@article {pmid41589190,
year = {2025},
author = {Alrehaili, RS and Almuzaini, S and Alrajhi, J and Dashti, A and Alsuroor, O and Alzahrani, F and Albishri, A and Almousa, M and Homdi, L and Alshammakhy, R and Alfaifi, F and Alkharfi, A and Aldhafeeri, G and Alzahrani, TM},
title = {Teledentistry in the Era of Digital Dentistry: Clinical Applications, Patient Experience, and Equity-Oriented Policy Implications.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e100137},
pmid = {41589190},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Teledentistry has shifted from small pilot projects and emergency use during the COVID-19 pandemic to a realistic option for delivering parts of routine oral healthcare. However, its role in long-term service models, equity, and health-system performance remains incompletely defined. This narrative review aimed to provide an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence on teledentistry across clinical specialties, populations, and settings, and to discuss implications for practice, policy, and future research. Electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2025 for studies evaluating teledentistry or related digital remote dental services. Eligible sources included observational and interventional studies, reviews, economic evaluations, implementation reports, and key professional or policy documents. Data were organized thematically around clinical effectiveness, patient and provider experience, cost and resource use, equity and access, regulatory frameworks, and emerging technologies. Across settings, teledentistry supports accurate diagnosis and triage for selected indications, particularly in orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, and community-based screening. Most studies report gains in access, reduced need for travel, and high levels of patient satisfaction, especially in rural, institutionalized, and otherwise underserved groups. Evidence for long-term clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and the impact on oral-health inequities is promising but remains heterogeneous and often limited by small samples, short follow-up, and methodological constraints. Successful programs depend on reliable infrastructure, integration with electronic records, clear clinical protocols, appropriate training, and supportive legal and reimbursement frameworks, while concerns persist about data protection, medico-legal responsibility, and the potential for digital services to widen rather than narrow gaps between population groups. Overall, teledentistry should be viewed as a component of planned hybrid oral healthcare models rather than a substitute for in-person care. Future work needs pragmatic comparative studies, robust economic analyses, and equity-focused evaluations. Under these conditions, teledentistry has the potential to contribute meaningfully to more accessible, continuous, and person-centered oral healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid41589019,
year = {2026},
author = {Murugavel, A and Ramakrishnan, J},
title = {Virulence and pathogenicity of secondary fungal infections.},
journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {139-158},
doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2537423},
pmid = {41589019},
issn = {1549-7828},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology/microbiology ; Virulence ; *Mycoses/microbiology/immunology ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Candida/pathogenicity ; *Coinfection/microbiology ; Immunocompromised Host ; Mucorales/pathogenicity ; Aspergillus/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Fungal infections pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals facing life-threatening complications. The severity of secondary fungal infections is driven by the expression of virulence factors in immunocompromised individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the susceptibility of immunocompromised patients to secondary fungal infections, prompting a closer examination of the underlying mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the virulence mechanisms of major fungal pathogens (Aspergillus, Candida, and Mucorales) in COVID-19-associated secondary infections. The review systematically categorizes key virulence factors, including thermotolerance, adhesins, hydrolytic enzymes, mycotoxins, and biofilm formation, and explores their interplay with the host's immune status, particularly under corticosteroid therapy. Focusing on the intersection of fungal pathogenesis and COVID-19, the article examines molecular mechanisms underlying Aspergillus, Mucorales, and Candida pathogenicity, including iron metabolism, spore coat proteins, and immune evasion strategies. Followed by linking the molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology/microbiology
Virulence
*Mycoses/microbiology/immunology
Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
Candida/pathogenicity
*Coinfection/microbiology
Immunocompromised Host
Mucorales/pathogenicity
Aspergillus/pathogenicity

@article {pmid41588352,
year = {2026},
author = {Du, R and Yang, J and Yang, W and Liao, P},
title = {The efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis based on double-blinded parallel-arm randomized placebo-controlled trials.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {147},
pmid = {41588352},
issn = {1471-2334},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/mortality ; *COVID-19 Serotherapy/adverse effects/methods ; Double-Blind Method ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/methods ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma (CP) showed promising benefits in previous coronavirus pandemics regarding efficacy and safety. However, the efficacy of CP from COVID-19 patients remains controversial and uncertain based on current randomized controlled trials (RCTs). There is an urgent need to establish the efficacy and safety of CP for COVID-19 patients as soon as possible.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the efficacy and safety of CP using high-quality, double-blinded, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, and to provide evidence-based support for the clinical application of CP against COVID-19.

METHODS: Electronic databases such as Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched from inception to October 18, 2024. This meta-analysis synthesized dichotomous outcomes, including 28-day mortality, hospitalization rates, invasive mechanical ventilation, adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs, using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4.1, the Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) statistical method, and a random effects (RE) analysis model. Risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as effect measures. Two reviewers independently searched, screened, and included eligible clinical trials, extracted relevant data, and assessed risks of bias (ROB) using the Cochrane ROB tool 1.0 and RevMan 5.4.1. The RRs and 95% CIs in this meta-analysis were computed as dichotomous outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were conducted to explore heterogeneities and their causes. The quality of evidence was evaluated, and recommendations for clinical practice were based on the GRADE approach. The prospective meta-analysis protocol was registered on PROSPERO.

RESULTS: A total of 996 references were identified through database and manual searches. Nine eligible double-blinded, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, involving 1898 subjects in the intervention group and 1696 in the control group, were included in the meta-analysis. Seven, four, three, three, and three trials were judged as low ROB for mortality, hospitalization rates, invasive mechanical ventilation, AEs, and serious AEs, respectively. The remaining trials were deemed high-risk for their respective outcomes. The meta-analysis on hospitalization rates was abandoned due to high heterogeneity (I²=92%) among the included trials. The RRs, 95% CIs, and P-values were as follows: 0.78 [0.62, 0.97], P = 0.03 for mortality; 0.84 [0.50, 1.42], P = 0.51 for invasive mechanical ventilation; 1.01 [0.78, 1.32], P = 0.92 for AEs; and 0.96 [0.73, 1.28], P = 0.80 for serious AEs, all with low or medium levels of heterogeneity. These results suggest that CP infusion in COVID-19 patients reduced mortality by 22% and exhibited excellent safety without reducing the incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation. Sensitivity analysis on mortality, using the combined effect measure (RR 0.83 [0.66, 1.06], I²=0%, Z = 1.46, P = 0.14) after excluding the study by O'Donnell, showed no significant difference between the intervention and control groups, implying that the excluded study might have a stronger effect in reducing mortality. Subgroup analysis based on age indicated that CP therapy in COVID-19 patients aged ≤ 60 years reduced mortality by 36%. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses for other outcomes demonstrated robust pooled results. The PROSPERO registration code is CRD42022324324.

CONCLUSIONS: Administration of CP to COVID-19 patients, especially those aged ≤ 60 years, may reduce mortality with excellent safety without more AEs, and serious AEs, but does not reduce the incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/mortality
*COVID-19 Serotherapy/adverse effects/methods
Double-Blind Method
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid41586257,
year = {2025},
author = {Heendeniya, SN and Chen, S and Bhatti, S and Zahra, QUA and Rahimizadeh, K and Poudel, BH and Wilton, SD and Veedu, RN},
title = {Beginning of a new era of synthetic messenger RNA therapeutics: Comprehensive insights on mRNA drug design, development and applications.},
journal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)},
volume = {250},
number = {},
pages = {10784},
pmid = {41586257},
issn = {1535-3699},
mesh = {Humans ; *RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Drug Design ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Drug Development ; },
abstract = {Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have significantly transformed contemporary medicine, particularly through their role as the active component in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This remarkable achievement is the culmination of extensive research conducted over many years by scientists. The widespread administration of the COVID-19 vaccine has further accelerated research into the precise therapeutic potential of mRNA technologies. Since mRNA doesn't integrate with the host genome, the safety and versatility of mRNA-based therapeutics make them an iconic candidate in targeted therapies. Due to a surge in innovation efforts, biomodification of the molecular signatures of mRNAs like the 5'cap, untranslated regions (UTRs), and the poly(A) tail are being developed to increase translation efficacy. Recent advancements in chemical modifications, codon optimization techniques, and targeted delivery methods have significantly enhanced the stability of synthetic mRNAs while concurrently reducing their immunogenicity. Various mRNA manufacturing and synthesizing methods are investigated in this review, focusing on their scalability and limitations. mRNA therapeutic strategies can be divided into protein replacement, immune modulation, and cellular modulation. This review explores mRNA's molecular landscape and comprehensive utility, including applications in both clinical trials and commercial sectors.},
}

Humans
*RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use/genetics
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Drug Design
COVID-19/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Drug Development

@article {pmid41586005,
year = {2025},
author = {Martín-Rodríguez, A and González-Prieto, N},
title = {Influence of physical activity on perceived stress and mental health in university students: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in sports and active living},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1710832},
pmid = {41586005},
issn = {2624-9367},
abstract = {University students are a population particularly vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and reduced wellbeing. Physical activity has been proposed as a protective factor, but existing findings are heterogeneous. This systematic review examined the relationship between physical activity and mental health in university students, focusing on perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological wellbeing. It was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and the study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251179614). A total of 38 studies published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed, involving more than 20,000 participants from various countries. Most studies were cross-sectional, although some longitudinal and quasi-experimental studies were also included. The results showed a consistent association between higher levels of physical activity and lower levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as an increase in subjective wellbeing. In addition, mediators such as sleep quality and resilience, and moderators such as gender or internet use, were identified. The effects were more significant when physical activity was combined with other healthy habits such as good sleep and low sedentary behavior. Although most of the studies were not experimental, the evidence suggested a possible beneficial causal effect of exercise. The need for comprehensive interventions in universities was highlighted, promoting physical activity as a preventive and therapeutic strategy to improve the mental health of students. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251179614, PROSPERO, CRD420251179614.},
}

@article {pmid41585373,
year = {2025},
author = {Koyou, HL and Ramachandran, V and Salleh, MN and Wan Sulaiman, WA and Mohamed, MH and Mohd Badrin, MJQ and Jelemie, CS},
title = {S100 Protein and Interleukin Biomarkers Among COVID-19 Subjects With and Without Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {British journal of biomedical science},
volume = {82},
number = {},
pages = {15355},
pmid = {41585373},
issn = {2474-0896},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; *S100 Proteins/blood ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Interleukins/blood ; Interleukin-10/blood ; Severity of Illness Index ; Interleukin-6/blood ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global spread of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe complications, such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ failure. Identifying effective biomarkers is essential for predicting disease severity and improving patient management.

OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis aims to assess the significance of S100 proteins (S100A4, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, S100B, S100P) and interleukins (IL) (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β) in COVID-19 patients, comparing those with and without pneumonia or organ failure.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted on different databases, yielding 47 relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024. Data on the prevalence of IL and S100 protein levels were extracted and analyzed using pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and heterogeneity (I[2]) to evaluate their associations with disease severity.

RESULTS: IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients suffering from pneumonia or organ failure. IL-6 levels were notably higher in pneumonia patients compared to those without (SMD = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.17, 0.52], I[2] = 29%). Similarly, elevated S100B levels were observed in severe cases (SMD = 0.51 [95% CI: 0.19, 0.83], I[2] = 0%). While IL-10 levels showed high variability (I[2] = 90%), they remained consistently linked with worse outcomes.

CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis underscores the potential of IL-6, IL-10, and S100 proteins as important biomarkers in evaluating COVID-19 severity, offering valuable insights to help clinical management.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/blood
Biomarkers/blood
*S100 Proteins/blood
SARS-CoV-2
*Interleukins/blood
Interleukin-10/blood
Severity of Illness Index
Interleukin-6/blood

@article {pmid41585361,
year = {2025},
author = {Wakai, TN and Yensii, NG and Kernyuy, FB and Bella-Omunagbe, M and Chinedu, SN and Afolabi, IS},
title = {Global research landscape of telomere biology in infectious diseases: mechanistic links between host-pathogen interactions and immune ageing.},
journal = {Frontiers in aging},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {1729868},
pmid = {41585361},
issn = {2673-6217},
abstract = {Telomeres, nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of chromosomes, maintain genomic stability and regulate cellular lifespan, particularly in immune cells. Telomere shortening, driven by cell division and limited telomerase activity, accelerates immune ageing and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases. Chronic infections like HIV and tuberculosis exacerbate telomere attrition through sustained immune activation and oxidative stress. This study presents a bibliometric review of research on telomere length and infectious diseases from 2005 to 2025. Data from the Web of Science Core Collection were analysed using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, software tools for visualising co-authorship, citation, and keyword networks, to assess publication trends, collaborations, and themes. A total of 123 publications were identified, showing steady growth with a 60% increase in publications from 2020 to 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leading journals included Frontiers in Immunology, PLoS ONE, and Scientific Reports. The United States produced the largest share of publications, followed by Canada and Spain, with notable contributions from the University of British Columbia and Université de Montréal. Influential authors such as Côté HCF, Pick N, and Maan EJ have advanced research, particularly in the areas of HIV and tuberculosis. Keyword analysis highlighted two dominant themes: immune ageing and infection-related stress. Malaria research was comparatively scarce, underscoring a gap for future investigation. These findings inform future research on telomere-targeted interventions and epidemiological studies aimed at enhancing infectious disease management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the field's progress and identifies key areas for future investigation.},
}

@article {pmid41585255,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Liu, X and Cui, W and Hu, Y and Song, W and Zhu, L and Wang, Z and Ji, X and Wang, Y},
title = {Visualization of childhood allergic diseases based on VOSviewer and CiteSpace.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1615154},
pmid = {41585255},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Childhood allergic diseases, such as eczema, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and cough-variant asthma, are a growing health concern around the world. There is a lot of research about these diseases, but a clear and complete study is still needed to better understand them and help guide future research.

METHODS: This study used a bibliometric analysis of research on childhood allergic diseases from 2014 to 2024. The main goal was to find patterns in publications, main researchers, research focuses, teamwork between groups, and new topics. Data were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The study included English-language articles and reviews only. The tools VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used to study publication patterns, where research was done, which authors and journals worked together, how often papers were cited together, which papers were cited the most, and how keywords appeared and formed groups.

RESULTS: The amount of research was different for each disease. Eczema got the most attention and kept growing. Cough-variant asthma had fewer studies. The United States and China were the main countries that did most of the work and had well-known authors. The focus of studies changed from general studies about disease spread to more detailed topics like the microbiome, genetics, special treatments, environmental causes, other health problems that happen together, and the effects of COVID-19. The way researchers worked together was not the same for all diseases. This showed that research was more developed and better connected for some diseases and less developed for others, mainly for cough-variant asthma.

CONCLUSION: This study gives a short look at recent research on childhood allergic diseases. It shows that eczema research is growing fast, but cough-variant asthma is still studied much less, with only 110 papers in 10 years. This big difference shows a clear lack of knowledge. These results can help make better research plans and improve medical care in this field.},
}

@article {pmid41584416,
year = {2025},
author = {Soica, IL and Kupeli, N and Eyitayo-Olonade, K and Davies, N},
title = {A Systematic Review of Advance Care Planning with People Living with Dementia: Learnings from the Covid-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Current health sciences journal},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {299-310},
pmid = {41584416},
issn = {2067-0656},
abstract = {This study focused on exploring the experiences of people with dementia (PD) with advance care planning (ACP) during the pandemic. We analyzed the barriers and facilitators to implementing ACP and made recommendations for research, practice and policy. Regarding the design, the review followed Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO. Three databases (CINAHL, PUBMED, Embase) were searched, and records from 2019-2023 were screened against eligibility criteria. The experiences of PD in various international settings, including care homes, community hospitals, tertiary health settings and research facilities were explored. More precisely, we followed PD and their carers who engaged with ACP tools during the pandemic, while applying qualitative and quantitative measurements. The results were based on nine studies that were included. Themes related to timing of ACP, methods used to conduct ACP during the pandemic and the topics discussed. The pandemic prompted discussions about goals of care and PD found digital interventions to be a viable alternative to in-person ACP. Barriers to this included accessibility issues, difficulty with using technology, and lack of electronic means. In conclusion, digital ACP interventions are a viable method of delivering ACP, but they should be adapted and used alongside in-person consultations.},
}

@article {pmid41584279,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, C and Fan, Y and Li, C and Chang, B and Wang, J and Cao, X and Liang, G and Liang, Y and Sun, K},
title = {The prevalence of orthostatic intolerance, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and orthostatic hypotension in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1679252},
pmid = {41584279},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 776 million confirmed cases worldwide, with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 now recognized as a significant public health concern. Autonomic dysfunction-including orthostatic intolerance (OI), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and orthostatic hypotension (OH)-constitutes a major complication of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. However, reliable epidemiological estimates remain scarce. As a result, we aim to provide the first global prevalence estimates of autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including 21 observational studies. Random-effects models were utilized to estimate pooled prevalence, and sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity. GRADE assessments evaluated evidence certainty.

RESULTS: The pooled prevalence estimates demonstrated 70.6% for OI, 36.2% for POTS, and 18.6% for OH. Advancing age exhibited a significant negative association with POTS and OH. In contrast, prolonged post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 duration and female sex showed no significant association with the incidence rates of these conditions. Subgroup analyses indicated higher POTS and OH incidence in mild vs. moderate or severe COVID-19 cases. Publication bias was minimal for OH but evident for POTS.

CONCLUSION: This study provides the first global prevalence estimates of autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, highlighting its disproportionate burden among younger populations and non-linear temporal trends. The findings advance epidemiological understanding and inform evidence-based public health strategies to address post-COVID complications.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=556546, PROSPERO CRD42024556546.},
}

@article {pmid41584182,
year = {2025},
author = {Efremova, MI and Cho, Y and Miglietta, E and Pinto da Costa, M},
title = {Burnout scales used in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and their psychometric properties: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1661548},
pmid = {41584182},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Psychometrics ; *Burnout, Professional/diagnosis/psychology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Burnout has been assessed by a variety of screening instruments worldwide. This systematic review investigated the characteristics and psychometric properties of these scales used during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess burnout among healthcare workers.

METHODS: A systematic literature search and review was conducted based on four operational criteria: burnout scales, healthcare workers, psychometric properties, and COVID-19. We retrieved records from APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, and EMBASE. All peer reviewed articles that assessed burnout in healthcare workers during COVID-19 were included.

RESULTS: A total of 794 articles met the inclusion criteria, and 27 burnout scales were identified, two of which were developed during the pandemic. The scales varied in number of items, subscales, response options, language, and country of development. At least one psychometric property was reported for 19 of the 27 scales, and 15 scales demonstrated desirable internal consistency in this novel context. For validity, 9 out of 27 scales reported at least one psychometric property. This was predominantly for measures on structural validity.

