@article {pmid41599016,
year = {2025},
author = {Gonepudi, NK and Baffour Awuah, H and Xu, W and Katte, RH and Lu, M},
title = {Structure-Guided Design of Peptide Inhibitors Targeting Class I Viral Fusion Proteins.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15010032},
pmid = {41599016},
issn = {2076-0817},
support = {R01AI181600//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R35GM151169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Drug Design ; *Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Viral fusion proteins are indispensable mediators of viral entry that orchestrate the fusion of viral and host membranes, making them primary targets for antiviral interventions. Class I fusion proteins, displayed on the surface of enveloped viruses (such as HIV-1, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, influenza, and Ebola viruses), share conserved structural features, including the fusion peptide or loop and heptad repeat regions. These elements are essential for the formation of the post-fusion six-helix bundle during membrane fusion. Peptide inhibitors that mimic heptad repeat motifs have consequently emerged as an effective strategy for blocking the fusion process. This review summarizes design strategies for such inhibitors and highlights how sequence and structural insights have enabled their optimization via α-helical stabilization, hydrocarbon stapling, lactam bridges, lipid conjugation, macrocyclization, and multivalency. Using representative examples across major viral systems, this review illustrates how these strategies have led to the development of potent, stable, and even broad-spectrum antiviral peptides. This review provides insights to guide the rational design of next-generation peptide-based fusion inhibitors targeting viral membrane fusion.},
}

Humans
*Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
*Drug Design
*Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry
Virus Internalization/drug effects
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects

@article {pmid41598742,
year = {2026},
author = {Vink, M and Vink-Niese, A},
title = {An Overview of Severe Myalgic Encephalomyelitis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm15020805},
pmid = {41598742},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {In this article, we have reviewed the literature on severe myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). ME/CFS is a clinical diagnosis in the absence of a diagnostic test. However, in research settings and disability disputes, 2-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing can be used to diagnose and document the abnormal response to exercise. Biomedical research into this disease has been scarce and underfunded for decades. Consequently, there are no effective treatments. In its most severe form, it is more disabling than many other diseases, and patients are bedbound 24/7, dependent on carers, and spend their days in dark and quiet rooms. Even the soft sound of a human voice can lead to further deterioration. Some of the very severely ill suffer from life-threatening malnutrition and need to be tube-fed. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a sharp increase in the number of patients with post-infectious diseases, and many of them fulfill ME/CFS criteria. Dedicated, focused research using advanced medical technologies is needed to gain further understanding of the underlying disease mechanism. This will enable us to find effective pharmacological treatments and address the unmet medical needs of these very ill people.},
}

@article {pmid41598392,
year = {2026},
author = {Vaira, LA and Micheluzzi, V and Lechien, JR and Maniaci, A and Maglitto, F and Cammaroto, G and Troise, S and Chiesa-Estomba, CM and Consorti, G and Cirignaco, G and Saibene, AM and Iannella, G and Navarro-Cuéllar, C and Soro, GM and Salzano, G and Casu, G and De Riu, G},
title = {Telemedicine in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Narrative Review of Clinical Applications, Outcomes and Future Directions.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm15020452},
pmid = {41598392},
issn = {2077-0383},
support = {00000038//Ministero dell'università e della ricerca/ ; },
abstract = {Objectives: Telemedicine has rapidly expanded in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, but its specific roles and limitations across the care pathway remain unclear. This narrative review aimed to map telemedicine modalities and indications in OMFS, summarize reported outcomes, and identify priorities for future research. Methods: A narrative synthesis was undertaken after a systematic search of medical and engineering databases to 10 October 2025. Studies applying telemedicine, telehealth, telepresence or teleradiology to OMFS practice were eligible, including trials, observational cohorts, technical reports and surveys. Data were extracted in duplicate and organized thematically; heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Results: Fifty studies met the inclusion criteria. Telemedicine was mainly used for preoperative consultation and triage, postoperative follow-up, trauma teleradiology and tele-expertise, oncologic and oral medicine follow-up, temporomandibular disorders, and education or humanitarian work. In low-risk outpatient and postoperative settings, remote consultations showed high concordance with in-person plans, similar complication or reattendance rates, reduced travel, and high satisfaction. In trauma networks, telemedicine supported timely triage and reduced unnecessary inter-hospital transfers. Evidence in oral oncology and complex mucosal disease was more cautious, favouring hybrid models and escalation to face-to-face assessment. Data on cost-effectiveness and impacts on equity were limited. Conclusions: Telemedicine in OMFS has moved from niche innovation to a pragmatic adjunct across the clinical pathway. Current evidence supports its use for selected pre- and postoperative care and trauma triage within risk-stratified hybrid models, while underscoring the need for stronger comparative and implementation studies, clear governance on equity and data protection, and alignment with wider digital and AI-enabled health systems.},
}

