@article {pmid38039459,
year = {2023},
author = {Buaria, D and Sreenivasan, KR},
title = {Saturation and Multifractality of Lagrangian and Eulerian Scaling Exponents in Three-Dimensional Turbulence.},
journal = {Physical review letters},
volume = {131},
number = {20},
pages = {204001},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.204001},
pmid = {38039459},
issn = {1079-7114},
abstract = {Inertial-range scaling exponents for both Lagrangian and Eulerian structure functions are obtained from direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence in triply periodic domains at Taylor-scale Reynolds number up to 1300. We reaffirm that transverse Eulerian scaling exponents saturate at ≈2.1 for moment orders p≥10, significantly differing from the longitudinal exponents (which are predicted to saturate at ≈7.3 for p≥30 from a recent theory). The Lagrangian scaling exponents likewise saturate at ≈2 for p≥8. The saturation of Lagrangian exponents and transverse Eulerian exponents is related by the same multifractal spectrum by utilizing the well-known frozen hypothesis to relate spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, this spectrum is different from the known spectra for Eulerian longitudinal exponents, suggesting that Lagrangian intermittency is characterized solely by transverse Eulerian intermittency. We discuss possible implications of this outlook when extending multifractal predictions to the dissipation range, especially for Lagrangian acceleration.},
}

@article {pmid38036626,
year = {2023},
author = {Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Salah, DM and Bayones, FS and Abdelhafez, MA},
title = {Magneto-hydrodynamic peristaltic flow of a Jeffery fluid in the presence of heat transfer through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {21088},
pmid = {38036626},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {In the present paper, the effects of magnetic field and heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of a Jeffery fluid through a porous medium in an asymmetric channel have been studied. The governing non-linear partial differential equations representing the flow model are transmuted into linear ones by employing the appropriate non-dimensional parameters under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. Exact solutions are presented for the stream function, pressure gradient, and temperature. The frictional force and pressure rise are both computed using numerical integration. Using MATLAB R2023a software, a parametric analysis is performed, and the resulting data is represented graphically. For all physical quantities considered, numerical calculations were made and represented graphically. Trapping phenomena are discussed graphically. The obtained results can be applied to enhance pumping systems in engineering and gastrointestinal functions. This analysis permits body fluids such as blood and lymph to easily move inside the arteries and veins, allowing oxygen supply, waste elimination, and other necessary elements.},
}

@article {pmid38036570,
year = {2023},
author = {Ahmad, S and Ali, K and Castellanos, HG and Aryanfar, Y and Rashid, FL and Hendy, AS and Deifalla, A and Ragab, AE and Khan, M and Gomaa, HG},
title = {Complex dynamics of induced vortex formation and thermal-fluid coupling in tri-hybrid nanofluid under localized magnetic field: a novel study.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {21140},
pmid = {38036570},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {RSPD2023R711//King Saud University/ ; },
abstract = {Hybrid nanofluids offer higher stability, synergistic effects, and better heat transfer compared to simple nanofluids. Their higher thermal conductivity, lower viscosity, and interaction with magnetic fields make them ideal for various applications, including materials science, transportation, medical technology, energy, and fundamental physics. The governing partial differential equations are numerically solved by employing a finite volume approach, and the effects of various parameters on the nanofluid flow and thermal characteristics are systematically examined from the simulations based on a self-developed MATLAB code. The parameters included magnetic field strength, the Reynolds number, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the number and position of the strips in which the magnetic field is localized. It has been noted that the magnetized field induces the spinning of the tri-hybrid nanoparticles, which generates the intricate structure of vortices in the flow. The local skin friction (CfRe) and the Nusselt number (Nu) increase significantly when the magnetic field is intensified. Moreover, adding more nanoparticles in the flow enhances both Nu and CfRe, but with different effects for different nanoparticles. Silver (Ag) shows the highest increase in both Nu (52%) and CfRe (110%), indicating strong thermal-fluid coupling. Alumina (Al2O3) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) show lower increases in both Nu (43% and 34%) and CfRe (14% and 10%), indicating weaker coupling in the flow. Finally, compared with the localized one, the uniform magnetic field has a minor effect on the flow and temperature distributions.},
}

@article {pmid38034878,
year = {2023},
author = {Han, J and Lee, H},
title = {Control Volume Analysis of the Infusion Rate in Cephalic and Median Cubital Veins Based on Infusion Bag Height and Peripheral Venous Catheter Inner Diameter: Application of Bernoulli's Equation and Consideration of Frictional Forces.},
journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {3609-3618},
doi = {10.2147/JMDH.S409050},
pmid = {38034878},
issn = {1178-2390},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This pilot study aimed to provide basic data on intravenous infusion nursing by analyzing the infusion rate in the cephalic and median cubital veins depending on the height of the infusion bag and inner diameter of the peripheral venous catheter (PVC).

METHODS: While infusing 0.9% normal saline at 22 °C (room temperature) into elbow cephalic and median cubital veins, the infusion rate may be controlled by adjusting the fluid height and PVC diameter. To assess the validity of the laminar flow assumption, the study estimated the Reynolds number (Re) using the velocity obtained by applying Bernoulli's equation considering the friction coefficient.

RESULTS: At a constant fluid height, the infusion rate increased with increasing PVC diameter. At a constant PVC diameter, the infusion rate increased with increasing fluid height. In a comparison between the cephalic and median cubital veins at constant fluid height and PVC diameter, the solution was infused at a higher rate into the cephalic vein, which was under lower venous pressure.

CONCLUSION: The analysis of the infusion rate according to fluid height and PVC diameter provided basic data on intravenous infusion nursing. The results are expected to provide evidence for the standardization of intravenous infusion nursing.},
}

@article {pmid38027788,
year = {2023},
author = {Jamil, DF and Uddin, S and Kazi, M and Roslan, R and Gorji, MR and Kamalrulzaman Md Akhir, M},
title = {MHD blood flow effects of Casson fluid with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives through an inclined blood vessels with thermal radiation.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e21780},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21780},
pmid = {38027788},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {This study investigates a fractional-order time derivative model of non-Newtonian magnetic blood flow in the presence of thermal radiation and body acceleration through an inclined artery. The blood flow is formulated using the Casson fluid model under the control of a uniformly distributed magnetic field and an oscillating pressure gradient. Caputo-Fabrizio's fractional derivative mathematical model was used, along with Laplace transform and the finite Hankel transform technique. Analytical expressions were obtained for the velocity of blood flow, magnetic particle distribution, and temperature profile. These distributions are presented graphically using Mathcad software. The results show that the velocity increases with the time, Reynolds number and Casson fluid parameters, and diminishes when Hartmann number increases. Moreover, fractional parameters, radiation values, and metabolic heat source play an essential role in controlling the blood temperature. More precisely, these results are beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of certain medical issues.},
}

@article {pmid38027752,
year = {2023},
author = {Alklaibi, AM and Chandra Mouli, KVV and Syam Sundar, L},
title = {Experimental and support vector machine predictions of entropy generations and exergy efficiency of Fe3O4-SiO2/Water hybrid nanofluid in a plate heat exchanger.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e21730},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21730},
pmid = {38027752},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Several experiments of Fe3O4-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluids with volumetric concentrations ranging from 0.2 % to 1.0 % circulating in the cold-side of a plate heat exchanger at flow rates ranging from 0.05 kg/s to 0.1166 kg/s are performed. Under these ranges of flow rates and volumetric concentrations, the flow of Fe3O4-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluids remains laminar. The results of these experiments are predicted with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to determine hybrid nanofluid entropy generation thermal, entropy generation frictional, and efficiency of exergy. Fe3O4-SiO2 nanomaterials was synthesized with reduction of chemicals and insitu development techniques, with XRD, FTIR and VSM instruments, characterizations were done. The SVM model gives large precision predictions of the measured data with correlations coefficients of 0.9944, 0.99798, and 0.99428 for frictional entropy generation, thermal entropy generation and exergy efficiency. At a flow rate of 0.1166 kg/s in the cold-side of PHE, the exergy efficiency is found to be 77.96 % for water (Reynolds number of 935.4) and with 1.0 vol% of Fe3O4-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluid in the cold-side of PHE, the efficiency is increased to 82.97 %, respectively. Under similar conditions of 0.1166 kg/s of flow circulation and 1.0 % vol. concentration of hybrid nanofluid, the thermal entropy generation is dropped off to 18.37 %, but the frictional entropy generation is increased by 20.97 %, compared to water, with the results that the total entropy generation drops off by 15.91 %, compared to water data. Preliminary curve-fitting correlations have been developed for the frictional entropy generation, thermal entropy generation, and exergy efficiency.},
}

@article {pmid38005406,
year = {2023},
author = {Krauter, N and Stefani, F},
title = {Simultaneous Measurement of Flow Velocity and Electrical Conductivity of a Liquid Metal Using an Eddy Current Flow Meter in Combination with a Look-Up-Table Method.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {23},
number = {22},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/s23229018},
pmid = {38005406},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {787544/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; },
abstract = {The Eddy Current Flow Meter (ECFM) is a commonly employed inductive sensor for assessing the local flow rate or flow velocity of liquid metals with temperatures up to 700 ∘C. One limitation of the ECFM lies in its dependency on the magnetic Reynolds number for measured voltage signals. These signals are influenced not only by the flow velocity but also by the electrical conductivity of the liquid metal. In scenarios where temperature fluctuations are significant, leading to corresponding variations in electrical conductivity, it becomes imperative to calibrate the ECFM while concurrently monitoring temperature to discern the respective impacts of flow velocity and electrical conductivity on the acquired signals. This paper introduces a novel approach that enables the concurrent measurement of electrical conductivity and flow velocity, even in the absence of precise knowledge of the liquid metal's conductivity or temperature. This method employs a Look-Up-Table methodology. The feasibility of this measurement technique is substantiated through numerical simulations and further validated through experiments conducted on the liquid metal alloy GaInSn at room temperature.},
}

@article {pmid38004897,
year = {2023},
author = {Borbas, SW and Shen, K and Ji, C and Viallat, A and Helfer, E and Peng, Z},
title = {Transit Time Theory for a Droplet Passing through a Slit in Pressure-Driven Low Reynolds Number Flows.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/mi14112040},
pmid = {38004897},
issn = {2072-666X},
support = {DMS 1951526//National Science Foundation/ ; 1948347//National Science Foundation/ ; IIP-1841473//National Science Foundation/ ; PHY2210366//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Soft objects squeezing through small apertures are crucial for many in vivo and in vitro processes. Red blood cell transit time through splenic inter-endothelial slits (IESs) plays a crucial role in blood filtration and disease progression, while droplet velocity through constrictions in microfluidic devices is important for effective manipulation and separation processes. As these transit phenomena are not well understood, we sought to establish analytical and numerical solutions of viscous droplet transit through a rectangular slit. This study extends from our former theory of a circular pore because a rectangular slit is more realistic in many physiological and engineering applications. Here, we derived the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of a droplet passing through a slit by combining planar Poiseuille flow, the Young-Laplace equations, and modifying them to consider the lubrication layer between the droplet and the slit wall. Compared to the pore case, we used the Roscoe solution instead of the Sampson one to account for the flow entering and exiting a rectangular slit. When the surface tension and lubrication layer were negligible, we derived the closed-form solutions of transit time. When the surface tension and lubrication layer were finite, the ODEs were solved numerically to study the impact of various parameters on the transit time. With our solutions, we identified the impact of prescribed pressure drop, slit dimensions, and droplet parameters such as surface tension, viscosity, and volume on transit time. In addition, we also considered the effect of pressure drop and surface tension near critical values. For this study, critical surface tension for a given pressure drop describes the threshold droplet surface tension that prevents transit, and critical pressure for a given surface tension describes the threshold pressure drop that prevents transit. Our solutions demonstrate that there is a linear relationship between pressure and the reciprocal of the transit time (referred to as inverse transit time), as well as a linear relationship between viscosity and transit time. Additionally, when the droplet size increases with respect to the slit dimensions, there is a corresponding increase in transit time. Most notably, we emphasize the initial antagonistic effect of surface tension which resists droplet passage but at the same time decreases the lubrication layer, thus facilitating passage. Our results provide quantitative calculations for understanding cells passing through slit-like constrictions and designing droplet microfluidic experiments.},
}

@article {pmid37964837,
year = {2023},
author = {Rahman, MT and Habib, K and Quader, MN and Aslfattahi, N and Kadirgama, K and Das, L},
title = {Effect of porous density of twisted tape inserts on heat transfer performance inside a closed conduit.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e21206},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21206},
pmid = {37964837},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {This study examines the impact of varying the porosity density of twisted tape inserts (TTI) on the temperature distribution, fluid velocities, heat transfer coefficients (HTC), Nusselt numbers (Nu), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and performance from 5000 to 12500 Reynolds numbers (Re). The entire process involved the design of TTIs and double pipe heat exchangers using SolidWorks. Subsequently, a three-dimensional fluid flow model was employed to solve equations related to energy mass, energy, and momentum within the ANSYS Fluent interfaces. The findings highlight the noteworthy impact of high porosity TTIs, which consistently reduce temperature spans, increase fluid velocities, and greatly HTC and Nu when compared to low porosity TTI, typical TTI, and plain tubes. Furthermore, high porosity TTI significantly increases TKE, indicating increased fluid turbulence and higher heat transfer efficiency, especially at Re = 12500. The assessment of PEC emphasizes the superiority of high porosity TTI, demonstrating their significant performance increase potential of over 6.44 % over low porosity TTI and a staggering 62.5 % above typical TTI. In conclusion, high porosity TTI emerges as a potential solution for improving heat transfer efficiency and overall system performance in a variety of industrial applications, promising enhanced energy efficiency and superior performance.},
}

@article {pmid37963561,
year = {2023},
author = {Htet, PH and Lauga, E},
title = {Cortex-driven cytoplasmic flows in elongated cells: fluid mechanics and application to nuclear transport in Drosophila embryos.},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface},
volume = {20},
number = {208},
pages = {20230428},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2023.0428},
pmid = {37963561},
issn = {1742-5662},
abstract = {The Drosophila melanogaster embryo, an elongated multi-nucleated cell, is a classical model system for eukaryotic development and morphogenesis. Recent work has shown that bulk cytoplasmic flows, driven by cortical contractions along the walls of the embryo, enable the uniform spreading of nuclei along the anterior-posterior axis necessary for proper embryonic development. Here, we propose two mathematical models to characterize cytoplasmic flows driven by tangential cortical contractions in elongated cells. Assuming Newtonian fluid flow at low Reynolds number in a spheroidal cell, we first compute the flow field exactly, thereby bypassing the need for numerical computations. We then apply our results to recent experiments on nuclear transport in cell cycles 4-6 of Drosophila embryo development. By fitting the cortical contractions in our model to measurements, we reveal that experimental cortical flows enable near-optimal axial spreading of nuclei. A second mathematical approach, applicable to general elongated cell geometries, exploits a long-wavelength approximation to produce an even simpler solution, with errors below [Formula: see text] compared with the full model. An application of this long-wavelength result to transport leads to fully analytical solutions for the nuclear concentration that capture the essential physics of the system, including optimal axial spreading of nuclei.},
}

@article {pmid37957450,
year = {2023},
author = {Bureau, L and Coupier, G and Salez, T},
title = {Lift at low Reynolds number.},
journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter},
volume = {46},
number = {11},
pages = {111},
pmid = {37957450},
issn = {1292-895X},
support = {101039103/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; },
abstract = {Lift forces are widespread in hydrodynamics. These are typically observed for big and fast objects and are often associated with a combination of fluid inertia (i.e. large Reynolds numbers) and specific symmetry-breaking mechanisms. In contrast, the properties of viscosity-dominated (i.e. low Reynolds numbers) flows make it more difficult for such lift forces to emerge. However, the inclusion of boundary effects qualitatively changes this picture. Indeed, in the context of soft and biological matter, recent studies have revealed the emergence of novel lift forces generated by boundary softness, flow gradients and/or surface charges. The aim of the present review is to gather and analyse this corpus of literature, in order to identify and unify the questioning within the associated communities, and pave the way towards future research.},
}

@article {pmid37952804,
year = {2023},
author = {Lordifard, P and Shariatpanahi, SP and Khajeh, K and Saboury, AA and Goliaei, B},
title = {Frequency dependence of ultrasonic effects on the kinetics of hen egg white lysozyme fibrillation.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {127871},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127871},
pmid = {37952804},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Our study aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasound on the fibrillation kinetics of HEWL (hen egg white lysozyme) and its physicochemical properties. Ultrasound, a mechanical wave, can induce conformational changes in proteins. To achieve this, we developed an ultrasound exposure system and used various biophysical techniques, including ThT fluorescence spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, Far-UV CD spectrophotometry, Fluorescence microscopy, UV-spectroscopy, and seeding experiments. Our results revealed that higher frequencies significantly accelerated the fibrillation of lysozyme by unfolding the native protein and promoting the fibrillation process, thereby reducing the lag time. We observed a change in the secondary structure of the sonicated protein change to the β-structure, but there was no difference in the Tm of native and sonicated proteins. Furthermore, we found that higher ultrasound frequencies had a greater seeding effect. We propose that the effect of frequency can be explained by the impact of the Reynolds number, and for the Megahertz frequency range, we are almost at the transition regime of turbulence. Our results suggest that laminar flows may not induce any significant change in the fibrillation kinetics, while turbulent flows may affect the process.},
}

@article {pmid37942161,
year = {2023},
author = {Abdalkarem, AAM and Ansaf, R and Muzammil, WK and Ibrahim, A and Harun, Z and Fazlizan, A},
title = {Preliminary assessment of the NACA0021 trailing edge wedge for wind turbine application.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e21193},
pmid = {37942161},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {The airfoil blade is the primary component of a wind turbine, and its aerodynamic properties play a crucial role in determining the energy conversion efficiency of these blades. Many researchers have proposed different airfoil modifications intending to enhance the aerodynamic characteristics and limit the unsteady interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. This study evaluates the benefits of mounting wedge tails (WTs) on the trailing edge of an airfoil. The aerodynamic characteristics of a 2-D, steady-state NACA 0021 airfoil featuring the wedge tails (WT) and fish wedge tails (FWT) were studied computationally by employing the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. Different WT and FWT configurations were studied at various wedge length (L) to wedge height (H) ratios, L/H, at the airfoil's trailing edge. The effects of different L/H ratios, including L/H > 1, L/H = 1, and L/H < 1, were considered in the present study to determine the optimal configuration to achieve the maximum glide ratio, CL/CD at the Reynolds number of 180,000. The findings indicate that the performance of the NACA 0021 airfoil was notably affected by the height of the tail; however, the length had only a minor impact when L/H was less than 1. The mounted FWT resulted in significant enhancements to both the lift and glide ratio of the airfoil. Specifically, the lift ratio experienced an increase of over 41 % compared to the clean airfoil, while the glide ratio increased by more than 31 %. These improvements were observed at an ideal height and length of 2.5 % and 1 % of the airfoil, respectively. Moreover, the mounted FWT performed better than the Gurney flap using the same configurations.},
}