CONCLUSION: Although a wide range of scales were used to assess burnout in healthcare workers during COVID-19, the psychometric properties reported were predominantly on reliability rather than validity. The findings of this review can be used to guide appropriate instrument selection for burnout in crisis contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

PROSPERO registration database: CRD42023414070.},
}

Humans
*Health Personnel/psychology
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Psychometrics
*Burnout, Professional/diagnosis/psychology
Reproducibility of Results
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid41583464,
year = {2025},
author = {Grunst, MW and Li, W and Mothes, W},
title = {Viral glycoprotein-mediated entry and antibody-mediated immunity in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1733684},
pmid = {41583464},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology ; *HIV-1/immunology/physiology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Virus Internalization ; *HIV Infections/immunology/virology ; *Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Immunity, Humoral ; },
abstract = {Enveloped viruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused some of the deadliest pandemics in human history. These viruses utilize Class 1 viral fusion glycoproteins to bind their host receptor and subsequently fuse the virus and host cell membranes to mediate entry. Viral fusion glycoproteins are prominent antigens on the surface of virions and are essential for the virus life cycle. Therefore, they are a primary target for the humoral immune system and the basis for the design of vaccines. Antibodies which target viral fusion glycoproteins can neutralize viral infectivity and activate the immune system in several distinct ways. In this review, we compare mechanisms of how class 1 viral fusion glycoproteins mediate viral entry and cover diverse ways in which antibodies targeting these glycoproteins can neutralize viruses and activate the immune system to clear virus-infected cells.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology
*HIV-1/immunology/physiology
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*Virus Internalization
*HIV Infections/immunology/virology
*Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Animals
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Immunity, Humoral

@article {pmid41583170,
year = {2025},
author = {Hassan Awaji, HH and Sahli, RN and Albalwi, FB and Albalawi, WS and Muhawish, TA and Albalawi, HM and Alsubiti, AK and Alanazi, JS and Hamdi, A and Alshehri, N and Qarni, FS and Abu Salem, N and Albalawi, FN},
title = {The Impact of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination on COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e99986},
pmid = {41583170},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been hypothesized to confer nonspecific immune protection against viral infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This meta-analysis evaluates the protective role of BCG vaccination in preventing COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported the effect of BCG vaccination for COVID-19 prevention in HCWs compared with placebo. Nine RCTs were included, with a total of 10,295 HCWs. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) were calculated using random- and fixed-effects models to assess the impact on symptomatic COVID-19, severe disease, hospitalization, seropositivity, duration of illness, and serious adverse events. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I[2] statistics. BCG vaccination did not significantly reduce the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.94-1.17, p = 0.43, I[2] = 47%), severe COVID-19 (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.97-1.48, p = 0.09, I[2] = 0%), or hospitalization (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.71-1.50, p = 0.86, I[2] = 0%). There was no significant difference in the duration of symptomatic illness (MD = 0.09 days, 95% CI: -1.41-1.59, p = 0.90, I[2] = 80%) or in rates of COVID-19 seropositivity (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.81-1.98, p = 0.30, I[2] = 76%). The incidence of serious adverse events was not significantly different between groups (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.34-5.97, p = 0.62, I[2] = 81%). This meta-analysis found no significant protective effect of BCG vaccination against any clinical or serological endpoint of COVID-19 in HCWs. The results do not support the use of BCG as a preventive measure against COVID-19 in this population.},
}

@article {pmid41581933,
year = {2026},
author = {Malemnganba, T and Baghel, K and Mehrotra, S and Prajapati, VK},
title = {Unlocking the power of antimicrobial peptides to combat infectious agents.},
journal = {Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology},
volume = {149},
number = {},
pages = {203-244},
doi = {10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.11.013},
pmid = {41581933},
issn = {1876-1631},
mesh = {Humans ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/virology ; Animals ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Bacteria/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; },
abstract = {The rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a major clinical challenge, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising candidates in the fight against these resistant pathogens. Naturally produced by a wide variety of organisms, AMPs are a crucial part of the innate immune system, offering a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Unlike traditional antibiotics, AMPs primarily target microbial membranes, which reduces the likelihood of resistance development. Beyond their pathogen-destroying properties, AMPs enhance immune responses, aid in wound healing, and exhibit anticancer properties. Their ability to act swiftly and in synergy with the host immune system offers a distinct advantage over conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, AMPs hold the potential to be developed into novel treatments for infections that have become resistant to all available therapies. However, bacterial resistance mechanisms to AMPs-such as membrane modifications, protease production, and biofilm formation-underscore the complex interactions between hosts and pathogens. Despite these challenges, AMPs present an exciting avenue across multiple sectors, including medicine, agriculture, and food safety. Recent research also highlights their potential in treating viral infections, including COVID-19, showcasing their versatile applications. This chapter discusses the role of AMPs in addressing antibiotic resistance, their mechanisms of action, and their diverse therapeutic applications beyond bacterial infections.},
}

Humans
*Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
COVID-19/virology
Animals
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Bacteria/drug effects
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects

@article {pmid41580734,
year = {2026},
author = {Fang, H and Wang, Q},
title = {The silent epidemic within the pandemic: pathophysiology and prediction of post-COVID-19 diabetes.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12967-026-07717-x},
pmid = {41580734},
issn = {1479-5876},
}

@article {pmid41579008,
year = {2026},
author = {Vera-Cáceres, CH and García-Huguet, M and Gil de Genover, A and Sagula, SD and Martín Muñóz, L and López Domínguez, D},
title = {Dysautonomia after COVID-19 infection: A case report.},
journal = {Neurologia},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {101891},
doi = {10.1016/j.nrleng.2025.101891},
pmid = {41579008},
issn = {2173-5808},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Primary Dysautonomias/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Guillain-Barre Syndrome/complications/etiology/diagnosis ; Pandemics ; *Coronavirus Infections/complications ; *Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Betacoronavirus ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/etiology/diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome/etiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This case report discusses a case of a patient who experienced acute autonomic dysfunction during the parainfectious phase of COVID-19, attributed to Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). This is the first well-documented case of such an association.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman, previously infected with COVID-19, was admitted to the emergency department due to altered mental status. Brain computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral occipital diffuse hypodensity. Throughout her hospitalization, she exhibited elevated blood pressure necessitating intravenous treatment. The initial brain MRI revealed T2-weighted image hyperintensity at the parietal and occipital levels, indicative of vasogenic edema. These neuroimaging findings were suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Euvolemic hyponatremia with concurrent low serum osmolality and high urine osmolality and sodium was observed, indicating a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Throughout the patient's stay, her level of consciousness exhibited significant improvement. However, she developed ascending symmetrical limb weakness and progressive loss of reflexes, along with a severe motor deficit and gait disturbance, accompanied by arterial blood pressure fluctuations and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. Clinical manifestations, neurophysiological findings, and laboratory results were indicative of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), leading to a conclusive diagnosis of GBS with dysautonomia triggered by a COVID-19 infection.

CONCLUSION: This case reveals the relevance of diagnosing autonomic dysfunction (including PRES) as the initial manifestation of GBS linked to COVID-19 infection and the importance of early diagnosis to prevent potential complications.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/complications
Female
Middle Aged
*Primary Dysautonomias/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Guillain-Barre Syndrome/complications/etiology/diagnosis
Pandemics
*Coronavirus Infections/complications
*Pneumonia, Viral/complications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
*Betacoronavirus
Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/etiology/diagnostic imaging
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome/etiology

@article {pmid41578455,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghoshal, UC and Singh, R and Goenka, MK},
title = {Post-Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What We've Learned So Far.},
journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {e70250},
doi = {10.1111/nmo.70250},
pmid = {41578455},
issn = {1365-2982},
mesh = {Humans ; *Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/therapy ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Brain-Gut Axis/physiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has unveiled a hidden epidemic of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), notably post-infection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS), driven by SARS-CoV-2 GI tropism and pandemic stressors.

PURPOSE: This review synthesizes and critically appraises current evidence on the prevalence, clinical spectrum, and predictors of post-COVID-19 IBS, integrating mechanistic insights. Topics discussed in this review will advance understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, identify therapeutic targets, inform phenotype-tailored management and clinical care, and outline research priorities for post-COVID-19 IBS.

METHODS: A narrative review was performed by the authors.

KEY RESULTS: Recent evidence indicates that approximately 7.2% of individuals develop IBS after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 2.6-fold higher odds vs. non-infected controls. At the population level, a nationally representative U.S. survey (> 160,000 adults) showed a pandemic-era surge in IBS prevalence (predominantly IBS-M) and a modest increase in chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), while other Rome IV DGBIs remained stable. Mechanisms are multifactorial, involving ACE2-linked epithelial/neuromuscular effects, persistent low-grade inflammation, microbiota dysbiosis with reduced short-chain fatty acids, altered serotonin signaling, barrier dysfunction, and psychosocial stress acting along the gut-brain axis. Emerging data indicate dyspnea and depression further mediate the COVID-19-to-IBS pathway, underscoring biopsychosocial endotypes.

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: This review indicates that following infection with SARS-CoV-2, DGBI, particularly IBS, occurs in 7.2% patients on follow-up. Clinically, a positive diagnosis framework and phenotype-tailored, multidisciplinary care are recommended. Future studies on post-infection IBS including post-COVID-19 IBS should be undertaken using upcoming Rome V criteria, controlling for confounding factors, and defining mechanistic endotypes to unlock precision therapies.},
}

Humans
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/therapy
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Brain-Gut Axis/physiology

@article {pmid41578296,
year = {2026},
author = {Rubini, E and Trentin, M and Maffi, P and Aammar, B and Gaievskyi, S and Bahattab, A and Lamine, H and Kordi-Kaiser, M and Staub, K and Ragazzoni, L},
title = {Challenges in healthcare facilities' response to past outbreaks: a systematic review of reviews.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {141},
pmid = {41578296},
issn = {1472-6963},
support = {101168124//HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The frequency of infectious diseases outbreaks is increasing, but these challenges are not always thoroughly investigated. To date, no systematic reviews of reviews have comprehensively mapped the challenges and gaps faced during past epidemics and pandemics in Europe at healthcare facility level. This systematic review of reviews aims at filling this gap and at contributing to documenting the challenges and informing policy recommendations.

METHODS: This review was conducted within the Horizon Europe project PREPSHIELD. The search was conducted in October 2024 on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Reviews published in English between the years 2009–2024, reporting data on COVID-19, H1N1, influenza or seasonal flu, measles, or Mpox, and documenting gaps or challenges in the response to these outbreaks at healthcare facility level were included.

RESULTS: A total of 21 reviews were included: they were systematic, scoping, narrative, rapid, or integrative. The studies included in the reviews were mostly conducted in the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, and France. The studies included different levels of healthcare facilities, namely hospitals, primary healthcare, and prehospital settings. Findings were classified according to the 4S surge capacity framework and were related to staff (n = 18), stuff (n = 14), space (n = 7), and system (n = 18). The most reported challenges in the included reviews were increased workload, mental health, and task shifting or redeployment, resource shortages, intensive care unit/emergency department space limitations and repurposing, and telemedicine challenges.

CONCLUSION: Key issues described highlight the need for training, peer-to-peer support mechanisms, and improved inter-institutional collaboration. Technology was described as both an opportunity and a challenge in pandemic response if not adequately supported by health staff training. A whole-of-society strategy, combining all-hazards and hazard-specific approaches, and moving beyond crisis mode, can strengthen future outbreak preparedness and response.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-025-13934-9.},
}

@article {pmid41577930,
year = {2026},
author = {Ochoa-Gutierrez, V and Saiko, G},
title = {Pulse Oximeters: Accuracy and Artifacts.},
journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology},
volume = {1498},
number = {},
pages = {277-283},
pmid = {41577930},
issn = {0065-2598},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oximetry/instrumentation/methods/standards ; *Artifacts ; *COVID-19/blood/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Skin Pigmentation ; Calibration ; Oxygen Saturation ; *Oxygen/blood ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {Oximetry is used to quantify the presence of oxygen in human blood within soft tissues of the human body. Among multiple implementations of this technology, pulsatile oxygen saturation (SpO2) is a core medical technology and is being rapidly adopted in consumer health. However, despite its long history of clinical use, recent findings indicate that the accuracy of pulse oximetry may be affected by various factors and biases. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic showed that pulse oximeters exhibited flaws in accuracy due to the skin pigmentation of patients with darker skin. Thus, the future of this technology, particularly in consumer health devices, needs to be built on foundations that account for such biases. This chapter reviews the principles of pulse oximetry, sources of its artifacts, calibration methods, and the factors that may cause inaccuracy in pulse oximeters, particularly pertinent to two-wavelength pulse oximetry. Drawing upon recent research and clinical insights, we review the multifaceted nature of pulse oximetry biases, including motion artifacts, skin pigmentation, body mass index, environmental variables, device calibration, and nail polish, among others.},
}

Humans
*Oximetry/instrumentation/methods/standards
*Artifacts
*COVID-19/blood/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Skin Pigmentation
Calibration
Oxygen Saturation
*Oxygen/blood
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid41577421,
year = {2026},
author = {Nakimuli-Mpungu, E and Arango, C and Dandona, R and Ford, T and John, A and Jordan, A and Cherop, R and Kola, L and López-Jaramillo, C and Schuster, AM and Knapp, M and Walbaum, M and Opiepie, K and Musoro, F and White, LA and Martsenkovskyi, D and Michael, BD and O'Connor, R and , and Jones, PB},
title = {Policy and public health implications for mental health after the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {162-174},
doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00358-X},
pmid = {41577421},
issn = {2215-0374},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Public Health ; *Health Policy ; *Mental Health ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic revealed essential weaknesses in mental health systems and intensified existing inequities, highlighting the need for a comprehensive assessment of policy responses and strategies for future resilience. Guided by four questions relating to system adaptations, approaches to inequities, financing strategies, and evidence gaps, we synthesised evidence from a structured literature search (2020-24), expert consultation, and lived experience. We found that public health systems embedded infodemic management, expanded digital services, and mobilised community workforces, but responses varied in equity and effectiveness. Although gender, age, socioeconomic, and racial disparities worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, social protection, gender-sensitive policies, school-based services, and culturally adapted interventions showed promise. High-income countries buffered shocks with welfare measures while low-income and middle-income countries faced sharp fiscal constraints. Few studies evaluated cost-effectiveness or equity impacts of psychosocial interventions. Building resilient, equitable mental health systems requires integrated policies spanning communication, digital and community care, gender-responsive and youth-responsive strategies, and sustainable financing, alongside investment in longitudinal and cross-national research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Public Health
*Health Policy
*Mental Health
*Mental Health Services/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41577420,
year = {2026},
author = {Schuster, AM and Alwan, NA and Callard, F and Chen, EYH and Gilbody, S and Graham, BM and Hatch, SL and Jones, E and Jordan, A and Knapp, M and López-Jaramillo, C and Nakimuli-Mpungu, E and Pathare, S and Ressler, KJ and Wessely, S and White, LA and , and Jones, PB},
title = {The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for clinical mental health care.},
journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {140-161},
doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00247-0},
pmid = {41577420},
issn = {2215-0374},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; *Mental Disorders/therapy/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mental Health ; },
abstract = {A Position Paper published in The Lancet Psychiatry in 2020 suggested an agenda for research about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, following which an interdisciplinary Lancet Psychiatry standing commission was established in 2022 to examine the emerging evidence and refine recommendations for more research. In this first Series paper from the standing commission, we focus on changes in the delivery of clinical mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The second paper in the Series focuses on public mental health and policy perspectives, and the third will address neuropsychiatric consequences of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Evidence from high-quality longitudinal studies with pre-pandemic baseline data, controlled intervention trials, or systematic reviews took time to accrue. During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, symptoms of anxiety and depression became more prevalent, and many mental health services were compromised by pandemic-related factors; however, whether the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated pre-existing long-term trends of increasing incidence of mental health disorders, especially in children and adolescents, is unclear. Little research has been done in low-income and middle-income countries, or regarding post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID), which emerged as a multisystem condition with mental health implications. Vulnerable populations, including socioeconomically disadvantaged and minoritised groups, faced disproportionate mental health impacts and limited access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting systemic, pre-pandemic inequalities. Bold implementation of existing evidence-based mental health support for vulnerable communities, ambitious trials of novel interventions, and systematic pooling of rapidly accumulating evidence about best healh care should be priorities in future pandemics.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Mental Health Services/organization & administration
*Mental Disorders/therapy/epidemiology
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Mental Health

@article {pmid41577399,
year = {2026},
author = {José Álvarez García, F and Iofrío de Arce, A and Álvarez Aldeán, J and Garrote Llanos, E and López Granados, L and Navarro Gómez, ML and Pineda Solas, V and Rivero Calle, I and Ruiz-Contreras, J and Salamanca de la Cueva, I and Serrano Marchuet, P and , },
title = {Vaccination and immunization schedule of the Pediatric Spanish Association: 2026 recommendations.},
journal = {Anales de pediatria},
volume = {104},
number = {1},
pages = {504051},
doi = {10.1016/j.anpede.2025.504051},
pmid = {41577399},
issn = {2341-2879},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; *Immunization Schedule ; Pediatrics ; Spain ; *Vaccination/standards ; Male ; },
abstract = {The 2026 Vaccination and Immunization Schedule recommended by the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP) for children, adolescents and pregnant women residing in Spain includes the following new features: introduction of routine vaccination against hepatitis A with a single-dose schedule at 12-15 months; universal vaccination against influenza in children from 6 months and adolescents up to 17 years of age; catch-up vaccination and reengagement campaigns added to the routine immunization schedule and a new table featuring the vaccinations recommended for specific chronic diseases or risk conditions. The following recommendations from the 2025 schedule, among others, are maintained: immunization with nirsevimab in infants younger than 6 months, or up to 12 months in the case of preterm infants born before 35 weeks of gestation and up to 24 months in children with risk factors; routine vaccination against meningococcal disease (MenB in infancy [starting at 2 months] and at 12 years, plus booster doses for those vaccinated in childhood with 4CMenB; MenACWY at 4 months, 12 months and 12 years); advancing the second doses of MMR and varicella vaccines to 24 months and the Tdap at 10-12 years; and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 for children older than 6 months with risk factors. During pregnancy, vaccination with Tdap and against influenza and COVID-19 is indicated. Vaccination against RSV in pregnant women is available, although not funded, as it is not currently approved as a public health strategy.},
}

Adolescent
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
*Immunization Schedule
Pediatrics
Spain
*Vaccination/standards
Male

@article {pmid41577338,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, Z and Yan, H and Wang, S and Liu, Y and Luo, Y and Tang, Y and Zhang, T},
title = {Moral injury in nurses during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Nursing ethics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {9697330251407217},
doi = {10.1177/09697330251407217},
pmid = {41577338},
issn = {1477-0989},
abstract = {BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges for nurses, including resource shortages, heavier workloads, and ethical decision-making pressures, putting them at high risk for moral injury. This threatens their physical and mental health, job stability, and the quality of care.AimThe aim was to systematically assess the level of moral injury among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted on 12 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, ProQuest, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, CBM, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data) for cross-sectional studies published up to 20 July 2025, that reported the level of moral injury among nurses using the Moral Injury Symptoms Scale-Health Professionals Version. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. The pooled mean score was calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects models, with subgroup analysis to explore heterogeneity.Ethical considerationsEthical approval was not required as the review synthesized publicly available data.ResultsThis study included 16 articles, involving 5824 participants. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled mean total MISS-HP score for nurses was 42.12 (95% CI: 40.70-43.53). Among the dimensions, the pooled mean score for Loss of religion/spiritual faith was the highest at 5.68 (95% CI: 4.61-6.74), while the pooled mean score for religious struggles was the lowest at 2.26 (95% CI: 1.13-3.40). Subgroup analysis results indicated significant differences in moral injury levels among nurses based on Survey year and department (p < .001).ConclusionsUnder the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses experienced moderate to high levels of moral injury, particularly during the early stages of the pandemic in 2020, with emergency department nurses being most affected. To support nurses' well-being and mental health, healthcare institutions should strengthen ethical support systems, improve management, and consider the role of religion/spiritual faith in alleviating moral injury.},
}

@article {pmid41576591,
year = {2026},
author = {Ali, M and Younis, AB and Duru, CI and Sherchan, SP},
title = {A review of AI/ML approaches in wastewater surveillance advancement.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {1015},
number = {},
pages = {181364},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181364},
pmid = {41576591},
issn = {1879-1026},
mesh = {*Machine Learning ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Wastewater/virology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring ; Humans ; Neural Networks, Computer ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Environmental Monitoring/methods ; },
abstract = {Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a powerful tool for early detection and monitoring of infectious diseases, particularly during pandemics such as COVID-19. This study systematically evaluates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models in WBE over the past five years, focusing on their effectiveness in pathogen detection and disease trend forecasting. Various supervised, unsupervised, deep learning, and time-series models were compared based on their predictive accuracy, scalability, interpretability, computational demands, and real-time feasibility. Comparative analysis showed that Random Forest (RF) achieved R[2] values of 0.80 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) 0.54 for COVID-19 trend forecasting, outperforming linear regression. Support Vector Machines (SVM) improved pathogen classification accuracy by ∼20% compared with traditional analytical techniques. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) estimated pathogen prevalence with R = 0.81-0.92 and mean squared, while Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks achieved R[2] ≈ 0.81 (test) and 0.94 (train) for multi-community forecasting. Time-series machine learning models (TSML) frameworks consistently produced lower RMSE and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values than ARIMAX models, confirming their real-time prediction power. Unsupervised models like K-means clustering supported outbreak pattern identification, when labeled data were limited. Additionally, a decision-support framework was proposed to guide model selection based on prediction objectives, data type, and temporal dependencies. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating hybrid modeling approaches and environmental metadata to enhance WBE systems, and they offer a foundation for real-time, adaptive surveillance strategies.},
}

*Machine Learning
*Artificial Intelligence
*Wastewater/virology
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
Humans
Neural Networks, Computer
SARS-CoV-2
*Environmental Monitoring/methods

@article {pmid41573792,
year = {2025},
author = {Kiggundu, R and Waswa, JP and Mwanja, H and Hope, M and Kambugu, A and Kakooza, F and Byonanebye, DM},
title = {Leveraging disease outbreak news to strengthen the global response to antimicrobial resistance: a call for action.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1710596},
pmid = {41573792},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Global Health ; Public Health ; World Health Organization ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health threat, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bearing the greatest burden as healthcare facilities become breeding grounds for resistant pathogens, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and straining of already limited resources. The World Health Organization's Disease Outbreak News (DONs) has proven invaluable for early warnings and coordinated responses to infectious disease outbreaks like Ebola and COVID-19, yet AMR events remain largely absent from this system, leading to under-detection, limited global visibility, and ineffective interventions. In this paper, we review the historical evolution of DONs, its supporting frameworks, and the dynamics of AMR outbreaks in LMIC healthcare settings to explore how DONs could be adapted for AMR. We recommend standardizing AMR outbreaks reporting, integrating DONs into response efforts, linking AMR surveillance to DONs workflows, and expanding the definition of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) to include high-morbidity AMR events, steps that would elevate AMR from a "silent pandemic" to a visible priority.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
*Drug Resistance, Microbial
*Global Health
Public Health
World Health Organization

@article {pmid41573583,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, S and Zhao, Z and Li, Y and Tan, Y and Tian, H and Xie, F},
title = {When viral infections meet the anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1649489},
pmid = {41573583},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dermatomyositis/immunology ; *Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology ; *Autoantibodies/immunology/blood ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/complications ; },
abstract = {Anti-melanoma differentiation-related gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis (anti-MDA5[+] DM) is recognized as a distinct subtype of dermatomyositis, characterized by its frequent association with interstitial lung disease (ILD), particularly rapidly progressive ILD (RP-ILD), which is associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality. MDA5 functions as a cytoplasmic sensor for viral double-stranded RNA. The expression level of anti-MDA5 antibodies is positively correlated with disease severity. Notably, anti-MDA5 antibodies have been detected in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. While the mechanisms underlying the generation of anti-MDA5 antibodies and their pathogenic role remain incompletely understood, accumulating data support the hypothesis that viral infections may trigger the production of these antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between anti-MDA5 antibodies and viral infections in patients with anti-MDA5[+] dermatomyositis (DM), with a focus on the potential mechanisms by which viral infections induce autoantibody formation.},
}

