containing phage vB_KpnA_GBH014 or vB_KpnM_GBH019 were associated with significantly fewer K. pneumoniae versus no-phage controls (1.61×108 cfu ml-1 vs 1.67×104 cfu ml-1, P = <0.005 and 1.78×108 cfu ml-1 vs 6.11×102 cfu ml-1, P = <0.00005, respectively). Confocal microscopy further revealed a significant reduction in the biovolume of biofilms formed on phage embedded and coated alginate hydrogels compared to no-phage controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Phages vB_KpnA_GBH014 and vB_KpnM_GBH019 can both prevent and disrupt biofilms produced by clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Embedding and coating these phages into alginate produces an antibiofilm matrix which may have promise for coating medical devices or as a wound dressing.},
}

@article {pmid40268122,
year = {2025},
author = {Highmore, C and Cooper, K and Parker, J and Robinson, J and Castangia, R and Webb, JS},
title = {Real-time detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Biofilm in the food processing environment with Bactiscan, a macro-scale fluorescence device.},
journal = {Journal of food protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100511},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100511},
pmid = {40268122},
issn = {1944-9097},
abstract = {Food safety relies on rapid detection methods and rigorous sampling of the food processing environment, and is challenged by recurrent biofilm contamination and by sub-lethally injured bacteria that can evade detection. Bactiscan is investigated as an alternative detection approach, a macro-scale and reagentless device that detects microbial contamination through activating green fluorescence of glycoproteins in the bacterial cell wall. The detection capability of Bactiscan was tested on foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Detection by Bactiscan was assessed using 3 independent observers viewing bacterial samples dried on stainless steel, using 3 biological repeats and 5 technical repeats. Detection by Bactiscan was possible to 1.20*10[6] colony forming units (CFU), compared to 1.36*10[4] CFU by ATP swab testing, where Bactiscan detection limits were defined by the concentration at which 50% of the samples were observed under illumination of the device. Heat-killed and chlorine stressed E. coli and S. enterica caused a 2-log reduction in detection by ATP swab tests (p≤0.05), while detection by Bactiscan was unaffected (p≥0.05). Pathogen biofilms were detectable via Bactiscan with >80% accuracy at 4 days of growth; E. coli and L. monocytogenes biofilms were visible at 2 days of growth. In situ contamination studies determined that Bactiscan can detect microbial contamination on chicken, salmon, and yoghurt samples with stronger fluorescence than a competitor UV torch. The presence of one of the pathogens on the food samples was confirmed by metagenome sequencing, determining that S. aureus was present in 7 samples out of 9 with a relative abundance of >0.5%. These data demonstrate that Bactiscan can effectively detect bacteria present in the food processing environment and can complement existing technologies to improve food industry cleaning practices and infection prevention.},
}

@article {pmid40268021,
year = {2025},
author = {Keikhosravani, P and Khodaei, A and Bollen, T and Nazmi, K and Bikker, FJ and van Steenbergen, M and van Nostrum, CF and van Strijp, J and Weinans, H and Amin Yavari, S},
title = {Developing antibacterial HB43 peptide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for biofilm treatment.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {310},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {143397},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143397},
pmid = {40268021},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Biofilm-associated infections on medical devices are challenging to treat. Therefore, innovative treatment approaches are needed to penetrate biofilms and eliminate bacteria. With this study, we developed chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) encapsulating the antibacterial peptide HB43 at increasing CNP/peptide ratios (from 1 to 4 % for P1-CNP, P2-CNP, and P4-CNP, respectively) using the ion gelation method. Our goal was to enhance antibacterial drug delivery inside a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm. Our analysis showed a direct correlation between the encapsulation efficacy of HB43 and the physical properties of the CNPs, such as size and zeta potential. P1-CNP was identified as the optimal formulation, characterized by its small size, high encapsulation efficiency, and cationic surface charge. Release studies indicated that HB43 was released in a sustained manner particularly under acidic conditions, which enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We tested the P1-CNP in culture media with pH levels of 7.4 and 5.5 to assess the pH responsiveness of the CNPs and mimic the infection environment. Both conditions showed that the HB43 loaded-CNPs effectively reduced bacterial populations in a dose-dependent manner, with up to a 99.99 % reduction in bacterial load. This study offers a promising new strategy for managing biofilm-associated infections and addressing antibiotic resistance by using CNPs loaded with HB43.},
}

@article {pmid40267963,
year = {2025},
author = {Widyasrini, DA and Annisa, M and Sunarintyas, S and Samaranayake, L and Siswomihardjo, W},
title = {Magnesium Infusion on Dental Implants and Its Impact on Osseointegration and Biofilm Development: A Review.},
journal = {European journal of dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1055/s-0045-1806958},
pmid = {40267963},
issn = {1305-7456},
abstract = {Dental implants have gained global popularity as a treatment option for tooth loss. The success of dental implants depends on their optimal integration into the tissues of the alveolar bone and the periodontium. However, several factors can hinder the proper osseointegration of implants, with the growth of biofilm on the implant surface and subsequent peri-implant infections being significant concerns. To overcome this challenge, researchers have explored the incorporation of antimicrobial agents onto metallic implant surfaces to mitigate biofilm growth. Ideally these agents should promote osteogenesis while exhibiting antibacterial effects. Magnesium (Mg) has emerged as a promising dual-function implant coating due to its osteogenic and antibacterial properties. Despite several studies, the precise mechanisms behind osteoinductive and antimicrobial effect of Mg is unclear, as yet. This review aims to collate and discuss the utility of Mg as a dental implant coating, its impact on the osteogenic process, potential in mitigating microbial growth, and prospects for the future. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across several databases and the findings reveal the promise of Mg as a dual-function dental implant coating material, both as a standalone agent and in combination with other materials. The antibacterial effect of Mg is likely to be due to its (1) toxicity particularly at high concentrations, (2) the production or reactive oxygen species, and (3) pH modulation, while the osteoinductive effect is due to a complex series of cellular and biochemical pathways. Despite its potential both as a standalone and composite coating, challenges such as degradation rate, leaching, and long-term stability must be addressed. Further research is needed to understand the utility of Mg as an implant coating material, particularly in relation to its antibacterial activity, osseointegration, and longevity in the oral milieu.},
}

@article {pmid40267282,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, Z and Chen, H and Zhong, GH and Liu, J},
title = {cAMP-Mediated Biofilm eDNA Transfer Facilitates the Resilience of Soil Microbiome to Agrochemical Stress.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00961},
pmid = {40267282},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Soil microorganisms utilize extracellular DNA (eDNA)-based biofilms as a defense against xenobiotics. However, the specific effects and transfer pathways of eDNA under persistent agrochemical exposure remain unclear. This study examined the transfer dynamics of carbofuran-hydrolase gene pchA from Pseudomonas stutzeri PS21. During biofilm formation, pchA was released from eDNA, leading to an enrichment of beneficial microorganisms such as Acidobacteria and Elusimicrobia, which enhanced organic compound metabolism and improved soil microbiome resilience. An increase in the pchA-associated mobile genetic elements and the colocalization of pchA with other bacterial species indicated the potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) under carbofuran exposure. Additionally, carbofuran triggered a cAMP-dependent apoptotic pathway, leading to a 59.6% increase in pchA copy number, which suggested that cAMP played a role in initiating HGT. In conclusion, the cAMP-mediated interspecific transfer of pchA could enhance microbial coadaptation to carbofuran contamination, thereby strengthening the collective defense of soil microbiome against agrochemical stress.},
}

@article {pmid40265102,
year = {2025},
author = {Leejae, S and Pelyuntha, W and Goodla, L and Mordmuang, A},
title = {Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Centella asiatica Extract and Asiatic Acid for Enhanced Biofilm Eradication of Streptococcus Associated With Oral Diseases.},
journal = {Scientifica},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {4867529},
pmid = {40265102},
issn = {2090-908X},
abstract = {The biofilm-forming ability of Streptococcus species, particularly Streptococcus mutans, is a key factor in the pathogenesis of dental caries and periodontitis. Current treatments often exhibit limitations such as incomplete biofilm eradication and cytotoxicity to host tissues, highlighting the need for innovative and biocompatible therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract, its bioactive triterpenoids (asiatic acid and madecassic acid), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract as an alternative strategy for targeting S. mutans biofilms. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the synthesized AgNPs against Streptococcus species were evaluated, alongside cytotoxicity assessments on human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells using the MTT assay. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to the extract, with significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (62.5/125 µg/mL) against S. mutans ATCC 25175 and S. mitis ATCC 49456, highlighting their potent bactericidal activity. Moreover, the AgNPs achieved rapid biofilm disruption, reducing biofilm biomass by 76% within 12 h at 1/2 × MIC, significantly outperforming the extract and triterpenoids. Scanning electron microscopy further revealed substantial extracellular polymeric substance degradation and biofilm structural disruption upon AgNP treatment, confirming their pronounced antibiofilm efficacy. In addition, the synthesized AgNPs demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, maintaining 68% cell viability in dental fibroblast cells, suggesting an optimal balance between antimicrobial potency and cytotoxicity. The synergistic interaction between AgNPs and C. asiatica phytochemicals significantly enhanced biofilm disruption compared to nonfunctionalized AgNPs. These findings underscore the potential of C. asiatica-based AgNPs as a novel, plant-derived nanotechnological approach for managing oral infections caused by biofilm-forming Streptococcus species. This study not only contributes to the development of alternative antibiofilm strategies but also paves the way for future clinical applications in oral healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid40264793,
year = {2025},
author = {Rafiee, Z and Rezaie, M and Choi, S},
title = {Rapid and sensitive antimicrobial susceptibility testing of biofilm-forming bacteria using scalable paper-based organic transistors.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {112312},
pmid = {40264793},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {A scalable, cost-effective paper-based organic field-effect transistor platform has been developed for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of biofilm-forming pathogens. Traditional AST methods are costly, labor-intensive, and slow, with a lack of standardized biofilm models. This system directly tracks protons generated by biofilms, which serve as key indicators of bacterial metabolism under antibiotic exposure. A proton-sensitive PEDOT:PSS channel is employed, where metabolic proton activity de-dopes the transistor, reducing conductivity. The engineered paper substrate facilitates rapid, high-quality biofilm formation, improving assay reliability. The platform was validated on three clinically significant pathogens against frontline antibiotics, providing real-time, quantitative antibiotic efficacy profiles. Integrated with a microcontroller and machine learning algorithm, results are displayed on a liquid crystal display (LCD), classifying antibiotic concentration relative to the minimum inhibitory concentration with over 85% accuracy. This clinically translatable system offers a high-throughput, point-of-care solution for efficient infection management and antibiotic stewardship.},
}