@article {pmid41598316,
year = {2026},
author = {Vieru, AM and Radulescu, D and Streba, L and Trasca, ET and Cazacu, SM and Statie, RC and Popa, P and Ciurea, T},
title = {Learning from an Emerging Infection: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Reshaped Gastric Cancer Care.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life16010161},
pmid = {41598316},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted gastric cancer care, reducing access to screening, delaying diagnosis, and altering therapeutic pathways worldwide. Beyond clinical challenges, it exposed structural weaknesses in healthcare systems but also accelerated innovation. Methods: We conducted a narrative review supported by a structured literature search (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science; 1 January 2014-30 November 2025), with a narrative synthesis of observational studies, registry analyses, and meta-analyses addressing COVID-19-related changes in gastric cancer epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and telemedicine. A PRISMA-style flow diagram was used to illustrate study selection. Results: Elective endoscopy volumes fell by up to 80%, leading to diagnostic backlogs and increased proportions of advanced-stage gastric cancer. Surgical postponements, modified chemotherapy and radiotherapy schedules, and reduced molecular/genetic testing further compromised outcomes. Conversely, vaccination, telemedicine, capsule endoscopy, and adaptive triage frameworks enabled partial recovery of services. Geographical variations were observed in the recovery of gastric cancer care services, with regions that had established screening infrastructure generally resuming activity more rapidly, whereas others experienced ongoing delays and diagnostic backlogs. Conclusions: This review integrates epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic evidence to demonstrate how COVID-19 redefined gastric cancer care. By highlighting regional disparities and outlining a conceptual model for oncologic resilience, it provides an innovative framework for future crisis preparedness. The lessons of the pandemic-digital health integration, flexible treatment protocols, and international collaboration-represent a foundation for more robust, equitable gastric cancer management in the post-pandemic era.},
}

@article {pmid41598213,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, JY and Lee, HM},
title = {PEDV Structural Proteins with Emphasis on M Protein as an Immunomodulatory Factor in Porcine Innate Immunity.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/life16010058},
pmid = {41598213},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {RS-2025-25400025//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric alphacoronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal pigs, leading to substantial economic loss in the porcine industry. Previous studies have primarily focused on the spike protein because of its role in viral entry and induction of neutralizing antibody responses. However, accumulating evidence indicates that other viral components also contribute to host immune modulation and pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on PEDV structural proteins, with an emphasis on membrane proteins as regulators of porcine innate immune responses. The molecular characteristics and intracellular localization of membrane proteins were described, and the reported effects on interferon signaling, inflammatory pathways, and cellular stress responses were examined. Findings from related coronaviruses were incorporated to highlight the conserved features and virus-specific differences in membrane protein-mediated host modulation. Available evidence suggests that membrane protein-associated interference with innate immune signaling may contribute to intestinal immune dysregulation and disease severity in neonatal piglets. The implications of these observations on PEDV pathogenesis and intervention strategies are also discussed. By shifting attention from spike-centered frameworks to structural protein-driven host interactions, this review highlights membrane proteins as an underexplored but biologically relevant factor in porcine coronavirus research.},
}

@article {pmid41597712,
year = {2026},
author = {Mour, G and Paudel, SD and Modi, P and Goswami, U and Shubeilat, J and Ptak, L and Parajuli, S},
title = {The Role of Vaccination in Adult Solid Organ Transplantation: Updated Reviews with Recent Guidelines.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010194},
pmid = {41597712},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Vaccination remains a cornerstone of infection prevention in adult solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, a population at heightened risk for vaccine-preventable diseases due to chronic immunosuppression and comorbidities. Updated guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice (AST IDCOP) and other international bodies emphasize the need for timely and comprehensive vaccination strategies before and after transplantation. This review synthesizes current literature and practice guidelines on vaccination in adult solid organ transplant (SOT) candidates and recipients. Published peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials, and consensus guidelines were evaluated, with emphasis on vaccination timing, safety, immunogenicity, dosing strategies, and serologic response monitoring in the SOT population. Comprehensive vaccination planning before transplantation, combined with appropriate post-transplant booster strategies, remains vital to improving long-term outcomes in SOT recipients. This review provides clinicians with an updated, evidence-based framework for integrating evolving vaccination guidelines into the care of adult transplant patients.},
}