@article {pmid37939394,
year = {2023},
author = {Fercak, O and Lyons, K and Murphy, CT and Kamensky, K and Cal, RB and Franck, JA},
title = {Multicolor dye-based flow structure visualization for seal-whisker geometry characterized by computer vision.},
journal = {Bioinspiration & biomimetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/ad0aa8},
pmid = {37939394},
issn = {1748-3190},
abstract = {Pinniped vibrissae possess a unique and complex three-dimensional topography, which has beneficial fluid flow characteristics such as substantial reductions in drag, lift, and vortex induced vibration. To understand and leverage these effects, the downstream vortex dynamics must be studied. Dye visualization is a traditional qualitative method of capturing these downstream effects, specifically in comparative biological investigations where complex equipment can be prohibitive. High-fidelity numerical simulations or experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) are commonplace for quantitative high-resolution flow measurements, but are computationally expensive, require costly equipment, and can have limited measurement windows. This study establishes a method for extracting quantitative data from standard dye visualization experiments on seal whisker geometries by leveraging novel but intuitive computer vision techniques, which maintain simplicity and an advantageous large experimental viewing window while automating the extraction of vortex frequency, position, and advection. Results are compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for comparable geometries. Power spectra and Strouhal numbers show consistent behavior between methods for a Reynolds number of 500, with minima at the canonical geometry wavelength of 3.43 and a peak frequency of 0.2 for a Reynolds number of 250. The vortex tracking reveals a clear increase in velocity from roll-up to 3.5 whisker diameters downstream, with a strong overlap with the DNS data but shows steady results beyond the limited DNS window. This investigation provides insight into a valuable bio-inspired engineering model while advancing an analytical methodology that can readily be applied to a broad range of comparative biological studies.},
}

@article {pmid37927848,
year = {2023},
author = {Gjerde, IG and Rognes, ME and Sánchez, AL},
title = {The directional flow generated by peristalsis in perivascular networks-Theoretical and numerical reduced-order descriptions.},
journal = {Journal of applied physics},
volume = {134},
number = {17},
pages = {174701},
pmid = {37927848},
issn = {0021-8979},
abstract = {Directional fluid flow in perivascular spaces surrounding cerebral arteries is hypothesized to play a key role in brain solute transport and clearance. While various drivers for a pulsatile flow, such as cardiac or respiratory pulsations, are well quantified, the question remains as to which mechanisms could induce a directional flow within physiological regimes. To address this question, we develop theoretical and numerical reduced-order models to quantify the directional (net) flow induceable by peristaltic pumping in periarterial networks. Each periarterial element is modeled as a slender annular space bounded internally by a circular tube supporting a periodic traveling (peristaltic) wave. Under reasonable assumptions of a small Reynolds number flow, small radii, and small-amplitude peristaltic waves, we use lubrication theory and regular perturbation methods to derive theoretical expressions for the directional net flow and pressure distribution in the perivascular network. The reduced model is used to derive closed-form analytical expressions for the net flow for simple network configurations of interest, including single elements, two elements in tandem, and a three element bifurcation, with results compared with numerical predictions. In particular, we provide a computable theoretical estimate of the net flow induced by peristaltic motion in perivascular networks as a function of physiological parameters, notably, wave length, frequency, amplitude, and perivascular dimensions. Quantifying the maximal net flow for specific physiological regimes, we find that vasomotion may induce net pial periarterial flow velocities on the order of a few to tens of μm/s and that sleep-related changes in vasomotion pulsatility may drive a threefold flow increase.},
}

@article {pmid37920481,
year = {2023},
author = {Vakilabadi, KA and Ghafari, HR and Ghassemi, H},
title = {Experimental and numerical investigation on a trimaran airwake, geometry modification.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e21144},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21144},
pmid = {37920481},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {The aerodynamic interaction between a helicopter and a trimaran ship's flight deck can be complex and have an impact on handling quality and performance, especially in turbulent conditions. This article presents research on the flight deck geometry of a trimaran vessel without the presence of a helicopter. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to analyze the effect of wind velocity on air pressure in the flight deck region. The study proposed and evaluated different geometries of the top structure at several air velocities to minimize pressure differences. The results of the numerical simulation were validated by experimental measurements using PIV, which showed that the effect of the Reynolds number on the non-dimensional pressure near the top structure is negligible except for the biggest Reynolds number (Re = 50e6), while at x/L = 0.5 the significant difference can be seen, however, the same result found for Re = 38e6 and 50e6. At the farthest distance (x/L = 1), the pressure difference for different Reynolds numbers case studies is negligible. Among the various geometries assessed, the maximum non-dimensional pressure differences along the lines show the highest value occurs for the base geometry (A) while geometries C and F show lower values, which have chamfering along the middle and side horizontal edges at a 45-degree angle and chamfering along all vertical and horizontal edges at a 30-degree angle.},
}

@article {pmid37918090,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhou, ZL and Zhu, LF and Li, TX and Wu, LH and Guan, M and Ma, ZK and Liu, YH and Qin, J and Gao, BL},
title = {Sub-satisfactory stenting recanalization of severe vascular stenosis of the posterior circulation can significantly improve cerebral hemodynamic perfusion.},
journal = {European journal of radiology},
volume = {169},
number = {},
pages = {111135},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.111135},
pmid = {37918090},
issn = {1872-7727},
abstract = {PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of sub-satisfactory stenting recanalization of severe vascular stenosis of the posterior circulation on cerebral hemodynamic perfusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with severe vascular stenosis of the posterior circulation who had undergone three-dimensional cerebral angiography before and after stenting were retrospectively enrolled. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of hemodynamic parameters at the stenosis, perforating branch, and normal arterial segments proximal and distal to the stenosis were performed.

RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with basilar artery stenosis aged 60.9 ± 9.6 years were enrolled, and stent angioplasty resulted in the reduction of stenosis degree from 85.3 ± 7.2% before to 18.6 ± 6.4% after stenting. After stenting, at the proximal normal artery, the total pressures had significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, whereas all the other parameters (WSS, cell Reynolds number, velocity, vorticity, turbulence intensity, turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate) had significantly (P < 0.05) increased. At the stenosis, all hemodynamic parameters had significantly decreased. At the stenosis perforating branch, the WSS, cell Reynolds number, velocity, and vorticity were all significantly decreased, and the total pressure, turbulence intensity, kinetic energy, and dissipation rate were all significantly increased. At the distal normal artery, the total flow pressure (perfusion pressure) and velocity were both significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and the total pressure, WSS, cell Reynolds number, vorticity, turbulence intensity, kinetic energy, and dissipation rate were all significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. The hemodynamic parameters after stenting were closer to those after virtual stenosis repair at all measurements.

CONCLUSION: Sub-satisfactory recanalization has significantly restored the stenosis and improved the hemodynamic parameters near the stenosis and at the root of the perforating branch, thus significantly improving the cerebral perfusion, similar to the changes of hemodynamic status and cerebral perfusion after virtual removal of the vascular stenosis. This may indicate the good effect of sub-satisfactory stenting recanalization of the vascular stenosis at the posterior circulation.},
}

@article {pmid37914697,
year = {2023},
author = {Javaherchian, J and Moosavi, A and Tabatabaei, SA},
title = {Numerical analysis of pressure drop reduction of bubbly flows through hydrophobic microgrooved channels.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {18861},
pmid = {37914697},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Due to the high performance of hydrophobic surfaces in pressure drop reduction, they have been proposed for various applications. However, despite the extensive uses of two-phase flows in many industries, the effect of hydrophobic surfaces on the pressure drop reduction of two-phase flows has not been well understood yet. Thus, in the present study, by implementing the phase-field and finite element methods, the bubbly flows as an example of two-phase flows are considered for examining the effect of hydrophobic microgrooved microchannels on the pressure drop reduction of these regimes in the laminar state. We found out that hydrophobic microgrooved surfaces not only can be efficient in the bubbly flow but also can even cause a maximum pressure drop reduction of up to 70%, which is almost 3.5 times higher than in single-phase flow. We also studied the influence of each parameter, such as bubbles volume or length, Reynolds number, capillary number, and their combination on this phenomenon. The pressure drop reduction grows by increasing the volume of the bubbles but decreases by increasing the flow velocity or the surface tension coefficient. The combination of these parameters demonstrated different results in some circumstances.},
}

@article {pmid37909299,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, W and Shang, X and Zhang, B and Yuan, D and Nguyen, BTT and Wu, W and Zhang, JB and Peng, N and Liu, AQ and Duan, F and Chin, LK},
title = {Squeezed state in the hydrodynamic focusing regime for Escherichia coli bacteria detection.},
journal = {Lab on a chip},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d3lc00434a},
pmid = {37909299},
issn = {1473-0189},
abstract = {Flow cytometry is an essential technique in single particle analysis and cell sorting for further downstream diagnosis, exhibiting high-throughput and multiplexing capabilities for many biological and biomedical applications. Although many hydrodynamic focusing-based microfluidic cytometers have been demonstrated with reduced size and cost to adapt to point-of-care settings, the operating conditions are not characterized systematically. This study presents the flow transition process in the hydrodynamic focusing mechanism when the flow rate or the Reynolds number increases. The characteristics of flow fields and mass transport were studied under various operating conditions, including flow rates and microchannel heights. A transition from the squeezed focusing state to the over-squeezed anti-focusing state in the hydrodynamic focusing regime was observed when the Reynolds number increased above 30. Parametric studies illustrated that the focusing width increased with the Reynolds number but decreased with the microchannel height in the over-squeezed state. The microfluidic cytometric analyses using microbeads and E. coli show that the recovery rate was maintained by limiting the Reynolds number to 30. The detailed analysis of the flow transition will provide new insight into microfluidic cytometric analyses with a broad range of applications in food safety, water monitoring and healthcare sectors.},
}

@article {pmid37906645,
year = {2023},
author = {Zöttl, A and Tesser, F and Matsunaga, D and Laurent, J and du Roure, O and Lindner, A},
title = {Asymmetric bistability of chiral particle orientation in viscous shear flows.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {45},
pages = {e2310939120},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2310939120},
pmid = {37906645},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {682367//European Commission (EC)/ ; M 2458-N36//Austrian Science Fund (FWF)/ ; ANR-10- EQPX-34//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; 21H05879//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JPMJPR21OA//MEXT | JST | Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)/ ; },
abstract = {The migration of helical particles in viscous shear flows plays a crucial role in chiral particle sorting. Attaching a nonchiral head to a helical particle leads to a rheotactic torque inducing particle reorientation. This phenomenon is responsible for bacterial rheotaxis observed for flagellated bacteria as Escherichia coli in shear flows. Here, we use a high-resolution microprinting technique to fabricate microparticles with controlled and tunable chiral shape consisting of a spherical head and helical tails of various pitch and handedness. By observing the fully time-resolved dynamics of these microparticles in microfluidic channel flow, we gain valuable insights into chirality-induced orientation dynamics. Our experimental model system allows us to examine the effects of particle elongation, chirality, and head heaviness for different flow rates on the orientation dynamics, while minimizing the influence of Brownian noise. Through our model experiments, we demonstrate the existence of asymmetric bistability of the particle orientation perpendicular to the flow direction. We quantitatively explain the particle equilibrium orientations as a function of particle properties, initial conditions and flow rates, as well as the time-dependence of the reorientation dynamics through a theoretical model. The model parameters are determined using boundary element simulations, and excellent agreement with experiments is obtained without any adjustable parameters. Our findings lead to a better understanding of chiral particle transport and bacterial rheotaxis and might allow the development of targeted delivery applications.},
}

@article {pmid37898603,
year = {2023},
author = {Jalili, B and Shateri, A and Akgül, A and Bariq, A and Asadi, Z and Jalili, P and Ganji, DD},
title = {An investigation into a semi-porous channel's forced convection of nano fluid in the presence of a magnetic field as a result of heat radiation.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {18505},
pmid = {37898603},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {This study investigates the impact of heat radiation on magnetically-induced forced convection of nanofluid in a semi-porous channel. The research employs Akbari-Ganji's and Homotopy perturbation methods to analyze the effects of multiple parameters, including Hartmann number, Reynolds number, Eckert number, radiation parameter, and suction parameter, on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The results demonstrate that increasing Reynolds number, suction, and radiation parameters increases temperature gradient, providing valuable insights into improving heat transfer in semi-porous channels. The study validates the proposed methods by comparing the results with those obtained from other established methods in the literature. The main focus of this work is to understand the behavior of nanofluids in semi-porous channels under the influence of magnetic fields and heat radiation, which is essential for various industrial and engineering applications. The future direction of this research includes exploring the effects of different nanoparticle shapes and materials on heat transfer performance and investigating the influence of other parameters, such as buoyancy forces and variable properties, on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of more efficient thermal management systems in the future.},
}

@article {pmid37893255,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, H and Ma, H and Yan, X and Yu, H and Xiao, Y and Xiao, X and Liu, H},
title = {Investigation of Hydrothermal Performance in Micro-Channel Heat Sink with Periodic Rectangular Fins.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/mi14101818},
pmid = {37893255},
issn = {2072-666X},
abstract = {The micro-channel heat sink (MCHS) is an excellent choice due to its exceptional cooling capabilities, surpassing those of its competitors. In this research paper, a computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to investigate the laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of five different configurations of a variable geometry rectangular fin. The study utilized a water-cooled smooth MCHS as the basis. The results indicate that the micro-channel heat sink with a variable geometry rectangular fin has better heat dissipation capacity than a straight-type micro-channel heat sink, but at the same time, it has larger pressure loss. Based on the analysis of various rectangular fin shapes and Reynolds numbers in this study, the micro-channel heat sink with rectangular fins exhibits Nusselt numbers and friction factors that are 1.40-2.02 and 2.64-4.33 times higher, respectively, compared to the smooth heat sink. This significant improvement in performance results in performance evaluation criteria ranging from 1.23-1.95. Further, it is found that at a relatively small Reynolds number, the micro-channel heat sink with a variable geometry rectangular fin has obvious advantages in terms of overall cooling performance. Meanwhile, this advantage will decrease when the Reynolds number is relatively large.},
}

@article {pmid37886753,
year = {2023},
author = {Vaferi, K and Vajdi, M and Nekahi, S and Heydari, A and Sadegh Moghanlou, F and Nami, H and Jafarzadeh, H},
title = {Thermo-hydraulic performance optimization of a disk-shaped microchannel heat sink applying computational fluid dynamics, artificial neural network, and response surface methodology.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {10},
pages = {e21031},
pmid = {37886753},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {The current research focuses on optimizing the Nusselt number (Nu) and pressure drop (ΔP) in a bionic fractal heat sink. The artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to model the thermos-hydraulic behavior of the MCHS. The aspect ratios of t/b (cavities' upper side to bottom side ratio) and h/b (cavities' height to bottom side ratio), as well as the Reynolds number, were set as the independent variables in both ANN and RSM models. After finding the optimum state for the copper-made MCHS (containing the optimum design of the cavities along with the best applied velocity), different materials were tested and compared with the base case (heat sink made of copper). The obtained results indicated that both ANN and RSM models (with determination coefficient of 99.9 %) could exactly anticipate heat transfer and ΔP to a large extent. To achieve the optimal design of the microchannel heat sink (MCHS) with the objective of maximizing Nu and minimizing ΔP, the efficiency index of the device was evaluated. The analysis revealed that the highest efficiency index (1.070 by RSM and 1.067 by ANN methods) was attained when the aspect ratios were t/b = 0.2, h/b = 0.2, and the Reynolds number was 1000. Next, the effect of the different materials on heat sink performance was investigated, and it was observed that by reducing the thermal conductivity, the thermal resistance of the heat sink increased and its overall performance decreased.},
}

@article {pmid37849125,
year = {2023},
author = {Paludan, MV and Biviano, MD and Jensen, KH},
title = {Elastohydrodynamic autoregulation in soft overlapping channels.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {108},
number = {3-2},
pages = {035106},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.035106},
pmid = {37849125},
issn = {2470-0053},
abstract = {Controlling fluid flow from an unsteady source is a challenging problem that is relevant in both living and man-made systems. Animals have evolved various autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in vital organs. This keeps the influx of nutrients essentially constant and independent of the perfusion pressure. Up to this point, the autoregulation processes have primarily been ascribed to active mechanisms that regulate vessel size, thereby adjusting the hydraulic conductance in response to, e.g., sensing of wall shear stress. We propose an alternative elastohydrodynamic mechanism based on contacting soft vessels. Inspired by Starling's resistor, we combine experiments and theory to study the flow of a viscous liquid through a self-intersecting soft conduit. In the overlapping region, the pressure difference between the two channel segments can cause one pipe segment to dilate while the other is compressed. If the tissue is sufficiently soft, this mode of fluid-structure interactions can lead to flow autoregulation. Our experimental observations compare well to a predictive model based on low-Reynolds-number fluid flow and linear elasticity. Implications for conduit arrangement and passive autoregulation in organs and limbs are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid37850032,
year = {2021},
author = {Xing, Y and Burdsall, AC and Owens, A and Magnuson, M and Harper, WF},
title = {The effect of mixing and free-floating carrier media on bioaerosol release from wastewater: a multiscale investigation with Bacillus globigii.},
journal = {Environmental science : water research & technology},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37850032},
issn = {2053-1400},
abstract = {Aeration tanks in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of bioaerosols, which contain microbial contaminants and can travel miles from the site of origin, risking the health of operators and the general public. One potential mitigation strategy is to apply free-floating carrier media (FFCM) to suppress bioaerosol emission. This article presents a multiscale study on the effects of mixing and FFCM on bioaerosol release using Bacillus globigii spores in well-defined liquid media. Bioaerosol release, defined as percentage of spores aerosolized during a 30 minute sampling period, ranged from 6.09 × 10[-7]% to 0.057%, depending upon the mixing mode and intensity. Bioaerosol release increased with the intensity of aeration (rotating speed in mechanical agitation and aeration rate in diffused aeration). A surface layer of polystyrene beads reduced bioaerosol released by >92% in the bench-scale studies and >74% in the pilot-scale study. This study discovered strong correlations (R[2] > 0.82) between bioaerosol release and superficial gas velocity, Froude number, and volumetric gas flow per unit liquid volume per minute. The Reynolds number was found to be poorly correlated with bioaerosol release (R[2] < 0.5). This study is a significant step toward the development of predictive models for full scale systems.},
}