@article {pmid40263806,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, Z and Lei, X and Zhang, Y and Wu, S and Hou, Z and Ma, K and Pei, H and Shang, F and Xue, T},
title = {The membrane protein DtpT plays an important role in biofilm formation and stress resistance in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus RMSA49.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {208},
number = {},
pages = {116249},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116249},
pmid = {40263806},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; Food Microbiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; *Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus has been a major contributor to the contamination of dairy products and preserved foods due to its capacity for biofilm formation and strong resistance to environmental stress. The membrane transport protein di-and tripeptides transporter (DtpT) is the primary transporter of di- and tripeptides in S. aureus, yet its impact on biofilm formation and stress resistance in S. aureus has not been previously reported. Our study focused on the foodborne S. aureus strain RMSA49, revealing that mutation of the dtpT resulted in diminished biofilm formation ability and reduced tolerance to environmental stress (high temperature, dryness, oxidative stress, and salt stress). These findings highlight the significance of DtpT in both biofilm formation and response to environmental stress in foodborne S. aureus. Our study represents the first report demonstrating the crucial role of DtpT in biofilm formation and environmental tolerance in S. aureus, providing new avenues for future research on this protein while also identifying potential target genes for further investigation into S. aureus tolerance mechanisms during food processing and control of biofilm formation.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/physiology/metabolism
Food Microbiology
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
*Stress, Physiological
Mutation
Oxidative Stress
*Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid40263799,
year = {2025},
author = {Lu, Z and Zhang, J and Li, J and Feng, L and Wang, Y and Zhu, J},
title = {Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens induced by a novel diguanylate cyclase modulated c-di-GMP promotes spoilage of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {208},
number = {},
pages = {116231},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116231},
pmid = {40263799},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/physiology/enzymology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Animals ; *Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism/genetics ; *Perciformes/microbiology ; *Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Seafood/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas as major agents cause the microbial spoilage in aerobically stored seafoods due to the strong biofilm forming ability, resulting in significant economic losses. C-di-GMP regulates the transition to biofilm states in numerous bacteria, however, its function in biofilm and spoilage of Pseudomonas fluorescens has still been scarce. Here, in a fish spoiler P. fluorescens PF07 strain, 26 proteins of diguanylate cyclase (DGC) containing a GGDEF domain were characterized, and both intracellular c-di-GMP and biofilm formation consistently decreased in the constructed 12 deletion mutants of DGC domain. Compared to wild type (WT) strain, both swimming and swarming in these mutants remarkably enhanced, while the secretion of siderophore, protease activity, and the production of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) were decreased in several mutants, indicating the different modulating effects among these DGC mutants. Furthermore, correlation analysis of these six phenotypes, PF07_04309 exhibited the most significant alteration, which was identified a novel functional DGC enzyme. Moreover, the GGAAA mutation of PF07_04309 induced the down-regulation of Psl and Alg operons and increased flagellar related gene, resulting in forming the sparser and thinner biofilms. Two mutants of 04309 induced by low c-di-GMP significantly declined the accumulation of TVB-N, thiobarbituric acid, extracellular protease activity and spoilage flavor compounds, especially methylamine and carbon disulfide, in the fillets of large yellow croaker stored at 4 °C. Thus, our results indicated that a novel DGC 04309 modulated the polysaccharide secretion, flagellar, and iron carrier by synthesis of c-di-GMP, positively regulating the spoilage potential of P. fluorescens, which expanded the original insights of DGC and c-di-GMP function on microbial food spoilage.},
}

*Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/physiology/enzymology
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
Animals
*Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases/metabolism/genetics
*Perciformes/microbiology
*Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism/genetics
*Seafood/microbiology
Food Microbiology
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

@article {pmid40263097,
year = {2025},
author = {Esteves Barros, IL and Franco Veiga, F and Estivalet Svidzinski, TI},
title = {In vitro characterization of biofilm produced by Fusarium oxysporum, an onychomycosis agent.},
journal = {Anais brasileiros de dermatologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.abd.2024.11.005},
pmid = {40263097},
issn = {1806-4841},
}

@article {pmid40261531,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodrigues, GWL and Del Bianco Vargas Gouveia, S and Oliveira, LC and de Freitas, RN and Dourado, NG and Sacoman, CA and Ribeiro, APF and Chaves-Neto, AH and Sivieri-Araújo, G and de Toledo Leonardo, R and Cintra, LTA and Jacinto, RC},
title = {Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity and oxidative damage induced by laser ablation with indocyanine green versus aPDT with methylene blue and curcumin on E. coli biofilm in root canals.},
journal = {Odontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40261531},
issn = {1618-1255},
support = {001//Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China/ ; 2023/02279-4//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; },
abstract = {Laser ablation and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) serve as adjunctive treatments to enhance microbial reduction in endodontic root canals. This in vitro study assessed laser ablation with Indocyanine Green (ICG) compared to aPDT using Methylene Blue (MB) and Curcumin (CUR) photosensitizers for reducing E. coli biofilms and inducing oxidative damage in root canals. Methods Standardized bovine upper incisor roots (n = 100) were contaminated with E. coli for 10 days to form biofilms. Groups included ICG 0.05% activated by infrared diode laser, CUR 0.05% activated by blue LED, MB 0.01% activated by red laser, sterile saline (NC), and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (PC). Root canal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment, plated on BHI agar for CFU/mL counting. Oxidative damage was assessed using TBARS and carbonylated protein methods. Percentage reduction data underwent two-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn's tests for CFU reduction, and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) for oxidative damage. Results No statistical differences were found among groups for E. coli reduction. All groups had higher reduction than NC and lower reduction than PC (p < 0.05). ICG and CUR showed higher oxidative damage than MB and controls in protein carbonyl analyses. In TBARS analysis, ICG exhibited the greatest oxidative damage, statistically higher than other photosensitizers, negative, and positive controls. Conclusion There was no difference between laser ablation with ICG and aPDT with CUR and MB, which were less effective in bacterial reduction than NaOCl. However, ICG-induced higher oxidative damage in Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting its potential as an adjunctive therapy in root canal procedures.},
}

@article {pmid40260792,
year = {2025},
author = {Chowdhury, MAH and Reem, CSA and Ashrafudoulla, M and Rahman, MA and Shaila, S and Jie-Won Ha, A and Ha, SD},
title = {Role of advanced cleaning and sanitation techniques in biofilm prevention on dairy equipment.},
journal = {Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {e70176},
doi = {10.1111/1541-4337.70176},
pmid = {40260792},
issn = {1541-4337},
support = {//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; 21153MFDS605//Ministry of food and drug safety 2025/ ; RS202400339436//Korea government (MSIT)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Dairying/instrumentation/methods ; *Sanitation/methods ; *Equipment Contamination/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation on dairy equipment is a persistent challenge in the dairy industry, contributing to product contamination, equipment inefficiency, and economic losses. Traditional methods such as manual cleaning and basic chemical sanitation are discussed as foundational approaches, followed by an in-depth investigation of cutting-edge technologies, including clean-in-place systems, high-pressure cleaning, foam cleaning, ultrasonic and electrochemical cleaning, dry ice blasting, robotics, nanotechnology-based agents, enzymatic cleaners, and oxidizing agents. Enhanced sanitation techniques, such as dry steam, pulsed light, acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water, hydrogen peroxide vapor, microbubble technology, and biodegradable biocides, are highlighted for their potential to achieve superior sanitation while promoting sustainability. The effectiveness, feasibility, and limitations of these methods are evaluated, emphasizing their role in maintaining dairy equipment hygiene and reducing biofilm-associated risks. Additionally, challenges, such as equipment compatibility, cost, and regulatory compliance, are addressed, along with insights into future directions and innovations, including automation, smart cleaning systems, and green cleaning solutions. This review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers aiming to tackle biofilm formation in dairy production systems and enhance food safety, operational efficiency, and sustainability.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Dairying/instrumentation/methods
*Sanitation/methods
*Equipment Contamination/prevention & control

@article {pmid40260359,
year = {2025},
author = {Tirumala, N and K, LR},
title = {Bacteriological Profile of Diabetic Foot Ulcer With Special Reference to Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {e80974},
pmid = {40260359},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high sugar levels in the blood for prolonged periods of time. The world's largest number of diabetics resides in India, making it the world's diabetic capital, with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) incidence of around 8-17%. Due to the polymicrobial and multidrug resistant (MDR) nature of DFUs, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is of high importance to help treat patients effectively and prevent the development of MDR bacteria. The ability to form biofilms is a significant additive to virulence of an organism that causes an able strain to be resistant to more antibiotics as compared to a free-living strain, thereby further delaying the healing of DFUs. Materials and methods This study included 74 samples collected from patients with DFUs, out of which 69 (93.24%) yielded growth on culture. Gram staining was done for the direct microscopy, isolation, and determination of organism, and the detection of biofilm formers using Congo Red Agar plates. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results Out of 74 samples collected, 69 (93.24%) yielded growth on culturing, with 5 (6.76%) cultures coming back negative. On Gram staining, 42 (56.8%) samples showed Gram-positive cocci and 53 (71.6%) showed Gram-negative bacilli. On isolating organisms from the samples, 16 (21.7%) samples had Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae at 13 (17.6%) and Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli at 11 each (14.9%), indicating a Gram-negative bacteria predominance. Of the Gram-positive bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus stands at two (2.7%) and Streptococcus pyogenes at one (1.4%). The prevailing monomicrobiality could be attributed to antibiotic administration prior to sample collection. On antibiotic sensitivity of organisms tested against each antibiotic, more than 75% of tested samples were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime, and erythromycin, and around 70% and more of tested samples were sensitive to ertapenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, benzylpenicillin, vancomycin, and clindamycin. Out of the 69 positive cultures, 29 (42.03%) yielded biofilm formers. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant biofilm former with 10 (34.48%) of 29 of total biofilm-forming isolates, followed by E. coli and K. pneumoniae with five each (17.24%) and Proteus mirabilis with three samples (10.34%). Regarding strains forming biofilms according to bacterium species, S. aureus was predominant, with 100% (two out of two samples) of isolates forming biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus was followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 62.5% (10 out of 16 samples), Acinetobacter baumannii (two out of four samples) and Enterobacter cloacae (one out of two samples) with 50% each, E. coli with 45.45% (5 out of 11 samples), and K. pneumoniae with 38.46% (5 out of 13 samples) of isolates forming biofilms. It should be noted that only two S. aureus, four A. baumannii, and two Enterobacter cloacae samples were isolated in comparison to a larger number of Gram-negative bacteria. This study has found that 100% of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are biofilm formers. Conclusion The ability to form biofilms adds immensely to the virulence and antibiotic resistance. Detection of biofilm formers is non-invasive and convenient to measure and would help provide insight into antibiotics to be administered to the patient, thereby reducing development of MDROs and reducing healing time.},
}

@article {pmid40257245,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, EH and Kim, H and Lee, JH and Kim, Y and Kwon, HB and Lim, YJ and Kong, H and Lee, SW and Kim, MJ},
title = {Self-Powered Oxygen Microbubble Generator for Decontamination of Anaerobic Biofilm-Fouled Bioimplants.},
journal = {ACS biomaterials science & engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00303},
pmid = {40257245},
issn = {2373-9878},
abstract = {Biomedical devices often feature a microgap: confined, minuscule spaces that foster bacterial infiltration and biofilm formation. For instance, peri-implantitis with prevalence rates of 4.7-45% at the patient level is a major complication driven by biofilm infections, characterized by chronic inflammation and implant failure. Anaerobic biofilm residing within the microgap serves as a major source of the peri-implantitis, but tools that remove the biofilm are lacking. Therefore, this study presents a novel preventive strategy employing self-powered microbubbler (SM) for targeted decontamination of micrographs in dental implants. SMs are assembled by doping diatoms with MnO2 nanosheets. These particles are activated to generate O2 microbubbles in H2O2 solution via catalase-mimetic activity and can penetrate the biofilm structures. The resulting oxygen bubbles induce effective mechanical disruption and oxygenation within biofilm-mimicking gelatin hydrogels and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms found in the peri-implantitis-affected implants. Such biofilm removal from the microgap restored mechanical stability at implant abutment-fixture connections and reduced bacterial leakage. Multispecies biofilms from patient-derived implants were similarly decontaminated with the mixture of SM-H2O2 outperforming conventional antiseptics like 0.2% chlorhexidine and 3% H2O2 alone. This innovative approach extends beyond dental implants to address biofilm-associated challenges in various biomedical devices with microgap vulnerabilities. Overall, SM-based treatments will offer an efficient and nondamaging solution to enhance the sterility and longevity of various bioimplants with intricated and confined structure.},
}