Humans
*Dermatomyositis/immunology
*Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
*Autoantibodies/immunology/blood
*COVID-19/immunology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology
*Virus Diseases/immunology/complications

@article {pmid41573565,
year = {2025},
author = {Chiyyeadu, A and Khan, B and Ehrhardt, K and Büning, H and Morgan, M and Schambach, A},
title = {Therapeutic antibody delivery: vector tools to boost efficacy and affordability.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1714390},
pmid = {41573565},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Genetic Vectors/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; *Genetic Therapy/methods ; Animals ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Dependovirus/genetics ; },
abstract = {Antibody (Ab)-based therapeutics have become powerful tools across diverse disease areas, with advances in bioengineering giving rise to next-generation molecules designed to outperform conventional Abs. Yet, large-scale production and purification of such complex proteins remain costly and can restrict patient access. A promising alternative is to improve in vivo expression capabilities, which will reduce manufacturing burdens and improve safety and tolerability. Multiple gene delivery platforms - ranging from mRNA and viral vectors to engineered cell therapies - have matured considerably, as a direct result of years of clinical experience and growing regulatory confidence. The rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the clinical success of adeno-associated virus (AAV)- and lentiviral-based interventions, and the approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies highlight the potential of these technologies to transform how we deliver Ab therapeutics. While these approaches hold the promise to treat genetic aberrations in patients, they may also contribute considerably to advancing conventional Ab therapeutics against viral infections and other diseases through local persistence of the proteins. Looking forward, in situ expression may confer even more benefits for engineered Ab-like molecules, thereby compensating for possibly shorter half-lives and overcoming challenges in in vitro production and purification. Therefore, in this review, we critically evaluate how these established and emerging gene therapy platforms can be harnessed to expand access, and discuss possibilities to improve in situ availability through the choice of transient or stable expression systems to increase the efficacy of Abs and other therapeutic proteins. Furthermore, we explore the current landscape of technological advancements, identify key translational challenges, and project future directions for optimizing these approaches towards widely applicable clinical interventions.},
}

Humans
*Genetic Vectors/genetics
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/therapy
*Genetic Therapy/methods
Animals
*Gene Transfer Techniques
Dependovirus/genetics

@article {pmid41573445,
year = {2025},
author = {Verma, M and Maan, HS and Konatam, S and Verma, Y and Kumar, R and Chaurasia, D and Dave, L and Sharma, S},
title = {Geographical and Ecological Drivers of Zoonotic Viral Spillover: A Review of Emerging and Re-emerging Outbreaks.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e99820},
pmid = {41573445},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Over the past two decades, outbreaks of zoonotic viruses have become increasingly frequent and severe, posing substantial threats to public health systems and the global economy. The viruses responsible for these outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Zika, Ebola, Nipah, avian influenza, and, most recently, SARS-CoV-2, typically originate in wildlife, highlighting the complex relationship between ecological systems and human activities. Human-wildlife interactions have markedly increased due to disruptions in environmental and geographic boundaries, primarily driven by urbanization, deforestation, intensified agricultural practices, and climate change. These factors contribute to an environment that facilitates zoonotic transmission spillover. This narrative review summarizes current research on the ecological, geographic, and human factors influencing zoonotic virus transmissions. It emphasizes how these viruses adapt to human hosts and cross species barriers via direct contact, vector-borne transmission, intermediate carriers, and environmental contamination. Moreover, the review discusses how the genomic plasticity of viruses enhances their transmissibility and facilitates adaptation to new hosts, thereby increasing the risk of epidemics and pandemics. The review further underscores the importance of ecological boundaries in mitigating spillover events and advocates for a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health. This approach is essential for predicting, detecting, and preventing future outbreaks. In conclusion, the review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research, proactive surveillance, habitat preservation, and policy interventions that address the underlying ecological factors contributing to zoonotic outbreaks. Restoring ecological barriers and implementing sustainable practices to minimize the interaction between wildlife and humans, while bolstering global biosecurity, are essential measures to mitigate the risk of future pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid41573202,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Chen, Z and Sun, L and Guo, W},
title = {An overview of hypopituitarism's causes.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1695833},
pmid = {41573202},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hypopituitarism/etiology/diagnosis/therapy ; Pituitary Neoplasms/complications ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The widespread application of tumor therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and the emergence of new infectious diseases such as COVID-19 are promoting the continued expansion of the cause spectrum of hypopituitarism, making its scope significantly beyond traditional causes such as pituitary tumors and craniocerebral trauma. Faced with this evolution, a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of its etiology has become a top priority, which has also put forward new requirements for clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This review aims to systematically sort out and deeply explore the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. The content not only covers traditional factors such as pituitary tumors, radiation injury, and pituitary surgery, but also the latest progress in emerging fields such as immunotherapy, new infections, and autoimmunity. It aims to provide reliable reference for clinicians' diagnosis and treatment practice and lay a theoretical foundation for future research in this field.},
}

Humans
*Hypopituitarism/etiology/diagnosis/therapy
Pituitary Neoplasms/complications
COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41572466,
year = {2026},
author = {Kothandan, SV and Basu, S and Singh, S},
title = {Dry Eye Disease After Ocular or Systemic Infection: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Eye & contact lens},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
pages = {83-91},
doi = {10.1097/ICL.0000000000001236},
pmid = {41572466},
issn = {1542-233X},
support = {N/A//Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology/diagnosis ; COVID-19/complications ; *Eye Infections/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Tears/metabolism ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To study the characteristics of dry eye disease (DED) secondary to ocular or systemic infections.

METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were systematically reviewed for DED development after systemic and ocular infections. The severity of DED symptoms and signs, type of infection, and management outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS: Of the 28 included studies, eight were related to HIV infection, five had hepatitis C, four to COVID-19, and 11 studies had DED secondary to herpes keratitis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, viral conjunctivitis, Chlamydia infection, Mycobacterium leprae, and Chikungunya infections. The organisms implicated in conjunctivitis associated with DED were Coxsackie A24virus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma. There were no immunocompromised patients in any of the studies except HIV. Nine studies established DED diagnosis based on symptoms alone, seven on signs alone, and 12 on symptoms and signs (at least abnormal Schirmer or tear break-up time, but not DEWS II criteria). The severity of DED symptoms was usually mild. HIV and hepatitis C showed no difference in tear volume and stability between cases and healthy controls. Advanced stages of hepatitis (stage 4 to stage 6) showed worse tear film parameters than the initial stages. Tear volume and stability were affected in 1/5th of patients post-COVID-19. Absolute tear deficiency (zero Schirmer) was reported in two patients after Epstein-Barr virus and HIV infection that improved with intravenous acyclovir, cyclosporin A, and prednisolone in EBV infection only. Very few studies reported the management of postinfectious DED with artificial tears and had fair outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Bacterial and viral infections can have DED as sequelae, although the infectious agent has not been isolated from the ocular surface in reported studies. DED is usually mild to moderate symptomatically, and tear film parameter levels do not meet DEWS II diagnostic criteria. The nonuniformity in reporting disease duration, tear film changes, and DED symptoms makes it difficult to understand the role of infection in causing DED.},
}

Humans
*Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology/diagnosis
COVID-19/complications
*Eye Infections/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Tears/metabolism

@article {pmid41569821,
year = {2026},
author = {Hesketh, KR and Smith, AD and Amichay, Y and van Sluijs, EMF},
title = {Correlates of Parental Physical Activity: A Quantitative Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of physical activity & health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-21},
doi = {10.1123/jpah.2025-0604},
pmid = {41569821},
issn = {1543-5474},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the benefits of physical activity (PA), evidence suggests around 25% of adults fail to meet PA guidelines, parents, and mothers in particular, and engage in less PA on average than their childless peers. This review sought to determine the correlates of parental PA, stratifying evidence by self-report and device-based measures.

METHODS: Quantitative studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) investigating associations between correlates and parental PA (ie, parents with children aged 0-18 y) were identified across 4 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Scopus) up to October 2024. Correlates (assessed in 3 or more studies) and direction of associations were extracted, described, and synthesized narratively according to the socioecological model (individual, interpersonal, organizational, environmental, societal).

RESULTS: Of 4632 studies identified, 269 full texts were assessed and 105 studies included in the review. A total of 117 correlates were identified across all studies (103 for self-report measures, 55 for device-based). 53 correlates were assessed in 3/+ independent associations (n = 51 self-report, n = 14 device, n = 12 both). Consistently, partner PA was positively associated with parent PA regardless of measure used. Child PA, pet ownership, and environmental aesthetics were positively associated with (mothers') PA, whereas car ownership was negatively associated with PA. Only one policy-level factor (COVID-19 restrictions) was assessed, being negatively associated with parental PA.

CONCLUSIONS: Family-based correlates of PA were positively associated with parental PA, suggesting these may support wider family engagement in PA. Evidence from fathers and from low- and middle-income countries is needed to gain a better understanding of parental PA in these groups.},
}

@article {pmid41569498,
year = {2026},
author = {Killassy, N and Arbuthnot, P and Maepa, MB},
title = {Structural mimics of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41569498},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {Since its first detection in 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected approximately 778 million people and claimed 7.1 million lives globally. A deeper understanding of the biology of SARS-CoV-2 was instrumental in facilitating the development of protective vaccines and new therapeutics, as well as evaluating the impact of drug re-purposing to limit the pandemic. To date, approximately 13.64 billion vaccine doses have been administered; with approximately 67% of the global population having completed their primary series of COVID-19 vaccinations. The FDA has authorised the use of several repurposed drugs to combat the disease and while these developments have been instrumental in curbing the pandemic, the approved therapies have shown poor efficacy in cases of severe disease. Furthermore, several vaccine candidates received FDA approval following clinical trials where they proved to be both safe and efficacious. These vaccines were sanctioned for emergency roll-out to the global population, conferring herd immunity and reducing both infections and related mortalities. However, these vaccines are not without flaws and are limited by short term immune responses and poor efficacy against emerging variants, which has resulted in slip-through infections. Hence, efforts to develop potent drugs and vaccines are continuing. In these efforts, physiologically relevant models of SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical. This review describes available SARS-CoV-2 particle mimics, their contribution to COVID-19 research and the development of new vaccines and therapies.},
}

@article {pmid41569327,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Shbailat, SA and Alqato, S and Alkhalaileh, AY and Suleiman, R and Zein Eddin, S and Karajeh, A and Al-Shbeilat, RG and Hussein, R and Hatamleh, H and Jaradat, JH and Alsagarat, K and Asfour, LK},
title = {Risk Factors and Outcomes of Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and vice versa: A Systematic Review of the current literature.},
journal = {Current gastroenterology reports},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {6},
pmid = {41569327},
issn = {1534-312X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/immunology/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; COVID-19 ; *IgA Vasculitis/immunology/etiology/epidemiology ; *Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This systematic review sought to thoroughly investigate the relationship between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (IgAV), pinpointing both factors that increase risk and those that provide protection, laying the groundwork for future studies on specific treatments approaches to enhance the wellbeing of patients with IgAV and / or IBD.

RECENT FINDINGS: There is a new and quickly expanding body of literature on this subject, indicating a rising interest in it. Recent research has sought to investigate the connection between newly emerged viruses, such as COVID-19, or medications like Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (anti-TNF-α), and the development, progression, and treatment approaches of IgAV in IBD patients, and vice versa. Certain recent research is centered on a particular age groups or the condition of the initial illness. IgAV has been observed for numerous years following the diagnosis of IBD, displaying manifestations in the skin, joints, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. IBD encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and IgAV share immunological overlaps via dysregulated IgA production, genetic loci like HLA-DQA1/DQB1, and environmental triggers such as infections amid gut dysbiosis. IgAV often emerges as an IBD sequela or anti-TNF-α therapy complication, with TNF blockade potentially disrupting B-cell maturation, fostering Gd-IgA1 complexes, and neutrophil-driven inflammation. (31) studies encompassing (83) patients with co-occurring IBD and IgAV, predominantly males (60.2%) and younger individuals with confirmed dual diagnoses (95.2%). Compared to UC, more severe CD phenotypes and extended disease duration correlate with increased IgAV risk. Anti-TNF inhibitors appear to substantially contribute to IgAV onset in IBD patients. Most affected individuals develop IBD initially, followed by IgAV, whereas only a minority experience IBD subsequent to IgAV diagnosis. Ceasing anti-TNF-α therapy post-IgAV diagnosis may lead to IgAV resolution but could also trigger disease recurrence. The study's limited sample size has hindered the researchers from reaching conclusions via a meta-analysis. Additionally, the criteria utilized for IBD diagnosis have displayed inconsistency across all studies. Patients with IBD are at higher risk of developing IgAV, thus a high level of suspicion and prompt diagnostic assessment are crucial. To date, there have been no previous systematic reviews or meta-analyses highlighting a link between IgAV and IBD. Therefore, this systematic review is a pivotal endeavor to elucidate the complex relationship between these conditions, shaping future research in this area.},
}

Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/immunology/drug therapy
Risk Factors
COVID-19
*IgA Vasculitis/immunology/etiology/epidemiology
*Immunoglobulin A/immunology

@article {pmid41569003,
year = {2026},
author = {Chopra, I and Yang, J and Yehoshua, A and Mendoza, CF and Di Fusco, M},
title = {Incorporating underreporting of epidemiological burden in COVID-19 models: a targeted literature review.},
journal = {Journal of medical economics},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {193-212},
doi = {10.1080/13696998.2026.2613591},
pmid = {41569003},
issn = {1941-837X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/economics/mortality ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data/economics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Cost of Illness ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Underreporting of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths can pose challenges to accurately estimating the true burden of COVID-19. Consequently, health burden assessments and economic evaluations may underestimate the public health impact of interventions such as vaccination.

METHODS: This targeted literature review summarized economic evaluations of COVID-19 that reported having adjusted for underreporting of epidemiological burden. Searches were performed in PubMed through 08/31/2025 with no geographic restrictions. Key study characteristics extracted: country, time period, population, parameters adjusted for underreporting, and the adjustment multipliers used. A high-level quality assessment of evidence was conducted, building on Drummond checklist and CHEERS. Given the qualitative nature of the question and the expected heterogeneity in study designs, the results were summarized qualitatively.

RESULTS: A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 (70%) reported numerical adjustment factors, and the remaining 30% did not report a numerical factor. The studies covered diverse geographic regions and time frames, with adjustments applied to parameters such as infections, hospitalizations, and mortality. The study quality was moderate to high. The multipliers used ranged widely across studies: 1 to 5 for mortality, 1 to 5 for hospitalizations, and 1 to 10 for infections, where a value higher than 1.0 reflects an adjustment factor for underreporting. The methodologies used to estimate underreporting varied, including comparisons to excess mortality data, Monte Carlo simulations, and validation against external datasets.

LIMITATIONS: Most studies used pandemic time horizons.

CONCLUSIONS: This review identified 14 modelling studies reporting numerical adjustment factors. The studies used diverse approaches and adjustment factors, reflecting variability in data availability and estimation methods. Recognizing and standardizing these adjustments is crucial for improving the accuracy and comparability of health economic analyses that inform policy decisions. Further research could refine underreporting estimates and assess their impact on economic model outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/economics/mortality
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data/economics
SARS-CoV-2
*Cost of Illness

@article {pmid41568029,
year = {2025},
author = {Shao, F and Zhu, X and Yi, M and Gao, H and Wu, J and Fang, R and Xie, Y and Han, J and Lu, H},
title = {TLR agonists as adjuvants for viral vaccines: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1740572},
pmid = {41568029},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby initiating immune responses against viral infections. TLR agonists have emerged as promising adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of viral vaccines by modulating immune responses, improving antigen presentation, and promoting both humoral and cellular immunity. This review comprehensively summarizes the classification, signaling mechanisms, and immunomodulatory functions of cell-surface and intracellular TLRs. It further discusses the application of TLR agonists as adjuvants in vaccines against major viruses, including HBV, HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and flaviviruses. Key findings from preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of TLR agonists to overcome immune tolerance, enhance vaccine immunogenicity, and provide broad-spectrum protection. Finally, it points toward the "integration of precision adjuvants with novel vaccine platforms" as a core future direction, laying a theoretical and applied foundation for TLR agonists to become the next generation of viral vaccine adjuvants.},
}

@article {pmid41567589,
year = {2026},
author = {Safi, D and El Rassi, C and Abou Mansour, M and Sleem, B and El Rassi, I and Arabi, M},
title = {Kawasaki Disease Versus Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Exploring the Complexities of Pediatric Cardiac Inflammatory Disorders.},
journal = {Sage open pediatrics},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {30502225251411149},
pmid = {41567589},
issn = {3050-2225},
abstract = {Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are both pediatric inflammatory conditions that pose significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to their overlapping clinical features and distinct pathophysiological profiles. KD is a well-established acute vasculitis that primarily affects children under 5. In contrast, MIS-C is a recently identified condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, typically affecting older children and adolescents. Reported mortality for MIS-C remains below 2%, compared with less than 0.1% for KD, although both can result in significant cardiac morbidity if untreated. This review highlights the critical differences between KD and MIS-C, including their genetic underpinnings, clinical manifestations, and responses to treatment. While KD has a well-established treatment protocol involving intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin, MIS-C treatment is still evolving. The manuscript underscores the importance of distinguishing between these conditions for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment, which is crucial for improving patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41567412,
year = {2026},
author = {Ssebibubbu, S and Ssekamwa, F and Muhumuza, N and Mulumba, M},
title = {Reforming Uganda's digital health data systems: A policy analysis for inclusive, equitable, and decolonised data governance.},
journal = {Digital health},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {20552076251408532},
pmid = {41567412},
issn = {2055-2076},
abstract = {Uganda has rapidly digitised many health services, but persistent challenges in data governance - including fragmented systems, variable data quality, and the exclusion of vulnerable populations - hinder effective care and equity. This analysis reviews recent developments (2023-2025) in Uganda's digital health policy and practice, drawing on strategy documents, conference reports, and stakeholder input. It highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated innovation while exposing systemic weaknesses. For example, the Ministry of Health's (MoH) 2023 strategy explicitly targets data accessibility and integration, and the 2024 guidelines standardise management across the sector. Yet, execution gaps remain due to resource constraints and organisational silos. This article proposes an inclusive data governance framework with five pillars (inclusive governance, equity, interoperability, privacy, and capacity) and recommends concrete actions. By adopting these reforms, Uganda can transform its digital health systems into people-centred, equitable platforms that build trust, protect rights, and advance universal health coverage.},
}

@article {pmid41567375,
year = {2025},
author = {Bouayad, A},
title = {An overview of HLA variants in COVID-19 vaccine-induced autoimmunity.},
journal = {International journal of molecular epidemiology and genetics},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {16-41},
pmid = {41567375},
issn = {1948-1756},
abstract = {COVID-19 vaccination, both in healthy individuals and those with comorbid medical disorders, has proven highly effective in mitigating critical disease progression and mortality rates. Nevertheless, although rare, induction of autoantibodies and new-onset autoimmune conditions in apparently healthy individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccination have been documented. These autoimmune phenomena can be broadly classified into organ-specific autoimmune disorders (e.g., subacute thyroiditis (SAT)) and systemic autoimmune disorders, with many being generally transient (e.g., vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)) and others causing chronic disability (e.g., systemic vasculitis). Recent studies have highlighted significant associations between COVID-19 vaccine-associated autoimmunity and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. For example, HLA class I alleles such as HLA-B*35 and HLA-C*04 have been associated with COVID-19 vaccine-induced SAT, while HLA class II alleles, including HLA-DRB1*11:04, HLA-DQA1*05:01, HLA-DQB1*02:01, and HLA-DPB1*17:01, have been linked to VITT. This review synthesizes the reported associations between classical HLA loci and COVID-19 vaccine-induced autoimmunity, providing insights into potential mechanisms and clinical implications.},
}

@article {pmid41567360,
year = {2026},
author = {Shahid, F and Farooq, H and Abeer, H and Mahmood, GM and Sheikh, H and Ameer, MZ and Fatima, L and Ameer, F and Amjad, Z and Ahmad, TZ and Rehman, G and Rehman, AU},
title = {The Association of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis With COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {11795441251414673},
pmid = {41567360},
issn = {1179-5441},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) are interrelated inflammatory conditions, and evidence suggests that infection and vaccination might act as a trigger for these conditions. This descriptive systematic review summarizes the published case reports and case series on new-onset PMR and GCA following COVID-19 vaccination, highlighting their clinical features, diagnostic findings, and treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To do a systematic analysis of available literature regarding the association between COVID-19 vaccination and the first onset or flare of PMR and/or GCA.

DESIGN: Systematic review of case reports and case series.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Data on patient demographics, clinical features, outcomes, and latency periods were extracted and analyzed. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool.

RESULTS: A total of 32 articles, documenting 50 new-onset cases (30 PMR and 20 GCA), were identified for inclusion. The mean age for patients with PMR was 71.06 years, and 72.85 years for GCA. A slight female predominance was observed (60%) for both PMR and GCA. Pfizer-BioNTech (48%) and AstraZeneca (38%) vaccines were most frequently associated with disease onset. The mean latency period from vaccination to symptom onset was 11.03 days for PMR and 5.3 days for GCA, indicating a temporal relationship. Most of these studies originated from North America and Europe mimicking the global scale of vaccination. Most patients responded well to symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids.