@article {pmid37848600,
year = {2023},
author = {Maruai, NM and Ali, MSM and Zaki, SA and Ardila-Rey, JA and Ishak, IA},
title = {The influence of different downstream plate length towards the flow-induced vibration on a square cylinder.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {17681},
pmid = {37848600},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {PY/2021/00886//Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/ ; PY/2021/00886//Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/ ; PY/2021/00886//Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/ ; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)//FONDECYT Regular 1230135/ ; },
abstract = {The investigations of flow-induced vibration have been around for decades to solve many engineering problems related to structural element. In a hindsight of advancing technology of microelectronics devices, the implementation of flow-induced vibration for energy harvesting is intrigued. The influence of downstream flat plate to flow-induced vibration experienced by a square cylinder is discussed in this study to surpass the limitation of wind energy due to geographical constraints and climate change. The mechanism of flow-induced vibration experienced by a square cylinder with downstream flat plate is numerically simulated based on the unsteady Reynolds Navier-Stokes (URANS) flow field. The Reynolds number, Re assigned in this study is ranging between [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] and the mass damping ratio designated for the square cylinder is [Formula: see text] = 2.48. The influence of three different flat plate lengths [Formula: see text], 1 and 3 is examined. Each case of different flat plate is explored for gap separation between the square cylinder and the plate in the range [Formula: see text]. Based on the numerical findings, the configuration of cylinder-flat plate with length [Formula: see text] has shown the highest potential to harvest high energy at comparatively low reduced velocity.},
}

@article {pmid37822907,
year = {2023},
author = {Akram, M and Memon, AA and Memon, MA and Obalalu, AM and Khan, U},
title = {Investigation of a two-dimensional photovoltaic thermal system using hybrid nanofluids and a rotating cylinder.},
journal = {Nanoscale advances},
volume = {5},
number = {20},
pages = {5529-5542},
pmid = {37822907},
issn = {2516-0230},
abstract = {This article focuses on a numerical investigation aimed at enhancing the electrical performance of a two-dimensional photovoltaic thermal system (PV/T) through the application of cooling using hybrid nanofluids. The hybrid nanofluids consist of titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles suspended in water, while the PV/T system is based on polycrystalline silicon, copper, and a flow channel with a rotating cylinder. PV/T devices generate electricity from sunlight, but their performance degrades over time due to the heat generated by solar radiation. Therefore, nanofluids can be circulated through the bottom flow channel to cool the device. This study utilizes 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations to control fluid flow and energy equations to manage energy distribution. The COMSOL 6.0 finite element software is employed for comprehensive modeling and simulation. To enhance the performance of the PV/T system, a parametric study is conducted by varying the Reynolds number (ranging from 100 to 1000), cylinder rotational speed (varying from 0.01 to 0.2 m s[-1]), and silver volume fraction (ranging from 0.01 to 0.2). The results show that increasing the Reynolds number and the volume fraction of silver leads to a reduction in the maximum temperature of the cell. The maximum temperature of the cell also decreases with the rotational speed of the cylinder but only for high Reynolds numbers. By applying the present model, the cell's efficiency is improved by 5.93%.},
}

@article {pmid37822766,
year = {2023},
author = {Sutton, GP and Szczecinski, NS and Quinn, RD and Chiel, HJ},
title = {Phase shift between joint rotation and actuation reflects dominant forces and predicts muscle activation patterns.},
journal = {PNAS nexus},
volume = {2},
number = {10},
pages = {pgad298},
pmid = {37822766},
issn = {2752-6542},
abstract = {During behavior, the work done by actuators on the body can be resisted by the body's inertia, elastic forces, gravity, or viscosity. The dominant forces that resist actuation have major consequences on the control of that behavior. In the literature, features and actuation of locomotion, for example, have been successfully predicted by nondimensional numbers (e.g. Froude number and Reynolds number) that generally express the ratio between two of these forces (gravitational, inertial, elastic, and viscous). However, animals of different sizes or motions at different speeds may not share the same dominant forces within a behavior, making ratios of just two of these forces less useful. Thus, for a broad comparison of behavior across many orders of magnitude of limb length and cycle period, a dimensionless number that includes gravitational, inertial, elastic, and viscous forces is needed. This study proposes a nondimensional number that relates these four forces: the phase shift (ϕ) between the displacement of the limb and the actuator force that moves it. Using allometric scaling laws, ϕ for terrestrial walking is expressed as a function of the limb length and the cycle period at which the limb steps. Scale-dependent values of ϕ are used to explain and predict the electromyographic (EMG) patterns employed by different animals as they walk.},
}

@article {pmid37821662,
year = {2023},
author = {Saparbayeva, N and Balakin, BV},
title = {CFD-DEM model of plugging in flow with cohesive particles.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {17188},
pmid = {37821662},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {300286//Norges Forskningsråd/ ; },
abstract = {Plugging in flows with cohesive particles is crucial in many industrial and real-life applications such as hemodynamics, water distribution, and petroleum flow assurance. Although probabilistic models for plugging risk estimation are presented in the literature, multiple details of the process remain unclear. In this paper, we present a CFD-DEM model of plugging validated against several experimental benchmarks. Using the simulations, we consider the process of plugging in a slurry of ice in decane, focusing on inter-particle collisions and plugging dynamics. We conduct a parametric study altering the Reynolds number (3000...9000), particle concentration (1.6...7.3%), and surface energy (21...541 mJ/m[Formula: see text]). We note the process possesses complex non-linear behaviour for the cases where particle-wall adhesion reduces by more than 20% relative to inter-particle cohesion. Finally, we demonstrate how the simulation results match the flow maps based on the third-party experiments.},
}

@article {pmid37810730,
year = {2023},
author = {Sun, T and Liu, H and Yan, T and Zhang, Y},
title = {Numerical Study on Enhanced Heat Transfer of Downhole Slotted-Type Heaters for In Situ Oil Shale Exploitation.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {8},
number = {39},
pages = {36043-36052},
pmid = {37810730},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {In order to improve the flow state of the heater shell side and enhance the performance evaluation of the heater, this paper proposes a perforated plate-type heater model. Based on Fluent, numerical studies are conducted on the heat transfer performance and shell-side fluid flow characteristics of a perforated plate-type heater. The variations of the heat transfer factor Nu, friction factor f, and evaluation parameter Nu/f[1/3] are analyzed for different helix angles β and ratios of the long and short semiaxes of the circular holes on the heating plate under different Reynolds numbers Re. The results reveal that under the same shell-side Reynolds number Re, the heat transfer factor Nu shows an increasing trend with the increase in the proportion of the helix angle β. The heat transfer factor Nu for the heating plate with the hole shape ratio a/b = 1 does not exhibit significant improvement compared to hole shape ratios a/b = 0.8 and a/b = 0.6, but it increases by 4.87 to 7.07% compared to the hole shape ratio a/b = 0.4 in the perforated plate-type heater. On the other hand, the friction factor f decreases as the helix angle β and the ratio of hole shapes on the heating plate increase. The lowest friction factor f is observed for the helix angle β of 25° and the hole shape ratio a/b = 1 in the perforated plate-type heater. When the helix angle β is 25° and the hole shape ratio is a/b = 1, the evaluation parameter Nu/f[1/3] reaches its highest value, indicating the optimal overall performance of the perforated plate-type heater.},
}

@article {pmid37809404,
year = {2023},
author = {Hosseinzadeh, K and Roshani, M and Attar, MA and Ganji, DD and Shafii, MB},
title = {Heat transfer study and optimization of nanofluid triangular cavity with a pentagonal barrier by finite element approach and RSM.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {9},
pages = {e20193},
pmid = {37809404},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Nowadays, several engineering applications and academic investigations have demonstrated the significance of heat transfers in general and mixed convection heat transfer (MCHT) in particular in cavities containing obstacles. This study's main goal is to analyze the MCHT of a nanofluid in a triangular cavity with a pentagonal barrier using magneto hydrodynamics (MHD). The cavity's-oriented walls are continuous cold temperature, whereas the bottom wall of the triangle and all pentagonal obstacle walls are kept at a constant high temperature. For solving governing equations, we utilized the Galerkin's finite element approach. Four dimensionless factors, Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 5), Reynolds number (10 ≤ Re ≤ 50), Buoyancy ratio (0.01 ≤ Br ≤ 10) and Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤20) are examined for their effects on streamlines, isotherms, concentration, velocity, and the Nusselt number. Also, with the help of Taguchi method and Response Surface Method (RSM) the optimization of the studied dimensionless parameters has been done. The optimum values of Ri, Re, Ha and Br are obtained 4.95, 30.49,18.35 and 0.05 respectively. Ultimately, a correlation has been extracted for obtaining the optimum average Nusselt number (Nu) in mentioned cavity.},
}

@article {pmid37809384,
year = {2023},
author = {Rasul, MG and Ahmed, S and Sattar, MA and Jahirul, MI},
title = {Hydrodynamic performance assessment of photocatalytic reactor with baffles and roughness in the flow path: A modelling approach with experimental validation.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {9},
pages = {e19623},
pmid = {37809384},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Purification of wastewater is essential for human being as well as for the flora and fauna, and sustainable environment. Photocatalytic reactor with TiO2 coated layer can be used to degrade the pollutants but without proper pollutant mass transfer in the reactive surface, photocatalytic reactor decreases its effectiveness. The baffles and rough surface in the flow path can improve the fluid mixing to enhance pollutant mass transfer to improve the reactor's performance. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to investigate the effect of four top baffles and three rough surfaces (semi-circular, triangle, and rectangle) on pressure drops, mass transfer and the hydrodynamic performance of the reactor. The experimental investigation was carried out using Formic Acid (FA) as pollutant in feed water for model validation. The simulated result varies only within 5% with the experimental data of FA concentration versus feed flow rate and fluid velocity. The model was run at fluid velocity of 0.15 m/s and 0.5 m/s (Reynolds number of 2150 (laminar flow) and 7500 (turbulent flow), respectively. The simulation result shows that the addition of baffles and roughness on the reactive surfaces increases the turbulent kinetic energy (minimum increase 8%) and consequently increases the mass transfer (maximum increase 37%) of the pollutant. The highest wall shear was observed to be 40 Pa when both square and triangular elements were used as roughness elements at turbulent flow condition. The results also shows that the highest pressure-drop of 8 kPa was found when the square roughness element was used at turbulent flow condition. Overall, the photocatalytic reactor performance is significantly enhanced by the application of combined baffles and roughness elements in the reactive surface.},
}

@article {pmid37807009,
year = {2023},
author = {Allehiany, FM and Memon, AA and Memon, MA and Fenta, A},
title = {Maximizing electrical output and reducing heat-related losses in photovoltaic thermal systems with a thorough examination of flow channel integration and nanofluid cooling.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {16961},
pmid = {37807009},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {In recent years, global energy demand has surged, emphasizing the need for nations to enhance energy resources. The photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system, capable of generating electrical energy from sunlight, is a promising renewable energy solution. However, it faces the challenge of overheating, which reduces efficiency. To address this, we introduce a flow channel within the PV/T system, allowing coolant circulation to improve electrical efficiency. Within this study, we explore into the workings of a PV/T system configuration, featuring a polycrystalline silicon panel atop a copper absorber panel. This innovative setup incorporates a rectangular flow channel, enhanced with a centrally positioned rotating circular cylinder, designed to augment flow velocity. This arrangement presents a forced convection scenario, where heat transfer primarily occurs through conduction in the uppermost two layers, while the flow channel beneath experiences forced convection. To capture this complex phenomenon, we accurately address the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations, employing simulations conducted via COMSOL 6.0 software, renowned for its utilization of the finite element method. To optimize heat dissipation and efficiency, we introduce a hybrid nanofluid comprised of titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles dispersed in water, circulating through the flow channel. Various critical parameters come under scrutiny, including the Reynolds number, explored across the range of 100-1000, the volume fractions of both nanoparticle types, systematically tested within the range of 0.001-0.05, and the controlled speed of the circular cylinder, maintained within the range of 0.1-0.25 m/s. It was found that incorporating silver nanoparticles as a suspended component is more effective in enhancing PV/T efficiency than the addition of titanium oxide. Additionally, maintaining the volume fraction of titanium oxide between 4 and 5% yields improved efficiency, provided that the cylinder rotates at a higher speed. It was observed that cell efficiency can be regulated by adjusting four parameters, such as the Reynolds number, cylinder rotation speed, and the volume fraction of both nanoparticles.},
}

@article {pmid37798525,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhang, B and Liu, G and Li, Y and Lin, Z},
title = {Experimental study on the seepage mutation of natural karst collapse pillar (KCP) fillings over mass outflow.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37798525},
issn = {1614-7499},
support = {41807209//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Conduction between the unique geological formation karst collapse pillar (KCP) and the fractures caused by mining in the coal seam floor can lead to catastrophic water inrush disasters in many coalmines in Northern China. It is widely recognized that seepage mutation induced by the migration/loss of KCP fillings (highly broken rocks filling the fractured rocks) happens during occurrence of the KCP-related water inrush. However, roles of fluid path (mining-induced fracture) scale and KCP filling porosity in seepage mutation evolution remain unclear. Here, we conducted seepage tests on natural KCP fillings containing rock particles of different sizes. The filling specimens were deformed to different porosities from 14 to 26% through axial compression, and small to large fluid paths were simulated by seepage plates with distinct pore sizes from 2.5 to 12.5 mm. We found that seepage mutation occurs with significant permeability enhancement by 2 orders of magnitude under a pore diameter of 12.5 mm and a specimen porosity of 26%. There is a strong linear relationship between specimen permeability and Reynolds number (Re) over seepage mutation. The mutation is caused by the sudden collapse of the specimen skeleton and subsequent quick outflow of the particles. Therefore, it is inferred that the KCP-related water inrush is more likely to happen when highly porous KCP fillings are present and mining-induced fractures are well developed.},
}

@article {pmid37787128,
year = {2023},
author = {Duraes, ADS and Gezelter, JD},
title = {A theory of pitch for the hydrodynamic properties of molecules, helices, and achiral swimmers at low Reynolds number.},
journal = {The Journal of chemical physics},
volume = {159},
number = {13},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1063/5.0152546},
pmid = {37787128},
issn = {1089-7690},
abstract = {We present a theory for pitch, a matrix property that is linked to the coupling of rotational and translational motion of rigid bodies at low Reynolds numbers. The pitch matrix is a geometric property of objects in contact with a surrounding fluid, and it can be decomposed into three principal axes of pitch and their associated moments of pitch. The moments of pitch predict the translational motion in a direction parallel to each pitch axis when the object is rotated around that axis and can be used to explain translational drift, particularly for rotating helices. We also provide a symmetrized boundary element model for blocks of the resistance tensor, allowing calculation of the pitch matrix for arbitrary rigid bodies. We analyze a range of chiral objects, including chiral molecules and helices. Chiral objects with a Cn symmetry axis with n > 2 show additional symmetries in their pitch matrices. We also show that some achiral objects have non-vanishing pitch matrices, and we use this result to explain recent observations of achiral microswimmers. We also discuss the small but non-zero pitch of Lord Kelvin's isotropic helicoid.},
}

@article {pmid37774714,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhu, Q},
title = {Locomotion performance of an axisymmetric 'flapping fin'.},
journal = {Bioinspiration & biomimetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1748-3190/acfeb9},
pmid = {37774714},
issn = {1748-3190},
abstract = {Inspired by the jet-propulsion mechanism of aquatic creatures such as sea salps, a novel locomotion system based on an axisymmetric body design is proposed. This system consists of an empty tube with two ends open. When the diameters of the front and back openings are changed periodically, the forward-backward symmetry is broken so that the system starts swimming. Viewed within a cross section, this system resembles a two-dimensional flapping fin with its leading edge located at the front opening and the trailing edge at the back opening. The feasibility of this system has been proven via numerical simulations using a fluid-structure interaction model based on the immersed-boundary framework. According to the results, at relatively low Reynolds number (O(100)), this simple locomotion method can easily achieve a mean swimming speed of 2 to 3 body lengthes per deformation period. Further simulations illustrate the following characteristics: 1) Within the chamber, the hydrodynamic interactions among different parts of the body leads to a performance-enhancing mechanism similar to the ground effect; 2) Reducing the diameter of the body can strengthen this effect so that both the swimming speed and the energy efficiency are improved; 3) For better performance the amplitude of diameter oscillation at the trailing edge should be larger or at least equal to the one at the leading edge. .},
}

@article {pmid37763958,
year = {2023},
author = {Juraeva, M and Kang, DJ},
title = {Design and Mixing Analysis of a Passive Micromixer Based on Curly Baffles.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/mi14091795},
pmid = {37763958},
issn = {2072-666X},
support = {Daedong2023//Daedong Heavy Industry/ ; },
abstract = {A novel passive micromixer based on curly baffles is proposed and optimized through the signal-to-noise analysis of various design parameters. The mixing performance of the proposed design was evaluated across a wide Reynolds number range, from 0.1 to 80. Through the analysis, the most influential parameter was identified, and its value was found to be constant regardless of the mixing mechanism. The optimized design, refined using the signal-to-noise analysis, demonstrated a significant enhancement of mixing performance, particularly in the low Reynolds number range (Re< 10). The design set obtained at the diffusion dominance range shows the highest degree of mixing (DOM) in the low Reynolds number range of Re< 10, while the design set optimized for the convection dominance range exhibited the least pressure drop across the entire Reynolds number spectrum (Re< 80). The present design approach proved to be a practical tool for identifying the most influential design parameter and achieving excellent mixing and pressure drop characteristics. The enhancement is mainly due to the curvature of the most influential design parameter.},
}

@article {pmid37757685,
year = {2023},
author = {Jafari, E and Malayeri, MR and Brückner, H and Weimer, T and Krebs, P},
title = {Innovative spiral electrode configuration for enhancement of electrocoagulation-flotation.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {347},
number = {},
pages = {119085},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119085},
pmid = {37757685},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The performance of electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) process can profoundly be affected by the reactor design and electrode configuration. These may, in turn, influence the removal efficiency, flow hydrodynamic, floc formation, and flotation/settling characteristics. The present work aimed at developing a new spiral electrode configuration to enhance the ECF process. To do so, the impacts of parameters such as energy consumption, removal efficiency of the contaminants from industrial wastewater with a composition of turbidity, emulsified oil, and heavy metals (Si, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Cd), as well as stirring speed and foaming have been investigated. Comparison was also made between the experimental results of the new electrode configuration with the conventional rectangular cell with plate electrode configuration with the same volume and electrode surface area. The findings revealed that energy consumption of the spiral electrode configuration within the operating times of 10, 20, 30, 32, 48, and 70 min, was approximately 20% lower compared to that of the conventional ECF. Moreover, the maximum and minimum removal efficiency of 97% and 60% were obtained for turbidity and TOC for the stirring speed of 500 rpm and Reynolds number of 10,035, respectively. Finally, the formed gas bubbles tilted toward the center due to the enhanced flow hydrodynamic which resulted in substantial reduction of foam formation.},
}