@article {pmid40255811,
year = {2025},
author = {Varadan, P and Ra, S and Rajendran, MR},
title = {A Comparison Between Multisonic and Ultrasonic Irrigant Activation Techniques for Multispecies Biofilm Removal During Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {e80938},
pmid = {40255811},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {This systematic review aims to compare multisonic and ultrasonic irrigant activation techniques in polymicrobial biofilm removal. We conducted a literature search involving SCOPUS, PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO host, and LILACS databases from inception to December 2024, in addition to a manual search using Google Scholar. The risk of bias assessment was done using the guidelines described for in vitro studies and the criteria for evaluation was based on JBI criteria and CRIS guidelines for quality assessment of in vitro studies. Three articles were included in the final analysis. The included studies evaluated biofilm removal in extracted teeth models incubated with biofilm; while two studies used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methodology, one used colony forming unit (CFU). Except in the study by Llerena et al., the GentleWave® multisonic System (GWS) outperformed ultrasonic irrigant activation (UI) in terms of biofilm removal. Despite the limitations of this systematic review, multisonic irrigant activation demonstrated similar efficacy in reducing intraradicular biofilm when compared to ultrasonic irrigant activation.},
}

@article {pmid40255461,
year = {2025},
author = {Goda, RM and Maghrabi, IA and El-Badawy, MF and Kabel, AM and Omar, AA and El-Morsi, RM and Ramadan, HA and Shohayeb, MM},
title = {Developing a Urinary Catheter with Anti-Biofilm Coated Surface Using Phyto-Assisted Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {1881-1893},
pmid = {40255461},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biofilm-related infections represent one of the major challenging health problems that enhances antimicrobial resistance with subsequent treatment failure of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).

AIM: This study aimed to employ and comprehensively characterize the use of nanoparticles to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are considered one of the most important biofilm inhibitors.

METHODS: The current study aimed to characterize the influence of the bioreductive green synthesis of ZnO-NPs using pomegranate peel extract on bacterial colonization to protect against urinary catheter infections. ZnO-NPs were investigated for their physicochemical properties using UV, FTIR, Dynamic light scattering, and TEM. Catheters were coated with ZnO-NPs using Pistacia lentiscus (mastic), and the slow release of free zinc ions (Zn[+2]) from, the ZnO-NPs-coated catheters, was evaluated using the ICP-AES technique.

RESULTS: The current study revealed that catheter coated by ZnO-NPs exhibited a sustained antibiofilm activity against biofilm-forming and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

CONCLUSION: The present study supports the efficiency of ZnO-NPs as a good candidate for prevention of biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40253144,
year = {2025},
author = {Akter, S and Rahman, MA and Ashrafudoulla, M and Ha, SD},
title = {Biofilm formation and analysis of EPS architecture comprising polysaccharides and lipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli on food processing surfaces.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {209},
number = {},
pages = {116274},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116274},
pmid = {40253144},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth & development ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/growth & development ; *Food Handling ; *Food Microbiology ; *Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/chemistry/metabolism ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Bacterial Adhesion ; *Lipids/analysis ; Surface Properties ; Stainless Steel ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are silent but formidable threats in seafood processing, where Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli can quickly transform contact surfaces into reservoirs of contamination. This study explores the dynamic biofilm formation on aluminum, silicone rubber, stainless steel, and polyethylene terephthalate over 24 and 72 h. Quantitative assays including Colony Forming Unit (CFU), Crystal Violet (CV), 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) revealed a significant increase in biofilm density, particularly on aluminum and silicone rubber. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and [1]H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses showed that biofilm EPS exhibits an evolving amphiphilic nature, with stable polysaccharides and increasing lipid content enhancing resilience. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) captured the shift from early attachment to mature, dense biofilms. These findings underscore the crucial impact of surface material on biofilm growth and the pressing need for tailored cleaning protocols to curb contamination risks in food processing environments.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology/growth & development
*Escherichia coli/physiology/growth & development
*Food Handling
*Food Microbiology
*Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/chemistry/metabolism
*Polysaccharides, Bacterial
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Bacterial Adhesion
*Lipids/analysis
Surface Properties
Stainless Steel

@article {pmid40251887,
year = {2025},
author = {Davis, SC and Avery, JT and Gil, J and Solis, MR and Jozic, I and Kimmerling, KA and Mowry, KC},
title = {Protection with a collagen wound matrix containing polyhexamethylene biguanide supports innate wound healing in biofilm-infected porcine wounds.},
journal = {Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {e70025},
pmid = {40251887},
issn = {1524-475X},
support = {//Organogenesis/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Wound Healing/drug effects ; *Biguanides/pharmacology ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Swine ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; *Wound Infection/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy ; *Collagen/pharmacology ; Debridement ; Immunity, Innate ; },
abstract = {Over 90% of chronic wounds have biofilm infections, making the need for inhibiting reformation of biofilm post-debridement paramount to support progression through the normal phases of wound healing. Herein, we describe a porcine wound model infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and examine the ability of an antimicrobial barrier composed of native type I collagen and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PCMP) to serve as a barrier to protect wounds and support progression through the innate wound healing cascade. Wounds were inoculated with MRSA and allowed to form a biofilm for 72 h, subjected to standard of care sharp debridement, then either left untreated or received PCMP for 5, 10, 15 or 20 days. Wounds were assessed for bioburden, wound closure and expression of genes related to wound healing. Wounds treated with PCMP exhibited statistically lower MRSA levels compared to untreated controls and achieved 90% closure by 2 weeks of treatment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that by reducing bacterial load, wounds progressed through the innate wound healing cascade, while untreated wounds exhibited a dampening of the immune response. Additionally, for randomly assigned wounds, PCMP was not reapplied at dressing changes to assess the impact of inconsistent wound protection. At all timepoints, a resurgence in bioburden was observed following removal of PCMP if the wounds had not fully closed. This study highlights the value of PCMP as an antimicrobial barrier and the importance of protecting wounds through closure and resolution.},
}

Animals
*Wound Healing/drug effects
*Biguanides/pharmacology
*Biofilms/drug effects
Swine
*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
*Wound Infection/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy
Disease Models, Animal
*Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/pathology/drug therapy
*Collagen/pharmacology
Debridement
Immunity, Innate

@article {pmid40250494,
year = {2025},
author = {Jhuma, TA and Dey, SS and Sarkar, R and Siddique, S and Moniruzzaman, M and Chowdhury, A},
title = {Biofilm inhibition and antagonism of Klebsiella pneumoniae by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw cow milk.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {107603},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107603},
pmid = {40250494},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with their potential health benefits are naturally prevalent in dairy and fermented food products. This probiotic microbiota can be an alternative biological tool for controlling other pathogenic bacteria. The study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from raw cow milk and evaluate their probiotic potential. Twelve gram-positive isolates showing tolerance to bile salt, acid, and low pH were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, which revealed the isolates belong to the genera including Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Weissella. In case of probiotic potential, the isolates exhibited arrays of probiotic properties: autoaggregation (33.65-84.63 %), co-aggregation (8.17-83.22 %), cell surface hydrophobicity for both polar (13.37-90.24 %) and non-polar solvents (5.52-53.58 %) and able to form biofilm (75 % weak, 16.67 % moderate and 8.33 % strong). Statistical analysis revealed the correlation pattern between the probiotic properties and showed a significant strong positive correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity and aggregation. Additionally, three isolates L. lactis, W. confusa, and E. gallinarum that were sensitive to antibiotics, able to produce biofilm, and did not contain virulence genes were able to reduce the biofilm formation of pathogen K. pneumoniae (1.3-4 log) in the co-culture assay. These Findings suggest that LAB from the raw cow milk could serve as a natural biocontrol agent for preventing and controlling K. pneumoniae biofilm formation and pave the way for innovative intervention of LAB in food safety and clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40249671,
year = {2025},
author = {Nilavan, E and Kumar, A and Sivam, V and Vaiyapuri, M and Koombankallil, R and Joseph, TC and Swaminathan, TR},
title = {Molecular characterization, antibiotic resistance pattern, and biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from tropical seafood.},
journal = {Journal of AOAC International},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf037},
pmid = {40249671},
issn = {1944-7922},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood poses a major public health concern, particularly in tropical regions.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to isolate, assess antibiotic susceptibility, and determine the biofilm-forming ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from seafood sold in Cochin, India.

METHODS: One hundred seafood samples were collected from retail markets in Cochin and analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus. Phenotypic identification was confirmed through biochemical assays and molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting toxR, tdh, and trh genes. Biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate-crystal violet assay, and antibiotic resistance was determined using the disc diffusion method.

RESULTS: V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 43.0% (43/100) of the total seafood analyzed. A total of 43 isolates were confirmed by the toxR gene, of which five carried the tdh gene, while none harbored the trh gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed 100% resistance to ampicillin, whereas all isolates were fully susceptible to chloramphenicol. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.13 to 0.50. Notably, some multidrug-resistant isolates exhibited strong biofilm formation at 37 °C.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus in seafood sold in Cochin and their ability to form biofilms underscores the need for rigorous monitoring and effective control strategies to safeguard public health.},
}

@article {pmid40248507,
year = {2025},
author = {Wardell, SJT and Yung, DBY and Nielsen, JE and Lamichhane, R and Sørensen, K and Molchanova, N and Herlan, C and Lin, JS and Bräse, S and Wise, LM and Barron, AE and Pletzer, D},
title = {A biofilm-targeting lipo-peptoid to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus co-infections.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100272},
pmid = {40248507},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are a significant clinical challenge, especially when involving multiple species. Antimicrobial peptides and their synthetic analogues, peptoids, which target bacterial cell membranes as well as intracellular components, offer potential solutions. We evaluated the biological activities of novel peptoids TM11-TM20, which include an additional charged NLys residue, against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, both in vitro and in vivo. Building on insights from previously reported compounds TM1-TM10, the lipo-peptoid TM18, which forms self-assembled ellipsoidal micelles, demonstrated potent antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-abscess activity. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that TM18 disrupted gene expression pathways linked to antibiotic resistance and tolerance, and biofilm formation in both pathogens. Under dual-species conditions, TM18 induced overlapping but attenuated transcriptional changes, suggesting a priming effect that enhances bacterial tolerance. In a murine skin infection model, TM18 significantly reduced dermonecrosis and bacterial burden in mono-species infections. When combined with the antibiotic meropenem, they synergistically nearly cleared co-infections. Our findings highlight that TM18 has potential as a novel therapeutic for combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens and associated biofilm-driven tolerance.},
}