CONCLUSIONS: There exists a temporal association between COVID-19 mRNA or viral vector-based vaccines and the onset of PMR and GCA. While causality is not proven, this review underscores the need for clinicians to be aware of this potential association to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment, particularly as booster vaccinations continue to be administered. Larger epidemiological studies with long-term follow-up are essential to further explore this association.},
}

@article {pmid41567315,
year = {2025},
author = {Vargas Cornejo, HM and Jiménez Prado, CA and Guillén Galarza, MF},
title = {Glossopharyngeal neuralgia after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e1550-e1553},
pmid = {41567315},
issn = {1989-5488},
abstract = {Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) is a rare neuropathic disorder characterized by sudden, unilateral, electric shock-like pain in the areas innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve. Its diagnosis is frequently delayed because of its clinical overlap with odontogenic and otorhinolaryngological conditions. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, different cranial neuropathies have been reported, suggesting possible post-infectious mechanisms. We describe the case of a 54-year-old male dentist, without relevant medical history, who developed recurrent episodes of intense pain in the right pharynx and base of tongue after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms were triggered by swallowing, coughing, and salivary stimulation, reaching maximum intensity on the visual analogue scale (EVA 10/10). Brain and neck magnetic resonance imaging revealed no structural abnormalities. Treatment with carbamazepine (600 mg/day) partially reduced frequency and severity of attacks, while pregabalin (300 mg/day) showed no benefit. This case highlights the need to consider SARS-CoV-2 infection as a potential trigger of GN, underscores the importance of recent infectious history in the differential diagnosis, and emphasizes the relevance of early pharmacological management in clinical improvement.},
}

@article {pmid41567206,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, K and Chen, Y and Pang, J and Zhang, J and Lu, J},
title = {The endothelial-immunothrombotic storm in viral sepsis: lessons from COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1681764},
pmid = {41567206},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Sepsis/immunology/virology ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; *Endothelial Cells/immunology/virology/pathology ; *Thrombosis/immunology ; Extracellular Traps/immunology ; *Endothelium, Vascular/immunology/pathology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Taking COVID-19 as an illustrative example, this review systematically elucidates the central pathological mechanism of viral sepsis, termed the endothelial-immunothrombotic storm. This mechanism is initiated by the direct viral infection of endothelial cells, which provokes excessive immune activation and disrupts coagulation through immunothrombosis, including cytokine storms, NETosis, and complement activation. Meanwhile, these processes establish a vicious cycle leading to multiple organ failure. Compared with classical bacterial sepsis, viral sepsis exhibits distinctive features such as interferon dysregulation, direct endothelial damage, a hypercoagulable state, and T-cell exhaustion. This review integrates the latest research findings, contrasts the pathophysiological differences between viral and bacterial sepsis, and proposes precision strategies focused on endothelial protection, immune modulation, and anticoagulation. Finally, we discuss the clinical translational prospects of these approaches and suggests directions for future research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Sepsis/immunology/virology
*Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
*Endothelial Cells/immunology/virology/pathology
*Thrombosis/immunology
Extracellular Traps/immunology
*Endothelium, Vascular/immunology/pathology
Animals

@article {pmid41566983,
year = {2026},
author = {Rahmadina, F and Ahmad, RA and Ramadona, AL},
title = {Association of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) With COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Low-and Middle-income Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi},
volume = {59},
number = {1},
pages = {12-24},
pmid = {41566983},
issn = {2233-4521},
mesh = {Humans ; *Particulate Matter/adverse effects/analysis ; *COVID-19/mortality/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Developing Countries ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Air Pollutants ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Low-income and middle-income countries in Asia bear a disproportionate burden of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) pollution, yet data remain scarce. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the association between PM2.5 exposure and the risks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and mortality in this vulnerable region.

METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and other major databases for studies published up to December 31, 2024. We included observational studies reporting associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 outcomes in low-income and middle-income Asian countries. Pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022316008).

RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Separate analyses demonstrated statistically significant positive associations between PM2.5 exposure and COVID-19 infection for both short-term exposure (pooled risk ratio [RR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.18) and long-term exposure (pooled RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.56). For mortality, the analysis identified a statistically non-significant positive association with short-term exposure (pooled RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.80 to 2.33). Substantial heterogeneity was observed across all analyses (I²>75%); however, sensitivity analyses confirmed that the findings for infection were robust.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide robust evidence that PM2.5 exposure is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 infection in low-income and middle-income Asian countries. The available evidence was insufficient to establish a clear association with mortality. These results underscore the urgent need for strengthened air quality control policies as a critical component of public health strategies to mitigate the burden of respiratory pandemics.},
}

Humans
*Particulate Matter/adverse effects/analysis
*COVID-19/mortality/epidemiology
Asia/epidemiology
Developing Countries
Air Pollution/adverse effects
SARS-CoV-2
*Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
Air Pollutants

@article {pmid41566283,
year = {2026},
author = {Jiang, ZJ and Jin, PF and Zhang, MR and Jiang, GL and Hu, L and Niu, Q and Zhang, ZJ and Li, JX},
title = {[Progress in research of influence of gene polymorphisms on vaccine immune response].},
journal = {Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {180-186},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250709-00473},
pmid = {41566283},
issn = {0254-6450},
support = {2023YFC2307601//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; *HLA Antigens/genetics ; COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {To introduce the recent progress in the research of gene polymorphisms and differences in vaccine immune responses, this paper systematically summarizes current findings of the associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and other key immunoregulatory gene variations with vaccine responses across different domains, including COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of different genotypes on antibody production, immune protection, and the risk for breakthrough infections. To address the challenges posed by genetic polymorphisms, this paper further summarizes several key strategies for vaccine optimization, including conserved epitope targeting, multivalent vaccine design, and peptide-carrier conjugation approaches. Although genomics has laid a theoretical foundation for precise vaccine design, multiple challenges still persist in current research, such as the complexity of gene-environment interactions and ethical concerns regarding data sharing and privacy protection. Future investigations should further evaluate the effects of specific gene polymorphisms, such as detailed HLA subtypes, on the variations in vaccine immune responses, and elucidate underlying mechanisms by integrating functional studies Exploring and establishing genomics and multi-omics-based precise immunization strategies will provide more effective solutions for vaccine-preventable diseases.},
}

Humans
*Polymorphism, Genetic
*HLA Antigens/genetics
COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Influenza Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid41565938,
year = {2026},
author = {Bingham-Hendricks, C and Peters-Mosquera, A and Aronowitz, SV and Woods, C and Aronowitz, T},
title = {Narrative Review of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Impact on American Indian/Alaska Native Communities.},
journal = {Nursing open},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {e70437},
pmid = {41565938},
issn = {2054-1058},
mesh = {Humans ; *American Indian or Alaska Native/statistics & numerical data ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Drug Overdose ; Health Services Accessibility ; *Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods ; *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/ethnology/therapy ; Pandemics ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The United States (US) declared drug overdose a public health emergency in 2017. Despite this, two million people reported having an opioid use disorder (OUD) in 2018. However, following the beginning of COVID-19 there was a 53% increase in overdose deaths, with American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) individuals experiencing the highest rates of all racial groups. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and OUD treatment access challenges, OUD treatment policies were changed to improving access to care.

PURPOSE: This review examines how the state- and federal-level policies impacted access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the devastating impact of overdose and COVID-19 on AI/AN communities, as a secondary aim, we examined the inclusion of these populations in the samples of the included studies.

METHODS: We completed a narrative review using a data-based convergent synthesis design.

RESULTS: Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were quantitative descriptive studies (n = 25). Only two studies offer AI/AN as a category for ethnicity and both had less that 4% of the sample that identified as an AI/AN individual.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Telehealth OUD treatment increased initiation and retention for patients taking buprenorphine. No increase in overdose rates was associated with allowing for additional take-home doses of methadone. However, access to treatment, even telehealth, remains difficult for individuals due to a lack of OUD treatment providers and access to the internet. More needs to be done to address the opioid overdose crisis, especially among AI/AN communities. Research focused on cultural strategies to address this health disparity is desperately needed. We included nursing implications in response to this health disparity among AI/AN individuals.},
}

Humans
*American Indian or Alaska Native/statistics & numerical data
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Drug Overdose
Health Services Accessibility
*Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods
*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/ethnology/therapy
Pandemics
United States/epidemiology

@article {pmid41564895,
year = {2026},
author = {Gray, GC and Vlasova, AN and Lednicky, JA and Nguyen-Tien, T and Shittu, I and Li, F},
title = {Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats from Influenza D and Canine Coronavirus HuPn-2018.},
journal = {Emerging infectious diseases},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {1-6},
pmid = {41564895},
issn = {1080-6059},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Dogs ; *Coronavirus, Canine ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology/veterinary ; *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/virology/veterinary ; *Thogotovirus ; *Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology/veterinary ; *Influenza, Human/epidemiology/virology ; },
abstract = {In 2009 and again in 2019, public health warnings were confirmed by the emergence, rapid widespread transmission, and lethality of novel influenza and coronaviruses. The world continues to suffer disease from these respiratory viruses. Two newly recognized emergent respiratory viruses, influenza D and canine coronavirus HuPn-2018, have been shown to have considerable potential for causing future human epidemics, but diagnostics and surveillance for the viruses are lacking. We reviewed data regarding influenza D virus and coronavirus canine coronavirus HuPn-2018. Those data strongly indicate that these viruses are major newly recognized threats. However, little is being done to respond to or prevent disease associated with these viruses, warranting the question of whether we will learn from previous pandemics.},
}

Animals
Humans
Dogs
*Coronavirus, Canine
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology/veterinary
*Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/virology/veterinary
*Thogotovirus
*Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology/veterinary
*Influenza, Human/epidemiology/virology

@article {pmid41564840,
year = {2026},
author = {Faijue, DD and Bouaddi, O and Mackey, K and Deal, A and Cinar, EN and Morais, B and Bojang, S and Al-Sharabi, I and Seale, H and Ssali, A and Le Doare, K and Hargreaves, S},
title = {Strategies, interventions, and uptake of catch-up vaccination among adolescent and adult migrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): A systematic review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {75},
number = {},
pages = {128249},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128249},
pmid = {41564840},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Catch-up vaccination helps close immunity gaps among migrants, refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite immunisation life-course policies and global guidelines promoting catch-up vaccination of arriving migrants, vaccination strategies for adolescent and adult populations are poorly described. We synthesised evidence on catch-up vaccination strategies and interventions, delivery platforms, uptake and coverage, and contextual barriers and enablers in LMICs.

METHODS: We searched Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science and grey literature sources (including websites of international and national public health organisations and agencies) for primary studies and reports on catch-up vaccination strategies and interventions, delivery platforms, uptake and coverage, and contextual barriers and enablers targeting adolescents (9-18 years) and, or adults (≥19 years) in migrants (foreign-born, including refugees) and internally displaced people (IDPs; displaced within national borders) across 136 LMICs, (from January 1st 2000 to February 1st 2025; all languages). Study quality was accessed using ROBINS-I, CASP, AACODS and, AGREE II tools.

RESULTS: Thirty-seven records met the inclusion criteria (13 peer-reviewed, 24 grey literature), reporting catch-up vaccination activities across 16 LMICs. Most studies were conducted in Uganda (n = 6), Bangladesh (n = 4), Lebanon (n = 3), and Kenya (n = 3). Interventions reached ≥48,000 migrants, refugees, and IDPs (primarily Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh during COVID-19 catch-up campaigns). Populations targeted included mostly refugees (n = 16 studies; 43.2%), general migrants (n = 14; 37.8%), and IDPs (n = 5; 13.5%), with a smaller number involving mixed or other migrant groups (n = 4; 10.8%). The most frequently delivered vaccines were measles-rubella (n = 12; 32.4%), COVID-19 primary-series catch-up (n = 9; 24.3%), HPV (n = 6; 16.2%), polio OPV/IPV (n = 5; 13.5%), and Hepatitis B (n = 3; 8.1%). Catch-up vaccine delivery most commonly occurred through primary care via opportunistic offers (n = 11) and mobile/outreach delivery (n = 11), with additional implementation in fixed posts in camps/settlements (n = 7), supplemental immunisation activities (SIAs) (n = 6), school-linked delivery (n = 5), and hospital/outpatient opportunistic vaccination (n = 4). High uptake (≥85%) was reported where access barriers were minimised (e.g., walk-in availability, extended hours) was paired with community or peer engagement and simple recall systems (SMS or e-booking). Reported barriers included documentation/entitlement checks, language barriers, and fragmented or non-interoperable vaccination records.

CONCLUSIONS: Migrants remain at risk of under-immunisation, and greater emphasis must be placed on promotion of vaccination across the life-course for missed vaccines, doses, and boosters. Strengthening catch-up vaccination in adolescents and adults, and improving migration-disaggregated data and delivery systems, are urgently needed.},
}

@article {pmid41564655,
year = {2026},
author = {Joseph, SS and Al-Jarrah, L and Ahmed, MH and El-Menyar, A and Khan, NA and Abdelrahman, H and Consunji, R and Abdulrahman, Y and Rizoli, S and Al-Thani, H},
title = {Scoping review on motorcycle crashes patterns, risk factors, and potential in setting policy priorities in the gulf cooperation council countries (GCC).},
journal = {Injury},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {113017},
doi = {10.1016/j.injury.2026.113017},
pmid = {41564655},
issn = {1879-0267},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although road traffic injuries (RTIs) pose a significant public health burden in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC), the true extent of motorcycle crash injuries (MCCIs) remains unclear because of limited published data from this region. Emerging evidence suggests that MCCIs are on the rise because of the growing use of motorcycles for transport and delivery services, even though road safety overall has improved. We sought to review regional evidence on MCCIs' patterns, key risk factors, and temporal trends to inform policy interventions and research priorities for effective prevention.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles on GCC MCCIs published from July 2008 to October 2025, examining injury patterns, mortality, and safety practices, were included in the review. Search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and grey literature sources. The GCC consists of six countries: Saudi Arabia (KSA), Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, and Oman.

RESULTS: Of 1344 studies identified, 9 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The GCC has seen an increase in the number of motorcycles registered, resulting in higher MCC rates over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these rates surged again as the delivery sector grew. MCCI victims were mainly young males (mean age of 29 years). Extremity injuries were the most frequent (two-thirds), followed by head injuries (20-41%), often associated with poor helmet use compliance (range 13-17%). Delivery riders represented a high-risk subgroup, reflecting occupational exposure, fatigue, and time pressure. Despite advances in trauma care, geographic gaps persist. Helmet use non-compliance, alcohol use, and inadequate documentation remain significant risk factors. Extremity injuries were the most common in the GCC.

CONCLUSION: MCCIs in the GCC are on the rise with high rates of extremity and head trauma. Poor helmet use compliance is a significant factor. Therefore, we suggest strengthening helmet use laws and safety standards, increasing community efforts, and establishing motorcycle lanes with lower speed limits. Protection for riders at work should be enhanced. Road infrastructure and robust data systems also need improvement.},
}

@article {pmid41564537,
year = {2026},
author = {Asokan, S and Damilare, II and Kumar, S and Pandey, RK and Verma, G and Banerjee, N and Radhamanalan, G and Vijayan, S and Jacob, T and Rajeswary, D},
title = {From pandemic influenza to novel coronaviruses: emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century.},
journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease},
volume = {114},
number = {4},
pages = {117277},
doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117277},
pmid = {41564537},
issn = {1879-0070},
mesh = {Humans ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/history/virology ; Pandemics ; Animals ; *Influenza, Human/epidemiology/history/virology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; History, 21st Century ; },
abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases have risen significantly in the twenty-first century as ecological disruption, climate change, expanding human-animal interfaces, and global mobility intensify opportunities for pathogen transmission. This review synthesizes historical and contemporary evidence across viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic threats to characterize how diverse pathogens emerge and spread. Foundational events such as the 1918 influenza pandemic, mid-century influenza pandemics, the emergence of HIV/AIDS, and the eradication of smallpox provide context for understanding modern disease dynamics. In recent decades, coronaviruses including SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, pandemic H1N1, avian influenza subtypes, and major arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and yellow fever have demonstrated the rapidity with which zoonotic pathogens can disseminate globally. Viral hemorrhagic fevers including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever remain critical threats, especially in regions with limited health-care capacity. Concurrently, antimicrobial resistance, the emergence of Candida auris, and the climate-driven expansion of endemic mycoses involving Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces highlight the increasing importance of fungal pathogens. Parasitic diseases such as artemisinin-resistant malaria, zoonotic trypanosomiasis, and expanding Leishmania transmission reflect shifting ecological conditions. These patterns are shaped by intersecting drivers including deforestation, wildlife trade, agricultural intensification, urban crowding, conflict, and rapid microbial evolution that enable spillover and sustained transmission. Although advances in genomic surveillance, metagenomic diagnostics, mRNA vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and broad-spectrum antivirals have strengthened global response capacity, substantial gaps persist in equity, surveillance, and access to countermeasures. Strengthening One Health systems and resilient public health infrastructures is essential to anticipate and mitigate emerging infectious threats.},
}

Humans
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/history/virology
Pandemics
Animals
*Influenza, Human/epidemiology/history/virology
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
History, 21st Century

@article {pmid41563924,
year = {2026},
author = {Taylor, FE and Guo, H and Patel, T and Burns, F},
title = {A mixed methods systematic review on the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes and practices of infection prevention and control in the UK.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {124-136},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.011},
pmid = {41563924},
issn = {1532-2939},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Health Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; *Infection Control/methods ; Personal Protective Equipment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in the UK. It is important to understand if infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines are being followed to prevent future outbreaks and improve preparedness for the emergence of infectious disease. This mixed-methods systematic review aimed to explore the COVID-19 IPC knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of healthcare workers (HCWs) within the UK. Database searches carried out during April 2023 and July 2024 revealed 24 eligible papers (12 quantitative, eight qualitative, four mixed methods). A convergent integrated approach was used during qualitative synthesis. Doctors were most represented, followed by nurses then pharmacists. Personal protective equipment (PPE) was the most reported IPC measure. In terms of knowledge, articles reported moderate-to-poor knowledge of correct aerosol-generating procedures (range 33-35%), and donning and doffing procedures (range 3-82%). Intensive care workers and doctors tended to have better knowledge compared with other settings or HCWs. Regarding attitudes, PPE and gatekeeping visitation caused strain, and some HCWs felt that guidance lacked relevance to their setting. Finally, regarding practices, this review found that HCWs would risk assess what PPE to wear. An enhanced level of PPE than advised was worn when patients were symptomatic. However, HCWs would remove PPE when they felt it reduced effective communication or patient safety was at risk. Clearer communication of the evidence behind IPC guidance and tailored guidance for each setting may improve HCWs' KAP and thus reduce HCAIs. Future research should determine KAP of other IPC apart from PPE. Non-medical HCWs should also be included as they constitute a significant proportion of patient-facing staff.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Health Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
United Kingdom/epidemiology
*Infection Control/methods
Personal Protective Equipment
SARS-CoV-2
*Attitude of Health Personnel
Cross Infection/prevention & control

@article {pmid41563477,
year = {2026},
author = {Giesen, N and Mellinghoff, SC and Khatamzas, E and Korell, F and Hentrich, M and Einsele, H and Henze, L and Heußel, CP and Hohmann, C and Jensen, BO and Monin, MB and Schafhausen, P and Schalk, E and Spiekermann, K and Voigt, S and von Lilienfeld-Toal, M and Teschner, D and Cornely, OA and Rieger, C and Busch, E},
title = {Prevention, diagnosis and management of community acquired respiratory virus infections including COVID-19 in patients with cancer: 2025 updated evidence-based guideline of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German society for hematology and medical oncology (DGHO).},
journal = {Annals of hematology},
volume = {105},
number = {2},
pages = {46},
pmid = {41563477},
issn = {1432-0584},
mesh = {Humans ; *Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology/complications ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Germany/epidemiology ; Hematology/standards ; Immunocompromised Host ; Medical Oncology/standards ; *Neoplasms/complications/therapy ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; Societies, Medical ; },
abstract = {Community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARV), such as influenza-, parainfluenza- or respiratory syncytial virus, pose a significant threat to immunocompromised patients with cancer. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has now joined the ranks of endemic respiratory viruses and continues to be a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Strategies to protect this vulnerable patient population both by prevention of infection and by early therapeutic intervention in case of infectious disease are therefore of utmost importance. This guideline provides updated evidence-based recommendations on diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of CARV infections including COVID-19 in patients with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies to support clinicians in offering optimal care. The guideline is based on a systematic review of currently available data and was developed until the beginning of 2025 by an expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO).},
}

Humans
*Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy
*COVID-19/prevention & control/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology/complications
Evidence-Based Medicine
Germany/epidemiology
Hematology/standards
Immunocompromised Host
Medical Oncology/standards
*Neoplasms/complications/therapy
*Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy
Societies, Medical

@article {pmid41562814,
year = {2025},
author = {Hattori, T},
title = {Neutrophil-Galectin-9 Axis Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity in ATL, Sézary Syndrome, COVID-19, and Psoriasis: An AI-Assisted Integrative Review.},
journal = {Reports (MDPI)},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41562814},
issn = {2571-841X},
abstract = {Beyond their traditional role as short-lived antimicrobial cells, neutrophils are increasingly recognized as key regulators of adaptive immunity and tumor progression. This AI-assisted integrative review investigated the neutrophil-T-cell axis, particularly the role of Galectin-9 (Gal-9), across adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), Sézary syndrome (SS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and psoriasis. Leveraging AI tools (GPT-5 and Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant) for literature synthesis (2000-2025) and expert validation, we aimed to identify common immunological mechanisms. Across all conditions, neutrophils displayed persistent activation, elevated Gal-9 expression, and modulated T-cell interactions. In ATL and SS, neutrophilia correlated with poor survival and TCR signaling dysregulation, suggesting Gal-9-mediated immune modulation. In COVID-19 and psoriasis, neutrophil-derived Gal-9-linked innate hyperactivation to T-cell exhaustion and IL-17-driven inflammation. These findings define a recurring neutrophil-Gal-9 regulatory module connecting innate and adaptive immune responses. This study underscores the feasibility of combining AI-driven literature synthesis with expert review to identify unifying immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets across malignancy and inflammation.},
}

@article {pmid41562685,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghibu, AM and Maniu, I and Birlutiu, V},
title = {Severity Scores in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-A Comprehensive Bibliometric Review and Visualization Analysis.},
journal = {Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41562685},
issn = {2673-3986},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Discovered in 2019, COVID-19 spread rapidly worldwide, leading from mild forms of the disease to critical forms or death, predominantly among vulnerable patients. Severity scores help clinicians in stratifying the risk of complications and death among patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: This study aims to identify the severity scores used in this type of infection, while bibliometric analysis carried out provided a comprehensive overview of global research patterns, trends, and cooperation in scientific literature on the chosen topic.