@article {pmid37756554,
year = {2023},
author = {Rajendran, S and Jog, MA and Manglik, RM},
title = {Predicting the Splash of a Drop Impacting a Thin Liquid Film.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02185},
pmid = {37756554},
issn = {1520-5827},
abstract = {An experimental study is carried out to investigate droplet-film interactions when a drop impinges on a thin stagnant film of the same liquid. The impacting drop causes either liquid deposition or splash, consisting of prompt generation of secondary drops or a delayed process. By varying the drop diameter and impact velocity, measurements are made to characterize the phenomena using five different liquids that are chosen to cover a wide range of liquid properties (viscosity and surface tension). The drop impact dynamics are captured with a high-speed digital camera with real-time, high-resolution image processing. The drop-splash threshold is found to scale with inertial and viscous forces, or Reynolds number (Re), as well as capillary forces, as described by the balance of gravitational and interfacial tension forces, or Bond number (Bo); fluid properties are described by their Morton number (Mo). A correlation, functionally expressed as Re = ϕ(Bo,Mo), is devised to determine the splash/no-splash (or deposition) boundary, and the predictions for the splash/no-splash outcomes agree well with the experimental outcomes as well as those readily available in the literature.},
}

@article {pmid37756336,
year = {2023},
author = {Hickey, DJ and Golestanian, R and Vilfan, A},
title = {Nonreciprocal interactions give rise to fast cilium synchronization in finite systems.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {40},
pages = {e2307279120},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2307279120},
pmid = {37756336},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {//Max Planck Society/ ; P1-0099//Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (ARRS)/ ; },
abstract = {Motile cilia beat in an asymmetric fashion in order to propel the surrounding fluid. When many cilia are located on a surface, their beating can synchronize such that their phases form metachronal waves. Here, we computationally study a model where each cilium is represented as a spherical particle, moving along a tilted trajectory with a position-dependent active driving force and a position-dependent internal drag coefficient. The model thus takes into account all the essential broken symmetries of the ciliary beat. We show that taking into account the near-field hydrodynamic interactions, the effective coupling between cilia even over an entire beating cycle can become nonreciprocal: The phase of a cilium is more strongly affected by an adjacent cilium on one side than by a cilium at the same distance in the opposite direction. As a result, synchronization starts from a seed at the edge of a group of cilia and propagates rapidly across the system, leading to a synchronization time that scales proportionally to the linear dimension of the system. We show that a ciliary carpet is characterized by three different velocities: the velocity of fluid transport, the phase velocity of metachronal waves, and the group velocity of order propagation. Unlike in systems with reciprocal coupling, boundary effects are not detrimental for synchronization, but rather enable the formation of the initial seed.},
}

@article {pmid37749273,
year = {2023},
author = {Younis, O and Abderrahmane, A and Hatami, M and Mourad, A and Guedri, K},
title = {Nanoencapsulated phase change material in a trapezoidal prism wall under the magnetic field effect for energy storage purposes.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {16060},
pmid = {37749273},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Recently, Nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCM) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising application in thermal management. This research investigates magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection of NEPCM contained within a lid-driven trapezoidal prism enclosure containing a hot-centered elliptical obstacle. The upper cavity wall is moving at a constant velocity; both inclined walls are cold, while the rest of the walls are insulated. The Galerkin Finite Element Method was used to solve the system's governing equations. The influence of Reynolds number (Re 1-500), Hartmann number (Ha = 0-100), NEPCM volumetric fraction φ (0-8%), and elliptical obstacle orientation α (0-3π/4) on thermal fields and flow patterns are introduced and analyzed. The results indicated that the maximum heat transfer rate is observed when the hot elliptic obstacle is oriented at 90°; an increment of 6% in the Nu number is obtained in this orientation compared to other orientations. Reducing Ha from 100 to 0 increased Nu by 14%. The Maximum value of the Bejan number was observed for the case of Ha = 0, α = 90° and φ = 0.08.},
}

@article {pmid37749138,
year = {2023},
author = {Abd-Alla, AM and Abo-Dahab, SM and Abdelhafez, MA and Elmhedy, Y},
title = {Effect of heat and mass transfer on the nanofluid of peristaltic flow in a ciliated tube.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {16008},
pmid = {37749138},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The current work focuses attention on discussing the peristaltic flow of Rabinowitsch nanofluid through ciliated tube. This technical study analyzes heat and mass transfer effects on the flow of a peristaltic flow, incompressible, nanofluid via a ciliated tube. The governing non-linear partial differential equations representing the flow model are transmuted into linear ones by employing the appropriate non-dimensional parameters under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The flow is examined in wave frame of reference moving with the velocity [Formula: see text]. The governing equations have been solved to determine velocity, temperature, concentration, the pressure gradient, pressure rise and the friction force. Using MATLAB R2023a software, a parametric analysis is performed, and the resulting data is represented graphically. The results indicate that the various emerging parameters of interest significantly affect the nanofluid properties within the tube. The present study enhances the comprehension of nanofluid dynamics in tube and offers valuable insights into the influence of heat and mass transfer in such setups. Convective heat transfer is found to be greater at the boundaries resulting in decreased temperature there.},
}

@article {pmid37749119,
year = {2023},
author = {Abbas, N and Shatanawi, W and Hasan, F and Mustafa, Z},
title = {Thermodynamic flow of radiative induced magneto modified Maxwell Sutterby fluid model at stretching sheet/cylinder.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {16002},
pmid = {37749119},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {A steady flow of Maxwell Sutterby fluid is considered over a stretchable cylinder. The magnetic Reynolds number is considered very high and induced magnetic and electric fields are applied on the fluid flow. Joule heating and radiation impacts are studied under the temperature-dependent properties of the liquid. Having the above assumptions, the mathematical model has been evolving via differential equations. The differential equations are renovated in the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations using the appropriate transformations. The numerical results have been developed employing numerical techniques on the ordinary differential equations. The impact of involving physical factors on velocity, induced magneto hydrodynamic, and temperature function is debated in graphical and tabular form. The velocity profile is boosted by thicker momentum boundary layers, which are caused by higher values of the magnetic field factor. So, the fluid flow becomes higher velocity due to enlarging values of the magnetic field factor. Heat transfer factor and friction at surface factor boosted up for increment of [Formula: see text] (Magnetic field factor). The [Formula: see text](Magnetic field factor) is larger which better-quality of heat transfer at surface and also offered the results of friction factor boosting up in both cases of stretching sheet/cylinder. The [Formula: see text](Magnetic Prandtl number) increased which provided better-quality of heat transfer at surface.},
}

@article {pmid37741030,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, Z and Sedighi, M},
title = {Dispersion properties of nanoplastic spheres in granular media at low Reynolds numbers.},
journal = {Journal of contaminant hydrology},
volume = {259},
number = {},
pages = {104244},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104244},
pmid = {37741030},
issn = {1873-6009},
abstract = {Nanoplastic particles (<1 μm) are among the contaminants of emerging concern, and compared to microplastic (<5 mm), our understanding of the transport and fate of nanoplastic in water, sediments and soil is very limited. This paper focuses on developing fundamental insight into the dispersion behaviour (sum of hydrodynamic dispersion and diffusion) of nanoplastic spheres, which are likely the most mobile shape of nanoplastic. We measured the dispersion coefficient and dispersivity of nanoplastic spheres (100 nm, 300 nm and 1000 nm diameter) in granular media with a range of pore sizes. We investigated the mechanisms that control the behaviour at low Reynolds number (smaller than 2), relevant to the dispersion of nanoplastic across the riparian area at water velocities of the common river and shallow groundwater. The measured dispersion coefficients were compared with the predictions by two commonly used models. The results show that there are significant differences between measurements and predictions for the case of colloidal size nanoplastics (MAPE>100%). The retarded dispersion caused by the size-exclusion effect was observed to be important in the case of 1.7 mm and 0.4 mm granular media for 300 nm and 1000 nm nanoplastics, reducing the dispersivity and sensitivity to Reynolds number. The methodology in this paper can be adopted in studies on other sizes and shapes of nanoplastic, assisting with predicting the transport and fate of nanoplastic granular media.},
}

@article {pmid37723692,
year = {2023},
author = {Mamori, H and Nabae, Y and Fukuda, S and Gotoda, H},
title = {Dynamic state of low-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {108},
number = {2-2},
pages = {025105},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.025105},
pmid = {37723692},
issn = {2470-0053},
abstract = {We numerically study the dynamic state of a low-Reynolds-number turbulent channel flow from the viewpoints of symbolic dynamics and nonlinear forecasting. A low-dimensionally (high-dimensionally) chaotic state of the streamwise velocity fluctuations emerges at a viscous sublayer (logarithmic layer). The possible presence of the chaotic states is clearly identified by orbital instability-based nonlinear forecasting and ordinal partition transition network entropy in combination with the surrogate data method.},
}

@article {pmid37690262,
year = {2023},
author = {Dong, B and Guo, Y and Yang, J and Yang, X and Wang, L and Huang, D},
title = {Turbulence induced shear controllable synthesis of nano FePO4 irregularly-shaped particles in a counter impinging jet flow T-junction reactor assisted by ultrasound irradiation.},
journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry},
volume = {99},
number = {},
pages = {106590},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106590},
pmid = {37690262},
issn = {1873-2828},
abstract = {FePO4 (FP) particles with a mesoporous structure amalgamated by nanoscale primary crystals were controllably prepared using an ultrasound-intensified turbulence T-junction microreactor (UTISR). The use of this type of reaction system can effectively enhance the micro-mixing and remarkably improve the mass transfer and chemical reaction rates. Consequently, the synergistic effects of the impinging streams and ultrasonic irradiation on the formation of mesoporous structure of FP nanoparticles have been systematically investigated through experimental validation and CFD simulation. The results revealed that the FP particles with a mesoporous structure can be well synthesised by precisely controlling the operation parameters by applying ultrasound irradiation with the input power in the range of 0-900 W and the impinging stream volumetric flow rate in the range of 17.15-257.22 mL·min[-1]. The findings obtained from the experimental observation and CFD modelling has clearly indicated that there exists a strong correlation between the particle size, morphology, and the local turbulence shear. The application of ultrasonic irradiation can effectively intensify the local turbulence shear in the reactor even at low Reynolds number based on the impinging stream diameter (Re < 2000), leading to an effective reduction in the particle size (from 273.48 to 56.1 nm) and an increase in the specific surface area (from 21.97 to 114.97 m[2]·g[-1]) of FP samples. The FPirregularly-shaped particles prepared by UTISR exhibited a mesoporous structure with a particle size of 56.10 nm, a specific surface area of 114.97 m[2]·g[-1]and a total pore adsorption volume of 0.570 cm[3]·g[-1] when the volumetric flow rate and ultrasound power are 85.74 mL·min[-1]and 600 W, respectively.},
}

@article {pmid37689862,
year = {2023},
author = {Fuciños, C and Rodríguez-Sanz, A and García-Caamaño, E and Gerbino, E and Torrado, A and Gómez-Zavaglia, A and Rúa, ML},
title = {Microfluidics potential for developing food-grade microstructures through emulsification processes and their application.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {172},
number = {},
pages = {113086},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113086},
pmid = {37689862},
issn = {1873-7145},
abstract = {The food sector continues to face challenges in developing techniques to increase the bioavailability of bioactive chemicals. Utilising microstructures capable of encapsulating diverse compounds has been proposed as a technological solution for their transport both in food and into the gastrointestinal tract. The present review discusses the primary elements that influence the emulsification process in microfluidic systems to form different microstructures for food applications. In microfluidic systems, reactions occur within small reaction channels (1-1000 μm), using small amounts of samples and reactants, ca. 102-103 times less than conventional assays. This geometry provides several advantages for emulsion and encapsulating structure production, like less waste generation, lower cost and gentle assays. Also, from a food application perspective, it allows the decrease in particle dispersion, resulting in a highly repeatable and efficient synthesis method that also improves the palatability of the food products into which the encapsulates are incorporated. However, it also entails some particular requirements. It is important to obtain a low Reynolds number (Re < approx. 250) for greater precision in droplet formation. Also, microfluidics requires fluid viscosity typically between 0.3 and 1400 mPa s at 20 °C. So, it is a challenge to find food-grade fluids that can operate at the micro-scale of these systems. Microfluidic systems can be used to synthesise different food-grade microstructures: microemulsions, solid lipid microparticles, microgels, or self-assembled structures like liposomes, niosomes, or polymersomes. Besides, microfluidics is particularly useful for accurately encapsulating bacterial cells to control their delivery and release on the action site. However, despite the significant advancement in these systems' development over the past several years, developing and implementing these systems on an industrial scale remains challenging for the food industry.},
}

@article {pmid37676785,
year = {2023},
author = {Giurgiu, V and Caridi, GCA and Alipour, M and De Paoli, M and Soldati, A},
title = {The TU Wien Turbulent Water Channel: Flow control loop and three-dimensional reconstruction of anisotropic particle dynamics.},
journal = {The Review of scientific instruments},
volume = {94},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1063/5.0157490},
pmid = {37676785},
issn = {1089-7623},
abstract = {A horizontal water channel facility was built to study particle dynamics in a turbulent flow. The channel is sufficiently long to produce fully developed turbulence at the test section, and the width-to-height ratio is sufficiently large to avoid the sidewall effect for a large proportion of the cross-section. The system was designed to study the dynamics of complex-shaped particles in wall-bounded turbulence, the characteristics of which can be finely controlled. A maximum bulk velocity of up to 0.8 m s-1 can be achieved, corresponding to a bulk Reynolds number of up to 7 × 104 (shear Reynolds number ≈1580), and flow parameters can be controlled within ±0.1%. The transparent channel design and aluminum structures allow easy optical access, which enables multiple laser and camera arrangements. With the current optical setup, a measurement volume of up to 54 × 14 × 54 mm3 can be imaged and reconstructed with six cameras from the top, bottom, and sides of the channel. Finally, the in-house developed reconstruction and tracking procedure allows us to measure the full motion of complex objects (i.e., shape reconstruction, translational, and rotational motions), and in this instance, it is applied to the case of microscopic, non-isotropic polyamide fibers.},
}

@article {pmid37663493,
year = {2023},
author = {Zheng, Y and Min, F and Zhu, H},
title = {Study on the Classification Performance of a Novel Wide-Neck Classifier.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {8},
number = {34},
pages = {31237-31245},
pmid = {37663493},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {A novelty-designed wide-neck classifier (WNC) was proposed to enhance the passing ability and classification efficiency of fine particles. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), we studied the flow field and velocity distribution in the newly designed WNC. The velocity of the fluid gradually decreased from the wall to the center and from the cylinder to the cone, which facilitates particle classification and thickening. The Reynolds number (Re) and turbulent intensity (I) inside the WNC were discussed. The turbulent intensity increased with increasing feed velocity and overflow outlet diameter and decreased with increasing feed concentration and spigot diameter. The classification of coal slurry was performed to analyze the performance of WNC. The classification efficiency increased with increasing feed velocity but decreased as the feed concentration, spigot diameter, and overflow outlet diameter increased. The predictive models for classification efficiency influenced by the operational and structural parameters were constructed at high correlation coefficients, and the average error of these models was analyzed at 0.28%. Our results can provide valuable insights into the development of mineral classification.},
}

@article {pmid37663238,
year = {2022},
author = {Beaver, LE and Wu, B and Das, S and Malikopoulos, AA},
title = {A First-Order Approach to Model Simultaneous Control of Multiple Microrobots.},
journal = {... International Conference on Manipulation Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS). International Conference on Manipulation Automation and Robotics at Small Scales},
volume = {2022},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37663238},
abstract = {The control of swarm systems is relatively well understood for simple robotic platforms at the macro scale. However, there are still several unanswered questions about how similar results can be achieved for microrobots. In this paper, we propose a modeling framework based on a dynamic model of magnetized self-propelling Janus microrobots under a global magnetic field. We verify our model experimentally and provide methods that can aim at accurately describing the behavior of microrobots while modeling their simultaneous control. The model can be generalized to other microrobotic platforms in low Reynolds number environments.},
}

@article {pmid37660186,
year = {2023},
author = {Mishra, NK and Sharma, BK and Sharma, P and Muhammad, T and Pérez, LM},
title = {Entropy generation optimization of cilia regulated MHD ternary hybrid Jeffery nanofluid with Arrhenius activation energy and induced magnetic field.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {14483},
pmid = {37660186},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {SA77210040//Convocatoria Nacional Subvención a Instalación en la Academia Convocatoria Año 2021/ ; },
abstract = {This study deals with the entropy generation analysis of synthetic cilia using a ternary hybrid nanofluid (Al-Cu-Fe2O3/Blood) flow through an inclined channel. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of entropy generation optimization, heat, and mass transfer on ternary hybrid nanofluid passing through an inclined channel in the proximity of the induced magnetic field. The novelty of the current study is present in studying the combined effect of viscous dissipation, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, exponential heat sink/source, porous medium, endothermic-exothermic chemical reactions, and activation energy in the proximity of induced magnetic field is examined. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate transformations. Applying the low Reynolds number and the long-wavelength approximation, resultant ODEs are numerically solved using shooting technique via BVP5C in MATLAB. The velocity, temperature, concentration, and induced magnetism profiles are visually discussed and graphically analyzed for various fluid flow parameters. Graphical analysis of physical interest quantities like mass transfer rate, heat transfer rate, entropy generation optimization, and skin friction coefficient are also graphically discussed. The entropy generation improves for enhancing values of Reynolds number, solutal Grashof number, heat sink/source parameter, Brinkman number, magnetic Prandtl number, and endothermic-exothermic reaction parameter while the reverse effect is noticed for chemical reaction and induced magnetic field parameter. The findings of this study can be applied to enhance heat transfer efficiency in biomedical devices, optimizing cooling systems, designing efficient energy conversion processes, and spanning from renewable energy technologies to aerospace propulsion systems.},
}