@article {pmid40247766,
year = {2025},
author = {Randhawa, S and Saini, TC and Bathla, M and Teji, N and Acharya, A},
title = {Biofilm Biology to Brain Health: Harnessing Microbial Wisdom to Uncover Amyloid Dissociating Bifunctional Nano Chaperones for Alzheimer's Therapeutics.},
journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00868},
pmid = {40247766},
issn = {1948-7193},
abstract = {Microbial infections have long been implicated in the gut-brain link to Alzheimer's disease (AD). These infections may influence AD development either directly, through brain invasion, or indirectly via bacterial metabolites crossing the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) or interacting with the enteric nervous system (ENS). Such findings have inspired clinicians to repurpose antimicrobial drugs for AD, yielding promising results. However, the sole bacterial link to AD may be insufficiently understood. Bacterial amyloid presence in biofilms is well-documented, with certain bacterial proteins exacerbating amyloid formation while others inhibit it. For instance, Curli-specific gene protein C (CsgC) in E. coli suppresses curli amyloid formation. This review investigates the possibility of human CsgC-like proteins, identifying beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) and E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) as potential analogs that may influence amyloid degradation. We propose that nanoparticles (NPs) could serve as platforms to anchor these proteins, forming Amyloid Dissociating Bifunctional NanoChaperones (ADBiNaCs) with enhanced antiamyloidogenic activity. This innovative approach holds promise for novel AD treatment strategies, meriting further investigation into the role of bacterial and human amyloid-modulating proteins in AD pathology.},
}

@article {pmid40246594,
year = {2025},
author = {Garcia, IM and Araújo-Neto, VG and Balbinot, G and Souza, VS and Mokeem, L and Scholten, JD and Melo, MAS and Giannini, M and Collares, FM},
title = {Dental adhesives incorporated with alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide-loaded titanium oxide nanotubes for sustained bioactive and anti-biofilm protection.},
journal = {Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2025.04.002},
pmid = {40246594},
issn = {1879-0097},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to formulate experimental dental adhesives with alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide-loaded titanium oxide nanotubes (ntTiO2/ATAB) and evaluated their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, mineral deposition, and cytotoxicity.

METHODS: ntTiO₂/ATAB was synthesized, characterized, and added into an experimental adhesive resin. The filler ntTiO₂/ATAB was added at 1, 2.5, and 5 wt% (G1 %, G2.5 %, G5 %) in the adhesive. A control group (G0 %) without ntTiO₂/ATAB was also prepared and used in all tests. The adhesives were analyzed for degree of conversion (DC%), softening in solvent, radiopacity, antibacterial activity against saliva-derived microcosm, mineral deposition capability, and cytotoxicity.

RESULTS: Analytical techniques, including TEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, and micro-Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the structure and chemical composition of the ntTiO₂/ATAB. A DC% over 60 % was observed for all groups, with no adverse impact on radiopacity or softening in solvent. Antibacterial testing indicated that increasing ntTiO₂/ATAB concentration led to reduced colony-forming units of critical microorganisms, with this effect sustained over a one-year aging period. Mineral deposition tests showed enhanced phosphate presence over the samples with higher ntTiO₂/ATAB concentrations. There were no statistical differences in human cell viability among groups.

SIGNIFICANCE: The dental adhesives formulated with ntTiO2/ATAB demonstrated suitable physical and chemical properties, including reliable bond strength to dentin previously tested. They also exhibited antibacterial effects against caries-related microorganisms even after aging, promoted bioactivity through mineral deposition, and showed no cytotoxicity against human cells. These adhesives represent a promising strategy to assist in reducing the risk of recurrent caries and preserve the material-dentin interface properties over time.},
}

@article {pmid40246478,
year = {2025},
author = {Gao, Q and Zhu, F and Wang, M and Shao, S},
title = {A new perspective on the simultaneous removal of nitrogen, tetracycline, and phosphorus by moving bed biofilm reactor under co-metabolic substances.},
journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},
volume = {155},
number = {},
pages = {431-441},
doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2024.09.012},
pmid = {40246478},
issn = {1001-0742},
mesh = {*Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Biofilms ; *Bioreactors ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Phosphorus/metabolism/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; *Tetracycline/analysis/metabolism ; Wastewater/chemistry ; Aquaculture ; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; },
abstract = {With the burgeoning growth of aquaculture industry, high concentration of NH4[+]-N, phosphorus and tetracycline are the prevalent pollutants in aquaculture wastewater posing a significant health risk to aquatic organisms. Therefore, an effective method for treating aquaculture wastewater should be urgently explored. Simultaneous removal of NH4[+]-N, phosphorus, tetracycline, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in aquaculture wastewater was developed by moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) under co-metabolic substances. The result showed that co-metabolism substances had different effects on MBBR performance, and 79.4 % of tetracycline, 68.2 % of NH4[+]-N, 61.3 % of total nitrogen, 88.3 % of COD, and 38.1 % of total phosphorus (TP) were synchronously removed with sodium acetate as a co-metabolic carbon source. Protein (PN), polysaccharide (PS), and electron transfer system activity were used to evaluate the MBBR performances, suggesting that PN/PS ratio was 1.48, 0.91, 1.07, 3.58, and 0.79 at phases I-V. Additionally, a mode of tetracycline degradation and TP removal was explored, and the cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. The result suggested that 74 %, 83 %, and 83 % of tetracycline were degraded by extracellular extracts, intracellular extracts, and cell debris, and there was no difference between extracts and non-enzyme in TP removal. The ratio of viable and dead cells from biofilm reached 33.3 % and 7.68 % with sodium acetate as a co-metabolic carbon source. Furthermore, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in biofilm were identified as the dominant phyla for tetracycline and nutrients removal. This study provides a new strategy for tetracycline and nutrients removal from aquaculture wastewater through co-metabolism.},
}

*Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism
Biofilms
*Bioreactors
*Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
*Phosphorus/metabolism/analysis
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis
*Tetracycline/analysis/metabolism
Wastewater/chemistry
Aquaculture
Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis

@article {pmid40246159,
year = {2025},
author = {Ferreira, NS and de Jesus Catten Moreno, T and Eduardo de Souza Duarte, C and Moreira, MG and Meza Ucella-Filho, JG and Ferreira, IM and Severi, JA and Costa Ignacchiti, MD and Oliveira Villanova, JC and Resende, JA},
title = {Exploring the antifungal potential and action mechanism of pomegranate peel extract against Candida species in planktonic and biofilm conditions.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107596},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107596},
pmid = {40246159},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by Candida spp., poses a growing clinical challenge due to the development of antifungal resistance. This study assessed the efficacy of dry crude pomegranate peel extract (DCPPE) as an antifungal agent against Candida infections (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei and C. glabrata) by investigating its effects on fungal growth, biofilm disruption, and fungal cell membrane integrity, as well as evaluating its safety regarding hemolysis at different concentrations. The DCPPE exhibited inhibitory activity against all tested Candida strains, with MIC of 1% (10 mg/mL). These results may be associated with the phenolic composition of the peel extract, which includes compounds like gallic acid, punicalagin A, punicalagin B, and ellagic acid. Furthermore, the DCPPE disrupted Candida biofilms and demonstrated safety with respect to hemolysis at concentrations up to 60 mg/mL. However, no evidence of a direct interaction with the fungal cell wall or ergosterol in the fungal membrane was found. Thus, our results highlight the potential of DCPPE as a promising alternative for the treatment of candidiasis. Nevertheless, further research is needed to fully clarify the underlying mechanisms and optimize its clinical efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid40246157,
year = {2025},
author = {da Silva, WSFL and Amorim, PK and Ferreira, GRS and Alves, RRV and da Silva, CES and Dos Santos, PÉM and Guedes Paiva, PM and Ingmer, H and da Silva, SP and da Silva, PM and Napoleão, TH},
title = {Moringa oleifera seed preparations containing the lectin WSMoL inhibit growth, cell aggregation, and biofilm production of Listeria monocytogenes.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {107600},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107600},
pmid = {40246157},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {This work evaluated the antibacterial properties of aqueous extract (AE), protein-rich fraction (PF), and isolated water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds against the gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis. Foodborne bacterial infections, which are facilitated by biofilm formation, pose significant public health threats. Listeriosis is an infection that involves bacteremia, meningitis, or meningoencephalitis. The strains N53-1 and EGD-e were assessed in this work. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on planktonic cells were assessed by broth microdilution assay and flow cytometry. Possible combined effects with antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and cephalexin) were also determined, as well as the impact of all preparations on bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. AE, PF and WSMoL presented minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 250 to 300 μg/mL for N53-1, and between 150 and 250 μg/mL for EGD-e. AE and WSMoL did not show bactericidal action but PF was bactericidal to EGD-e (minimal bactericidal concentration: 1500 μg/mL). AE, PF, and WSMoL demonstrated synergistic effects with ciprofloxacin, while AE and PF were synergic together with cephalexin. Moreover, AE, PF and WSMoL showed an inhibitory effect on aggregation of cells of both strains. At 0.97 μg/mL, WSMoL inhibited 95 % the biofilm formation by N53-1, while PF at 4.68 μg/mL elicited a biofilm inhibition of 87 % on the same strain. The data stimulate more studies assessing the potential of crude and purified preparations from M. oleifera containing the lectin WSMoL to combat the causer of listeriosis, as synergistic agents and as aggregation inhibitors.},
}

@article {pmid40245737,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, Y and Wang, Y and Shi, J},
title = {Aerobic biofilm systems outperform anaerobic and anoxic regimes in 2,4-dimethylphenol degradation: Microbial synergy and metabolic mechanisms.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {382},
number = {},
pages = {125408},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125408},
pmid = {40245737},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The efficient biodegradation of 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP), a toxic and recalcitrant phenolic pollutant, remains a critical challenge in wastewater treatment, with ongoing debate regarding the optimal dissolved oxygen (DO) regime for biofilm-based systems. To resolve this, four biofilm reactors-anaerobic (R1), anoxic (R2), microaerobic (R3), and aerobic (R4)-were operated under a DO gradient (0.3-8.0 mg/L). When influent 2,4-DMP concentrations increased from 25 to 300 mg/L, removal efficiencies declined significantly in R1-R3 (9.0 %, 44.8 %, and 58.8 %, respectively), whereas R4 maintained 100 % removal regardless of loading. Rapid degradation occurred within 8-16 h in R4, correlating with DO consumption from 8.0 to 5.0 mg/L. Aerobic conditions eliminated dependence on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) for pollutant sequestration, as complete mineralization negated intermediate accumulation. Microbial analysis revealed Zoogloea (18.92 % abundance), Prosthecobacter, and Ferruginibacter as keystone aerobic bacteria, encoding aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (RHDs) for 2,4-DMP hydroxylation and β-ketoadipate pathway activation. Concurrently, fungal genera Cutaneotrichosporon (74.50 %) and Kalenjinia were enriched in R4, contributing laccase-mediated ring cleavage. Synergy between bacterial oxidative pathways and fungal ligninolytic systems enabled sustained COD removal (95.54 %) without biofilm destabilization. These findings conclusively demonstrate aerobic biofilms' superiority in 2,4-DMP treatment, driven by metabolic completeness, energy-efficient respiration, and cross-kingdom functional partitioning.},
}