RESULTS: We conducted a literature screening to identify severity scores used in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scores including CURB-54, COVID-GRAM, NEWS, APACHE II, SOFA, qSOFA, CALL, MuLBSTA, ISARIC 4C, and PADUA were identified with different performance indices.

CONCLUSIONS: There were different results obtained depending on the geographical area of applicability, patient groups analyzed, and individual patient characteristics.},
}

@article {pmid41562595,
year = {2026},
author = {Kotsias-Konopelska, S and Thielecke, M},
title = {Infections After International Travel: Relevant Diagnoses in Children and Adolescents.},
journal = {Deutsches Arzteblatt international},
volume = {},
number = {Forthcoming},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3238/arztebl.m2025.0201},
pmid = {41562595},
issn = {1866-0452},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Families can acquire infections that are rare or nonexistent in Germany by international travel for business or private reasons and by migration between countries. Children and adolescents have special risk profiles, and their course of illness may be nonspecific and/or severe. A structured travel history is essential so that regionally specific infections will not be overlooked.

METHODS: This narrative review is based on publications of the last 25 years that were retrieved by a PubMed search on infections after international travel, with an emphasis on retrospective and prospective studies and on articles with separate data on minors. Further information from books, guidelines, surveillance studies, reports of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, meta-analyses, reviews, and position statements was considered as well.

RESULTS: Reported case numbers of infectious diseases imported from abroad fell during the COVID-19 pandemic and have since risen again. Among diseases that are usually or exclusively acquired abroad, those most commonly affecting children and adolescents were giardiasis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A and malaria, with 695, 372, 344, and 128 cases in 2024. Less common ones included dengue fever (81 cases) and typhoid fever/paratyphoid fever (45 cases).

CONCLUSION: Regionally specific infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever, gastrointestinal disturbances, and skin conditions in children and adolescents after international travel. It is critical that relevant diseases including malaria and typhoid fever/paratyphoid fever must be promptly diagnosed or ruled out. Because resistance patterns differ across regions of the globe, targeted determination of the pathogenic organism including a resistogram is important. The possibility of chronic infection should be considered in particular after long stays abroad.},
}

@article {pmid41561870,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, W and Xing, Y and Zhao, F and Wang, Y},
title = {Mobile apps, AI, and teletherapy: a comprehensive review of digital mental health tools for nurses.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1686766},
pmid = {41561870},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mobile Applications ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Burnout, Professional/prevention & control/therapy ; *Telemedicine ; *Nurses/psychology ; Mental Health ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Mental Health Teletherapy ; },
abstract = {Chronic understaffing, workplace violence, moral distress, rotating shifts, and administrative burdens have created a global mental health crisis for nurses. Around half to two-thirds of nurses report symptoms of burnout, and large surveys have found high levels of depression and anxiety among nursing staff. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these issues, increasing absenteeism, turnover, and error rates. Barriers to care-such as stigma, cost, and limited access in rural areas-mean that many nurses remain untreated. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) offer scalable, flexible, and often anonymous support tailored to nurses' schedules and risks. These include teletherapy platforms, AI-driven chatbots and support systems, mobile mental health apps, and hybrid digital-human models. Recent studies (2020-2025) suggest DMHIs can reduce anxiety, depression, and burnout while improving resilience, job satisfaction, and retention. However, obstacles such as unequal access, variable digital literacy, privacy concerns, and limited long-term evidence slow adoption. This review synthesizes current research on DMHI types and efficacy, and examines factors affecting their accessibility and integration into nursing practice. We also discuss cultural and ethical considerations and strategies for involving nurses in designing these tools. Our analysis identifies gaps and opportunities for developing nurse-centered digital mental health solutions that strengthen the workforce and improve patient care.},
}

Humans
*Mobile Applications
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Burnout, Professional/prevention & control/therapy
*Telemedicine
*Nurses/psychology
Mental Health
*Artificial Intelligence
Mental Health Teletherapy

@article {pmid41561654,
year = {2026},
author = {Bakare, IS and Olaiya, VO and Badero, OJ and Okirie, CF},
title = {Neurological Complications Associated With COVID-19 Compared to Other Viral Infections: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e101817},
pmid = {41561654},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Neurological complications have become one of the most concerning features of COVID-19, yet clinicians still lack a clear comparison between these findings and what is seen in other viral infections. Understanding where SARS-CoV-2 fits, whether it behaves like influenza and dengue or follows an entirely different pattern, is essential for diagnosis, management, and planning long-term care. We conducted a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251064831). Searches across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000-2025) identified 24 eligible studies, including observational cohorts, clinical trials, case series, autopsy work, and national surveillance data. Because of the wide variation in study design and reporting, a narrative synthesis was used. Across the 24 studies, COVID-19 exhibited the widest and most severe spectrum of neurological involvement. Reported central nervous system complications included ischemic stroke, encephalopathy or encephalitis, seizures, and extensive microglial and white-matter injury in fatal cases. Peripheral complications were also prominent, such as anosmia, demyelinating neuropathies, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, functional movement disorders, and persistent abnormalities on nerve conduction testing long after recovery. In contrast, neurological complications from influenza were less frequent and mostly involved encephalitis/encephalopathy, seizures, meningitis, GBS, or myelitis, with generally low mortality. Dengue virus has been associated with a spectrum of direct neurotropic effects and immune-mediated syndromes, including encephalitis, GBS, myelitis, brachial neuritis, and myositis. Most patients recovered, and mortality remained low. Compared with influenza and dengue, COVID-19 stands out for both the breadth and severity of its neurological manifestations, as well as the persistence of symptoms in many survivors. These findings highlight the need for early neurological evaluation in COVID-19, structured follow-up after recovery, and more consistent research methods to allow better comparisons across viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid41561503,
year = {2025},
author = {Bravo-Valenzuela, NJM and Panizzi, TT and de Souza, KA and Stutz, GB and Aurelio, RVM and Rodrigues, MCF and de Almeida, RG and Lemos, FMCF and Araújo, AL and Sztajnbok, FR and Fonseca, AR},
title = {Cardiovascular abnormalities in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1635723},
pmid = {41561503},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic began with the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019. Although children usually have milder acute symptoms, they can develop severe systemic symptoms termed pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). This study reviews research in children and adolescents diagnosed with MIS-C, focusing on cardiovascular abnormalities.

METHODOLOGY: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was prospectively registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number: CDR420251232497). A search strategy was constructed to identify the studies focusing on cardiovascular abnormalities in children and adolescents with MIS-C published in Portuguese and English at PubMed and Scielo from January 2020 to February 2025. The eligibility criteria and data extraction strategy were guided by the PICO framework.

CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial dysfunction and coronary abnormalities are the most frequent cardiovascular features in patients with MIS-C. Strain technology in echocardiography identifies early myocardial dysfunction, with studies showing persistent subclinical injuries. Despite ejection fraction and coronary anomalies returning to normal short to medium term, long-term cardiovascular effects of MIS-C remain uncertain, necessitating ongoing cardiology monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41560849,
year = {2026},
author = {McKeague, S and Seymour, JF},
title = {Triplet regimens for frontline treatment of CLL-Great company or just a crowd?.},
journal = {HemaSphere},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {e70303},
pmid = {41560849},
issn = {2572-9241},
abstract = {Standard frontline treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is with fixed-duration venetoclax-based doublets or indefinite covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKI). Although these approaches achieve excellent results, venetoclax doublets have diminished efficacy in high-risk biological subgroups, and indefinite covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (cBTKI) is associated with cumulative cardiovascular and infectious toxicity. Triplet regimens for treatment of CLL involve simultaneous use of cBTKI, venetoclax, and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Three major frontline Phase 3 trials (CLL-13/GAIA, AMPLIFY, and A041702) have demonstrated higher rates of undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD) and longer remissions with triplets than doublets, particularly in patients with IGHV-unmutated (IGHV-U) disease. However, this comes at the cost of increased infectious toxicity, particularly with COVID-19, and thus has translated into a variable impact on progression-free survival (PFS) and, to-date, no overall survival (OS) benefit. Although there are promising Phase 2 data for triplets in patients with TP53 aberrant or relapsed disease, the heterogeneity of treatment duration/MRD definition, lack of control arm, and potential increased toxicity make it premature to use triplets in these groups. We recommend considering triplets in treatment naïve CLL patients with IGHV-U, TP53 wild type, anticipated low incidence/good tolerance of Gr ≥ 3 infection (<70 years old, no major comorbidity and fully immunized) who are well informed and prioritize maximal time off therapy at the expense of increased short-term logistical complexity. Future triplet research should focus on randomized trials in specific genomic subgroups, incorporating novel agents (e.g., non-covalent BTKI, BTK degrader, and next-generation BCL2 inhibitors) and new ways of adapting treatment duration to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity.},
}

@article {pmid41559432,
year = {2026},
author = {Arziman, S and Aydemir, S and Bozok, V},
title = {Decoding miRNA-Mediated Immunoregulation in SARS-CoV-2, HBV, HIV, and HSV Infections.},
journal = {Genes and immunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41559432},
issn = {1476-5470},
abstract = {Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression through multiple checkpoints, including post-transcriptional mechanisms mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). These small non-coding RNAs inhibit translation by binding to target mRNAs, often within a complex regulatory network involving other RNA species such as circular RNAs and long non-coding RNAs. miRNAs are now recognised as central players in the pathogenesis, immune modulation, and progression of infectious diseases. In this review, we thoroughly examine studies published over the past five years, focusing on miRNAs involved in immune regulation during four major viral infections: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus. Our analysis centres on the core signalling pathways most frequently targeted by miRNAs: NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β/Smad, and pattern-recognition receptor-associated cascades. Among the miRNAs most prominently implicated are miR-21, miR-146a, miR-150, and miR-155. These miRNAs modulate key signalling pathways, thereby influencing macrophage polarisation, T- and natural killer cell activity, antigen presentation, and inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, virus-encoded miRNAs and ceRNA or extracellular vesicle-mediated interactions are discussed where mechanistically validated, illustrating virus-specific regulatory layers. Collectively, this integrative synthesis underscores the pivotal roles of miRNAs in orchestrating antiviral immunity and highlights their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in viral infections. A better understanding of miRNA-mediated immunoregulation may pave the way for precision interventions aimed at improving immune control and patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41558692,
year = {2026},
author = {Richie, RC},
title = {Evaluating Cardiovascular Disease Risk.},
journal = {Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.17849/insm-53-1-1-8.2},
pmid = {41558692},
issn = {0743-6661},
abstract = {There was a steady decrease in cardiovascular disease (CVD ischemic heart disease and stroke) mortality from 1960 to 2020, but since then, this decline has reversed. There have been over 228,000 excess CVD deaths through 2022,1 undoubtedly partially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the mortality rate continues to rise (arguably due to the rising epidemic of obesity and diabetes). CVD remains the leading cause of death in developed countries, accounting for over 30% of deaths, and risk estimation is a cornerstone approach to guiding CVD prevention in clinical medicine. Data from the CDC reveal that 36% of US adults have no CVD risk factors, 35% have 1, and 29% have 2 or more risk factors. The age-adjusted percentage of adults with 2 or more CVD risk factors has increased between 2013-2014 to August 2021-August 2023, especially in older age groups.2 Assessing the risk for CVD mortality is essential for the disability and life insurance industry required to assess that risk at a single point in time (at the issuance of an insurance policy). Evaluating this risk requires careful attention to modifiable and non-modifiable factors, including hypertension and other co-morbidities, abnormal lipid profiles, and lifestyle inequalities. The goal of this treatise is to evaluate the various CVD calculators, but also to review other risk factors that may not be routinely sought in estimating CVD risk. The importance of apolipoproteinB (apoB) and lipoprotein A (LpA) as better risk predictors than just elevated LDL levels will be emphasized, and evidence of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance will be proposed as essential early indicators of future cardiovascular disease.},
}

@article {pmid41558303,
year = {2025},
author = {Kalgutkar, AS and Eng, H and Dantonio, AL and Kadar, EP and Di, L and Walker, GS and Boras, B and Obach, RS},
title = {Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion tactics toward the expedited discovery and development of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir.},
journal = {Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals},
volume = {54},
number = {2},
pages = {100226},
doi = {10.1016/j.dmd.2025.100226},
pmid = {41558303},
issn = {1521-009X},
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 main protease inhibitor PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir), in combination with ritonavir (Paxlovid), has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an oral treatment option for coronavirus disease 2019 patients. In this perspective, we share the expediated absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion strategies, which were incorporated as part of discovery efforts, to design orally active severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 main protease inhibitors. PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir) emerged as a potential oral clinical candidate within ∼ 6 months from the time discovery efforts were first initiated. The review also delves into a discussion around the successful use of quantitative fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the characterization of the human mass balance and excretion pathways of nirmatrelvir. Human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion data that emerged from the fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance study were used to support the Emergency Use Authorization and new drug application filing, which was accepted by regulatory agencies worldwide. Efficient operational and technical strategies, incorporating the elements of speed without sacrificing data quality, which were crucial to the success of the program, are highlighted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This perspective discusses the expedited absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion efforts utilized in the discovery and development of the orally active severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir, which in combination with the cytochrome P450 3A inhibitor ritonavir (Paxlovid), is used in the oral treatment of COVID-19. Paxlovid was granted an Emergency Use Authorization by global regulatory agencies in less than 2 years from the initiation of the discovery program and has since been fully approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.},
}

@article {pmid41555409,
year = {2026},
author = {Baseri, S and Izadi, M and Alimohammadi, M and Khoshnazar, SM and Nikdel, R and Hushmandi, K},
title = {Effects of atorvastatin on inflammatory markers, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and pulmonary function in patients with lung diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {European journal of medical research},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {111},
pmid = {41555409},
issn = {2047-783X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Atorvastatin/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Biomarkers/blood ; *Lung Diseases/drug therapy/physiopathology/blood ; Respiratory Function Tests ; *Lipids/blood ; Liver/enzymology/drug effects ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pulmonary diseases are important causes of morbidity globally. Atorvastatin's pleiotropic effects, which include anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties, may be beneficial for individuals with respiratory diseases. This meta-analysis evaluated the atorvastatin's effect on inflammatory biomarkers, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and pulmonary function in lung disease patients.

METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar for English-language RCTs until March 2025. The study evaluated inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), lipid profile (LDL, HDL, TC, TG), liver enzymes (ALT, AST), pulmonary function tests, and physical performance. Pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup, heterogeneity, and publication bias analyses were conducted.

RESULTS: Seventeen RCTs (22 datasets; n = 1,344) on asthma, COPD, COVID-19, pulmonary hypertension, and associated disorders were analyzed. Atorvastatin substantially decreased TNF-α (WMD: - 0.20 pg/mL; 95% CI - 0.28 to - 0.11), LDL cholesterol (WMD: - 21.48 mg/dL; 95% CI - 30.82 to - 12.14), and TC (WMD: - 15.24 mg/dL; 95% CI - 28.28 to - 2.20), while improving 6MWD (WMD: 0.71; 95% CI 0.24 to 1.17) and FEF25-75 in COPD subgroups. Evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) was considerably lower (WMD: - 8.72; 95% CI - 14.96 to - 2.47), indicating worsening in airway airflow throughout the evening. There were no significant overall effects for CRP, IL-6, triglycerides, HDL, FEV1, FVC, or oxygen saturation.

CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin demonstrates anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering efficacy in pulmonary disease patients, with mild functional respiratory benefits and modest improvements in physical performance. Additional large-scale studies are needed to validate clinical benefits and effective treatment methods.},
}

Humans
*Atorvastatin/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Biomarkers/blood
*Lung Diseases/drug therapy/physiopathology/blood
Respiratory Function Tests
*Lipids/blood
Liver/enzymology/drug effects

@article {pmid41555196,
year = {2025},
author = {D'angelo, MA and Nicolai, R and Di Nicolantonio, S and Pietropaoli, D and Monaco, A and Ortu, E},
title = {Comparison of Teledentistry and Traditional Clinical Examination for Detection of DMFT Index in Children: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Pediatric dentistry},
volume = {47},
number = {6},
pages = {380-387},
pmid = {41555196},
issn = {1942-5473},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dental Caries/diagnosis ; Child ; *Telemedicine ; *DMF Index ; Dental Care for Children/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; COVID-19 ; },
abstract = {Purpose: This study systematically analyzed the published literature to evaluate the reliability of the caries experience index detection conducted in children (younger than 18 years of age) through teledental systems, comparing it with data obtained through traditional dental consultations. The question to be explored was whether dentists could use teledentistry to assess the caries risk index by calculating the DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth) score, thereby potentially reducing consultation time. Methods: A systematic English-language literature review was conducted, including the period from 2014 to 2024, that included the MeSH terms (("telemedicine"[Mesh]) AND "dental caries"[Mesh]) AND "DMF index"[Mesh]). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined according to the PICO methodology. A total of 11 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of these studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) with specific tools for cross-over studies. Results: From the 11 studies reviewed, it was suggested that teledentistry, through the use of intraoral photographs or video recordings, may represent a reliable, noninvasive, and efficient alternative for the detection of the caries experience index, compared to clinical examinations performed according to the traditional method. In most cases, the results were comparable between the two approaches. Conclusion: Incorporating teledentistry in combination with regular dental appointments could streamline clinical processes, enable effective treatment planning, and facilitate remote monitoring of the oral health status of patients, making it a timely and contemporary solution for a connected and health-conscious society-which is particularly valuable during public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

Humans
*Dental Caries/diagnosis
Child
*Telemedicine
*DMF Index
Dental Care for Children/methods
Reproducibility of Results
COVID-19

@article {pmid41554283,
year = {2026},
author = {Oskvarek, JJ and Leubitz, A and Rahman, N and Sure, B and Pines, JM},
title = {Emergency Department Crowding in the Modern Era: A Systematic Review (2018-2025).},
journal = {Clinical and experimental emergency medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.15441/ceem.25.172},
pmid = {41554283},
issn = {2383-4625},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study systematically reviews the causes, effects, and potential solutions to emergency department (ED) crowding, with emphasis on challenges amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published from January 1, 2018, to January 31, 2025, that investigated ED crowding. Studies were included if they evaluated crowding causes, consequences, or interventions, using metrics such as ED length of stay, boarding, or left without being seen. Four reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Study quality was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) critical appraisal tools. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251117676).

RESULTS: Of 23,408 studies identified, 226 met inclusion criteria. Most studies were retrospective (83%) and of low (62%) or acceptable (35%) quality. Crowding was primarily driven by input (high patient volumes, limited primary care access), throughput (staffing shortages, laboratory and imaging delays), and output (boarding, late discharges) factors. Adverse effects included increased mortality, treatment delays, prolonged inpatient stays, higher rates of patients leaving without being seen, and reduced patient satisfaction. Effective strategies included provider-in-triage, nurse-initiated orders, and split-flow models. Output-focused interventions, such as active bed management and early discharge protocols, required system wide coordination. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted patient volumes and led to innovative solutions such as drive-through clinics and repurposed spaces to alleviate surges.