@article {pmid37659126,
year = {2023},
author = {Adeyemi, I and Meribout, M and Khezzar, L and Kharoua, N and AlHammadi, K and Tiwari, V},
title = {Experimental and numerical analysis of the emulsification of oil droplets in water with high frequency focused ultrasound.},
journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry},
volume = {99},
number = {},
pages = {106566},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106566},
pmid = {37659126},
issn = {1873-2828},
abstract = {Focused high frequency ultrasound emulsification provides significant benefits such as enhanced stability, finer droplets, elevated focal pressure, lowered power usage, minimal surfactant usage and improved dispersion. Hence, in this study, the high frequency focused ultrasound emulsification of oil droplets in water was investigated through experiments and numerical modeling. The effect of transducer power (74-400 W), frequency (1.1 and 3.3 MHz), oil viscosity (10.6-512 mPas), interfacial tension (25-250 mN/m) and initial droplet radius (10-750 µm) on the emulsification process was assessed. In addition, the mechanism of droplet break-up was examined. The experiments showed that the acoustic pressure increased from 9.01 MPa to 26.24 MPa as the power was raised from 74 W to 400 W. At 74 W, the Weber number (We) at the surface and focal zone are 0.5 and 939.8, respectively. However, at 400 W, the We at the transducer surface and focal region reached 2.7 and 6451.8, respectively. Thus, bulb-like and weak catastrophic break up dominates the emulsification at 74 W. The catastrophic break up at 400 W is more vigorous because the ultrasound disruptive stress and We are higher. The time for the catastrophic dispersion of a single droplet at We = 939.8 and We = 6451.8 are 1.01 ms and 0.45 ms, respectively. The numerical model gives reasonable prediction of the trend and magnitude of the experimental acoustic pressure data. The surface and focal pressure amplitudes were estimated with errors of ∼ 6.5% and ∼ 10%, respectively. The predicted Reynolds number (Re) between 74 and 400 W were 8442 and 21364, respectively. The acoustic pressure at the focal region were ∼ 26 MPa and ∼ 69 MPa at frequencies of 1.1 MHz and 3.3 MHz, respectively. Moreover, the acoustic velocities were ∼ 16 m/s and ∼ 42 m/s at 1.1 MHz and 3.3 MHz, respectively. Hence, smaller droplets could be attained at higher frequency excitation under intense catastrophic modes. The Ohnesorge number (Oh) increased from 0.062 to 3.12 with the viscosity between 10.6 mPas and 530 mPas. However, the We remained constant at 856.14 for the studied range. Generally, higher critical We is required for the different breakup stages as the viscosity ratio is elevated. Moreover, the We increased from 25.68 to 1284.22 as the droplet radius was elevated from 15 to 750 µm. Larger droplets allow for higher possibility and intensity of breakup due to diminished viscous and interfacial resistance.},
}

@article {pmid37655637,
year = {2023},
author = {Gladman, NW and Askew, GN},
title = {The hydrodynamics of jet propulsion swimming in hatchling and juvenile European common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, Linnaeus (1758).},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.246225},
pmid = {37655637},
issn = {1477-9145},
abstract = {Cuttlefish swim using jet propulsion, taking a small volume of fluid into the mantle cavity before it is expelled through the siphon to generate thrust. Jet propulsion swimming has been shown to be more metabolically expensive than undulatory swimming, which has been suggested to be due to the lower efficiency of jet propulsion. The whole cycle propulsive efficiency of cephalopod molluscs ranges from 38-76%, indicating that in some instances jet propulsion can be relatively efficient. Here, we determined the hydrodynamics of hatchling and juvenile cuttlefish during jet propulsion swimming to understand the characteristics of their jets, and whether their whole cycle propulsive efficiency changes during development. Cuttlefish were found to utilise two jet types: isolated jet vortices (termed jet mode I) and elongated jets (leading edge vortex ring followed by a trailing jet; termed jet mode II). The use of these jet modes differed between the age classes, with newly hatched animals nearly exclusively utilising mode I jets, while juveniles showed no strong preferences. Whole cycle propulsive efficiency was found to be high, ranging from 72-80%, and did not differ between age-classes. During development, Strouhal number decreased as Reynolds number increased, which is consistent with animals adjusting their jetting behaviour in order to maximise whole cycle propulsive efficiency and locomotor performance. While jet propulsion swimming can have a relatively high energetic cost, in cuttlefish and nautilus, both neutrally buoyant species, the whole cycle propulsive efficiency is actually relatively high.},
}

@article {pmid37651341,
year = {2023},
author = {Sun, B and Zheng, W and Tong, A and Di, D and Li, Z},
title = {Prediction of the roughness coefficient for drainage pipelines with sediments using GA-BPNN.},
journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},
volume = {88},
number = {4},
pages = {1111-1130},
doi = {10.2166/wst.2023.249},
pmid = {37651341},
issn = {0273-1223},
abstract = {Accurate prediction of the roughness coefficient of sediment-containing drainage pipes can help engineers optimize urban drainage systems. In this paper, the variation of the roughness coefficient of circular drainage pipes containing different thicknesses of sediments under different flows and slopes was studied by experimental measurements. Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation Neural Network (GA-BPNN) were used to predict the roughness coefficient. To explore the potential of artificial neural networks to predict the roughness coefficient, a formula based on drag segmentation was established to calculate the roughness coefficient. The results show that the variation trend of the roughness coefficient with flow, hydraulic radius, and Reynolds number is consistent. With the increase of the three parameters, the roughness coefficient decreases overall. Compared to the traditional empirical formula, the BPNN model and the GA-BPNN model increased the determination factors in the testing stage by 3.47 and 3.99%, respectively, and reduced the mean absolute errors by 41.18 and 47.06%, respectively. The study provides an intelligent method for accurate prediction of sediment-containing drainage pipes roughness coefficient.},
}

@article {pmid37646074,
year = {2023},
author = {Pandian, SK and Broom, M and Balzan, M and Willmott, GR},
title = {Influence of rheology and micropatterns on spreading, retraction and fingering of an impacting drop.},
journal = {Soft matter},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d3sm00944k},
pmid = {37646074},
issn = {1744-6848},
abstract = {Rheology and surface microstructure affect many drop impact processes, including in emerging printing and patterning applications. This study reports on experiments systematically addressing the influence of these parameters on drop impacts. The experiments involved drop impacts of water, glycerol, and shear-thinning carbopol solutions on ten different microstructured surfaces, captured using high-speed photography. The impact Weber number (We) was varied from 70 to 350, and the microstructures consisted of 20 μm wide pillars with circular and square cross sections arranged in square arrays. The data focus on maximum spreading, retraction rates, threshold conditions for asymmetric (non-circular) spreading, and fingers protruding from the spreading rim. The extent of spreading was reduced by the presence of micropillars, and was well-explained using a hybrid scaling model. The drop retraction rate ((?)) showed moderate agreement with the inertial regime scaling (?) ∝ We[-0.50], but did decrease with effective viscosity. Retraction was slower when the contact line was pinned on surfaces that were flat or had relatively tall or closely-spaced pillars, and was disrupted by drop break-up at We ≳ 250 for low-viscosity fluids. Impact velocities at the onset of asymmetric spreading had weak dependence on viscosity. Fingers were more numerous for greater We, lower effective viscosity, lower pillar height, and for pillars with square cross-sections. Fingers were favoured in directions parallel to the rows of the pillar array, especially near the onset of finger formation. Consistent comparisons between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were enabled by calculating an effective Reynolds number.},
}

@article {pmid37631640,
year = {2023},
author = {Gao, S and Rui, X and Zeng, X and Zhou, J},
title = {EWOD Chip with Micro-Barrier Electrode for Simultaneous Enhanced Mixing during Transportation.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {23},
number = {16},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/s23167102},
pmid = {37631640},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {62274039//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Digital microfluidic platforms have been extensively studied in biology. However, achieving efficient mixing of macromolecules in microscale, low Reynolds number fluids remains a major challenge. To address this challenge, this study presents a novel design solution based on dielectric electro-wetting (EWOD) by optimizing the geometry of the transport electrode. The new design integrates micro-barriers on the electrodes to generate vortex currents that promote mixing during droplet transport. This design solution requires only two activation signals, minimizing the number of pins required. The mixing performance of the new design was evaluated by analyzing the degree of mixing inside the droplet and quantifying the motion of the internal particles. In addition, the rapid mixing capability of the new platform was demonstrated by successfully mixing the sorbitol solution with the detection solution and detecting the resulting reaction products. The experimental results show that the transfer electrode with a micro-barrier enables rapid mixing of liquids with a six-fold increase in mixing efficiency, making it ideal for the development of EWOD devices.},
}

@article {pmid37630135,
year = {2023},
author = {Fu, Q and Liu, Z and Cao, S and Wang, Z and Liu, G},
title = {Topology-Optimized Micromixer Design with Enhanced Reverse Flow to Increase Mixing Efficiency.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/mi14081599},
pmid = {37630135},
issn = {2072-666X},
abstract = {In this work, a serpentine mixing unit model based on topology optimization is proposed to enhance the reverse flow in both horizontal and vertical directions. The increase in reverse flow in both directions can enhance the chaotic advection phenomenon, leading to a rapid increase in the mixing index. The proposed mixing unit model is applied in a T-shaped micromixer to create a new micromixer design, named TOD. Numerical simulations of TOD are performed using Comsol Multiphysics software to analyze the characteristics of the liquid flow, mixing surface, and pressure drop. The simulation results confirm that TOD has an outstanding mixing performance. By widening the surface area of contact and enhancing the chaotic advection phenomenon, TOD shows an excellent mixing performance at both a high and low Reynolds number, making it a promising micromixer design. For Re > 5, the mixing indexes of TOD are all beyond 90%.},
}

@article {pmid37630030,
year = {2023},
author = {Knüppel, F and Sun, A and Wurm, FH and Hussong, J and Torner, B},
title = {Effect of Particle Migration on the Stress Field in Microfluidic Flows of Blood Analog Fluids at High Reynolds Numbers.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/mi14081494},
pmid = {37630030},
issn = {2072-666X},
support = {469384587//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {In the present paper, we investigate how the reductions in shear stresses and pressure losses in microfluidic gaps are directly linked to the local characteristics of cell-free layers (CFLs) at channel Reynolds numbers relevant to ventricular assist device (VAD) applications. For this, detailed studies of local particle distributions of a particulate blood analog fluid are combined with wall shear stress and pressure loss measurements in two complementary set-ups with identical flow geometry, bulk Reynolds numbers and particle Reynolds numbers. For all investigated particle volume fractions of up to 5%, reductions in the stress and pressure loss were measured in comparison to a flow of an equivalent homogeneous fluid (without particles). We could explain this due to the formation of a CFL ranging from 10 to 20 μm. Variations in the channel Reynolds number between Re = 50 and 150 did not lead to measurable changes in CFL heights or stress reductions for all investigated particle volume fractions. These measurements were used to describe the complete chain of how CFL formation leads to a stress reduction, which reduces the apparent viscosity of the suspension and results in the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect. This chain of causes was investigated for the first time for flows with high Reynolds numbers (Re∼100), representing a flow regime which can be found in the narrow gaps of a VAD.},
}

@article {pmid37622989,
year = {2023},
author = {Gojon, R and Parisot-Dupuis, H and Mellot, B and Jardin, T},
title = {Aeroacoustic radiation of low Reynolds number rotors in interaction with beams.},
journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
volume = {154},
number = {2},
pages = {1248-1260},
doi = {10.1121/10.0020672},
pmid = {37622989},
issn = {1520-8524},
abstract = {The radiation characteristics of rotor-beam interaction noise are studied experimentally for low Reynolds number small-scale rotors in interaction with beams of different shapes, sizes, and downstream positions. The number of blades ranges from two to four. For the two-bladed rotor, the presence of the beam has no effect on the mean aerodynamic performance. Moreover, the blade passing frequency (BPF) and the high frequency broadband noise (BBN) appear not to be affected by the presence of the beam. On the contrary, the magnitude of the 2×BPF-25×BPF harmonics increases up to 30 dB compared to the case without beam, with an envelope consisting of two humps: one centered around 5×BPF and another around 20×BPF-25×BPF. For the first hump, a dipole-like pattern with minimal amplitude aligned with the beam can be observed, whereas another dipole-like pattern is observed for the higher frequency hump, but with a minimal amplitude over all the rotor disk plane. Compared to the two-bladed rotor, the presence of the beam has an effect on the mean aerodynamic performance of the three- and four-bladed rotors, increasing both the torque and the thrust at iso-rotational speed. This change leads to a change in the directivity of the BPF tone that decreases at a latitude angle of θ=0° and increases at a latitude angle of θ=40°. Moreover, the same two competing humps are observed on the BPF harmonics envelope. Interestingly, the frequency range over which an amplification of the harmonic magnitude is observed seems not to be influenced by the number of blades. Finally, the magnitude of the low frequency hump increases with the beam diameter, the rotational speed, and the number of blades but decreases with the rotor-beam distance. That of the high frequency hump increases also with the rotational speed and the number of blades, but not anymore with the beam diameter, and reaches a maximum value when the rotor-beam distance is at an intermediate distance of L = 25 mm. This hump is also influenced, to a lesser extent, by the shape of the beam. The two different evolutions permit us to conclude that the noise generation mechanisms leading to the two humps must be different. Scaling laws of the acoustical energy are derived for all those parameters. As already done for previous experiments without beam, all of the results are made available as an open database, at https://dataverse.isae-supaero.fr/.},
}

@article {pmid37611057,
year = {2023},
author = {Cui, Z and Wang, Y and Zhang, S and Wang, T and den Toonder, JMJ},
title = {Miniaturized metachronal magnetic artificial cilia.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {35},
pages = {e2304519120},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2304519120},
pmid = {37611057},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 833214//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; },
abstract = {Biological cilia, hairlike organelles on cell surfaces, often exhibit collective wavelike motion known as metachrony, which helps generating fluid flow. Inspired by nature, researchers have developed artificial cilia as microfluidic actuators, exploring several methods to mimic the metachrony. However, reported methods are difficult to miniaturize because they require either control of individual cilia properties or the generation of a complex external magnetic field. We introduce a concept that generates metachronal motion of magnetic artificial cilia (MAC), even though the MAC are all identical, and the applied external magnetic field is uniform. This is achieved by integrating a paramagnetic substructure in the substrate underneath the MAC. Uniquely, we can create both symplectic and antiplectic metachrony by changing the relative positions of MAC and substructure. We demonstrate the flow generation of the two metachronal motions in both high and low Reynolds number conditions. Our research marks a significant milestone by breaking the size limitation barrier in metachronal artificial cilia. This achievement not only showcases the potential of nature-inspired engineering but also opens up a host of exciting opportunities for designing and optimizing microsystems with enhanced fluid manipulation capabilities.},
}

@article {pmid37607926,
year = {2023},
author = {Barbhuiya, NH and Yodh, AG and Mishra, CK},
title = {Direction-dependent dynamics of colloidal particle pairs and the Stokes-Einstein relation in quasi-two-dimensional fluids.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {5109},
pmid = {37607926},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {Hydrodynamic interactions are important for diverse fluids, especially those with low Reynolds number such as microbial and particle-laden suspensions, and proteins diffusing in membranes. Unfortunately, while far-field (asymptotic) hydrodynamic interactions are fully understood in two- and three-dimensions, near-field interactions are not, and thus our understanding of motions in dense fluid suspensions is still lacking. In this contribution, we experimentally explore the hydrodynamic correlations between particles in quasi-two-dimensional colloidal fluids in the near-field. Surprisingly, the measured displacement and relaxation of particle pairs in the body frame exhibit direction-dependent dynamics that can be connected quantitatively to the measured near-field hydrodynamic interactions. These findings, in turn, suggest a mechanism for how and when hydrodynamics can lead to a breakdown of the ubiquitous Stokes-Einstein relation (SER). We observe this breakdown, and we show that the direction-dependent breakdown of the SER is ameliorated along directions where hydrodynamic correlations are smallest. In total, the work uncovers significant ramifications of near-field hydrodynamics on transport and dynamic restructuring of fluids in two-dimensions.},
}

@article {pmid37595246,
year = {2023},
author = {Bätge, T and Fouxon, I and Wilczek, M},
title = {Quantitative Prediction of Sling Events in Turbulence at High Reynolds Numbers.},
journal = {Physical review letters},
volume = {131},
number = {5},
pages = {054001},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.054001},
pmid = {37595246},
issn = {1079-7114},
abstract = {Collisional growth of droplets, such as occurring in warm clouds, is known to be significantly enhanced by turbulence. Whether particles collide depends on their flow history, in particular on their encounters with highly intermittent small-scale turbulent structures, which despite their rarity can dominate the overall collision rate. Here, we develop a quantitative criterion for sling events based on the velocity gradient history along particle paths. We show by a combination of theory and simulations that the problem reduces to a one-dimensional localization problem as encountered in condensed matter physics. The reduction demonstrates that the creation of slings is controlled by the minimal real eigenvalue of the velocity gradient tensor. We use fully resolved turbulence simulations to confirm our predictions and study their Stokes and Reynolds number dependence. We also discuss extrapolations to the parameter range relevant for typical cloud droplets, showing that sling events at high Reynolds numbers are enhanced by an order of magnitude for small Stokes numbers. Thus, intermittency could be a significant ingredient in the collisional growth of rain droplets.},
}

@article {pmid37585463,
year = {2023},
author = {Tian, Y and Woodward, M and Stepanov, M and Fryer, C and Hyett, C and Livescu, D and Chertkov, M},
title = {Lagrangian large eddy simulations via physics-informed machine learning.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {34},
pages = {e2213638120},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2213638120},
pmid = {37585463},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {20180059DR//DOE | NNSA | LDRD | Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)/ ; },
abstract = {High-Reynolds number homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) is fully described within the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations, which are notoriously difficult to solve numerically. Engineers, interested primarily in describing turbulence at a reduced range of resolved scales, have designed heuristics, known as large eddy simulation (LES). LES is described in terms of the temporally evolving Eulerian velocity field defined over a spatial grid with the mean-spacing correspondent to the resolved scale. This classic Eulerian LES depends on assumptions about effects of subgrid scales on the resolved scales. Here, we take an alternative approach and design LES heuristics stated in terms of Lagrangian particles moving with the flow. Our Lagrangian LES, thus L-LES, is described by equations generalizing the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics formulation with extended parametric and functional freedom, which is then resolved via Machine Learning training on Lagrangian data from direct numerical simulations of the NS equations. The L-LES model includes physics-informed parameterization and functional form, by combining physics-based parameters and physics-inspired Neural Networks to describe the evolution of turbulence within the resolved range of scales. The subgrid-scale contributions are modeled separately with physical constraints to account for the effects from unresolved scales. We build the resulting model under the differentiable programming framework to facilitate efficient training. We experiment with loss functions of different types, including physics-informed ones accounting for statistics of Lagrangian particles. We show that our L-LES model is capable of reproducing Eulerian and unique Lagrangian turbulence structures and statistics over a range of turbulent Mach numbers.},
}