@article {pmid40243366,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, Y-J and Abdullah, M and Chang, Y-F and Sudani, HA and Inzana, TJ},
title = {Characterization of proteins present in the biofilm matrix and outer membrane vesicles of Histophilus somni during iron-sufficient and iron-restricted growth: identification of potential protective antigens through in silico analyses.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0064425},
doi = {10.1128/mbio.00644-25},
pmid = {40243366},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {There is limited efficacy in vaccines currently available to prevent some animal diseases of bacterial origin, such as bovine respiratory disease caused by Histophilus somni. Protective efficacy can potentially be improved if bacterial antigens that are expressed in the host are included in vaccines. During H. somni infection in the bovine host, biofilms become established, and the availability of essential iron is restricted. To investigate further, the protein composition of spontaneously released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during iron-sufficient and iron-restricted growth and the proteins expressed in the biofilm matrix were analyzed and compared. Proteomic analysis revealed a dramatic physiological change in H. somni as it transitioned from the planktonic form to the biofilm mode of growth. All transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps) previously identified in H. somni were detected in the OMVs, suggesting that OMVs could induce antibodies to these proteins. Two TbpA-like proteins and seven total proteins were present in the OMVs only when iron was restricted, indicating the expression of these Tbps was differentially regulated. More proteins associated with quorum-sensing (QS) signaling were detected in the biofilm matrix compared with proteins in the OMVs, supporting a link between QS and biofilm formation. Proteins ACA31267.1 (OmpA) and ACA32419.1 (TonB-dependent receptor) were present in the OMV and biofilm matrix and predicted to be potential protective antigens using an immuno-bioinformatic approach. Overall, the results support the development of novel vaccines that contain OMVs obtained from bacteria grown to simulate the in vivo environment, and possibly biofilm matrix, to prevent diseases caused by bacterial pathogens.IMPORTANCEBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically important disease affecting the cattle industry. Available BRD vaccines consist of killed bacteria but are not very effective. Poor vaccine efficacy may be because the phenotype of bacteria in the host differs from the phenotype of cultured bacteria. Following host infection, virulent bacteria can express transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps) not expressed in culture medium but are required to sequester iron from host proteins. During chronic infections, such as BRD, bacteria can form a biofilm consisting of novel protein and polysaccharide antigens. The unique proteins expressed on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Histophilus somni (a BRD pathogen) in the absence of iron and as a biofilm were identified and characterized. At least two TbpA-like proteins were expressed in OMVs only under iron-limiting conditions. Quorum-sensing-associated proteins were identified in the H. somni biofilm matrix. In silico analysis identified potential protein targets for vaccine development.},
}

@article {pmid40243034,
year = {2025},
author = {Matavacas, J and von Wachenfeldt, C},
title = {Protein Homeostasis Impairment Alters Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Biofilm Communities.},
journal = {Molecular microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mmi.15366},
pmid = {40243034},
issn = {1365-2958},
support = {2023-05271//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; //Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapet i Lund/ ; //Jörgen Lindström's Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are highly organized, cooperating communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix, providing resilience against external stress such as antimicrobial agents and host defenses. A hallmark of biofilms is their phenotypic heterogeneity, which enhances the overall growth and survival of the community. In this study, we demonstrate that removing the dnaK and tig genes encoding the core molecular chaperones DnaK (Hsp70 homolog) and Trigger factor disrupted protein homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis and resulted in the formation of an extremely mucoid biofilm with aberrant architecture, compromised structural integrity, and altered phenotypic heterogeneity. These changes include a large reduction in the motile subpopulation and an overrepresentation of matrix producers and endospores. Overproduction of poly-γ-glutamic acid contributed crucially to the mucoid phenotype and aberrant biofilm architecture. Homeostasis impairment, triggered by elevated temperatures, in wild-type cells led to mucoid and aberrant biofilm phenotypes similar to those observed in strains lacking both dnaK and tig. Our findings show that disruption of protein homeostasis, whether due to the absence of molecular chaperones or because of environmental factors, severely changes biofilm features.},
}

@article {pmid40242783,
year = {2025},
author = {Dong, Q and Mattes, TE and LeFevre, GH},
title = {Development of a Novel PCB-Degrading Biofilm Enriched Biochar Encapsulated with Sol-Gel: A Protective Layer to Sustain Biodegradation Activity.},
journal = {ACS ES&T engineering},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {883-898},
pmid = {40242783},
issn = {2690-0645},
abstract = {Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 biofilms hold the potential to degrade PCBs in contaminated sediment. Nevertheless, unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., salinity, temperature, and shear force) can interfere with biofilm stability and affect biodegradation potential. Sol-gel encapsulation has been used to protect planktonic cell function due to high material stability and absence of cell washout but has not been employed for biofilm protection. Our study is the first to develop sol-gel application on biofilm-enriched black carbons and evaluate efficacy for prolonging biodegradation potential. We systematically tuned multiple sol-gel recipes to coat biofilms and measured the impact of the sol-gel coating on cell survival and pollutant degradation. The developed sol-gel completely encapsulated biofilm-enriched black carbons and produced both high porosity and appropriate pore size that allowed pollutant transfer from the surrounding environment to the biofilms. The sol-gel maintained physical integrity under saline conditions (simulating marine and estuary sediments) and continuously applied shear force. Additionally, the encapsulated biofilms degraded benzoate, a proof-of-concept organic molecule, and extended biofilm attachment and cell viability for over three months without a carbon and energy source. Our study demonstrates that sol-gel helps sustain PCB-degrading biofilms under environmentally relevant conditions. This novel sol-gel application can potentially improve the bioaugmentation effectiveness and enhance degradation of environmental pollutants.},
}

@article {pmid40242235,
year = {2025},
author = {Trego, A and Morabito, C and Bourven, I and Guibaud, G and O'Flaherty, V and Collins, G and Ijaz, UZ},
title = {Size matters: Anaerobic granules exhibit distinct ecological and physico-chemical gradients across biofilm size.},
journal = {Environmental science and ecotechnology},
volume = {25},
number = {},
pages = {100561},
pmid = {40242235},
issn = {2666-4984},
abstract = {Anaerobic biological decomposition of organic matter is ubiquitous in Nature wherever anaerobic environments prevail, and is catalysed by hydrolytic, fermentative, acetogenic, methanogenic, and various other groups. It is also harnessed in innovative ways in engineered systems that may rely on small (0.1-4.0 mm), spherical, anaerobic granules. These biofilms are crucial to the operational success of a range of widely applied engineered-ecosystems designed for wastewater treatment. The structure and function of granule microbiomes underpin their utility. Here, granules were separated into ten size fractions (proxies for age), hypothesizing that small granules are 'young' and larger ones are 'old'. Gradients were observed across size in terms of volatile solids, density, settleability, biofilm morphology, methanogenic activity, and profiles of extracellular polymeric substances, suggesting ongoing development of physico-chemical characteristics as granules develop. Short-read amplicon sequencing indicated a negative relationship between granule size and community diversity. Furthermore, as size increased, the methanogenic archaea dominated the microbiome. Small granules were found to harbour a sub-group of highly specific taxa, and the identification of generalists and specialists may point to substantial resilience of the microbiome. The findings of this study indicate opportunities for precision management of wastewater treatment systems. They suggest that size is an important indicator for aggregate utility - size may, indeed, determine many of the characteristics of both the individual-granule microbiomes and the overall function of a wastewater treatment system.},
}

@article {pmid40239938,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, H and Ma, Y and Xiao, J and Zhang, Y and Li, Y and Shen, A and Niu, Z and Chen, Q and Chen, B},
title = {Biofilm-mediated mass transfer of sorbed benzo[a]pyrene from polyethylene to seawater.},
journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
volume = {374},
number = {},
pages = {126257},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126257},
pmid = {40239938},
issn = {1873-6424},
abstract = {Plastic waste, including microplastics (MPs), often serves as a carrier for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and additives in aquatic environments. However, little is known about the fate of contaminants in plastics, especially under the influence of biofilm in field conditions. In this study, polyethylene (PE) was pre-sorbed with varying concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a non-polar contaminant, and deployed in situ to study desorption kinetics under natural biofilm colonization. Based on the desorption kinetics of BaP from PE, a mass transfer model was developed to describe the desorption of non-polar contaminants from PE under the influence of biofilm formation. This study proved that biofilm, acting as an intermediary between plastics and the aquatic environment, did not serve as a sink for plastic-sorbed BaP, but accelerated the desorption process of BaP by reducing the partition coefficient between the plastic and the boundary layer. Furthermore, based on our developed model (IABL-ODD), the effects of biofilm on the fate of other non-polar and weakly polar contaminants in PE were predicted. This study highlights the influence of biofilm on the desorption of hydrophobic contaminants from plastics in field conditions and also informs future work on more relevant processes such as additive leaching.},
}

@article {pmid40239902,
year = {2025},
author = {Ma, H and Chen, S and Lv, L and Ye, Z and Yang, J and Wang, B and Zou, J and Li, J and Ganigué, R},
title = {Large-sized aerobic granular biofilm: stable biotechnology to improve nitrogen removal and reduce sludge yield.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {132543},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132543},
pmid = {40239902},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Three parallel sequencing batch reactors (control, small-sized polyurethane sponge (PUS) (3.0 mm), and large-sized PUS (10.0 mm)) were used to investigate aerobic granular biofilm (AGB) characteristics. Results show that 10.0 mm PUS facilitated rapid formation of large-sized AGB (AGBL), which exhibited higher biomass concentration (8.5 g/L) and faster settling velocity (69.2-159.3 m/h) than aerobic granular sludge (AGS) (3.2 g/L and 38.6-80.0 m/h). The AGBL system also maintained long-term structural stability with a lower instability coefficient (0.004-0.018 min[-1]) than AGS (0.053-0.090 min[-1]). Additionally, during long-term operation, the AGBL system achieved excellent removal efficiencies for NH4[+]-N (99.6 ± 0.4 %) and total nitrogen (92.3 ± 2.6 %), and exhibited a lower sludge yield (0.05 gVSS/gCOD) than AGS (0.14 gVSS/gCOD). The larger size and compact structure of AGBL increased anoxic/anaerobic zones, enriching denitrifying and hydrolytic/fermentative bacteria. These findings highlight AGBL with large PUS as a more promising biotechnology for practical applications than conventional AGS.},
}