CONCLUSION: ED crowding is a persistent global issue with significant clinical and operational consequences. While promising interventions exist, high-quality evidence remains limited, underscoring the need for system-level and multifaceted solutions.},
}

@article {pmid41553516,
year = {2026},
author = {Herpertz, G and Roesch, F and Abramovich, I and Trinks, A and Ghezel-Ahmadi, V and Nowak-Machen, M and Becke-Jakob, K},
title = {[Work-related fatigue in anesthesia and intensive care medicine : Review article on a structural problem].},
journal = {Die Anaesthesiologie},
volume = {75},
number = {2},
pages = {117-124},
pmid = {41553516},
issn = {2731-6866},
mesh = {Humans ; *Fatigue/epidemiology/prevention & control/psychology/etiology ; *Critical Care ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Germany/epidemiology ; Work Schedule Tolerance ; *Anesthesiology ; Shift Work Schedule ; *Occupational Diseases/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Work-related fatigue is a serious psychophysiological phenomenon characterized by exhaustion, impaired concentration, reduced alertness and diminished decision-making capacity. It often results from disrupted sleep patterns and shift work and increases the risk of critical incidents in the clinical practice. Anesthetists are particularly affected as irregular working hours and frequent night shifts disrupt their circadian rhythms. Although fatigue is reversible with appropriate measures, it remains largely unrecognized as a structural issue within the German healthcare system.Over recent decades the working conditions across European healthcare settings have steadily deteriorated, a trend that culminated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This period clearly highlighted the urgent need to prioritize the well-being of healthcare professionals. The aim of this review article is to raise awareness of fatigue and provide insights into effective management strategies. It explores both international concepts and local solutions relevant to the German system.This review and analysis are based on studies and material developed as part of the European "Fatigue Project" and the "Fight Fatigue" campaign. It examines the effects of fatigue across all career stages and identifies practical strategies for risk reduction.The results show that fatigue affects anesthetists at all stages of their careers. Structured fatigue management is therefore a vital component of sustainable healthcare provision. In particular, fatigue risk management systems and optimized shift work planning have proven effective in reducing the burden on personnel and enhancing patient safety.},
}

Humans
*Fatigue/epidemiology/prevention & control/psychology/etiology
*Critical Care
COVID-19/epidemiology
Germany/epidemiology
Work Schedule Tolerance
*Anesthesiology
Shift Work Schedule
*Occupational Diseases/prevention & control

@article {pmid41553427,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhu, R and Oh, YJ and Hinterdorfer, P},
title = {Single molecule force spectroscopy for evaluating inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.},
journal = {European biophysics journal : EBJ},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41553427},
issn = {1432-1017},
}

@article {pmid41552427,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, H and Patzi-Churqui, M and Andius, LD and Nyström, K and Lagging, M},
title = {Genetic insights into hepatitis E virus through environmental surveillance in Europe.},
journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {22},
number = {},
pages = {101302},
pmid = {41552427},
issn = {2352-7714},
abstract = {Zoonotic hepatitis E has been a growing public health concern in Europe, but the transmission of its causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), remains incompletely understood. Environmental surveillance, particularly through wastewater monitoring, has proven valuable for tracking viral circulation and variant shift during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet its application to HEV is still limited. In this review, we systematically analyzed HEV sequences across Europe, focusing on environmental sources from a genetic perspective. Of more than 13,100 HEV sequences deposited in the NCBI database, only 2.4 % (316/13,118) originated from environmental samples, including wastewater, surface water, and biosolids. Additional typing data from the literature revealed highly uneven geographic distribution, with 97 % of environmental sequences reported from Italy, France, the United Kingdom (UK), Spain, Sweden, and Germany. HEV-3 was the dominant genotype, while HEV-1 and HEV-4 were occasionally detected. Subtypes 3c and 3f were most common, but their prevalence varied across countries and sample types. Some countries, such as France, Sweden, and the UK, exhibited divergent subtype patterns between humans, animals, and environmental sources, whereas others, such as Spain and Germany, showed more consistent distributions. These findings highlight the importance of integrating clinical, veterinary, and environmental surveillance to better understand HEV transmission in Europe under a One Health framework. However, the scarcity of environmental data, technical challenges in sequencing, and lack of standardized protocols limit comprehensive assessment of HEV circulation. Expanding sequencing efforts, improving detection methods, and coordinating international surveillance frameworks will be critical to strengthen HEV monitoring and preparedness against emerging HEV threats.},
}

@article {pmid41552096,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, X and Liu, Y and Xu, S and Liu, H and Zeng, C and Wang, R and Yue, Y and Wang, X},
title = {Progress in the Application of Pirfenidone in Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e99490},
pmid = {41552096},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Pulmonary fibrosis following infection with the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a significant long-term complication among survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), profoundly affecting their quality of life and clinical outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and elucidates the pharmacological actions of pirfenidone, a multi-targeted antifibrotic agent in this context. We summarize the current clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of pirfenidone for managing fibrosis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection, drawing on recent advances in basic and clinical research. Furthermore, we discuss existing challenges, unresolved questions, and prospective directions for optimizing antifibrotic therapy in COVID-19 convalescents. By systematically analyzing these aspects, this article aims to offer theoretical support and practical guidance to clinicians and researchers addressing the management of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis.},
}

@article {pmid41551283,
year = {2025},
author = {Agyapong-Opoku, N and Agyapong-Opoku, F and Agyapong, B and Greenshaw, AJ},
title = {Anxiety and depressive symptoms among medical students-A scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1710333},
pmid = {41551283},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Anxiety/epidemiology ; *Depression/epidemiology ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Prevalence ; *Students, Medical/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Medical schools are globally recognized as higher education institutions requiring extreme dedication from students. The intensive nature of physician training demands heavy workloads, inconsistent sleep, and study-leisure imbalances. Such stressors are linked to poor student mental health, with anxiety and depression symptoms among the most documented disorders. These burdens negatively affect academic performance and are associated with dropout intentions, misconduct, burnout, and suicidal ideation.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review summarizes recent evidence on the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among medical students and identifies correlated factors.

METHODS: The review followed PRISMA guidelines and Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework. Searches were conducted on July 5, 2025, in PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Boolean operators combined terms related to prevalence, and correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and medical students, limited to systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in English between January 2021 and July 2025. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria after screening. Data were charted for study characteristics, prevalence estimates, contributing factors, and methodological approaches.

RESULTS: The studies included in this review reported wide-ranging prevalence estimates, with the prevalence of depression symptoms in the included meta-analysis ranging from lowest of 18.1% to highest of 50.0% and anxiety symptoms from 17 to 54% although there was high heterogeneity in the screening instruments or measurement scales Biological sex differences in prevalence were frequently noted, with most studies reporting a higher prevalence among females; however, findings varied by region. Regional disparities were additionally observed, with some continents and countries reporting significantly higher prevalence rates than others. Factors associated with increased risk included early years of study, poor sleep quality, and academic stress. During COVID-19, most studies reported a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms than pre-pandemic levels.

CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depressive symptoms remain widespread among medical students, driven by individual and contextual factors. Targeted interventions and early preventive strategies are urgently needed to address mental health challenges and protect student wellbeing.},
}

Humans
*Anxiety/epidemiology
*Depression/epidemiology
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Prevalence
*Students, Medical/psychology/statistics & numerical data
Systematic Reviews as Topic

@article {pmid41550947,
year = {2025},
author = {Hotchkiss, RS and DiPersio, JF and Yee, C and Pachynski, RK and Van Den Brink, MRM},
title = {IL-7: a potential next-generation adjuvant for immune cell therapies.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1736931},
pmid = {41550947},
issn = {1664-3224},
support = {P30 CA015704/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P50 CA171963/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG052359/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; UM1 CA154967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM126928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U01 CA154967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R35 CA210084/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Interleukin-7/therapeutic use/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods ; *Neoplasms/therapy/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Cell-based immune therapies ranging from CAR-T cells to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and endogenous T-cell products, have produced unprecedented clinical responses in hematologic malignancies and are currently under active investigation for solid tumors. Nevertheless, several key challenges continue to limit the durability and breadth of clinical benefit. IL-7 is a pleiotropic cytokine that increases both the number and function of lymphocytes. Although not yet clinically approved, IL-7 has been used in over 620 adult and pediatric patients for a variety of reasons including, for example, to hasten bone marrow recovery after allogenic stem cell transplantation, to reverse lymphopenia due to HIV and idiopathic etiologies, to treat patients with various malignancies, and to boost vaccine responses. IL-7 is generally well-tolerated and effective in producing a durable increase in the number and function of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recently, IL-7 has been used clinically in multiple myeloma patients receiving CAR-T cell therapy, in patients with urothelial cancer who are receiving checkpoint inhibitors, in patients undergoing endogenous lymphocyte cell therapy, and in critically-ill lymphopenic patients with COVID-19. The authors, all of whom have used IL-7 clinically, discuss how IL-7 effectively addresses all the major problems currently limiting adoptive cell therapies. Peering into the future, we believe that IL-7 will be a major advance as an adjuvant treatment in many cell therapies and hope that this commentary will expedite IL-7's testing in multiple clinical settings.},
}

Humans
*Interleukin-7/therapeutic use/immunology
COVID-19/immunology/therapy
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
*Neoplasms/therapy/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid41550683,
year = {2026},
author = {Piazza, M and Gori, A and Capristo, C and Boner, AL},
title = {Bronchiolitis and recurrent respiratory infections: The role of oxidative stress from early life inflammation to long-term outcomes - A narrative review.},
journal = {The World Allergy Organization journal},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {101162},
pmid = {41550683},
issn = {1939-4551},
abstract = {Bronchiolitis, primarily caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a common respiratory infection in infants and a known precursor to recurrent wheezing and asthma. This review explores the role of oxidative stress and trace element deficiencies in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and its long-term sequelae. Infants with reduced lung function due to prematurity or congenital airway anomalies exhibit heightened susceptibility to RSV infection. Growing evidence implicates oxidative stress and deficiencies in zinc, selenium, and magnesium as significant contributors to disease progression. Impaired antioxidant defenses exacerbate viral inflammatory responses, leading to prolonged symptoms and recurrent wheezing with potential developmental delays. Studies consistently demonstrate that children with bronchiolitis exhibit elevated oxidative stress markers and reduced antioxidant capacity, with trace element deficiencies correlating with disease severity. Reduced defenses against oxidative stress may be associated with recurrent wheezing episodes, which are more frequent after rhinovirus bronchiolitis than after RSV bronchiolitis. Thus, RSV and rhinovirus (RV) bronchiolitis may unmask pre-existing vulnerabilities rather than directly causing long-term damage associated with later asthma. Micronutrient supplementation, particularly zinc and selenium, has shown potential in reducing respiratory infection duration and severity. COVID-19 pandemic evidence further supports nutritional status as a key modulator of respiratory disease outcomes, with nutraceuticals like curcumin and flavonoids demonstrating anti-inflammatory benefits. Given the safety and accessibility of micronutrient supplementation, early nutritional assessment and intervention in high-risk infants may offer a cost-effective strategy to improve long-term respiratory outcomes. Bronchiolitis should be viewed as a clinical signal warranting proactive, holistic pediatric care rather than merely an acute illness.},
}

@article {pmid41550658,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, M and Jia, H and Liu, X and Zhan, P},
title = {Conquering viral drug resistance: Structural and mechanistic paradigms for antiresistance drug design.},
journal = {Pharmaceutical science advances},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {100094},
pmid = {41550658},
issn = {2773-2169},
abstract = {Viral drug resistance remains a critical challenge in antiviral therapy. This perspective highlights five studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), monkeypox virus (MPXV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Hepatitis B virus (HBV), revealing novel resistance mechanisms and innovative strategies. For SARS-CoV-2, GC376's flexible benzyl group overcomes nirmatrelvir resistance. HIV-1's non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 5i3 adapts to resistant mutants via a quinazoline scaffold, while MPXV's tecovirimat acts as a "molecular glue" stabilizing F13 dimers. Expanding these paradigms, we present groundbreaking insights: An indazole-based IAV inhibitor (compound 24) disrupts the conserved PA-PB1 heterodimer, showing sub-micromolar potency against resistant strains. For HBV, a hydrophobic tagging degrader (HyT-S7) induces HBc degradation, bypassing resistance mutations impairing traditional capsid modulators. Key strategies include dynamic flexibility, multivalent interactions, and oligomerization control, integrated with AI-driven design and real-time surveillance. This perspective bridges structural insights with translational applications, offering a roadmap for next-generation, mutation-resilient antivirals.},
}

@article {pmid41549659,
year = {2026},
author = {Okinaka, K and Schiffer, JT},
title = {Strategies for mitigating severe COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancy during the omicron era.},
journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy},
volume = {81},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jac/dkaf489},
pmid = {41549659},
issn = {1460-2091},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/complications ; *Hematologic Neoplasms/complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Immunocompromised Host ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {Despite a decrease in disease severity since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continues to pose a significant threat to patients with haematological malignancies (HM). Although repeated booster vaccinations enhance protection against severe illnesses in immunocompromised individuals, they remain at heightened risk of adverse outcomes. This underscores the crucial need for effective pharmacologic strategies to prevent and treat infection. This review examines current strategies for preventing severe COVID-19 in patients with HM, focusing on pre-exposure prophylaxis and early treatment of COVID-19. New monoclonal antibodies have been developed, offering effective pre-exposure prophylaxis. Antiviral agents and monoclonal antibodies demonstrated efficacy in limiting severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with HM, though some patients, particularly the elderly, remain at risk of critical illness and death. Prolonged infection over months is also common, particularly in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Sustained viral shedding and ongoing mutation may be associated with chronic symptoms and is the likely source of several novel variants of concern that prolonged the pandemic. While HM subtype and advanced age are risk factors for severe or persistent COVID-19, there are no accurate tools for predicting individual risk. Given this uncertainty, prompt medical consultation, timely prescription of antiviral agents, and close monitoring are essential to minimize the risk of adverse outcomes in this vulnerable population.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/complications
*Hematologic Neoplasms/complications/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Immunocompromised Host
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid41548364,
year = {2026},
author = {Taba, M and Fajardo, MA and Ferguson, E and Keast, R and Basseal, JM and McCaffery, K and Bonner, C},
title = {Science translation strategies to the public during health emergencies: A systematic review of RCTs.},
journal = {Patient education and counseling},
volume = {145},
number = {},
pages = {109479},
doi = {10.1016/j.pec.2026.109479},
pmid = {41548364},
issn = {1873-5134},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Effective science translation is essential during public health emergencies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, rapidly evolving research had to be translated to the public under challenging conditions.

OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to identify randomised trials of COVID-19 science translation strategies targeting the public and evaluated their effectiveness in improving psychological, behavioural and/or health outcomes.

METHODS: A literature search was done across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO in July 2023 and November 2024. Studies were screened and extracted according to PRISMA guidelines. Interventions reporting behavioural outcomes were coded using the Behaviour Change Technique (BCT) taxonomy and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess study quality.

RESULTS: Of 345 records screened, 48 eligible studies were included. Most were online experiments testing message framing, with a smaller number conducted in applied settings such as health professional-delivered education. Significant positive effects were reported in most studies; 30 out of 40 studies with psychological outcomes (e.g. knowledge), 28 out of 40 studies with behavioural outcomes (e.g. intention to mask). Only one study measured a health outcome, with no significant effect. Effective features commonly included video and animation formats and messages from health experts and credible sources. The most frequent BCTs were 'information about health consequences' (33 studies) and 'credible source' (19 studies). Risk of bias was low in 42 studies.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight a diverse range of strategies that improved outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Better use of behavioural science taxonomies and core outcome sets could help researchers advance the field further during future emergencies.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This review provides insights for a range of stakeholders involved in science translation during emergencies (i.e. scientists and researchers, healthcare providers, health communicators and government officials) and highlights areas requiring further investigation.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023446093.},
}

@article {pmid41545629,
year = {2026},
author = {Heidler, P and Dam, L and King, I and Hamza, N and Abdeljawad, MM and Alaraby, D and Fahlevi, M and Anjum, T and Marzo, RR and Wagner, M and Bhattacharya, S and Chahal, P},
title = {Is anybody out there? Tackling intimate partner violence as a hidden pandemic during COVID times and beyond: factors, impact, and recommendations, a systematic review and meta-analyses.},
journal = {Archives of women's mental health},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {20},
pmid = {41545629},
issn = {1435-1102},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Intimate Partner Violence/psychology/statistics & numerical data/prevention & control ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Male ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: Intimate partner violence is a pervasive issue deeply affecting public health, and its escalation during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious concerns. While the escalating impact of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic has been widely acknowledged, there remains a need for a comprehensive systematic review that synthesizes existing literature. This review seeks to address this gap by providing an inclusive assessment of the global landscape of intimate partner violence during and after the pandemic, thereby informing more effective prevention and intervention strategies.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using different MeSH terms. A total of 445 relevant articles were identified initially, and after thorough screening, 54 articles were included in the review.

RESULTS: The lockdown had several negative consequences, including job losses, economic vulnerability, and health issues due to prolonged loneliness and uncertainty. An increase in emergency hotline or Women's Helpline calls was observed. Globally, intimate partner violence surged during the lockdown and persisted into 2023, causing severe and lasting health, psychological, and reproductive consequences for victims. Our results showed that COVID-19 increased the risk of partner violence: post-COVID intimate partner violence risk greater than pre-COVID risk (0.33 vs. 0.28, respectively).

CONCLUSION: Although COVID-19 increased the risk of intimate partner violence, this review also stresses a high global prevalence of intimate partner violence, not restricted to the pandemic and lockdowns. To prevent partner violence and reduce long-lasting severe health, psychological, and reproductive consequences of partner violence, broad cooperation between governments, communities, health professionals, and the media is necessary.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Intimate Partner Violence/psychology/statistics & numerical data/prevention & control
Female
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Male

@article {pmid41544794,
year = {2026},
author = {Shen, H and Cheng, D and Liu, L and Li, M and Zhou, Y and Bai, D and Huangyang, P and Feng, H},
title = {RNAi therapy targeting coronavirus genomes, pulmonary delivery strategies and design principles: A review.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {341},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {150223},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150223},
pmid = {41544794},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19/therapy/virology/genetics ; *RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/administration & dosage ; *Genome, Viral ; *RNAi Therapeutics/methods ; *RNA Interference ; Virus Replication/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {With the persistent global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the development of effective antiviral strategies has become a top priority in public health. RNA interference (RNAi), an effective gene-silencing technique, presents a novel therapeutic approach to combat coronavirus replication. RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent gene-silencing approach that offers a therapeutic route to suppress coronavirus replication. Clinical translation of small interfering RNA (siRNA), however, faces substantial obstacles, notably cross-strain universality, off-target effects, and targeted delivery. This review summarizes recent advances in RNAi-mediated inhibition of coronaviruses at the genomic level, emphasizing RNAi applications to impede SARS-CoV-2 replication and transmission. By evaluating RNAi strategies aimed at specific viral components-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), spike protein (S), envelope protein (E), membrane protein (M), nucleocapsid protein (N), and other essential genes-we illustrate the distinct specificity and efficacy of RNAi across binding sites and identify candidate universal targets for human-transmitted coronaviruses. We also assess the strengths and limitations of delivery platforms, including liposomes, polymers, nanoparticles, and viral vectors. Finally, we highlight inhalation-based and other targeted delivery approaches as promising routes for siRNA therapeutics against COVID-19 and other pulmonary diseases. Advances in gene editing and nanotechnology continue to broaden the prospects for effective siRNA delivery.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics
COVID-19/therapy/virology/genetics
*RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/administration & dosage
*Genome, Viral
*RNAi Therapeutics/methods
*RNA Interference
Virus Replication/genetics
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid41544597,
year = {2026},
author = {Nasrin, N and Hasan Mumu, A and Hasan Pranto, A and Islam, MR},
title = {The emergence of JN.1 variant resurgent COVID-19 wave in India and South Asia is a global public health concern.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {103146},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2026.103146},
pmid = {41544597},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {The emergence of the JN.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 has heightened global health concerns. Here, we aimed to evaluate viral characteristics, epidemiology, transmissibility, infectivity, immune evasion, effectiveness of current antiviral therapies, immunization options, genomic surveillance and public awareness against the stealthy JN.1. We searched across key databases to identify recent insights regarding JN.1 variant. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the virological characteristics and public health implications. Early genomic analyses reveal notable mutations in the spike protein, which may enhance viral transmissibility and immune escape. The findings indicate JN.1 to exhibit greater infectivity and enhanced ability to circumvent immune defenses attributable to one mutation identified as L455S. Public health agencies worldwide are enhancing monitoring, genomic surveillance, data sharing, revising containment strategies, promoting booster vaccination campaigns Furthermore, it is imperative to promote public adherence and global collaboration in encouraging the practice of preventive strategies to mitigate potential threat posed by JN.1.},
}

@article {pmid41543809,
year = {2026},
author = {Bozkir, C and Kartal, T and Hokelek, B},
title = {Obesity and Nutritional Vulnerability in long COVID: A Neuroinflammatory and Cognitive Perspective.},
journal = {Current nutrition reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {5},
pmid = {41543809},
issn = {2161-3311},
mesh = {Humans ; *Obesity/complications/physiopathology ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Nutritional Status ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Malnutrition/complications ; Cognition ; Inflammation ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine the interplay between obesity, nutritional vulnerability, and long COVID, with a particular focus on neuroinflammatory and cognitive outcomes. This review synthesizes emerging evidence on shared pathophysiological pathways and evaluates the therapeutic potential of dietary and weight management strategies.