@article {pmid37583155,
year = {2023},
author = {Keirsbulck, L and Cadot, O and Basley, J and Lippert, M},
title = {Base suction, entrainment flux, and wake modes in the vortex formation region at the rear of a three-dimensional blunt bluff body.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {108},
number = {1-2},
pages = {015101},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.015101},
pmid = {37583155},
issn = {2470-0053},
abstract = {A slitted base cavity of constant depth with a varying filling ratio 0≤R_{f}�
��100% is experimentally investigated to reduce the form drag of a three-dimensional blunt body (the so-called squareback Ahmed body) at a Reynolds number Re=2.89×10^{5}.
The drag reduction is achieved by a decrease of base suction (or, equivalently, the increase of pressure at the base). The plain cavity (R_{f}=
100%) reduces the base suction by 22% compared to the case with no cavity (R_{f}=
0). All intermediate filling ratio are obtained by the enlargement of the slits, initially having a zero width for the plain cavity case. It is shown that the gradual base suction change can be related to the level of the entrainment flux of the free shear layers developing from the rear separation and to the suppression of the transverse steady asymmetric instability of the wake. The model of the vortex formation region length of Gerrard [J. Fluid Mech. 25, 401 (1966)0022-112010.1017/S0022112066001721] is shown to provide an insightful interpretation of the drag reduction mechanism using ventilated base cavities.},
}

@article {pmid37583143,
year = {2023},
author = {Maji, M and Eswaran, KS and Ghosh, S and Seshasayanan, K and Shukla, V},
title = {Equivalence of nonequilibrium ensembles: Two-dimensional turbulence with a dual cascade.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {108},
number = {1-2},
pages = {015102},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.108.015102},
pmid = {37583143},
issn = {2470-0053},
abstract = {We examine the conjecture of equivalence of nonequilibrium ensembles for turbulent flows in two dimensions in a dual-cascade setup. We construct a formally time-reversible Navier-Stokes equation in two dimensions by imposing global constraints of energy and enstrophy conservation. A comparative study of the statistical properties of its solutions with those obtained from the standard Navier-Stokes equations clearly shows that a formally time-reversible system is able to reproduce the features of a two-dimensional turbulent flow. Statistical quantities based on one- and two-point measurements show an excellent agreement between the two systems for the inverse- and direct-cascade regions. Moreover, we find that the conjecture holds very well for two-dimensional turbulent flows with both conserved energy and enstrophy at finite Reynolds number.},
}

@article {pmid37576259,
year = {2023},
author = {Uwadoka, O and Adelaja, AO and Olakoyejo, OT and Fadipe, OL and Efe, S},
title = {Numerical study of heat transfer, pressure drop and entropy production characteristics in inclined heat exchangers with uniform heat flux using mango bark/CO2 nanofluid.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {8},
pages = {e18694},
pmid = {37576259},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {For sustainable low-carbon cities, using sustainable urban energy system solutions is imperative. CO2-based bionanofluid is one proposed energy system solution that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. This paper examines the thermal-hydraulic and entropy production properties of mango bark/CO2 nanofluid for industrial-inclined gas cooling applications. The influence of gravitational force (in terms of tube inclination angle), volume fraction, and Reynolds number on the heat transfer, pressure drop, and entropy production of CO2-based mango bark nanofluids in laminar flow through a circular aluminum tube are numerically studied. The bionanofluid flows through a tube with an inner radius of 2.25 mm, a length of 970.0 mm, and an initial temperature of 320.0 K. A constant heat flux of -10.0 W/m[2] is applied to the flow at its walls. The laminar flow regime with Reynolds numbers of 100, 400, 700, and 1000 are subjected to flow inclinations of ±90°, ±60°, ±45°, ±30°, and 0° and bionanofluid volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%. Results show that ±45° tube inclination angle offers the optimal heat transfer coefficient, maximum pressure drop, and minimum total entropy production rates for Re > 100; however, for Re = 100, these occur at the inclination angle of -30° and +60°. The pressure drop shows less sensitivity to the inclination angle; however, it offers peak values at the same inclination angles as the heat transfer coefficient for the respective Reynolds number values. The maximum thermal enhancements due to gravitational effect are 42%, 93.98%, 121.28%, and 150% for Reynolds numbers of 100, 400, 700, and 1000, respectively, while that due to nanofluid volume fraction are less than 16%.},
}

@article {pmid37567889,
year = {2023},
author = {Mohamed, RA and Abo-Dahab, SM and Abd-Alla, AM and Soliman, MS},
title = {Magnetohydrodynamic double-diffusive peristaltic flow of radiating fourth-grade nanofluid through a porous medium with viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {13096},
pmid = {37567889},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {This article focuses on determining how to double diffusion affects the non-Newtonian fourth-grade nanofluids peristaltic motion within a symmetrical vertical elastic channel supported by a suitable porous medium as well as, concentrating on the impact of a few significant actual peculiarities on the development of the peristaltic liquid, such as rotation, initial pressure, non-linear thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption in the presence of viscous dissipation and joule heating with noting that the fluid inside the channel is subject to an externally induced magnetic field, giving it electromagnetic properties. Moreover, the constraints of the long-wavelength approximation and neglecting the wave number along with the low Reynolds number have been used to transform the nonlinear partial differential equations in two dimensions into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations in one dimension, which serve as the basic governing equations for fluid motion. The suitable numerical method for solving the new system of ordinary differential equations is the Runge-Kutta fourth-order numerical method with the shooting technique using the code MATLAB program. Using this code, a 2D and 3D graphical analysis was done to show how each physical parameter affected the distributions of axial velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, solutal concentration, pressure gradients, induced magnetic field, magnetic forces, and finally the trapping phenomenon. Under the influence of rotation [Formula: see text], heat Grashof number [Formula: see text], solutal Grashof number [Formula: see text], and initial stress [Formula: see text], the axial velocity distribution [Formula: see text] changes from increasing to decreasing, according to some of the study's findings. On the other hand, increasing values of nonlinear thermal radiation [Formula: see text] and temperature ratio [Formula: see text] have a negative impact on the temperature distribution [Formula: see text] but a positive impact on the distributions of nanoparticle volume fraction [Formula: see text] and solutal concentration [Formula: see text]. Darcy number [Formula: see text] and mean fluid rate [Formula: see text] also had a positive effect on the distribution of pressure gradients, making it an increasing function.},
}

@article {pmid37535112,
year = {2023},
author = {Mounkaila Noma, D and Dagois-Bohy, S and Millet, S and Ben Hadid, H and Botton, V and Henry, D},
title = {Nonlinear evolution of viscoplastic film flows down an inclined plane.},
journal = {The European physical journal. E, Soft matter},
volume = {46},
number = {8},
pages = {68},
pmid = {37535112},
issn = {1292-895X},
abstract = {In this article, we experimentally investigate the nonlinear behaviour of a viscoplastic film flow down an inclined plane. We focus on the nonlinear instabilities that appear as roll waves. Roll waves are generated by perturbing a permanent flow of Herschel-Bulkley fluid (Carbopol 980) at low frequencies. To determine the local thickness of the film, we used a laser sensor and a camera to globally capture the transverse shape of the waves. For a regular forcing, the results show the existence of different regimes. First, we observe primary instabilities below the cut-off frequency at the entrance of the channel. After the exponential growth of the wave in the linear regime, we recognise the nonlinear dynamics with the existence of finite amplitude waves. This finite amplitude depends on the frequency, the Reynolds number and the inclination angle. The results show that this instability is supercritical. At moderate Reynolds numbers, the finite 2-D waves become sensitive to transverse perturbations, due to a secondary instability, and become 3-D waves. The experimental results illustrate a phenomenology of viscoplastic film flows similar to Newtonian fluids, except for the capillary waves.},
}

@article {pmid37519826,
year = {2023},
author = {Kechagidis, K and Owen, B and Guillou, L and Tse, H and Di Carlo, D and Krüger, T},
title = {Numerical investigation of the dynamics of a rigid spherical particle in a vortical cross-slot flow at moderate inertia.},
journal = {Microsystems & nanoengineering},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100},
pmid = {37519826},
issn = {2055-7434},
abstract = {The study of flow and particle dynamics in microfluidic cross-slot channels is of high relevance for lab-on-a-chip applications. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of a rigid spherical particle in a cross-slot junction for a channel height-to-width ratio of 0.6 and at a Reynolds number of 120 for which a steady vortex exists in the junction area. Using an in-house immersed-boundary-lattice-Boltzmann code, we analyse the effect of the entry position of the particle in the junction and the particle size on the dynamics and trajectory shape of the particle. We find that the dynamics of the particle depend strongly on its lateral entry position in the junction and weakly on its vertical entry position; particles that enter close to the centre show trajectory oscillations. Larger particles have longer residence times in the junction and tend to oscillate less due to their confinement. Our work contributes to the understanding of particle dynamics in intersecting flows and enables the design of optimised geometries for cytometry and particle manipulation.},
}

@article {pmid37518499,
year = {2023},
author = {Yokoo, H and Yamamoto, M and Matsumoto, T and Yamada, T and Kanda, T},
title = {Study of the reverse transition in pipe flow.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {12333},
pmid = {37518499},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {In the reverse transition in pipe flow, turbulent flow changes to less disturbed laminar flow. The entropy of the flow appears to decrease. This study examined the reverse transition experimentally and theoretically using entropy change and momentum balance models, not in terms of disturbance in the flow. The reverse transition was accomplished by decreasing the Reynolds number. The transitions approximately correlated with local Reynolds numbers. The initial Reynolds number of the transition became larger, and the pressure at low Reynolds numbers was greater than in ordinary pipe flow. These behaviours were caused by turbulent flow in the pipe undergoing a reverse transition. We showed that the entropy did not decrease in the reverse transition by including the entropy due to friction in the development region.},
}

@article {pmid37512778,
year = {2023},
author = {Mihai, I and Suciu, C and Picus, CM},
title = {Assessment of Vapor Formation Rate and Phase Shift between Pressure Gradient and Liquid Velocity in Flat Mini Heat Pipes as a Function of Internal Structure.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {37512778},
issn = {2072-666X},
abstract = {Flat mini heat pipes (FMHPs) are often used in cooling systems for various power electronic components, as they rapidly dissipate high heat flux densities. The main objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate whether differences in the rate of vapor formation occur on an internal structure containing trapezoidal microchannels and porous sintered copper powder material. Several parameters, such as hydraulic diameter and fluid velocity through the material, as a function of the internal structure porosity, were determined by calculation for a steady state regime. Reynolds number was determined as a function of porosity, according to Darcy's law, and the Nusselt number was calculated. Since the flow is Darcy-type through the porous medium inside the FMHP, the Darcy friction factor was calculated using five methods: Colebrook, Darcy-Weisbach, Swamee-Jain, Blasius, and Haaland. After experimental tests, it was found that when the porous and trapezoidal microchannel layers are wetted at the same time, the vaporization progresses at a faster rate in the porous material, and the duration of the process is shorter. This recommends the use of such an internal structure in FMHPs since the manufacturing technology is simpler, the materials are cheaper, and the heat flux transport capacity is higher.},
}

@article {pmid37512729,
year = {2023},
author = {Ray, DR and Das, DK},
title = {Simulations of Flows via CFD in Microchannels for Characterizing Entrance Region and Developing New Correlations for Hydrodynamic Entrance Length.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {37512729},
issn = {2072-666X},
abstract = {Devices with microchannels are relatively new, and many correlations are not yet developed to design them efficiently. In microchannels, the flow regime is primarily laminar, where entrance length may occupy a significant section of the flow channel. Therefore, several computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed in this research to characterize the developing flow regime. The new correlations of entrance length were developed from a vast number of numerical results obtained from these simulations. A three-dimensional laminar flow for 37 Reynolds numbers (0.1, 0.2, …, 1, 2, …, 10, 20, …, 100, 200, …, 1000), primarily in low regime with water flow through six rectangular microchannels (aspect ratio: 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.2, 0.125), has been modeled, conducting 222 simulations to characterize flow developments and ascertain progressive velocity profile shapes. Examination of the fully developed flow condition was considered using traditional criteria such as velocity and incremental pressure drop number. Additionally, a new criterion was presented based on fRe. Numerical results from the present simulations were validated by comparing the fully developed velocity profile, friction factor, and hydrodynamic entrance length for Re > 100 in rectangular channels, for which accurate data are available in the literature. There is a need for hydrodynamic entrance length correlations in a low Reynolds number regime (Re < 100). So, the model was run numerous times to generate a vast amount of numerical data that yielded two new correlations based on the velocity and fRe criteria.},
}

@article {pmid37507561,
year = {2023},
author = {Singh, S and Suman, S and Mitra, S and Kumar, M},
title = {Optimization of a novel trapezoidal staggered ribs configuration for enhancement of a solar air heater performance using CFD.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37507561},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {A novel transverse trapezoidal staggered ribs configuration as artificial roughness is investigated using CFD to understand the fluid flow and heat transfer behaviors for improving the performance of a solar air heater. In addition, experimental validation of Nusselt numbers for smooth duct against CFD results is established. The staggered ribs arrangement outperforms the continuous ribs and insights obtained from the thermal-fluid flow behaviors are further applied to optimize the staggered arrangements of the rib. Reynolds number Re is varied from 5000 to 24,000, and rib parameters are optimized with a special focus on understanding the effects of discontinuous rib width (w) and gap width (g). Two widely studied shapes of rib, namely, cylindrical and rectangular, are also investigated for the transverse staggered arrangement with the same optimized parameters for the comparison of thermo-hydraulic performances. Trapezoidal ribs having discontinuous rib width of 50 mm and gap width of 10 mm give the maximum thermo-hydraulic performance of 1.57 at Reynolds number of 5000. The optimized staggered trapezoidal ribs outperform the staggered cylindrical and rectangular ribs. However, staggered rectangular ribs give the highest increase in the Nusselt number and these may be preferred for application when pressure drop is not of concern.},
}

@article {pmid37506216,
year = {2023},
author = {Shinder, II and Johnson, AN and Filla, BJ and Khromchenko, VB and Moldover, MR and Boyd, J and Wright, JD and Stoup, J},
title = {Non-nulling protocols for fast, accurate, 3-D velocity measurements in stacks.},
journal = {Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)},
volume = {73},
number = {8},
pages = {600-617},
doi = {10.1080/10962247.2023.2218827},
pmid = {37506216},
issn = {2162-2906},
mesh = {*Coal ; Calibration ; *Power Plants ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; },
abstract = {The authors present protocols for making fast, accurate, 3D velocity measurements in the stacks of coal-fired power plants. The measurements are traceable to internationally-recognized standards; therefore, they provide a rigorous basis for measuring and/or regulating the emissions from stacks. The authors used novel, five-hole, hemispherical, differential-pressure probes optimized for non-nulling (no-probe rotation) measurements. The probes resist plugging from ash and water droplets. Integrating the differential pressures for only 5 seconds determined the axial velocity Va with an expanded relative uncertainty Ur(Va) ≤ 2% of the axial velocity at the probe's location, the flow's pitch (α) and yaw (β) angles with expanded uncertainties U(α) = U(β) = 1 °, and the static pressure ps with Ur(ps) = 0.1% of the static pressure. This accuracy was achieved 1) by calibrating each probe in a wind tunnel at 130, strategically-chosen values of (Va, α, β) spanning the conditions found in the majority of stacks (|α| ≤ 20 °; |β| ≤ 40 °; 4.5 m/s ≤ Va ≤27 m/s), and 2) by using a long-forgotten definition of the pseudo-dynamic pressure that scales with the dynamic pressure. The resulting calibration functions span the probe-diameter Reynolds number range from 7,600 to 45,000.Implications: The continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) that measure the flue gas flow rate in coal-fired power plant smokestacks are calibrated (at least) annually by a velocity profiling method. The stack axial velocity profile is measured by traversing S-type pitot probes (or one of the other EPA-sanctioned pitot probes) across two orthogonal, diametric chords in the stack cross-section. The average area-weighted axial velocity calculated from the pitot traverse quantifies the accuracy of the CEMS flow monitor. Therefore, the flow measurement accuracy of coal-fired power plants greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions depends on the accuracy of pitot probe velocity measurements. Coal-fired power plants overwhelmingly calibrate CEMS flow monitors using S-type pitot probes. Almost always, stack testers measure the velocity without rotating or nulling the probe (i.e., the non-nulling method). These 1D non-nulling velocity measurements take significantly less time than the corresponding 2D nulling measurements (or 3D nulling measurements for other probe types). However, the accuracy of the 1D non-nulling velocity measurements made using S-type probes depends on the pitch and yaw angles of the flow. Measured axial velocities are accurate at pitch and yaw angles near zero, but the accuracy degrades at larger pitch and yaw angles.The authors developed a 5-hole hemispherical pitot probe that accurately measures the velocity vector in coal-fired smokestacks without needing to rotate or null the probe. This non-nulling, 3D probe is designed with large diameter pressure ports to prevent water droplets (or particulates) from obstructing its pressure ports when applied in stack flow measurement applications. This manuscript presents a wind tunnel calibration procedure to determine the non-nulling calibration curves for 1) dynamic pressure; 2) pitch angle; 3) yaw angle; and 4) static pressure. These calibration curves are used to determine axial velocities from 6 m/s to 27 m/s, yaw angles between ±40°, and pitch angles between ±20°. The uncertainties at the 95% confidence limit for axial velocity, yaw angle, and pitch angle are 2% (or less), 1°, and 1°, respectively. Therefore, in contrast to existing EPA-sanctioned probes, the non-nulling hemispherical probe provides fast, low uncertainty velocity measurements independent of the pitch and yaw angles of the stack flow.},
}

*Coal
Calibration
*Power Plants
Environmental Monitoring/methods

@article {pmid37505953,
year = {2023},
author = {Küchler, C and Bewley, GP and Bodenschatz, E},
title = {Universal Velocity Statistics in Decaying Turbulence.},
journal = {Physical review letters},
volume = {131},
number = {2},
pages = {024001},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.024001},
pmid = {37505953},
issn = {1079-7114},
abstract = {In turbulent flows, kinetic energy is transferred from large spatial scales to small ones, where it is converted to heat by viscosity. For strong turbulence, i.e., high Reynolds numbers, Kolmogorov conjectured in 1941 that this energy transfer is dominated by inertial forces at intermediate spatial scales. Since Kolmogorov's conjecture, the velocity difference statistics in this so-called inertial range have been expected to follow universal power laws for which theoretical predictions have been refined over the years. Here we present experimental results over an unprecedented range of Reynolds numbers in a well-controlled wind tunnel flow produced in the Max Planck Variable Density Turbulence Tunnel. We find that the measured second-order velocity difference statistics become independent of the Reynolds number, suggesting a universal behavior of decaying turbulence. However, we do not observe power laws even at the highest Reynolds number, i.e., at turbulence levels otherwise only attainable in atmospheric flows. Our results point to a Reynolds number-independent logarithmic correction to the classical power law for decaying turbulence that calls for theoretical understanding.},
}