@article {pmid40239531,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, C and Zhang, W and Guo, Y and Zhang, M and Han, F and Lei, J and Zhou, W},
title = {Flocculent sludge outperforms filler biofilm for high salinity oilfield produced water treatment: Performance, metabolic pathways, and microbial communities.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {492},
number = {},
pages = {138217},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138217},
pmid = {40239531},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {High-salinity oilfield produced water (OPW) posed significant challenges for biological treatment due to its complex composition and toxic effects. This study systematically compared the performance of heterotrophic ammonia assimilation (HAA) constructed by three filler biofilms (soft fiber filler, cylindrical filler, and sponge filler) and a flocculent sludge in degrading petroleum hydrocarbons. The dynamic mixing and suspended-growth nature of flocculent sludge ensured efficient substrate distribution and microbial interaction, enhancing treatment performance of NH4[+]-N, COD and total petroleum hydrocarbons. Due to mass transfer limitations and ecological specialization, the impact loading capacity of the HAA biofilm reactors to actual OPW were limited compared with flocculent sludge. Halomonas and Marinobacter were enriched in four bioreactors as the main forces of halotolerant hydrocarbon degraders and nitrogen assimilation main forces. The flocculent sludge showed a stronger microbial network, increased functional gene abundance, and higher enzymatic activity for key degradation pathways compared to biofilm systems. KEGG-based gene and enzyme activity analysis revealed the superior metabolic potential of flocculent sludge for degrading recalcitrant hydrocarbons in high-salinity oilfield-produced water, including alkanes, aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These findings highlight the superior potential of flocculent sludge system for treating high-salinity OPW through efficient microbial and metabolic interactions.},
}

@article {pmid40239519,
year = {2025},
author = {Bian, Y and Guo, X and He, X and Xu, R and Yang, Z and Chen, R and Sheng, K and Zhang, Y},
title = {Study on adsorption and desorption characteristics of lead pollution by biofilm in drinking water pipeline from multi-factor perspective.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {492},
number = {},
pages = {138284},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138284},
pmid = {40239519},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {This study investigates lead adsorption and desorption behaviors in biofilms on drinking water pipeline materials (PVC, 304 stainless steel, copper) under varying flow rate, pH, and residual chlorine. Biofilms on stainless steel exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (450.81 μmol/m[2]), whereas PVC biofilms had the greatest desorption potential (25.30 μmol/m[2]). Optimal lead adsorption occurred at neutral pH (7.5), low flow velocity (0.10 m/s), and moderate chlorine concentration (0.3 mg/L). Optimal lead adsorption occurred at neutral pH (7.5), low flow velocity (0.10 m/s), and moderate chlorine concentration (0.3 mg/L). In contrast, higher flow velocities, acidic conditions, and elevated chlorine levels promoted desorption or inhibited interactions. PVC biofilms exhibited the highest biomass (1.58 × 10[6] CFU/cm[2]) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (348 mg/m[2]), correlating with increased lead adsorption. Functional analysis revealed a higher abundance of ion-transport-related (functions associated with the movement of ions such as heavy metals across microbial cell membranes) functions in PVC biofilms, contributing to enhanced stability. The study offers valuable insights for optimizing pipe material selection and operational strategies to reduce lead contamination in water systems.},
}

@article {pmid40238238,
year = {2025},
author = {Briega, I and Garde, S and Sánchez, C and Rodríguez-Mínguez, E and Picon, A and Ávila, M},
title = {Evaluation of Biofilm Production and Antibiotic Resistance/Susceptibility Profiles of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods14071105},
pmid = {40238238},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {PID2021-122145OR-C21//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/ ; JAEINT_22_02476 (Iván Briega)//Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/ ; },
abstract = {Dairy-borne Pseudomonas spp., known for causing spoilage, may also exhibit antibiotic resistance and form biofilms, enhancing their persistence in dairy environments and contaminating final products. This study examined biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in 106 Pseudomonas spp. strains isolated from milk, whey, and spoiled dairy products. Phylogenetic analysis (based on partial ileS sequences) grouped most strains within the P. fluorescens group, clustering into the P. fluorescens, P. gessardii, P. koorensis, and P. fragi subgroups. Biofilm formation in polystyrene microplates was assessed at 6 °C and 25 °C by crystal violet staining. After 48 h, 72% and 65% of Pseudomonas strains formed biofilms at 6 °C and 25 °C, respectively, with higher biomass production at 6 °C. High biofilm producers included most P. fluorescens, P. shahriarae, P. salmasensis, P. atacamensis, P. gessardii, P. koreensis, and P. lundensis strains. The adnA gene, associated with biofilm formation, was detected in 60% of the biofilm producers, but was absent in P. fragi, P. lundensis, P. weihenstephanensis, and P. putida. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. All strains were susceptible to amikacin and tobramycin; however, 73% of the strains were resistant to aztreonam, 28% to imipenem and doripenem, 19% to ceftazidime, 13% to meropenem, and 7% to cefepime. A multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) > 0.2 was found in 30% of the strains, including multidrug-resistant (n = 15) and extensively drug-resistant (n = 3) strains. These findings highlight Pseudomonas spp. as persistent contaminants and antibiotic resistance reservoirs in dairy environments and products, posing public health risks and economic implications for the dairy industry.},
}

@article {pmid40237819,
year = {2025},
author = {Campo-Pérez, V and Julián, E and Torrents, E},
title = {Interplay of mycobacterium abscessus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimental models of coinfection: Biofilm dynamics and Host immune response.},
journal = {Virulence},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2493221},
doi = {10.1080/21505594.2025.2493221},
pmid = {40237819},
issn = {2150-5608},
abstract = {The incidence of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium abscessus, is increasing in patients with cystic fibrosis and other chronic pulmonary diseases, leading to an accelerated lung function decline. In most cases, M. abscessus coinfects Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common pathogen in these conditions. However, how these two bacterial species interact during infection remains poorly understood. This study explored their behaviour in three relevant pathogenic settings: dual-species biofilm development using a recently developed method to monitor individual species in dual-species biofilms, coinfection in bronchial epithelial cells, and in vivo coinfection in the Galleria mellonella model. The results demonstrated that both species form stable mixed biofilms and reciprocally inhibit single-biofilm progression. Coinfections in bronchial epithelial cells significantly decreased cell viability, whereas in G. mellonella, coinfections induced lower survival rates than individual infections. Analysis of the immune response triggered by each bacterium in bronchial epithelial cell assays and G. mellonella larvae revealed that P. aeruginosa induces the overexpression of proinflammatory and melanization cascade responses, respectively. In contrast, M. abscessus and P. aeruginosa coinfection significantly inhibited the immune response in both models, resulting in worse consequences for the host than those generated by a single P. aeruginosa infection. Overall, this study highlights the novel role of M. abscessus in suppressing immune responses during coinfection with P. aeruginosa, emphasizing the clinical implications for the management of cystic fibrosis and other pulmonary diseases. Understanding these interactions could inform the development of new therapeutic strategies to mitigate the severity of coinfections in vulnerable patients.},
}

@article {pmid40235697,
year = {2025},
author = {Watkins, JD and Abdellaoui, H and Barton, E and Lords, C and Sims, RC},
title = {Dataset: Compositional analysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of a high-ash microalgae biofilm.},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {60},
number = {},
pages = {111490},
pmid = {40235697},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {This dataset contains biochemical composition data and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) yield results for a high-ash microalgae biofilm which was cultivated in effluent from a mesophilic anaerobic digester using polyethylene rotating algae biofilm reactors (RABRs). These data were originally collected for use in a techno-economic analysis of biocrude, biodiesel, and bioplastic production from algae that was cultivated using RABRs for municipal wastewater reclamation. Biochemical data for the microalgae biomass includes bulk protein, measured both using the Bradford protein assay and by multiplying total N; carbohydrate content, measured using a 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone / dithiothreitol (MBTH/DTT) assay; total lipid content, measured using a sulpho-phospho-vanillin method; hexane-extractable lipid content, measured by mass difference after extraction with methanol and hexane; ash content, measured by mass difference after incineration at 550°C; moisture content of the harvested biofilm slurry, measured by mass difference after drying at 60°C, mineral composition, measured using an inductively-coupled plasma spectrophotometer; higher heating value, measured using a bomb calorimeter; and CHNS-O elemental composition, measured using an elemental analyser. Data reported for the HTL product phases include mass yields for each phase (solid, aqueous, biocrude, gas); higher heating value of the biocrude phase, measured using a bomb calorimeter; elemental composition of the biocrude phase, measured using an elemental analyzer; and chemical properties of the aqueous phase, including pH, chemical oxygen demand (HACH method 8000), total nitrogen (HACH method 10,208), total ammonia (HACH method 10,301), total phosphorus (HACH method 10,209/10,210), and total organic carbon (HACH method 10,267). Currently, the effects of ash composition and HTL heating rate on biocrude yields and on N and P partitioning into biocrude, aqueous, and solid phases are not clearly defined. Models used to predict biocrude yields after HTL of microalgae are commonly trained using data collected from numerous studies. This dataset contains the feedstock composition data and ramp rate data necessary to help define the effects of ash content on biocrude yields after HTL and can be reused to help train yield-prediction models for the HTL of microalgae and other feedstocks.},
}

@article {pmid40234825,
year = {2025},
author = {Manandhar, S and Karn, D and Shrestha, MR and Shakya, J and Singh, A},
title = {Biofilm formation, methicillin resistance and SCCmec types among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples from a tertiary care hospital, in Nepal.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {534},
pmid = {40234825},
issn = {1471-2334},
support = {Faculty research Grant 076/077//University Grants Commission- Nepal/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; Nepal/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology ; Tertiary Care Centers ; *Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Methicillin Resistance ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a human pathogen that can cause hospital and community acquired infections. Biofilm formation is a major virulence factor contributing to its pathogenicity. This study aimed to detect biofilm formation ability among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates and determine SCCmec types.

METHODS: A total of 115 S. aureus were isolated from various clinical samples collected at Nepal Armed Police Hospital from August 2022 to February 2023. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed via a modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. Phenotypic detection of biofilm formation was performed by microtiter plate assay. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect mecA, icaA and SCCmec types.

RESULTS: More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to cefixime and penicillin. Among the total isolates, 66% were multidrug resistant. The disc diffusion method detected 60% of the isolates as MRSA, with 15 isolates lacking the mecA gene. Different levels of biofilm biomass were observed among 86 (75%) of the isolates by microtiter plate method. PCR revealed the presence of the icaA gene in a low number of the isolates (16%). Compared with biofilm nonproducer isolates, biofilm producing S. aureus isolates presented a greater incidence of antibiotic resistance with multi drug resistance (MDR). SCCmec type V (21%) predominated, followed by type II (13%) and most of them were MDR and biofilm producers.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a relatively high incidence of community acquired S. aureus circulating in the hospital setting. This study is the first to explore the associations between SCCmec types and biofilm formation among clinical isolates in Nepal. Monitoring the prevalence of biofilm producing S. aureus provides valuable insights into the evolving epidemiology of healthcare associated infections, facilitating the development of targeted infection control strategies.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
Nepal/epidemiology
Humans
*Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology
Tertiary Care Centers
*Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/epidemiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
*Methicillin Resistance
Penicillin-Binding Proteins/genetics
Bacterial Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid40234459,
year = {2025},
author = {Hendricks, AL and More, KR and Devaraj, A and Buzzo, JR and Robledo-Avila, FH and Partida-Sanchez, S and Bakaletz, LO and Goodman, SD},
title = {Bacterial biofilm-derived H-NS protein acts as a defense against Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs).},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {58},
pmid = {40234459},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {R01DC011818//NIH/NIDCD/ ; R01DC011818//NIH/NIDCD/ ; R01AI155501//NIH/NIAID/ ; },
mesh = {*Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; Humans ; *Neutrophils/immunology/microbiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/immunology ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is crucial for the structural integrity of bacterial biofilms as they undergo transformation from B-DNA to Z-DNA as the biofilm matures. This transition to Z-DNA increases biofilm rigidity and prevents binding by canonical B-DNA-binding proteins, including nucleases. One of the primary defenses against bacterial infections are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), wherein neutrophils release their own eDNA to trap and kill bacteria. Here we show that H-NS, a bacterial nucleoid associated protein (NAP) that is also released during biofilm development, is able to incapacitate NETs. Indeed, when exposed to human derived neutrophils, H-NS prevented the formation of NETs and lead to NET eDNA retraction in previously formed NETs. NETs that were exposed to H-NS also lost their ability to kill free-living bacteria which made H-NS an attractive therapeutic candidate for the control of NET-related human diseases. A model of H-NS release from biofilms and NET incapacitation is discussed.},
}

*Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism
*Biofilms/growth & development
Humans
*Neutrophils/immunology/microbiology
*Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/immunology
*DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism

@article {pmid40234214,
year = {2025},
author = {Stewart, S and Chalamalasetti, S and Ruiz-Llacsahuanga, B and Critzer, F and Bhullar, M and Nwadike, L and Yucel, U and Trinetta, V},
title = {The effect of commercial sanitizers on Listeria monocytogenes (planktonic and biofilm forms) experimentally inoculated materials commonly used during tree-fruit harvesting.},
journal = {Letters in applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/lambio/ovaf056},
pmid = {40234214},
issn = {1472-765X},
abstract = {This study compares the efficacy of commercially available sanitizers in reducing L. monocytogenes planktonic and biofilm form on surfaces commonly used during tree fruit harvesting. Planktonic L. monocytogenes cells were grown to create a bacterial lawn and inoculated on high density polyethylene plastic, wood, or nylon. Biofilms were grown for 96 h in a Centers for Disease Control reactor on the same surfaces. Bacteria were exposed to free chlorine, peroxyacetic acid, silver-dihydrogen citrate, steam and chlorine dioxide. In planktonic forms, peroxyacetic acid and silver-dihydrogen citrate, applied for 2 min resulted in ≥ 3-log reduction regardless surface type (P < 0.05). Steam and chlorine dioxide efficacy differed significantly by surface type. When applied to Listeria biofilms, steam, chlorine, peroxyacetic acid and chlorine dioxide resulted in an overall significant difference compared to untreated coupons for all surfaces (P < 0.05). Silver-dihydrogen citrate significantly affected population on plastic (P < 0.05), but not on wood or nylon. For porous surfaces few treatments, such as peroxyacetic acid (for nylon) and chlorine dioxide (for wood), resulted in a ≥ 3 log reduction of both forms. Interactions between sanitizer, surfaces and exposure time should be considered by tree fruit harvesting facilities when determining sanitation strategies to be implemented.},
}

@article {pmid40233881,
year = {2025},
author = {Qi, Z and Hua, X and Li, A and Liu, H and Dong, D and Liang, D and Guo, Z and Zheng, N},
title = {Degradation of organic pollutant by natural biofilm based biophotovoltaic cells: The combined role of illumination, reactive oxygen species, and enhanced electron transfer.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {132537},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132537},
pmid = {40233881},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Autotrophic biofilms in natural water can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and degrade organic pollutants. To test the feasibility of applying natural biofilms in biophotovoltaic (BPV) cells, a simple single-chamber BPV using biofilms developed in lake water as the microbial anode was constructed, and electricity production and pollutant removal capacity of the BPV were evaluated. The natural biofilm BPV (NB-BPV) established was a robust and self-sustaining BPV with positive light response in electricity generation and sustainable power generation in the dark. Under visible light illumination, the voltage of the NB-BPV reached a maximum output of 150.6 ± 0.7 mV, with a power density of 326.4 μW/m[2] (per electrode surface area). Meanwhile, it could effectively degrade sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS), while generating electricity, and the removal rate of DBS and TOC in 36 h was 77.1 % and 53.2 %, respectively. Under sunlight, NB-BPV could also produce electricity steadily in lake and the removal rate of DBS in simulated lake water was 93.7 % (120 h). Visible light significantly affected the performance of NB-BPV mainly through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis of biofilm promoted electricity generation and significantly enhanced the degradation of DBS by promoting electron transfer activity and generating ROS. Compared with biofilm system, the closed-circuit in NB-BPV promoted electron transfer, allowing more efficient degradation of DBS at relatively low level of ROS. Such a novel self-sustainable BPV has the potential to degrade refractory pollutants, and to be used in natural water.},
}

@article {pmid40232035,
year = {2025},
author = {Romário-Silva, D and Franchin, M and Bueno-Silva, B and Saliba, ASMC and Sardi, JO and Alves-Ferreira, T and Lazarini, JG and Cunha, GA and de Alencar, SM and Rosalen, PL},
title = {Brazilian Organic Honeydew Reduces In Vitro and In Vivo Periodontal Disease-Related Subgingival Biofilm.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40232035},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {88887476194/2020-00//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível 595 Superior/ ; 141129/2017-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento 596 Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {We investigated the antimicrobial properties and effects on bone resorption of Brazilian organic honeydew (OHD) from the Bracatinga tree (Mimosa scabrella Benth.), a rare honey certified with Denomination of Origin, using a periodontal disease model. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using a subgingival biofilm adhered to the Calgary device. Biofilms were treated with OHD, chlorhexidine (0.12%), or a vehicle twice daily for 1 min starting on day 3, at concentrations of 2× and 10× the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). We employed a ligature-induced chronic periodontal disease model and challenged it with Porphyromonas gingivalis in C57BL/6 mice. The chemical profile of OHD was analyzed using LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Results were evaluated by measuring bone loss and microbial composition of the ligature biofilm through DNA-DNA hybridization. OHD demonstrated significant activity against P. gingivalis (MIC 4%, MBC 6%) and reduced biofilm viability by 80% in vitro. In vivo, OHD decreased microbial populations and decreased bone loss associated with periodontal disease. Chemical analysis identified seven compounds in OHD, including five flavonoids and two lignans. This Brazilian honeydew from the Atlantic Forest exhibits strong antimicrobial properties and potential as a functional food for oral health, offering a promising alternative for the control and prevention of periodontal disease.},
}

@article {pmid40230726,
year = {2025},
author = {George, MA and McGiffin, D and Peleg, AY and Elnathan, R and Kaye, DM and Qu, Y and Voelcker, NH},
title = {Nanowire arrays with programmable geometries as a highly effective anti-biofilm surface.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100275},
pmid = {40230726},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Biofilm-related microbial infections are the Achilles' heel of many implantable medical devices. Surface patterning with nanostructures in the form of vertically aligned silicon (Si) nanowires (VA-SiNWs) holds promise to prevent these often "incurable" infections. In this study, we fabricated arrays of highly ordered SiNWs varying in three geometric parameters, including height, pitch size, and tip diameter (sharpness). Anti-infective efficacies of fabricated SiNW arrays were assessed against representative laboratory reference bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, using a modified microwell biofilm assay representing microorganism-implant interactions at a liquid-solid interface. To further understand the role of individual geometric parameters to the SiNW-induced bacterial killing, SiNW arrays with stepwise changes in individual geometric parameters were compared. The force that NWs applied on bacterial cells was mathematically calculated. Our results suggested that NWs with specific geometries were able to kill adherent bacterial cells and prevent further biofilm formation on biomaterial surfaces. Tip diameter and pitch size appeared to be key factors of nanowires predetermining their anti-infectiveness. Mechanistic investigation found that tip diameter and pitch size co-determined the pressure that NWs put on the cell envelope. The most effective anti-infective NWs fabricated in our study (50 nm in tip diameter and 400 nm in pitch size for S. aureus and 50 nm in tip diameter and 800 nm in pitch size for E. coli) put pressures of approximately 2.79 Pa and 8.86 Pa to the cell envelop of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, and induced cell lyses. In addition, these NWs retained their activities against clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli from patients with confirmed device-related infections and showed little toxicity against human fibroblast cells and red blood cells.},
}

@article {pmid40229459,
year = {2025},
author = {Negi, A and Kuo, CW and Hazam, PK and Yeh, JC and Lin, WC and Lou, YC and Yu, CY and Yu, TL and Lu, TM and Chen, JY},
title = {Disruption of MRSA Biofilm and Virulence by Deep-Sea Probiotics: Impacts on Energy metabolism and Host Antimicrobial Peptides.},
journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40229459},
issn = {1867-1314},
support = {109-2313-B-001-007-MY3, 111-2622-B-001-001//National Science and Technology Council/ ; },
abstract = {Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant threat to public health due to its resistance to conventional antibiotics and its ability to form robust biofilms on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. In this study, we explore the novel mechanisms by which deep-sea-derived probiotics serve as an alternative strategy to combat MRSA infections. Three promising probiotic candidates, Lactococcus lactis (L25_4) and two strains of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (L25_6 and L25_7), were isolated from ocean water collected at a depth of 312 m off the eastern coast of Taiwan. Each candidate strain demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, significantly reducing MRSA biofilm formation when applied to pork skin. The strains also improved survival rates in a Galleria mellonella infection model (> 90% survival). Immunomodulatory effects were evident, with marked upregulation of Cecropin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and downregulation of Gloverin AMP in the host. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed that probiotic treatments compromised MRSA cell membrane integrity, consistent with transcriptomic analysis showing downregulation of genes related to protein translation, membrane structure, and transporter systems. Collectively, our comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the intricate mechanisms by which deep-sea probiotics modulate both host and MRSA gene expression, underscoring their potential as innovative tools for addressing antibiotic-resistant infections.},
}

@article {pmid40228611,
year = {2025},
author = {García-García, P and Évora, C and Delgado, A and Diaz-Rodriguez, P},
title = {Chitosan-aloe vera scaffolds with tuned extracellular vesicles and histatin-5 display osteogenic and anti-biofilm activities.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {125592},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125592},
pmid = {40228611},
issn = {1873-3476},
abstract = {The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has garnered significant attention as an alternative to cell-based therapies due to their stability and biocompatibility. In this study, we stimulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with therapeutic agents affecting the bone regenerative cascade, including bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), stromal-derived factor (SDF-1), interleukin 4 (IL-4), alendronate (ALD) and osteogenic differentiation media to obtain osteogenic EVs. The tuned EVs were tested on MSCs and fibroblasts, selecting EVs-BMP2 as suitable systems. Chitosan-aloe vera (AV) scaffolds were designed to allow for the loading and release of these EVs while leveraging the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of AV. To enhance the dual effect on regeneration and antibacterial activity, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating Histatin 5 (Hist-5) were incorporated to the scaffolds. Hist-5 encapsulation was successful, and effectively prevented Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on the scaffolds surface. The optimized chitosan-AV scaffolds loaded with EVs-BMP-2 promoted MSCs adhesion and proliferation and exhibited a 2-fold increase in osteogenic differentiation compared to chitosan scaffolds. This study demonstrates the successful combination of bioengineered EVs and Hist-5-loaded microspheres within a chitosan-AV scaffold, providing a promising dual approach for enhancing bone regeneration while reducing the risk of infection. These systems show potential as effective implants for bone fractures, offering both antibacterial and regenerative capabilities.},
}