RECENT FINDINGS: Cognitive symptoms such as brain fog and memory deficits are among the most persistent and disabling features of long COVID. Obesity is associated with more severe manifestations through pathways involving chronic systemic inflammation, compromised blood-brain barrier integrity, and neuroimmune dysregulation. Concurrently, malnutrition and poor diet quality including low intake of antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and micronutrients may impair neuroplasticity and delay recovery. Interventions such as Mediterranean and ketogenic dietary patterns, as well as structured weight loss programs, show promise in reducing inflammation and improving cognitive outcomes. Obesity and suboptimal nutritional status amplify the neurocognitive burden of long COVID through shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Integrated care models that incorporate metabolic screening, nutritional assessment, and individualized dietary interventions may improve recovery trajectories. Public health strategies that address food quality, obesity prevention, and equitable access to nutrition care are essential for long-term resilience in the post-COVID era.},
}

Humans
*Obesity/complications/physiopathology
*COVID-19/complications
*Nutritional Status
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases
SARS-CoV-2
Malnutrition/complications
Cognition
Inflammation
Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology

@article {pmid41543642,
year = {2026},
author = {Blandi, L and Del Riccio, M},
title = {From breath to brain: influenza vaccination as a pragmatic strategy for dementia prevention.},
journal = {Aging clinical and experimental research},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {72},
pmid = {41543642},
issn = {1720-8319},
mesh = {Humans ; *Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use ; *Dementia/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Influenza, Human/prevention & control/complications ; Vaccination ; Aged ; },
abstract = {Aging populations require scalable strategies to delay or prevent dementia. Beyond the prevention of neurological injury associated with seasonal influenza, vaccination may help mitigate vascular and neuroinflammatory injury underlying cognitive impairment. Influenza infection can cause a marked short‑term increase in myocardial infarction risk, and acute infections have also been associated with transient increases in stroke risk. Experimental models show prolonged microglial activation and synaptic loss even from non-neurotropic strains - processes likely modulated by vaccination. Epidemiologic data consistently support this evidence; a 2023 meta-analysis, including observational studies, of ~ 2.09 million adults identified a 31% lower risk of incident dementia; US matched cohorts demonstrated 40% lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (absolute decrease 3.4%); Veterans Health data showed a 0.86 hazard ratio for dementia; and UK Biobank data showed lower risk for all-cause (0.83 h), and vascular dementia (0.58 h) with a dose-response association by vaccination term. Randomized trials suggest fewer adverse cardiovascular events in vaccine recipients giving even more biological plausibility to this concept. Despite that, prevention through influenza vaccination is not fully realized in older adults due to low levels of perceived risk, vaccine confidence, and variations in clinical practice guidance. This public health perspective reviews the physiopathological and epidemiological evidence in support of influenza vaccination as a pragmatic, dementia risk-modifying intervention within healthy aging strategies and encourages the inclusion of vaccination status in hospital discharge and chronic-care pathways, integration of cognitive outcomes in monitoring, and equity-centered research to eliminate barriers to behavioral and implementation.},
}

Humans
*Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
*Dementia/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Influenza, Human/prevention & control/complications
Vaccination
Aged

@article {pmid41543095,
year = {2026},
author = {Cho, HE and Lee, JJ and Cho, SY},
title = {Serum Calprotectin - What is the Scope of Clinical Application?.},
journal = {Clinical laboratory},
volume = {72},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7754/Clin.Lab.2025.250516},
pmid = {41543095},
issn = {1433-6510},
mesh = {Humans ; *Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; *Inflammation/blood/diagnosis ; COVID-19/blood/diagnosis ; Prognosis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood/diagnosis ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/diagnosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Calprotectin (CLP), a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9, is a calcium-binding protein with key intracellular and extracellular roles, especially in inflammatory processes. Predominantly expressed by neutrophils and monocytes, CLP is released in response to infection or inflammation and serves as a potent antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory mediator.

METHODS: We performed a systematic search of electronic databases to identify studies evaluating serum CLP in inflammatory diseases.

RESULTS: Serum CLP levels are elevated in numerous inflammatory conditions, making it a valuable biomarker for disease activity, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CLP reflects disease severity more accurately than conventional markers like CRP and ESR, correlates with radiographic progression, and is strongly expressed at inflammation sites. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), serum CLP levels are significantly higher in active, treatment-naïve patients and correlate well with clinical activity. In spondyloarthritis (SpA), especially ankylosing spondylitis, CLP levels tend to be elevated, though results vary among studies. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), CLP is proposed as a non-invasive marker for disease burden and response to treatment. It is especially useful in systemic inflammation assessment. Elevated CLP levels are also observed in psoriasis, Behçet's disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and preeclampsia. CLP has emerged as a promising prognostic marker in bacterial infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with higher levels correlating with ICU admission and disease severity.

CONCLUSIONS: Serum CLP is a promising inflammatory biomarker, though disease specificity remains limited.},
}

Humans
*Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/blood
Biomarkers/blood
*Inflammation/blood/diagnosis
COVID-19/blood/diagnosis
Prognosis
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood/diagnosis
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/blood/diagnosis
SARS-CoV-2
Severity of Illness Index

@article {pmid41542888,
year = {2026},
author = {Tzigkounakis, G and Brown, J},
title = {From ancient remedy to modern COVID-19 adjunct: a narrative review of mechanistic, in vitro, and clinical evidence on propolis.},
journal = {Journal of complementary & integrative medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41542888},
issn = {1553-3840},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Despite the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, limited access, vaccine hesitancy, and the emergence of viral variants continue to underscore the need for complementary antiviral strategies. Propolis, a resinous bee product widely used in traditional medicine, has attracted scientific interest due to its reported antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties.

CONTENT: This narrative review examines the therapeutic potential of propolis as a candidate adjunctive treatment for COVID-19, focusing on mechanistic, in vitro, and clinical evidence. A comprehensive review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Europe PMC (January 2020 to May 2025), covering molecular docking reports, in vitro assays, and human clinical studies evaluating propolis or its key constituents against SARS-CoV-2. In silico reports describe interactions of more than forty propolis constituents with key host and viral targets, providing mechanistic context. In vitro evidence demonstrates inhibition at entry and replication targets alongside attenuation of inflammatory signaling. Limited clinical data, spanning seven studies and two case reports, suggest milder symptoms and shorter hospital stays, with no serious adverse events observed.

SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK: Preclinical and early clinical evidence suggest propolis may be a useful adjunct in COVID-19 therapy. Large, placebo-controlled trials with well characterized and standardized extracts are needed to confirm efficacy and safety.},
}

@article {pmid41542860,
year = {2026},
author = {Kong, D and Xu, Z and Chen, C and Liu, Y and Wei, D},
title = {Biochemical Interface Engineering for Transistor-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics.},
journal = {Accounts of chemical research},
volume = {59},
number = {3},
pages = {411-423},
doi = {10.1021/acs.accounts.5c00732},
pmid = {41542860},
issn = {1520-4898},
mesh = {*Transistors, Electronic ; Humans ; *Point-of-Care Systems ; *Biosensing Techniques/methods/instrumentation ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {ConspectusPoint-of-care (POC) testing holds great promise for transforming clinical diagnostics by enabling rapid, convenient, and accurate analysis outside of centralized laboratories. Among various emerging technologies, biological field-effect transistors (bio-FETs), which directly convert molecular binding events into electrical signals, are gaining attention as strong candidates for next-generation POC diagnostic platforms due to their label-free operation, fast response, and ease of integration. The core functionality of bio-FETs lies at the solution-solid interface, where molecular recognition and signal transduction occur simultaneously. The physicochemical characteristics of this interface determine whether low-abundance molecular binding events can be effectively distinguished from background noise. However, under real clinical conditions, this interface is often compromised by strong ionic shielding and nonspecific adsorption, leading to signal attenuation and instability, factors that significantly hinder the clinical translation of bio-FET technology. In this Account, we summarize our group's advances in biochemical interface engineering for bio-FETs, with a focus on improving molecular recognition and signal transduction to enhance device performance in POC diagnostic applications. For molecular recognition, interfaces were designed that enhance probe-target binding affinity while minimizing nonspecific interactions. Nuclease-mediated recognition mechanisms were introduced to achieve sequence-specific detection with single-nucleotide resolution. These strategies enable bio-FETs to capture molecular binding events more efficiently and convert them into reliable electrical signals. In terms of signal transduction, multiple approaches were employed to localize binding events within the Debye length, enrich analytes at the sensing surface, and stabilize weak or transient molecular interactions, effectively transforming them into quantifiable electrical outputs. These methods improve recognition sensitivity while reducing background noise and signal drift in complex biological media, resulting in clearer and more consistent readouts. Interface-engineered bio-FETs have successfully detected a wide range of clinically relevant biomarkers, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and reactive oxygen species, with limits of detection (LoDs) as low as 10[-18] M, response times under 5 min, and operational stability in undiluted clinical samples. We have further developed portable POC diagnostic prototypes that integrate bio-FETs with the accompanying software, supporting parallel, multitarget detection and data analysis. These platforms have demonstrated rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2, Zika virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, and diabetes in complex clinical matrices, highlighting their strong potential for practical deployment. Collectively, these advances underscore the pivotal role of biochemical interface engineering in translating bio-FETs from proof-of-concept studies into clinically relevant diagnostic platforms. Finally, we outline the opportunities and challenges associated with advancing bio-FETs as comprehensive biodetection platforms for future applications. We believe that continued progress in biochemical interface engineering will further enhance the practical capabilities of bio-FETs and provide essential technical support for developing a new generation of high-performance bioelectronic diagnostic systems.},
}

*Transistors, Electronic
Humans
*Point-of-Care Systems
*Biosensing Techniques/methods/instrumentation
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
COVID-19/diagnosis

@article {pmid41539985,
year = {2026},
author = {Mija, C and Sberna, G and Maggi, F},
title = {Microplastics and Nanoplastics as Carriers for Viral Transmission: Effects on Viral Properties, Infection, Immune Response, and Public Health.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {e70106},
pmid = {41539985},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {Ricerca Corrente-Linea 1//Ministero della Salute/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Microplastics/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/transmission/virology/immunology/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Public Health ; *Plastics/adverse effects ; *Virus Diseases/transmission/virology/immunology ; Nanoparticles ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The extensive use of plastics since the industrial revolution has raised significant environmental and health concerns. Despite their advantages in terms of durability, affordability, and ease of production, the accumulation of plastics has resulted in considerable pollution. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further exacerbated plastic consumption, particularly in medical supplies, intensifying the plastic waste crisis. The majority of plastics are not recycled and eventually degrade into microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which pose substantial risks to ecosystems and human health. MPs and NPs enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and have been found in biological samples such as blood, faeces, and lung fluids. Their presence has been linked to diseases affecting the lungs, cardiovascular system, and intestines, as well as cancer and viral infections. This review highlights how MPs and NPs contribute to the spread of infectious diseases by creating a habitat called the "plastisphere," which promotes microbial growth and serves as a reservoir for pathogens, emphasising their effects on viral persistence, infection dynamics, and immune modulation. Unlike previous reviews mainly focused on toxicological or microbiological aspects, this work integrates environmental, virological, and immunological evidence to outline how MPs/NPs may reshape virus-host interactions. By identifying critical knowledge gaps, such as the quantitative impact of MPs/NPs on viral stability and immune disruption, this review provides a background for future experimental and epidemiological research. This value-added perspective not only advances scientific understanding but also supports policy development in waste management.},
}

Humans
*Microplastics/adverse effects
*COVID-19/transmission/virology/immunology/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Public Health
*Plastics/adverse effects
*Virus Diseases/transmission/virology/immunology
Nanoparticles
Animals

@article {pmid41539672,
year = {2026},
author = {Rickard, NS and Kurt, P and Meade, T},
title = {Navigating the Digital Landscape for Potential Use of Mental Health Apps in Clinical Practice: Scoping Review.},
journal = {JMIR mental health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e75640},
pmid = {41539672},
issn = {2368-7959},
mesh = {Humans ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; COVID-19 ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; *Mental Health Services ; *Mobile Applications ; Smartphone ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global demand for mental health services has significantly increased over the past decade, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital resources, particularly smartphone apps, offer a flexible and scalable means of addressing the research-to-practice gap in mental health care. Clinicians play a crucial role in integrating these apps into mental health care, although practitioner-guided digital interventions have traditionally been considered more effective than stand-alone apps.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review explored mental health practitioners' views on potential use or integration of smartphone apps into clinical practice. We asked, "What is known about how mental health practitioners view the integration of smartphone apps into their practice?" Further, this scoping review explored the factors that might influence integration of smartphone apps into practice, such as practitioner and client characteristics, app design and functionality, and practitioner views.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of 3 databases that yielded 38 studies published between 2018 and 2025, involving 1894 participants across various mental health disciplines, most predominantly psychologists and psychiatrists. Data were collected on practitioner and client characteristics, app functionality, and factors deemed important or influencing practitioners' opinions about app integration.

RESULTS: The included studies were most likely to explore use of apps outside the clinical session and focused on self-management apps for mental health monitoring and tracking, and for collecting data from the patient. Fewer studies explored use of apps within-session, or practitioner-guided apps. Practitioners prioritized app features aligned with the American Psychological Association's evaluation criteria, with practitioners prioritizing engagement and interoperability, but also noted the importance of training and resourcing to support integration.

CONCLUSIONS: While practitioners recognize the potential of apps in mental health care, integration into clinical practice remains limited. This study highlights the need for further research on practical implementation, clinical effectiveness, and practitioner training to facilitate the transition from potential to actual use of apps in mental health care settings. Recommendations include evaluating effectiveness of app integration through experimental studies and developing training modules to develop practitioners' digital competencies and confidence in app use.},
}

Humans
*Attitude of Health Personnel
COVID-19
Mental Disorders/therapy
*Mental Health Services
*Mobile Applications
Smartphone
Telemedicine

@article {pmid41538482,
year = {2026},
author = {Silva, JH and Brito, ALA and Taiar, R and Moraes, BA and Xavier, AB and Leite, WS and Araújo, MDGR and Brandão, DC and Andrade, AFD and Campos, SL},
title = {Effect of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula on hospital mortality in COVID-19-induced acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis.},
journal = {Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {eRW0695},
doi = {10.31744/einstein_journal/2026RW0695},
pmid = {41538482},
issn = {2317-6385},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/mortality/complications/therapy ; *Noninvasive Ventilation/methods/mortality ; *Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods ; *Hospital Mortality ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy/mortality/virology/etiology ; Cannula ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Intubation, Intratracheal/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-invasive respiratory support strategies, such as high-flow nasal cannula therapy and non-invasive ventilation, were widely employed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, yet their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of high-flow nasal cannula therapy, non-invasive ventilation, and conventional oxygen therapy on intubation rates and hospital mortality in adults with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure.

METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines, with searches performed in nine databases for publications up to May 2023. Eligible studies were those on adults (≥18 years) with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and that included intubation and mortality as primary outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohorts and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Pooled results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).

RESULTS: Forty-one studies were included in the review and ten in the meta-analysis (2,843 patients). High-flow nasal cannula therapy did not differ from non-invasive ventilation in terms of the intubation rate (OR=1.07, 95%CI=0.89-1.29, p=0.45) but was superior to oxygen therapy (OR=0.79, 95%CI=0.64-0.97, p=0.02). High-flow nasal cannula therapy was also associated with lower mortality than non-invasive ventilation (OR=0.62, 95%CI=0.51-0.76, p<0.0001) but did not differ from oxygen therapy (OR=1.06, 95%CI=0.84-1.33, p=0.64). Substantial heterogeneity was observed in the subgroup analyses (I2=64%-90%).

INTERPRETATION: High-flow nasal cannula therapy may reduce the need for intubation compared with oxygen therapy and may lower the hospital mortality rate compared with non-invasive ventilation. However, heterogeneity in the studies suggests that patient-specific factors and disease severity may influence outcomes.

CONCLUSION: High-flow nasal cannula therapy shows potential benefits over oxygen therapy and non-invasive ventilation for COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure, particularly in the mortality rate. Clinical use of these therapies should be context-specific, given the need for cautious interpretation of our results and for further high-quality trials.

ID CRD 42020226936.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/mortality/complications/therapy
*Noninvasive Ventilation/methods/mortality
*Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods
*Hospital Mortality
*Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy/mortality/virology/etiology
Cannula
SARS-CoV-2
Intubation, Intratracheal/statistics & numerical data
Adult

@article {pmid41536535,
year = {2025},
author = {García, CF and Cantero-García, M and Dorta-Afonso, D and Rueda-Extremera, M},
title = {Factors associated with suicidal ideation in healthcare personnel: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1717231},
pmid = {41536535},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {AIM: This paper investigates suicidal ideation among healthcare professionals, a growing concern that affects their mental well-being and the quality of healthcare delivery. The study aims to identify key risk factors, such as work-related stress, exposure to death, and lack of institutional support, that contribute to suicidal ideation in this population. It also explores protective factors, including resilience, social support, and institutional resources, that may mitigate these risks.

METHOD: A systematic review was conducted on studies published between 2020 and 2024. The literature search spanned databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Dialnet, and Scielo. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines to ensure thoroughness and transparency in study selection. To assess the quality of the included studies, standardized tools like the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were applied.

RESULTS: The review identified that the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified factors leading to suicidal ideation among healthcare professionals, with a notable increase in prevalence during this period. Identified risk factors included high levels of occupational stress, frequent exposure to death and suffering, and insufficient institutional support. Conversely, protective factors like resilience, social support, and access to institutional resources were found to reduce susceptibility to suicidal ideation.

CONCLUSION: The findings highlight an urgent need for comprehensive prevention strategies and support programs targeting healthcare personnel. Recommendations for interventions span individual, organizational, and public policy levels. Enhancing resilience and providing institutional support could be crucial steps in reducing the incidence of suicidal ideation in this vulnerable group, ultimately improving both their mental health and the quality of healthcare services.},
}

@article {pmid41535509,
year = {2026},
author = {da Silva Ebone, R and Doleski, PH and Jantsch, MH and da Silveira, RP and Leal, DBR},
title = {P2Y14 receptor activation and neutrophil signaling: linking inflammation to systemic pathophysiology.},
journal = {Purinergic signalling},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {5},
pmid = {41535509},
issn = {1573-9546},
support = {88887.902884/2023-00//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 409156/2024-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Neutrophils/metabolism/immunology ; *Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/physiology ; *Inflammation/metabolism/immunology/physiopathology ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Neutrophils are essential effector cells of the innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against infection and tissue injury. Among the purinergic receptors expressed in these cells, P2Y14 has gained increasing attention in recent years for its role in modulating neutrophil recruitment and activation in inflammatory contexts. This receptor is activated mainly by uridine diphosphoglucose (UDP-glucose) and other UDP-sugars released during cellular stress or damage. Through the activation of G protein-coupled pathways, particularly via Gi/o and RhoA signaling, P2Y14 influences key neutrophil functions, including chemotaxis, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and oxidative responses. Despite its pro-inflammatory potential, and the increasing amount of literature data in recent years, P2Y14's complete physiological and pathological roles remain underexplored. Literature data also highlight its involvement in diseases like glioblastoma and COVID-19, where, due to increased neutrophil infiltration, it exacerbates inflammation, tissue damage, and stress. Therefore, targeting P2Y14 may be a promising strategy to modulate neutrophil chemotaxis and mitigate unwanted harmful inflammatory responses. This review discusses the characteristics and signaling mechanisms of P2Y14 in neutrophils, as well as the relevant implications of this pathway for neutrophil function.},
}

Humans
*Neutrophils/metabolism/immunology
*Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
*Signal Transduction/physiology
*Inflammation/metabolism/immunology/physiopathology
Animals
COVID-19/immunology/metabolism

@article {pmid41534044,
year = {2026},
author = {Lampert, R and Harmon, KG},
title = {Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes.},
journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
volume = {394},
number = {3},
pages = {268-280},
doi = {10.1056/NEJMra2312555},
pmid = {41534044},
issn = {1533-4406},
mesh = {Humans ; *Athletes/statistics & numerical data ; COVID-19/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control/etiology/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Mass Screening/standards ; Primary Prevention/methods/standards ; Return to Sport ; Risk Factors ; Sports/standards ; Cardiomyopathies/complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies/complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; },
abstract = {The incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes varies according to age, race and ethnic group, sex, sport, and social determinants of health. The common causes of sudden cardiac arrest include cardiomyopathies, electrical disorders, coronary-artery anomalies, and other cardiac structural abnormalities. There has not been an increase in the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes during the time frame of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Primary prevention is based on cardiovascular screening before participation, and secondary prevention on implementation of emergency action plans. Diagnostic evaluation of athletes who survive sudden cardiac arrest should mirror that of age-matched nonathletes, with additional sport-specific considerations, and should be performed by medical professionals with expertise in the interpretation of test results in the context of athletic adaptation. An increasing body of evidence indicates that many athletes can return to play after disease-specific treatment, without an increase in risk, and professional societies now consider return to participation in sports to be reasonable or appropriate through shared decision making for numerous cardiac conditions.},
}

Humans
*Athletes/statistics & numerical data
COVID-19/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control/etiology/epidemiology
Incidence
Mass Screening/standards
Primary Prevention/methods/standards
Return to Sport
Risk Factors
Sports/standards
Cardiomyopathies/complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy
Coronary Vessel Anomalies/complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy
Practice Guidelines as Topic