@article {pmid37501997,
year = {2023},
author = {Aich, W and Javid, K and Tag-ElDin, ESM and Ghachem, K and Ullah, I and Iqbal, MA and Khan, SU and Kolsi, L},
title = {Thermal and physical impact of viscoplastic nanoparticles in a complex divergent channel due to peristalsis phenomenon: Heat generation and multiple slip effects.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {7},
pages = {e17644},
pmid = {37501997},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {In the advance studies, researchers have performed productive research contributions in the field of nanofluid mechanics under various biological assumptions. These contributions are fruitful to understand the applications of nanofluids in the various fields such as hybrid-powered engine, heart-diagnose, to prevent numerous diseases, heat exchanger, pharmaceutical processes, etc. The current analysis explores the combined effects of heat generation and chemical reaction on the peristaltic flow of viscoplastic nanofluid through a non-uniform (divergent) channel. The physical effects of second-order velocity slip, thermal slip and mass slip parameters on the rheological characteristics are also considered. To describe non-Newtonian effects, the Casson fluid is deployed. The greater wavelength assumption and low Reynolds number theory are used to attain the rheological equations. Numerical solutions of these governing equations associated with suitable boundary conditions are obtained via Mathematica symbolic software. The velocity magnitude of Casson fluid is higher than associated with Newtonian fluid. Radiation parameter has a vigorous impact in the reduction (enhancement) of temperature (mass concentration) profile. The porous parameter has a remarkable impact in reduction of temperature and velocity profile. Thermal enhancement is perceived by intensifying the chemical reaction parameter, and opposite inclination is noticed in mass concentration. Temperature has been demonstrated to be increased by increasing the Darcy number. The magnitudes of both axial velocity and temperature distribution are smaller in the presence of second-order velocity slip parameters effect as compared with no-slip condition. The magnitudes of axial velocity and mass (or, nanoparticle) concentration are augmented by accumulating the Prandtl number. A rise in Brownian parameter is noticed to depress the mass concentration. The present study has been used in bio-mechanical processes, nanomaterial devices, heat transfer enhancement, radiators, and electronics cooling systems.},
}

@article {pmid37467268,
year = {2023},
author = {Buaria, D and Sreenivasan, KR},
title = {Forecasting small-scale dynamics of fluid turbulence using deep neural networks.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {120},
number = {30},
pages = {e2305765120},
pmid = {37467268},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Turbulence in fluid flows is characterized by a wide range of interacting scales. Since the scale range increases as some power of the flow Reynolds number, a faithful simulation of the entire scale range is prohibitively expensive at high Reynolds numbers. The most expensive aspect concerns the small-scale motions; thus, major emphasis is placed on understanding and modeling them, taking advantage of their putative universality. In this work, using physics-informed deep learning methods, we present a modeling framework to capture and predict the small-scale dynamics of turbulence, via the velocity gradient tensor. The model is based on obtaining functional closures for the pressure Hessian and viscous Laplacian contributions as functions of velocity gradient tensor. This task is accomplished using deep neural networks that are consistent with physical constraints and explicitly incorporate Reynolds number dependence to account for small-scale intermittency. We then utilize a massive direct numerical simulation database, spanning two orders of magnitude in the large-scale Reynolds number, for training and validation. The model learns from low to moderate Reynolds numbers and successfully predicts velocity gradient statistics at both seen and higher (unseen) Reynolds numbers. The success of our present approach demonstrates the viability of deep learning over traditional modeling approaches in capturing and predicting small-scale features of turbulence.},
}

@article {pmid37464695,
year = {2023},
author = {Zheng, JL and Liu, YL},
title = {Experimental study on the flow structures and dynamics of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in an annular cell.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {107},
number = {6-2},
pages = {065112},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.065112},
pmid = {37464695},
issn = {2470-0053},
abstract = {We conduct an experimental study on the flow structures and dynamics of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in an annular cell with radius ratio η≃0.5 and aspect ratio Γ≃4. The working fluid is water with a Prandtl number of Pr≃5.4, and the Rayleigh number (Ra) ranges from 5.05×10^{7}
to 5.05×10^{8}.
The multithermal-probe method and the particle image velocimetry technique are employed to measure the temperature profiles and the velocity fields, respectively. Two distinct states with multiroll standing waves are observed, which are the quadrupole state (QS) characterized by a four-roll structure and the sextupole state (SS) by a six-roll structure. The scaling exponents of Reynolds number Re with Ra are different for the two states, which are 0.56 for QS and 0.41 for SS. In addition, the standing waves become unstable upon tilting the cell by 1^{∘}
in relation to the horizontal plane, and they evolve into traveling waves. At relatively high Ra, for instance, Ra⩾2.55×10^{8},
it is observed that the traveling wave state SS undergoes a transition to the traveling wave state QS. However, the opposite transition from QS to SS is not observed in our experiments. Our findings provide insights into the flow structures and dynamics in the convection flow with rotation symmetry.},
}

@article {pmid37455389,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhang, T and Inglis, DW and Ngo, L and Wang, Y and Hosokawa, Y and Yalikun, Y and Li, M},
title = {Inertial Separation of Particles Assisted by Symmetrical Sheath Flows in a Straight Microchannel.},
journal = {Analytical chemistry},
volume = {95},
number = {29},
pages = {11132-11140},
doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02089},
pmid = {37455389},
issn = {1520-6882},
abstract = {Over the past two decades, inertial microfluidics, which works at an intermediate range of Reynolds number (∼1 < Re < ∼100), has been widely used for particle separation due to its high-throughput and label-free features. This work proposes a novel method for continuous separation of particles by size using inertial microfluidics, with the assistance of symmetrical sheath flows in a straight microchannel. Here, larger particles (>3 μm) are arranged close to the channel sidewalls, while smaller particles (<2 μm) remain flowing along the channel centerline. This conclusion is supported by experimental data with particles of different sizes ranging from 0.79 to 10.5 μm. Symmetrical Newtonian sheath flows are injected on both sides of particle mixtures into a straight rectangular microchannel with an aspect ratio (AR = height/width) of 2.5. Results show that the separation performance of the developed microfluidic device is affected by three main factors: channel length, total flow rate, and flow rate ratio of sheath to sample. Besides, separation of platelets from whole blood is demonstrated. The developed microfluidic platform owns the advantages of low fabrication cost, simple experiment setup, versatile selections of particle candidates, and stable operations. This systematic study provides a new perspective for particle separation, which is expected to find applications across various fields spanning physics, biology, biomedicine, and industry.},
}

@article {pmid37449188,
year = {2023},
author = {Ahmad, S and Ali, K and Katbar, NM and Akhtar, Y and Cai, J and Jamshed, W and El Din, SM and Abd-Elmonem, A and Elmki Abdalla, NS},
title = {Vortex generation due to multiple localized magnetic fields in the hybrid nanofluid flow - A numerical investigation.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {7},
pages = {e17756},
pmid = {37449188},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Vortices capture the attention of every scientist (as soon as they come into existence) while studying any flow problem because of their significance in comprehending fluid mixing and mass transport processes. A vortex is indeed a physical phenomenon that happens when a liquid or a gas flow in a circular motion. They are generated due to the velocity difference and may be seen in hurricanes, air moving across the plane wing, tornadoes, etc. The study of vortices is important for understanding various natural phenomena in different settings. This work explores the complex dynamics of the Lorentz force that drives the rotation of nanostructures and the emergence of intricate vortex patterns in a hybrid fluid with Fe3O4-Cu nanoparticles. The hybrid nanofluid is modeled as a single-phase fluid, and the partial differential equations (PDEs) that govern its behavior are solved numerically. This work also introduces a novel analysis that enables us to visualize the flow lines and isotherms around the magnetic strips in the flow domain. The Lorentz force confined to the strips causes the spinning of hybrid nanoparticles, resulting in complex vortex structures in the flow domain. The results indicate that the magnetic field lowers the Nusselt number by 34% while raising the skin friction by 9%. The Reynolds number amplifies the influence of the localized magnetic field on the flow dynamics. Lastly, the nano-scaled structures in the flow enhance the Nusselt number significantly while having a minor effect on the skin friction factor.},
}

@article {pmid37449115,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, S and Khan, MI and Alruqi, AB and Khan, SU and Abdullaev, SS and Fadhl, BM and Makhdoum, BM},
title = {Entropy optimized flow of Sutterby nanomaterial subject to porous medium: Buongiorno nanofluid model.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {9},
number = {7},
pages = {e17784},
pmid = {37449115},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Owing to enhanced thermal impact of nanomaterials, different applications are suggested in engineering and industrial systems like heat transfer devices, energy generation, extrusion processes, engine cooling, thermal systems, heat exchanger, chemical processes, manufacturing systems, hybrid-powered plants etc. The current communication concerns the optimized flow of Sutterby nanofluid due to stretched surface in view of different thermal sources. The investigation is supported with the applications of external heat source, magnetic force and radiative phenomenon. The irreversibility investigation is deliberated with implementation of thermodynamics second law. The thermophoresis and random movement characteristics are also studied. Additionally, first order binary reaction is also examined. The nonlinear system of the governing problem is obtained which are numerically computed by s method. The physical aspects of prominent flow parameters are attributed graphically. Further, the analysis for entropy generation and Bejan number is focused. It is observed that the velocity profile increases due to Reynolds number and Deborah number. Larger Schmidt number reduces the concentration distribution. Further, the entropy generation is improved against Reynolds number and Brinkman parameter.},
}

@article {pmid37437157,
year = {2023},
author = {Saxena, A and Kroll-Rabotin, JS and Sanders, RS},
title = {Role of Flow Inertia in Aggregate Restructuring and Breakage at Finite Reynolds Numbers.},
journal = {Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids},
volume = {39},
number = {29},
pages = {10066-10078},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01012},
pmid = {37437157},
issn = {1520-5827},
abstract = {Forces acting on aggregates depend on their properties, such as size and structure. Breakage rate, stable size, and structure of fractal aggregates in multiphase flows are strongly related to the imposed hydrodynamic forces. While these forces are prevalently viscous for finite Reynolds number conditions, flow inertia cannot be ignored, thereby requiring one to fully resolve the Navier-Stokes equations. To highlight the effect of flow inertia on aggregate evolution, numerical investigation of aggregate evolution in simple shear flow at the finite Reynolds number is conducted. The evolution of aggregates exposed to shear flow is tracked over time. Particle coupling with the flow is resolved with an immersed boundary method, and flow dynamics are solved using a lattice Boltzmann method. Particle dynamics are tracked by a discrete element method, accounting for interactions between primary particles composing the aggregates. Over the range of aggregate-scale Reynolds numbers tested, the breakage rate appears to be governed by the combined effect of momentum diffusion and the ratio of particle interaction forces to the hydrodynamic forces. For higher shear stresses, even when no stable size exists, breakage is not instantaneous because of momentum diffusion kinetics. Simulations with particle interaction forces scaled with the viscous drag, to isolate the effect of finite Reynolds hydrodynamics on aggregate evolution, show that flow inertia at such moderate aggregate Reynolds numbers has no impact on the morphology of nonbreaking aggregates but significantly favors breakage probability. This is a first-of-its-kind study that establishes the role of flow inertia in aggregate evolution. The findings present a novel perspective into breakage kinetics for systems in low but finite Reynolds number conditions.},
}

@article {pmid37425484,
year = {2023},
author = {Birtek, MT and Alseed, MM and Sarabi, MR and Ahmadpour, A and Yetisen, AK and Tasoglu, S},
title = {Machine learning-augmented fluid dynamics simulations for micromixer educational module.},
journal = {Biomicrofluidics},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {044101},
pmid = {37425484},
issn = {1932-1058},
abstract = {Micromixers play an imperative role in chemical and biomedical systems. Designing compact micromixers for laminar flows owning a low Reynolds number is more challenging than flows with higher turbulence. Machine learning models can enable the optimization of the designs and capabilities of microfluidic systems by receiving input from a training library and producing algorithms that can predict the outcomes prior to the fabrication process to minimize development cost and time. Here, an educational interactive microfluidic module is developed to enable the design of compact and efficient micromixers at low Reynolds regimes for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The optimization of Newtonian fluids designs was based on a machine learning model, which was trained by simulating and calculating the mixing index of 1890 different micromixer designs. This approach utilized a combination of six design parameters and the results as an input data set to a two-layer deep neural network with 100 nodes in each hidden layer. A trained model was achieved with R[2] = 0.9543 that can be used to predict the mixing index and find the optimal parameters needed to design micromixers. Non-Newtonian fluid cases were also optimized using 56700 simulated designs with eight varying input parameters, reduced to 1890 designs, and then trained using the same deep neural network used for Newtonian fluids to obtain R[2] = 0.9063. The framework was subsequently used as an interactive educational module, demonstrating a well-structured integration of technology-based modules such as using artificial intelligence in the engineering curriculum, which can highly contribute to engineering education.},
}

@article {pmid37420830,
year = {2023},
author = {Scheuer, KG and DeCorby, RG},
title = {All-Optical, Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Detection of Low-Pressure Gas Leaks and Observation of Jet Tones in the MHz Range.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {23},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {37420830},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {Innovation Catalyst Grant//Government of Alberta/ ; AI//Alberta Innovates/ ; CREATE 495446-17//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/ ; Quantum Technologies//Alberta EDT Major Innovation Fund/ ; },
mesh = {*Ultrasonics ; *Syringes ; Ultrasonography ; },
abstract = {We used an ultrasensitive, broadband optomechanical ultrasound sensor to study the acoustic signals produced by pressurized nitrogen escaping from a variety of small syringes. Harmonically related jet tones extending into the MHz region were observed for a certain range of flow (i.e., Reynolds number), which is in qualitative agreement with historical studies on gas jets emitted from pipes and orifices of much larger dimensions. For higher turbulent flow rates, we observed broadband ultrasonic emission in the ~0-5 MHz range, which was likely limited on the upper end due to attenuation in air. These observations are made possible by the broadband, ultrasensitive response (for air-coupled ultrasound) of our optomechanical devices. Aside from being of theoretical interest, our results could have practical implications for the non-contact monitoring and detection of early-stage leaks in pressured fluid systems.},
}

*Ultrasonics
*Syringes
Ultrasonography

@article {pmid37420356,
year = {2022},
author = {Li, X and Su, H},
title = {A Modular Grad-Div Stabilization Method for Time-Dependent Thermally Coupled MHD Equations.},
journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {37420356},
issn = {1099-4300},
abstract = {In this paper, we consider a fully discrete modular grad-div stabilization algorithm for time-dependent thermally coupled magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to add an extra minimally intrusive module to penalize the divergence errors of velocity and improve the computational efficiency for increasing values of the Reynolds number and grad-div stabilization parameters. In addition, we provide the unconditional stability and optimal convergence analysis of this algorithm. Finally, several numerical experiments are performed and further indicated these advantages over the algorithm without grad-div stabilization.},
}

@article {pmid37418738,
year = {2023},
author = {Gotoh, T and Watanabe, T and Saito, I},
title = {Kinematic Effects on Probability Density Functions of Energy Dissipation Rate and Enstrophy in Turbulence.},
journal = {Physical review letters},
volume = {130},
number = {25},
pages = {254001},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.254001},
pmid = {37418738},
issn = {1079-7114},
mesh = {*Biomechanical Phenomena ; Computer Simulation ; Probability ; },
abstract = {Direct numerical simulation and theoretical analyses showed that the probability density functions (PDFs) of the energy dissipation rate and enstrophy in turbulence are asymptotically stretched gamma distributions with the same stretching exponent, and both the left and right tails of the enstrophy PDF are longer than those of the energy dissipation rate regardless of the Reynolds number. The differences in PDF tails arise due to the kinematics, with differences in the number of terms contributing to the dissipation rate and enstrophy. Meanwhile, the stretching exponent is determined by the dynamics and likeliness of singularities.},
}

*Biomechanical Phenomena
Computer Simulation
Probability

@article {pmid37414852,
year = {2023},
author = {Kim, M and Schanz, D and Novara, M and Godbersen, P and Yeom, E and Schröder, A},
title = {Experimental study on flow and turbulence characteristics of jet impinging on cylinder using three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking velocimetry.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {10929},
pmid = {37414852},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2021R1C1C2009287//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 2021R1I1A3047664//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; DFG SPP 1881//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
mesh = {*Rheology/methods ; Stress, Mechanical ; },
abstract = {When a round jet impinges on a convex cylindrical surface, complex three-dimensional (3D) flow structures occur, accompanied by the Coanda effect. To characterize the flow and turbulence properties of the general system, ensemble averages of 3D Lagrangian particle tracking velocimetry measurements were taken. The radial bin-averaging method was used in post-processing the tracked particles and corresponding instantaneous velocity vectors to generate appropriate ensemble-averaged statistics. Two impinging angles were selected, and at a fixed Reynolds number, the ensemble-averaged volumetric velocity field and turbulent stress tensor components were measured. The flow and turbulence characteristics of the impinging jet on the cylinder were notably different based on the impinging angle, especially in the downstream region. Surprisingly, the attached wall jet with a half-elliptic shape was abruptly thickened in the wall-normal direction, similar to the axis switching phenomenon observed in elliptic jets in the case of oblique impingement. In the jet-impinging region, the flow spread in all directions with high mean vorticity values. With the development of a 3D curved wall jet, both the Coanda effect and centrifugal force played a significant role in the flow behavior. A notable feature of the self-preserving region was the similarity of mean velocity profiles with scaling by the maximum velocity and the jet half-width for both impinging angle cases. Local isotropy of turbulent normal stresses was observed in this region, supporting the existence of self-preservation in the 3D curved wall jet. The volumetric ensemble-averaged Reynolds stress tensor revealed strong inhomogeneous turbulence in the boundary layer region and the curvature effect on the Reynolds shear stress in the free shear layer.},
}