@article {pmid40226987,
year = {2025},
author = {Fu, Y and Wang, J and Wang, X},
title = {Simulation of head-tail biofilm streamer growth based on immersed boundary method.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2490748},
pmid = {40226987},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Biofilms are subjected to various forces in the fluid field, as a result, the biofilm forms a head-tail structure known as a streamer to reduce pressure differential resistance. To characterize biofilm growth in fluid, we establish a head-tail biofilm streamer growth model based on the immersed boundary method using MATLAB software, and simulate streamer growth in various environmental conditions to explore the factors affecting its growth. Firstly, we found that a higher flow velocity makes the streamer grow faster and thereby produce more biomass. Secondly, we explored the effect of the position of nutrient source on the streamer growth, found that when the nutrient source overlaps with the streamer, its length is longer than when the nutrient source and the streamer are mismatched. Further we found that the Young's modulus of the streamer also influences its growth length. Streamers with small Young's modulus were more likely to deform, making them grow longer than the streamers with large Young's modulus. Finally, we determined the relationship between the tail length and the head diameter of the streamer through mechanical analysis, and found that there is an optimal ratio of the tail length to the head diameter which exposes the streamer to the minimum drag in the fluid field.},
}

@article {pmid40223105,
year = {2025},
author = {Hakim, TA and Zaki, BM and Mohamed, DA and Blasdel, B and Gad, MA and Fayez, MS and El-Shibiny, A},
title = {Novel strategies for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilm control: bacteriophage (vB_EfaS_ZC1), propolis, and their combined effects in an ex vivo endodontic model.},
journal = {Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {24},
pmid = {40223105},
issn = {1476-0711},
support = {Round 8//Academy of Scientific Research and Technology/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Enterococcus faecalis/virology/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; *Bacteriophages/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Propolis/pharmacology ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci/virology/drug effects/physiology ; Vancomycin Resistance ; Virulence ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Endodontic treatment failures are predominantly attributed to Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) infection, a Gram-positive coccus. E. faecalis forms biofilms, resist multiple antibiotics, and can withstand endodontic disinfection protocols. Vancomycin-resistant strains, in particular, are challenging to treat and are associated with serious medical complications.

METHODS: A novel phage, vB_EfaS_ZC1, was isolated and characterized. Its lytic activity against E. faecalis was assessed in vitro through time-killing and biofilm assays. The phage's stability under various conditions was determined. Genomic analysis was conducted to characterize the phage and its virulence. The phage, propolis, and their combination were evaluated as an intracanal irrigation solution against a 4-week E. faecalis mature biofilm, using an ex vivo infected human dentin model. The antibiofilm activity was analyzed using a colony-forming unit assay, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy.

RESULTS: The isolated phage, vB_EfaS_ZC1, a siphovirus with prolate capsid, exhibited strong lytic activity against Vancomycin-resistant strains. In vitro assays indicated its effectiveness in inhibiting planktonic growth and disrupting mature biofilms. The phage remained stable under wide range of temperatures (- 80 to 60 °C), tolerated pH levels from 4 to 11; however the phage viability significantly reduced after UV exposure. Genomic analysis strongly suggests the phage's virulence and suitability for therapeutic applications; neither lysogeny markers nor antibiotic resistance markers were identified. Phylogenetic analysis clustered vB_EfaS_ZC1 within the genus Saphexavirus. The phage, both alone and in combination with propolis, demonstrated potent antibiofilm effects compared to conventional root canal irrigation.

CONCLUSION: Phage vB_EfaS_ZC1 demonstrates a promising therapy, either individually or in combination with propolis, for addressing challenging endodontic infections caused by E. faecalis.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Enterococcus faecalis/virology/drug effects/physiology
Humans
*Bacteriophages/physiology/genetics/isolation & purification
*Propolis/pharmacology
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/therapy/microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci/virology/drug effects/physiology
Vancomycin Resistance
Virulence
Vancomycin/pharmacology

@article {pmid40222473,
year = {2025},
author = {Jing, K and Li, Y and Li, Y and Meng, Q and Guan, Q},
title = {The treated wastewater enhances the biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in biofilm-sediment downstream of the receiving river outlet.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {121600},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.121600},
pmid = {40222473},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {Although the treated wastewater meets the discharge standards, it can still become a potential transmitted stressor that affects aquatic organisms in receiving rivers. Biofilms and sediments as the main solid-phase substances in natural aquatic environments can biodegrade micropollutants. However, most of the current studies have selected a single solid-phase material, and there are relatively few studies that comprehensively consider the effect of treated wastewater on the dissipation of micropollutants in a composite biofilm-sediment system. Therefore, this study investigated the dissipation pathways of six sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in biofilm-sediment and the effect of treated wastewater on SAs dissipation. The results showed that biodegradation was the main pathway for SAs dissipation in biofilm-sediment. The input of treated wastewater increased the abundance of dominant degradation bacteria Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadale, thereby improving the biodegradation rate of SAs (approximately 1.5 times higher than upstream degradation rate). These genera could also be further integrated into downstream communities to continuously mediate the biodegradation of SAs. Through mass spectrometry and metagenomic sequencing analysis, it was found that the common degradation pathways of SAs in biofilm-sediment affected by treated wastewater are acetylation, formylation, hydroxylation, and bond cleavage. Acetyltransferase played an important role in the biodegradation of SAs. In addition, the enrichment of antibiotic resistant genes during biodegradation increased the risk of their spread in the aquatic environment. These findings provide new insights into the fate of antibiotics in aquatic environments and the impact of treated wastewater on downstream bacterial communities.},
}

@article {pmid40222328,
year = {2025},
author = {Yan, X and Tao, R and Zhou, H and Zhang, Y and Chen, D and Ma, L and Bai, Y},
title = {Sublethal sanitizers exposure differentially affects biofilm formation in three adapted Salmonella strains: A phenotypic-transcriptomic analysis of increased biofilm formed by ATCC 14028.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {436},
number = {},
pages = {111189},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111189},
pmid = {40222328},
issn = {1879-3460},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Using sanitizer in food industry is an important mean of sterilization and biofilm eradication, but inappropriate operation may lead to resistance, posing a concealed risk to food safety. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of sub-lethal sanitizers on the biofilm formed by adaptive Salmonella and to explore the variations in transcription within adaptive Salmonella biofilms when co-incubated with sublethal concentrations of sanitizers.

METHODS: The microbroth dilution method was determined to measure the MIC of three sanitizers on Salmonella, and adaptation induction was conducted with steadily increasing sanitizer concentrations. The effect of sub-MIC sanitizers on the biofilm of Salmonella was investigated by crystal violet method, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transcriptomics.

RESULTS: The results indicated that the maximum growth concentration of the adapted strains was 1.69-43.25 times that of the original MIC, and the number of bacteria and matrix content were increased when re-exposed to sub-MIC benzalkonium chloride (BZK), and the expression of regulatory factors and various amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism-related genes showed an up-regulation trend.

SIGNIFICANCE: This will be beneficial to clarify the correlation and mechanism between the sanitizer adaptation of salmonellae caused by improper sanitization and increased biofilm formation resulting from this adaptation. And it helps to adjust the appropriate dosage of sanitizer and optimize sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP) in the foodstuff industry, thereby effectively promoting the bactericidal effect and eliminating foodborne pathogens' biofilm.},
}

@article {pmid40221679,
year = {2025},
author = {Rahim, S and Rahman, R and Jhuma, TA and Ayub, M and Khan, SN and Hossain, A and Karim, MM},
title = {Disrupting antimicrobial resistance: unveiling the potential of vitamin C in combating biofilm formation in drug-resistant bacteria.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {212},
pmid = {40221679},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {39.00.0000.009.99.024.22-901//Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; *Bacteria/drug effects/isolation & purification/genetics ; Diabetic Foot/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Klebsiella/drug effects ; Staphylococcus/drug effects ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health, exacerbated by the protective mechanisms of biofilms formed by drug-resistant bacteria. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria in biofilms serve as a formidable shield, impeding the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. Here, we investigated the potential of vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) to disrupt biofilm formation in drug-resistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients and studied the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of vitamin C on these bacteria.

RESULTS: Out of 117 study isolates, primarily identified as Escherichia coli (n = 52), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 19), and Klebsiella spp. (n = 46), 80 isolates exhibited a Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index greater than 0.2, classifying them as multi-drug resistant (MDR) superbugs. Among these, 58 isolates demonstrated moderate to strong biofilm-forming abilities and were selected for further experiments with vitamin C. The effective concentration of vitamin C inhibiting the growth of most E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates (90%) was estimated at 1.25 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml respectively, while for allStaphylococcus spp. isolates, it was 0.325 mg/ml. Vitamin C exhibited a notable anti-biofilm effect against the studied isolates, with biofilm prevention concentrations (BPC) of 0.625, 1.25, and 0.16 mg/ml for E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. isolates respectively. Furthermore, when combined with oxacillin or amoxicillin - drugs that were found ineffective, vitamin C significantly reduced the ability of MDR isolates to form biofilms, rendering them susceptible to the drugs' effects and restoring their efficacy. The expression of the recA gene, an early and quantifiable marker for the onset of the SOS response and biofilm production was downregulated after treatment of E. coli with vitamin C. Relative gene expression analysis revealed that ciprofloxacin-induced recA expression was significantly inhibited when MDR isolates of E. coli were treated with vitamin C at a concentration of 0.625 mg/ml, the BPC of vitamin C.

CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that vitamin C, alone or in combination with ineffective antibiotics, attenuates biofilm formation and restores the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates to antimicrobial agents. This study underscores the promise of vitamin C as a non-lethal disruptor of biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Humans
*Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
*Bacteria/drug effects/isolation & purification/genetics
Diabetic Foot/microbiology
Escherichia coli/drug effects
Klebsiella/drug effects
Staphylococcus/drug effects

@article {pmid40217783,
year = {2025},
author = {Pérez, AR and Rendón, J and Ortolani-Seltenerich, PS and Pérez-Ron, Y and Cardoso, M and Noites, R and Loroño, G and Vieira, GCS},
title = {Extraradicular Infection and Apical Mineralized Biofilm: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {40217783},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Bacterial biofilms on root surfaces outside the apical foramen are linked to refractory apical periodontitis, as microorganisms can survive in extraradicular areas and cause persistent infections. This study aimed to precisely evaluate the relationship between extraradicular biofilm and persistent periapical periodontitis through an overview of case reports. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and ScienceDirect databases was conducted up to June 2023. Keywords included "extraradicular infection", "wet canal", "wet canals", "extraradicular mineralized biofilms", and "calculus-like deposit". Only case reports meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Results: Fifteen cases of extraradicular infection were identified, involving eight women and six men aged between 18 and 60 years. These cases included nine failed treatments confirmed through complementary methods such as histobacteriologic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among these, four patients (six teeth) exhibited calculus-like deposits. Conclusions: Extraradicular biofilm is strongly associated with failed endodontic treatments, leading to persistent infections. A structured decision-making approach is essential. Before considering apical surgery, clinicians should prioritize intraradicular infection control through thorough irrigation, antimicrobial medicaments, and adjunctive disinfection techniques. When extraradicular biofilms or mineralized calculus are present, and symptoms persist after optimal intracanal disinfection, apical surgery should be performed.},
}