@article {pmid41533521,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Y},
title = {Comparative analysis of point-of-care diagnostic techniques for respiratory infectious diseases. Lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and future consideration on more competent alternatives.},
journal = {Pathogens and global health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-18},
doi = {10.1080/20477724.2026.2615118},
pmid = {41533521},
issn = {2047-7732},
abstract = {Our unpreparedness in responding to the prompt emergence of COVID-19 in its early stage of outbreak, especially the lack of rapid and early diagnostic techniques for mass screening which should have been prioritized, contributed to the virus' spread alongside other factors. This article provides an overview of the common diagnostic techniques with special focus on the reported and/or authorized point-of-care methods for early COVID-19 diagnosis, including lateral flow assays and localized surface plasmon resonance-based approaches. The inherent limitations of these techniques are critically examined. We then propose a potentially more competent alternative, i.e. direct detection of viral particles with aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles in liquid solution in combination with noninvasive breath sampling or saliva sampling, for further improvement in early diagnostic capability for infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19. In addition, an integration of air sampling with in-situ direct colorimetric detection of viral particles could represent a potential option for airborne virus detection, thus minimizing the transmission of infectious diseases and their impact on the economy and life in the future.},
}

@article {pmid41532626,
year = {2025},
author = {Pechanova, O and Paulis, L},
title = {Nitric Oxide at the Nexus of ACE2 Biology and COVID-19: Implications for Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Comorbidities.},
journal = {Physiological research},
volume = {74},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {S171-S184},
pmid = {41532626},
issn = {1802-9973},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism/epidemiology/virology ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism/epidemiology/virology ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/epidemiology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; Comorbidity ; Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 engages ACE2 for cell entry, perturbing the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis and shifting the renin angiotensin system toward ACE/Ang II/AT1 signaling, with a concomitant reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. NO sits at the crossroads of these pathways, acting both as an antiviral modulator of spike-ACE2 interactions and as a downstream mediator of Mas-dependent endothelial protection. This review summarizes evidence on NO across three layers: (i) viral entry (S nitrosylation of spike/ACE2, protease modulation), (ii) cardiovascular comorbidities (hypertension, obesity, diabetes) where ACE2 downregulation impairs endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-dependent NO production and promotes thrombosis and microvascular dysfunction, and (iii) neurovascular/ neurodegenerative sequelae, in which renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) dysregulation along with imbalance between protective eNOS/nNOS and inflammatory iNOS fosters blood-brain barrier disruption, microthrombosis, and cognitive impairment. Shared mechanisms - endotheliitis, microvascular dysfunction, and neuroinflammation may explain convergent risks for cardiac injury and cognitive decline in long COVID-19. Putative therapeutic strategies may include restoring physiological NO (via Mas agonism, Ang-(1-7), inhibition of Ang 1-7 degradation and recombinant ACE2), pulmonary-selective inhaled NO, hybrid S nitrosylated agents, and selective attenuation of iNOS/peroxynitrite alongside endothelial support. Targeted modulation - enhancing eNOS/nNOS while constraining iNOS offers a unified framework to mitigate both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative consequences of COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/metabolism/epidemiology/virology
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
*Nitric Oxide/metabolism
*Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism/epidemiology/virology
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/epidemiology/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Animals
Comorbidity
Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology

@article {pmid41532066,
year = {2026},
author = {Feng, X and Wang, Y and Li, Y and Long, J and Liu, F and Yang, H},
title = {Application of the humanized mouse model in research into SARS-CoV-2 infection (Review).},
journal = {Medicine international},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {9},
pmid = {41532066},
issn = {2754-1304},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a profound impact on global public health. The complexity of its pathogenic mechanisms and host interactions urgently requires high-fidelity animal models to support research. Humanized mouse models break the species barrier through gene editing and immune reconstitution technologies, providing a key tool to simulate human infection characteristics and pathological processes. A number of studies have reported the application of humanized mouse models in the fields of COVID-19 research, such as SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery and vaccine development, etc. The present review aimed to systematically document the latest advances in the application of humanized mouse models based on different construction strategies, such as receptor humanization, immune system humanization and composite humanization. These models have not only elucidated the pathogenicity differences and immune escape mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 variants, but have also validated the efficacy of broad-spectrum anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-targeted therapies, antibody cocktail regimens and mucosal vaccines. Additionally, humanized mouse models have played a pivotal role in investigating the mechanisms underlying long COVID. By revealing the multi-system pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis, neurodegeneration and intestinal microbiota dysregulation, these models provide a theoretical foundation for the development of targeted intervention strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41531362,
year = {2026},
author = {Sukmarova, ZN and Simonenko, VB},
title = {[Colchicine in Cardiology Practice: Use in Atrial Fibrillation, Inflammatory Diseases, Heart Failure, and Cardiac Complications of COVID-19].},
journal = {Kardiologiia},
volume = {65},
number = {12},
pages = {113-120},
doi = {10.18087/cardio.2025.12.n3110},
pmid = {41531362},
issn = {0022-9040},
mesh = {Humans ; *Colchicine/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Heart Failure/drug therapy/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Inflammation/drug therapy ; Cardiology/methods ; },
abstract = {Inflammation is an integral part of the pathophysiological processes leading to damage or regeneration of the heart and blood vessels. Interest to the "inflammatory theory" of cardiovascular disease is once again at the peak of scientific research, driven by the discovery of new laboratory and instrumental methods, as well as the emergence of new cardiotropic viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Colchicine, the most effective and safe drug used to modulate excessive inflammation in heart disease, is included in guidelines for the treatment of perimyocarditis and ischemic heart disease with a high class of evidence. Furthermore, it has been shown that colchicine can reduce the innate and, to some extent, the acquired immune response. Thereby, colchicine can affect the arrhythmia substrate and trigger, the inflammatory component of chronic myocardial degeneration during the development of heart failure. Also, colchicine can exert specific and nonspecific positive effects on the cardiac complications of COVID-19. The use of this medication in cardiology practice is limited by insufficient awareness of its indications and side effects, while in rheumatology practice, it is limited by a lack of knowledge about colchicine's additional properties in cardiac conditions. This review summarizes medical studies available online that assess the clinical efficacy of colchicine medicines in the conditions not yet included in official guidelines for its use, such as atrial fibrillation, autoinflammatory diseases, heart failure, and cardiac complications of COVID-19. For each of these conditions, colchicine can be used with the consideration of specific indications. This article includes published in the internet medical studies, abstracts, and meta-analyses with no publication date restrictions up to July 2025. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL databases were used to review 520 literature sources that described the clinical efficacy of colchicine medicines and the heterogeneity of its effects across different regimens for various cardiovascular diseases.},
}

Humans
*Colchicine/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*COVID-19/complications
*Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Heart Failure/drug therapy/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Inflammation/drug therapy
Cardiology/methods

@article {pmid41529879,
year = {2026},
author = {Lotfi, M and Kaderali, L},
title = {Data-driven strategies for model-informed decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {e107660},
pmid = {41529879},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Decision Making ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Models, Theoretical ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To systematically review data-driven modelling studies that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify which measures were most frequently reported as effective in controlling disease spread.

DESIGN: Systematic review of modelling studies focused on data-driven, model-informed decision-making for COVID-19 interventions.

DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, covering publications from 1 January 2020 to 16 October 2024.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies were included if they: (1) used real-world data; (2) had sufficient sample sizes and (3) assessed at least one intervention with measurable outcomes.Meta-analyses and purely theoretical modelling studies were excluded. Papers were further filtered using a structured screening process to ensure empirical and intervention-based modelling.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data were extracted from eligible studies and categorised according to modelling approaches, data sources, intervention types and reported effectiveness. Descriptive synthesis was performed to summarise modelling trends and intervention performance. Studies were classified into major intervention categories, including tracing, testing and isolation (TTI); physical and social distancing (PSD); vaccination; lockdowns; mask-wearing; home office or stay-at-home (HOSH) and health infrastructure enhancement (HIE).

RESULTS: Out of 2297 studies identified, 126 met inclusion criteria. Compartmental models were the most frequently used approach, primarily relying on case and death counts to assess intervention impact. The most commonly reported effective interventions were TTI, PSD, vaccination, lockdowns, mask-wearing and HOSH. When considering effectiveness relative to study frequency, the top six interventions were TTI, HOSH, mask-wearing, HIE, PSD and lockdowns. The relatively lower representation of vaccination reflects that most included studies were conducted during the early stages of the pandemic, before widespread vaccine rollout and availability of empirical vaccination data.

CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the critical role of data-driven models in guiding COVID-19 response strategies. Evidence supports the combined effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, robust testing and tracing systems and health infrastructure strengthening. Real-world impact, however, remains dependent on local healthcare capacity, socioeconomic conditions and cultural contexts. Continued research is essential to refine adaptive modelling approaches and strengthen preparedness for future public health emergencies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Decision Making
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics/prevention & control
*Communicable Disease Control/methods
Models, Theoretical

@article {pmid41528042,
year = {2026},
author = {Ye, J and Xu, T and Xu, C and Liu, X and Chen, Y},
title = {Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay at the Crossroad: Urgent Reexamination of Assay Design for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Main Protease Inhibitors.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {98},
number = {1},
pages = {e70801},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.70801},
pmid = {41528042},
issn = {1096-9071},
support = {2024AH051890//University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province, China/ ; 2022yjsds052//Outstanding Young Graduate Supervisors Program of Anhui Province, China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors ; COVID-19 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/methods ; High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods ; *Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology ; },
abstract = {The main protease (Mpro) from coronaviruses represents an attractive therapeutic target for antiviral development. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay is widely used for high-throughput screening (HTS) of Mpro inhibitors, but there has been a significant increase in false positives stemming from flawed assay design in previous studies. Here, we provide an overview of the FRET assay, discuss the key points of this method design, and highlight the corresponding solutions. We hope that this issue should receive increased attention from researchers.},
}

Humans
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors
COVID-19
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/methods
High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods
*Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/enzymology

@article {pmid41527398,
year = {2026},
author = {Glock, M and Erdekian, A and Rueb, M and Uhl, F and Husemann, R and Stoffers-Winterling, J and Lindner, S and Tüscher, O and Hölzel, LP and Lieb, K and Adorjan, K and Wiegand, HF},
title = {Utilization of mental health services during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic - a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
volume = {69},
number = {1},
pages = {e10},
pmid = {41527398},
issn = {1778-3585},
support = {01KX2021//Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung/ ; 01KX2121//Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data ; *Mental Disorders/therapy ; *Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic presented significant challenges to infectious disease management and mental health services (MHS). Service demand and delivery changed due to fear of infection, economic hardships, and the psychological effects of protective measures. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to quantify these impacts on different mental health service settings.

METHODS: Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO, focusing on studies published from the initial outbreak of COVID-19, starting in November 2019. Studies were included comparing the utilization of mental health inpatient, emergency department (ED), and outpatient services (including telemedicine and medication prescriptions) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A random-effects model was employed to estimate pooled effects, with study quality assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS: Among 128 studies, significant decreases in utilization were observed during the initial phase of the pandemic for inpatient services (RR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.85) and ED visits (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.10). Outpatient services showed a similar decline (RR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.92), while no significant change was found in psychotropic medication prescriptions (RR: 0.90, CI: 0.77 to 1.05). In contrast, telemedicine utilization increased significantly (RR: 7.57, 95% CI: 3.63 to 15.77).

CONCLUSIONS: The findings reveal substantial shifts in mental health service utilization during the pandemic, with the largest reductions in inpatient services and significant increases in telemedicine use. These results emphasize the need for flexible healthcare models. Further research is essential to evaluate the consequences of reduced MHS utilization.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology
Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data
*Mental Disorders/therapy
*Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid41526978,
year = {2026},
author = {Munteanu, V and Saldana, MA and Dreifuss, D and Ouyang, WO and Ferdous, J and Mohebbi, F and Roseberry, JS and Ciorba, D and Bostan, V and Gordeev, V and Drabcinski, N and Su, JM and Kasianchuk, N and Sharma, NK and Knyazev, S and Aßmann, E and Lobiuc, A and Covasa, M and Crandall, KA and Wu, NC and Mason, CE and Tierney, BT and Lucaci, AG and Ophoff, RA and Gibas, C and Rzymski, P and Skums, P and Solo-Gabriele, H and Niko, B and Zelikovsky, A and Hölzer, M and Smith, A and Mangul, S},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 wastewater genomic surveillance: approaches, challenges, and opportunities.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {1},
pmid = {41526978},
issn = {1474-760X},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Wastewater/virology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/virology/epidemiology ; *Genome, Viral ; *Genomics/methods ; Computational Biology/methods ; },
abstract = {Wastewater-based genomic surveillance (WWGS) has proven effective for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses within communities. It enables rapid detection of known and emerging mutations and provides insights into circulating lineages. Despite its advantages, WWGS faces challenges in sample processing and computational analysis, particularly in distinguishing similar lineages and identifying novel ones. Recent methods for wastewater sequencing (WWS) analysis remain largely untested amid declining clinical surveillance and ongoing viral evolution. This review examines opportunities and limitations of WWGS, focusing on sample preparation, sequencing technologies, and bioinformatics approaches, and highlights its potential to strengthen public health monitoring systems.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
*Wastewater/virology
Humans
*COVID-19/virology/epidemiology
*Genome, Viral
*Genomics/methods
Computational Biology/methods

@article {pmid41525859,
year = {2026},
author = {Kumar, P and Ahir, P and Sharma, S and Thakur, V and Verma, P and Kumar, I and Bharti, V and Kumar, S},
title = {Exploring molecular interactions of drugs in different biologically active solvents: A comprehensive review for safe and efficient drug delivery systems.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {340},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {150197},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150197},
pmid = {41525859},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {*Solvents/chemistry ; Humans ; *Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Solubility ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry ; COVID-19 ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry ; },
abstract = {In this review, the interactions between drugs and biologically active solvents have been extensively investigated due to their importance in optimizing pharmaceutical formulation performance for effective therapeutic efficacy and safe drug delivery. These interactions determine the molecular stability, reactivity and solubility of drugs in different biocompatible solvents. The knowledge about their absorption, distribution, metabolism, transport and bioavailability can be enhanced from their molecular interactions data. There have been reports of improved solubility and stability of drugs like metformin hydrochloride and hydralazine hydrochloride in aqueous solutions of carbohydrates and amino acids, which has an immediate effect on their bioavailability and treatment efficacy. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has reestablished the importance of this review, as some drugs were clinically approved after proving their activity and efficacy during this phase. The antivirals favipiravir, remdesivir and two repurposed drugs, antimalarial hydroxychloroquine and metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) were approved during this phase based on their available physicochemical data. These results established the clinical efficacy and dependency of drugs on their solvation environment, highlighting the pharmacological importance of studying molecular interactions in addition to their theoretical significance. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) model was adopted to conduct this systematic review, covering scientific articles from 2000 to 2025 to ensure a careful evaluation of recent advancements. This review focuses on the molecular interactions of various drugs with different biological solvent systems, using physicochemical, spectroscopic, and computational methods. It critically examines drug-solvent interactions by specifying quantitative physicochemical (free energy changes), spectral (binding constant) and computational metrics (binding affinity). This integrated approach provides a novel molecular-level insight into the structural, solvation, and interaction behavior of drugs under physiological conditions. The integration of molecular dynamics, artificial intelligence/machine learning tools, and experimental validation represents a prospective approach for addressing current limitations, contributing to the development of precision in drug delivery strategies for personalized medications. This review could be substantial for biochemical and medicinal sectors with important implications in formulation, stability, bioavailability, and solubility of drugs in clinical pharmacology. The outcome may provide an important basis for advanced research in future, serving the scientific community in understanding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drug interactions. This can further strengthen the advanced research in future, involving drug-solvent interactions, which ultimately improves the safety, treatment efficacy and delivery performance of the drugs.},
}

*Solvents/chemistry
Humans
*Drug Delivery Systems/methods
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Solubility
SARS-CoV-2
Antiviral Agents/chemistry
COVID-19
Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry

@article {pmid41525173,
year = {2026},
author = {Umstattd Meyer, MR and Wende, ME and Stroope, J and Kellstedt, DK and Johnson, AM and Gamble, A and Edwards, MB and Beck, AM and Moore, JB and Abshire, DA and Anderson, RE and Aytur, SA and Balis, LE and Davis, K and Gabbert, KD and Gustat, J and John, D and Maruca, DL and King, KA and Needham-Arnold, BD and Orzech, KM and Pickett, AC and Rhoades, RR and Riveron, N and Slater, SJ and Smock, CR and Villwock-Witte, NM and Wilson, K and Baskin, ML and Perry, CK and Abildso, CG},
title = {Rural Active Living: A Call to Action 2.0, 10-Year Review and Recommendations to Advance the Field.},
journal = {Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {197-213},
pmid = {41525173},
issn = {1550-5022},
support = {K01 HL171860/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; U48 DP006381/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Rural Population/statistics & numerical data/trends ; *Exercise/psychology ; United States ; *Health Promotion/methods/trends ; },
abstract = {CONTEXT OBJECTIVE: Written a decade ago, the 2015 Rural Active Living: A Call to Action (published in 2016) described rural-specific efforts in the fields of active living and physical activity (PA) and identified 8 recommendations to guide rural active living research and practice. Given that rural populations continue to experience a higher burden of PA-related chronic health conditions, the objective of this review was to revisit the 8 Rural Active Living Calls to Action, reassess the evidence base, summarize advances in each area, and identify emerging areas that warrant examination or further study.

METHODS: We leveraged expertise from researchers and practitioners within the CDC-funded Physical Activity Policy Research and Evaluation Network Rural Active Living Workgroup and reviewed literature published since the original call to action. Teams were formed for each of the original 8 calls to action. Each team reviewed the literature, synthesized findings, and developed recommendations for future research.

RESULTS: Academic and practice-based progress was evident across multiple of the original calls to action. Despite these findings, the need persists for rural-specific national surveillance data scaled to small geographies (census tract and block group) that accounts for differences within and across rural communities, various forms of rural governance, and how these factors interplay with active living opportunities. Six emerging areas of research (best practices, social issues, COVID-19 effects, collaboration, implementation science, and implications of rural health-related funding changes) are discussed and warrant further study.

CONCLUSIONS: In summarizing progress since the original Call to Action, we recommend strategies to continue advancing rural active living and identify emerging focus areas.},
}

Humans
*Rural Population/statistics & numerical data/trends
*Exercise/psychology
United States
*Health Promotion/methods/trends

@article {pmid41524162,
year = {2025},
author = {Maleev, VV and Fomin, VV and Manakhov, KM and Volkova, OS},
title = {[Cardio-renal syndrome: perspectives of research in infectious diseases].},
journal = {Terapevticheskii arkhiv},
volume = {97},
number = {11},
pages = {902-907},
doi = {10.26442/00403660.2025.11.203463},
pmid = {41524162},
issn = {0040-3660},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Cardio-Renal Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology/diagnosis/therapy ; Prognosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/epidemiology ; *Communicable Diseases/complications/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Clinical and prognostic significance of cardio-renal syndrome in various infectious diseases are discussed. Incidence and prognosis, as well as pathogenesis of cardio-renal syndrome in patients with infectious diseases, admitted to ICU of infectious hospitals, as well as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and in COVID-19 are reviewed.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Cardio-Renal Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology/diagnosis/therapy
Prognosis
SARS-CoV-2
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/epidemiology
*Communicable Diseases/complications/epidemiology

@article {pmid41523846,
year = {2025},
author = {Fraga, RO and Fraga, ASA and Conte, AAM and Skupien, JA and Schuch, NJ},
title = {Prevalence of burnout among Brazilian Army soldiers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis.},
journal = {Revista brasileira de medicina do trabalho : publicacao oficial da Associacao Nacional de Medicina do Trabalho-ANAMT},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {e20251467},
pmid = {41523846},
issn = {1679-4435},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of frontline workers, including military personnel.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among Brazilian Army personnel during the pandemic and identify associated predictive variables.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 602 volunteer military personnel in the city of Santa Maria, Brazil. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess burnout syndrome, defined by high levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, or low personal accomplishment. Logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors.

RESULTS: The prevalence ofburnout syndrome was 48.7%. High levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment were found in 53.8%, 58.4%, and 27.0% of participants, respectively. Emotional exhaustion was more common in those with over 10 years of service (p = 0.001), higher rank (p < 0.001), and age > 40 years (p = 0.008). Low personal accomplishment was associated with lower rank (p = 0.007) and administrative duties (p = 0.032).

CONCLUSIONS: Burnout syndrome was highly prevalent among military personnel in Brazil during the pandemic, with findings similar to those observed in other professional groups.},
}

@article {pmid41522489,
year = {2026},
author = {Ren, Q and Wang, Y and Ma, H and Xie, J and Jin, J and Tian, R and Yu, H and Gao, X and Chen, N},
title = {Recent Advances in Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Rapid Diagnosis of Viral Diseases.},
journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {5701806},
pmid = {41522489},
issn = {1865-1682},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Immunoassay/methods/veterinary ; *Virus Diseases/diagnosis/veterinary/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {Viral diseases are a major threat to human and animal health, as illustrated by recent pandemics like COVID-19 and African swine fever (ASF). Timely, accurate detection of viral infections is critical for effective disease control. Among diverse diagnostic techniques, lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has become a widely used on-site testing tool, owing to its speed, simplicity, affordability, and portability. The application of LFIA for detecting human and animal viruses is feasible, which highlights its practical utility in veterinary settings. This review summarizes key advances in LFIA for the rapid diagnosis of viral diseases over the past decade, focusing on its technical principles, practical applications, core advantages, existing limitations, and potential effective strategies to provide comprehensive knowledge for virus detection.},
}

Animals
Humans
Immunoassay/methods/veterinary
*Virus Diseases/diagnosis/veterinary/virology
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19/diagnosis