@article {pmid41597670,
year = {2026},
author = {Soyfoo, M and Sarrand, J},
title = {Plasmablast Storms: Microbial Drivers of Acute and Chronic Autoimmune Flares.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010152},
pmid = {41597670},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Autoimmune flares are often accompanied by abrupt surges of circulating plasmablasts-short-lived, high-output antibody-secreting cells generated through extrafollicular B-cell activation in response to microbial cues. Three categories of microbial input appear to repeatedly trigger these "plasmablast storms": latent herpesvirus reactivations (Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, varicella-zoster virus), acute respiratory or gastrointestinal infections including SARS-CoV-2, and chronic oral or gut dysbiosis. Although biologically distinct, these stimuli converge on innate sensing pathways driven by pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as unmethylated CpG DNA, single-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, and bacterial lipoglycans. Through Toll-like receptors and type I interferon signalling, microbial signatures accelerate class switching, amplify inflammatory cytokine milieus, and lower B-cell activation thresholds, enabling rapid plasmablast mobilisation. Dysbiosis further maintains B cells in a hyper-responsive state by disrupting mucosal homeostasis and altering microbial metabolite profiles, thereby reducing the stimulus required to trigger plasmablast bursts. Once generated, these waves of oligoclonal plasmablasts home to inflamed tissues, where chemokine and adhesion landscapes shape their retention during flares. Emerging evidence suggests that such episodic plasmablast expansions promote autoantibody diversification, somatic hypermutation, and epitope spreading, progressively eroding tolerance. This review synthesizes these insights into a unified model in which infections and dysbiosis promote microbe-licensed plasmablast storms that influence the tempo and severity of autoimmune disease.},
}

@article {pmid41597563,
year = {2025},
author = {Usserbayev, B and Zhugunissov, K and Smekenov, I and Akmyrzayev, N and Abdykalyk, A and Abeuov, K and Zhumadil, B and Melisbek, A and Shirinbekov, M and Zhaksylyk, S and Nagymzhanova, Z and Seidakhmetova, A and Beltramo, C and Peletto, S and Kerimbaev, A and Nurabaev, S and Chervyakova, O and Kozhabergenov, N},
title = {Alpha- and Beta-Coronaviruses in Humans and Animals: Taxonomy, Reservoirs, Hosts, and Interspecies Transmission.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010043},
pmid = {41597563},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {IRN BR24992948//Development of new diagnostic test systems for particularly dangerous viral infections (2024-2026) (IRN BR24992948) with the support of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan./ ; },
abstract = {The Coronaviridae family represents a broad group of RNA-containing viruses that infect humans and animals. This family belongs to the order Nidovirales and is divided into four main genera: α-CoV, β-CoV, γ-CoV and δ-CoV. It is particularly noteworthy that representatives of β-CoV have caused serious epidemics in humans, such as the outbreaks of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Although the clinical manifestations of CoVs can range from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory diseases, they share common features in their structure, modes of transmission, and natural reservoirs. Identifying natural reservoirs, as well as establishing intermediate hosts, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of interspecies transmission of CoVs. These processes are often mediated by molecular interactions between viral spike (S) proteins and cellular receptors of different species, which contribute to zoonotic outbreaks. Thus, the interaction of various species and the study of these processes of viral spread, cross-species transmission, and pathogen evolution play a key role in ensuring global biological safety. Therefore, we conducted this review to summarize the data from existing studies focused on the taxonomy of CoVs, their main types, natural reservoirs, intermediate hosts, pathways of interspecies transmission, and the significance of the One Health concept as an interdisciplinary approach to monitoring, prevention and control of CoV infections at the intersection of human, animal, and environmental health. We examined databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify relevant scientific articles in English available for such a review. The aim of this work is to study the taxonomy and classification of coronaviruses, as well as to identify their natural reservoirs, intermediate hosts, and applicable control measures. A review of human and animal coronaviruses has revealed their evolutionary diversity, their main natural reservoirs, their intermediate hosts, and their interactions with cellular receptors. This information allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the viruses are transmitted from animals to humans. The concept of One Health demonstrated the interconnections between human, animal and environmental factors.},
}