*Rheology/methods
Stress, Mechanical

@article {pmid37407860,
year = {2023},
author = {Dutt, N and Hedau, AJ and Kumar, A and Awasthi, MK and Singh, VP and Dwivedi, G},
title = {Thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air heater having discrete D-shaped ribs as artificial roughness.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {37407860},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {In this paper, the thermo-hydraulic performance of a solar air heater (SAH) duct roughened with discrete D-shaped ribs is numerically investigated using ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2. The numerical investigation is carried out at rib radius to transverse pitch ratio (r/Pt) from 0.1 to 0.35 and longitudinal pitch to rib radius ratio (Pl /r) from 4 to 10 under various operating conditions with Reynolds number (Re) varied from 10,200 to 20,200. The numerical results are validated with previous experimental results for the Nusselt number (Nu) values, and good agreement is found with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.6%. Based on the results of the numerical investigation, it was found that the value of Nu and the friction factor (f) decreases with the increase of the value of Pl/r, while the ratio r/Pt is kept constant. From the overall analysis, it is concluded that the optimum results are obtained for r/Pt of 0.25 and Pl/r = 4, and the maximum thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is 1.12. Further correlations are developed for the value of Nu and f for the whole range of r/Pt as 0.10-0.35 and Pl/r as 4-10. According to the developed correlations, the values of Nu are within ± 2% of the results of CFD, while the values of f are within ± 2.7% of the results of CFD.},
}

@article {pmid37391140,
year = {2023},
author = {Firatoglu, ZA},
title = {The effect of natural ventilation on airborne transmission of the COVID-19 virus spread by sneezing in the classroom.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {896},
number = {},
pages = {165113},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165113},
pmid = {37391140},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Since school classrooms are of vital importance due to their impact on public health in COVID-19 and similar epidemics, it is imperative to develop new ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of transmission of the virus in the classroom. To be able to develop new ventilation strategies, the effect of local flow behaviors in the classroom on the airborne transmission of the virus under the most dramatic conditions must first be determined. In this study, the effect of natural ventilation on the airborne transmission of COVID-19-like viruses in the classroom in the case of sneezing by two infected students in a reference secondary school classroom was investigated in five scenarios. Firstly, experimental measurements were carried out in the reference class to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results and determine the boundary conditions. Next, the effects of local flow behaviors on the airborne transmission of the virus were evaluated for five scenarios using the Eulerian-Lagrange method, a discrete phase model, and a temporary three-dimensional CFD model. In all scenarios, immediately after sneezing, between 57 and 60.2 % of the droplets containing the virus, mostly large and medium-sized (150 μm < d < 1000 μm) settled on the infected student's desk, while small droplets continued to move in the flow field. In addition, it was determined that the effect of natural ventilation in the classroom on the travel of virus droplets in the case of Redh < 8.04 × 10[4] (Reynolds number, Redh=Udh/νu, dh and are fluid velocity, hydraulic diameters of the door and window sections of the class and kinematic viscosity, respectively) was negligible.},
}

@article {pmid37388310,
year = {2023},
author = {Théry, A and Maaß, CC and Lauga, E},
title = {Hydrodynamic interactions between squirmers near walls: far-field dynamics and near-field cluster stability.},
journal = {Royal Society open science},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {230223},
pmid = {37388310},
issn = {2054-5703},
abstract = {Confinement increases contacts between microswimmers in dilute suspensions and affects their interactions. In particular, boundaries have been shown experimentally to lead to the formation of clusters that would not occur in bulk fluids. To what extent does hydrodynamics govern these boundary-driven encounters between microswimmers? We consider theoretically the symmetric boundary-mediated encounters of model microswimmers under gravity through far-field interaction of a pair of weak squirmers, as well as the lubrication interactions occurring after contact between two or more squirmers. In the far field, the orientation of microswimmers is controlled by the wall and the squirming parameter. The presence of a second swimmer influences the orientation of the original squirmer, but for weak squirmers, most of the interaction occurs after contact. We thus analyse next the near-field reorientation of circular groups of squirmers. We show that a large number of swimmers and the presence of gravity can stabilize clusters of pullers, while the opposite is true for pushers; to be stable, clusters of pushers thus need to be governed by other interactions (e.g. phoretic). This simplified approach to the phenomenon of active clustering enables us to highlight the hydrodynamic contribution, which can be hard to isolate in experimental realizations.},
}

@article {pmid37366832,
year = {2023},
author = {Saeed, A and Farooq, H and Akhtar, I and Tariq, MA and Khalid, MSU},
title = {Deep-Learning-Based Reduced-Order Model for Power Generation Capacity of Flapping Foils.},
journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {37366832},
issn = {2313-7673},
support = {Digital Pakistan Lab, National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing//Higher Education Commission/ ; },
abstract = {Inspired by nature, oscillating foils offer viable options as alternate energy resources to harness energy from wind and water. Here, we propose a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based reduced-order model (ROM) of power generation by flapping airfoils in conjunction with deep neural networks. Numerical simulations are performed for incompressible flow past a flapping NACA-0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 1100 using the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The snapshots of the pressure field around the flapping foil are then utilized to construct the pressure POD modes of each case, which serve as the reduced basis to span the solution space. The novelty of the current research relates to the identification, development, and employment of long-short-term neural network (LSTM) models to predict temporal coefficients of the pressure modes. These coefficients, in turn, are used to reconstruct hydrodynamic forces and moment, leading to computations of power. The proposed model takes the known temporal coefficients as inputs and predicts the future temporal coefficients followed by previously estimated temporal coefficients, very similar to traditional ROM. Through the new trained model, we can predict the temporal coefficients for a long time duration that can be far beyond the training time intervals more accurately. It may not be attained by traditional ROMs that lead to erroneous results. Consequently, the flow physics including the forces and moment exerted by fluids can be reconstructed accurately using POD modes as the basis set.},
}

@article {pmid37361718,
year = {2023},
author = {Ben Mariem, I and Kaziz, S and Belkhiria, M and Echouchene, F and Belmabrouk, H},
title = {Numerical optimization of microfluidic biosensor detection time for the SARS-CoV-2 using the Taguchi method.},
journal = {Indian journal of physics and proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (2004)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
pmid = {37361718},
issn = {0973-1458},
abstract = {The performance of microfluidic biosensor of the SARS-Cov-2 was numerically analyzed through finite element method. The calculation results have been validated with comparison with experimental data reported in the literature. The novelty of this study is the use of the Taguchi method in the optimization analysis, and an L8(2[5]) orthogonal table of five critical parameters-Reynolds number (Re), Damköhler number (Da), relative adsorption capacity (σ), equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), and Schmidt number (Sc), with two levels was designed. ANOVA methods are used to obtain the significance of key parameters. The optimal combination of the key parameters is Re = 10[-2], Da = 1000, σ = 0.2, KD = 5, and Sc 10[4] to achieve the minimum response time (0.15). Among the selected key parameters, the relative adsorption capacity (σ) has the highest contribution (42.17%) to the reduction of the response time, while the Schmidt number (Sc) has the lowest contribution (5.19%). The presented simulation results are useful in designing microfluidic biosensors in order to reduce their response time.},
}

@article {pmid37360015,
year = {2023},
author = {Ahmed, A and Ul Islam, S and Khan, AQ and Wahid, A},
title = {Reduction of fluid forces for flow past side-by-side cylinders using downstream attached splitter plates.},
journal = {Computational particle mechanics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-19},
pmid = {37360015},
issn = {2196-4378},
abstract = {A two-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to investigate the drag reduction and vortex shedding suppression behind three square cylinders with attached splitter plates in the downstream region at a low Reynolds number (Re = 150). Numerical calculations are carried out using the lattice Boltzmann method. The study is carried out for various values of gap spacing between the cylinders and different splitter plate lengths. The vortices are completely chaotic at very small spacing, as observed. The splitter plates are critical in suppressing shedding and reducing drag on the objects. The splitter plates with lengths greater than two fully control the jet interaction at low spacing values. There is maximum percentage reduction in CDmean for small spacing and the selected largest splitter plate length. Furthermore, systematic investigation reveals that splitter plates significantly suppress the fluctuating lift in addition to drastically reducing the drag.},
}

@article {pmid37344457,
year = {2023},
author = {Baldygin, A and Ahmed, A and Baily, R and Ismail, MF and Khan, M and Rodrigues, N and Salehi, AR and Ramesh, M and Bhattacharya, S and Willers, T and Gowanlock, D and Waghmare, PR},
title = {Effect of gravity on the spreading of a droplet deposited by liquid needle deposition technique.},
journal = {NPJ microgravity},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {49},
pmid = {37344457},
issn = {2373-8065},
support = {19FAALBB36 - FAST 2019//Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Space Agency (Agence Spatiale Canadienne)/ ; },
abstract = {This study represents an experimental investigation, complemented with a mathematical model, to decipher the effect of gravity on the spreading dynamics of a water droplet. For the theoretical discussion, an overall energy balance approach is adopted to explain the droplet spreading under both microgravity (μg) and terrestrial gravity condition. Besides explaining the mechanism of the droplet spreading under microgravity condition achieved during the parabolic flight, a technique with a detailed experimental set-up has also been developed for the successful deposition of droplet. A rational understanding is formulated through experimental investigation and theoretical analysis, which allows us to distinguish the transient variation of the spreading of a droplet, between microgravity and terrestrial gravity condition. The spreading of the droplet is predicted by the non-linear overall energy balance equation, which accounts for the operating parameters in the form of non-dimensional groups like Reynolds number ([Formula: see text]), Weber number (We) and Bond number (Bo). To distinctly identify the difference in the drop spreading at terrestrial and microgravity conditions, the Bo with transient gravitational field obtained through the on-board accelerometer is considered. The obtained theoretical results are further corroborated by experimental results which are obtained from the parabolic flight.},
}

@article {pmid37338259,
year = {2023},
author = {Qiao, S and Ouyang, H and Zheng, X and Qi, C and Ma, L},
title = {Magnetically actuated hydrogel-based capsule microrobots for intravascular targeted drug delivery.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {11},
number = {26},
pages = {6095-6105},
doi = {10.1039/d3tb00852e},
pmid = {37338259},
issn = {2050-7518},
mesh = {*Hydrogels ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Magnetics ; Computer Simulation ; *Robotics/methods ; },
abstract = {Microrobots for targeted drug delivery in blood vessels have attracted increasing interest from researchers. In this work, hydrogel-based capsule microrobots are used to wrap drugs and deliver drugs in blood vessels. In order to prepare capsule microrobots of different sizes, a triaxial microfluidic chip is designed and built, and the formation mechanism of three flow phases including the plug flow phase, bullet flow phase and droplet phase during the preparation of capsule microrobots is studied. The analysis and simulation results show that the size of the capsule microrobots can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of two phases in the microfluidic chip, and when the flow rate of the outer phase is 20 times that of the inner phase in the microfluidic chip, irregular multicore capsule microrobots can be prepared. On this basis, a three degree of freedom magnetic drive system is developed to drive the capsule microrobots to reach the destination along the predetermined trajectory in the low Reynolds number environment, and the magnetic field performance of the magnetic drive system is simulated and analyzed. Finally, in order to verify the feasibility of targeted drug delivery of the capsule microrobots in the blood vessel, the motion process of the capsule microrobots in the vascular microchannel is simulated, and the relationship between the motion performance of the capsule microrobots and the magnetic field is studied. The experimental results show that the capsule microrobots can reach a speed of 800 μm s[-1] at a low frequency of 0.4 Hz. At the same time, the capsule microrobots can reach a peak speed of 3077 μm s[-1] and can continuously climb over a 1000 μm high obstacle under a rotating magnetic field of 2.4 Hz and 14.4 mT. Experiments show that the capsule microrobots have excellent drug delivery potential in similar vascular curved channels driven by this system.},
}

*Hydrogels
Drug Delivery Systems/methods
Magnetics
Computer Simulation
*Robotics/methods

@article {pmid37330555,
year = {2023},
author = {Algehyne, EA and Ahammad, NA and Elnair, ME and Zidan, M and Alhusayni, YY and El-Bashir, BO and Saeed, A and Alshomrani, AS and Alzahrani, F},
title = {Entropy optimization and response surface methodology of blood hybrid nanofluid flow through composite stenosis artery with magnetized nanoparticles (Au-Ta) for drug delivery application.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {9856},
pmid = {37330555},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {S-0208-1443//Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Entropy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; *Tantalum ; *Nanoparticles ; Arteries ; },
abstract = {Entropy creation by a blood-hybrid nanofluid flow with gold-tantalum nanoparticles in a tilted cylindrical artery with composite stenosis under the influence of Joule heating, body acceleration, and thermal radiation is the focus of this research. Using the Sisko fluid model, the non-Newtonian behaviour of blood is investigated. The finite difference (FD) approach is used to solve the equations of motion and entropy for a system subject to certain constraints. The optimal heat transfer rate with respect to radiation, Hartmann number, and nanoparticle volume fraction is calculated using a response surface technique and sensitivity analysis. The impacts of significant parameters such as Hartmann number, angle parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, body acceleration amplitude, radiation, and Reynolds number on the velocity, temperature, entropy generation, flow rate, shear stress of wall, and heat transfer rate are exhibited via the graphs and tables. Present results disclose that the flow rate profile increase by improving the Womersley number and the opposite nature is noticed in nanoparticle volume fraction. The total entropy generation reduces by improving radiation. The Hartmann number expose a positive sensitivity for all level of nanoparticle volume fraction. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the radiation and nanoparticle volume fraction showed a negative sensitivity for all magnetic field levels. It is seen that the presence of hybrid nanoparticles in the bloodstream leads to a more substantial reduction in the axial velocity of blood compared to Sisko blood. An increase in the volume fraction results in a noticeable decrease in the volumetric flow rate in the axial direction, while higher values of infinite shear rate viscosity lead to a significant reduction in the magnitude of the blood flow pattern. The blood temperature exhibits a linear increase with respect to the volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles. Specifically, utilizing a hybrid nanofluid with a volume fraction of 3% leads to a 2.01316% higher temperature compared to the base fluid (blood). Similarly, a 5% volume fraction corresponds to a temperature increase of 3.45093%.},
}

Humans
Entropy
Constriction, Pathologic
*Tantalum
*Nanoparticles
Arteries

@article {pmid37329080,
year = {2023},
author = {Kim, M and Borhan, A},
title = {Critical conditions for development of a second pair of Dean vortices in curved microfluidic channels.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {107},
number = {5-2},
pages = {055103},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.055103},
pmid = {37329080},
issn = {2470-0053},
mesh = {*Microfluidics ; Computer Simulation ; *Hydrodynamics ; },
abstract = {The centrifugal force in flow through a curved channel initiates a hydrodynamic instability that results in the development of Dean vortices, a pair of counter-rotating roll cells across the channel that deflect the high velocity fluid in the center toward the outer (concave) wall. When this secondary flow toward the concave (outer) wall is too strong to be dissipated by viscous effects, an additional pair of vortices emerges near the outer wall. Combining numerical simulation and dimensional analysis, we find that the critical condition for the onset of the second vortex pair depends on γ^{1/2}D
n (γ: channel aspect ratio; Dn: Dean number). We also investigate the development length for the additional vortex pair in channels with different aspect ratios and curvatures. The larger centrifugal force at higher Dean numbers produces the additional vortices further upstream, with the required development length being inversely proportional to the Reynolds number and increasing linearly with the radius of curvature of the channel.},
}

*Microfluidics
Computer Simulation
*Hydrodynamics

@article {pmid37329043,
year = {2023},
author = {Mizerski, KA},
title = {Helical correction to turbulent magnetic diffusivity.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {107},
number = {5-2},
pages = {055205},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.055205},
pmid = {37329043},
issn = {2470-0053},
mesh = {Physical Phenomena ; Diffusion ; *Magnetic Phenomena ; },
abstract = {The effect of helicity in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence on the effective turbulent magnetic diffusion is considered here. The helical correction to turbulent diffusivity is analytically calculated with the use of the renormalization group approach. In agreement with previous numerical findings, this correction is shown to be negative and proportional to the second power of the magnetic Reynolds number, when the latter is small. In addition, the helical correction to turbulent diffusivity is found to obey a power-law-type dependence on the wave number of the most energetic turbulent eddies, k_{ℓ},
of the form k_{ℓ}^
{-10/3}.
},
}

Physical Phenomena
Diffusion
*Magnetic Phenomena

@article {pmid37329025,
year = {2023},
author = {Parfenyev, V and Mogilevskiy, E and Falkovich, G},
title = {Sum-of-squares bounds on correlation functions in a minimal model of turbulence.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {107},
number = {5-1},
pages = {054114},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.107.054114},
pmid = {37329025},
issn = {2470-0053},
abstract = {We suggest a new computer-assisted approach to the development of turbulence theory. It allows one to impose lower and upper bounds on correlation functions using sum-of-squares polynomials. We demonstrate it on the minimal cascade model of two resonantly interacting modes when one is pumped and the other dissipates. We show how to present correlation functions of interest as part of a sum-of-squares polynomial using the stationarity of the statistics. That allows us to find how the moments of the mode amplitudes depend on the degree of nonequilibrium (analog of the Reynolds number), which reveals some properties of marginal statistical distributions. By combining scaling dependence with the results of direct numerical simulations, we obtain the probability densities of both modes in a highly intermittent inverse cascade. As the Reynolds number tends to infinity, we show that the relative phase between modes tends to π/2 and -π/2 in the direct and inverse cascades, respectively, and derive bounds on the phase variance. Our approach combines computer-aided analytical proofs with a numerical algorithm applied to high-degree polynomials.},
}

@article {pmid37324036,
year = {2023},
author = {Jiang, J and Wang, F and Huang, W and Sun, J and Ye, Y and Ou, J and Liu, M and Gao, J and Wang, S and Fu, D and Chen, B and Liu, L and Peng, F and Tu, Y},
title = {Mobile mechanical signal generator for macrophage polarization.},
journal = {Exploration (Beijing, China)},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {20220147},
pmid = {37324036},
issn = {2766-2098},
abstract = {The importance of mechanical signals in regulating the fate of macrophages is gaining increased attention recently. However, the recently used mechanical signals normally rely on the physical characteristics of matrix with non-specificity and instability or mechanical loading devices with uncontrollability and complexity. Herein, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of self-assembled microrobots (SMRs) based on magnetic nanoparticles as local mechanical signal generators for precise macrophage polarization. Under a rotating magnetic field (RMF), the propulsion of SMRs occurs due to the elastic deformation via magnetic force and hydrodynamics. SMRs perform wireless navigation toward the targeted macrophage in a controllable manner and subsequently rotate around the cell for mechanical signal generation. Macrophages are eventually polarized from M0 to anti-inflammatory related M2 phenotypes by blocking the Piezo1-activating protein-1 (AP-1）-CCL2 signaling pathway. The as-developed microrobot system provides a new platform of mechanical signal loading for macrophage polarization, which holds great potential for precise regulation of cell fate.},
}