@article {pmid41597308,
year = {2025},
author = {Carbone, RG and Nagoti, S and Monselise, A and Wille, KM and Puppo, F and Shah, PL},
title = {COVID-19 and Interstitial Lung Disease.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {62},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medicina62010022},
pmid = {41597308},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology/therapy/diagnosis/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Risk Factors ; Lung/pathology/diagnostic imaging ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: COVID-19 is an infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that may develop several complications. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the major long-term complication of COVID-19 disease leading to progressive lung fibrosis and reduced respiratory function. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an updated overview of post-COVID-19 ILD by examining research publications and clinical guidelines selected from PubMed, Web of Science, and major respiratory medicine journals from 2020 to 2025. Methods: ILDs are diagnosed by medical history, physiological examination, pulmonary function tests, and chest X-ray or high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan. Lung biopsy, especially cryobiopsy or video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) biopsy, can be performed to define histological patterns and confirm the diagnosis. Results: Post-COVID-19 ILD is a chronic condition characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms, radiological findings, and reduced lung function. Fibrotic injury is a consequence of the initial infection and could be influenced by persistent inflammation and dysregulated tissue repair. Risk factors include severe acute illness, advanced age, male sex, and smoking. Clinical course and prognosis of post-COVID-19 ILD is uncertain, as most patients experience gradual improvement or stability, whereas others develop progressive lung function decline. Treatment of post-COVID-19 ILD is not presently defined by guidelines but comprises corticosteroids, antifibrotics (including new drugs such as nerandomilast), supportive oxygen, pulmonary physiotherapy rehabilitation, smoking cessation, and vaccination. Conclusions: ILD represents a significant long-term complication of COVID-19 infection. Further investigations are required to better understand its pathophysiology and clinical management. As research progresses, more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are expected to emerge.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology/therapy/diagnosis/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Risk Factors
Lung/pathology/diagnostic imaging

@article {pmid41597249,
year = {2026},
author = {Stigliano, E and Tocci, A and Florio, R and Arena, V and Amadoro, G},
title = {Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Deterioration in Long COVID: Pathomechanisms and Clinical Implications in Development of Alzheimer's Disease.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells15020176},
pmid = {41597249},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {RF-2021-12374//Italian Ministry of Health/ ; 971925//Alzheimer's Association Research Grant/ ; FOE D.M865/2019//Fondo Ordinario Enti/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/pathology ; *Alzheimer Disease/etiology/pathology ; *Olfaction Disorders/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; Anosmia ; },
abstract = {Complete or partial loss of smell (anosmia), sometimes in association with distorted olfactory perceptions (parosmia), is a common neurological symptom affecting nearly 60% of patients suffering from post-acute neurological sequelae of COronaVIrus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome, called long COVID. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may gain access from the nasal cavity to the brain (neurotropism), and the olfactory route has been proposed as a peripheral site of virus entry. COVID-19 is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD), an age-dependent and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized in affected patients by early olfaction dysfunction that precedes signs of cognitive decline associated with neurodegeneration in vulnerable brain regions of their limbic system. Here, we summarize the recent literature data supporting the causal correlation between the persistent olfactory deterioration following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the long-delayed manifestation of AD-like memory impairment. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory neuroepithelium is likely to trigger a pattern of detrimental events that, directly and/or indirectly, affect the anatomically interconnected hippocampal and cortical areas, thus resulting in tardive clinical dementia. We also delineate future advancement on pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments to improve the olfactory dysfunction in patients recovering even from the acute/mild phase of COVID-19. Collectively, the present review aims at highlighting the physiopathological nexus between COVID-19 anosmia and post-pandemic mental health to favor the development of best-targeted and more effective therapeutic strategies in the fight against the long-term neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/pathology
*Alzheimer Disease/etiology/pathology
*Olfaction Disorders/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
Anosmia

@article {pmid41597174,
year = {2026},
author = {Sisk, CK and Turner, LM and Meraj, S and Yusuf, N},
title = {Advances in mRNA-Based Melanoma Vaccines: A Narrative Review of Lipid Nanoparticle and Dendritic Cell Delivery Platforms.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells15020099},
pmid = {41597174},
issn = {2073-4409},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cancer Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use ; *Dendritic Cells/immunology ; *Melanoma/immunology/therapy ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *RNA, Messenger/immunology/genetics ; *Lipids/chemistry ; Animals ; Liposomes ; },
abstract = {Melanoma remains one of the deadliest cutaneous malignancies worldwide, and despite advances in systemic therapy, recurrence and treatment resistance remain frequent challenges. Following the success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, mRNA-based cancer vaccines targeting melanoma antigens have emerged as a promising therapeutic direction. This review summarizes current evidence on mRNA melanoma vaccines, focusing on two leading delivery platforms: lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus from 2015 to 2025 identified clinical trials, preclinical studies, and review articles evaluating mRNA vaccine constructs and delivery strategies. Completed clinical studies demonstrate that personalized LNP-formulated mRNA vaccines can enhance neoantigen-specific T-cell responses and improve recurrence-free survival, particularly when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. DC-based mRNA vaccines also show potent immunogenicity, with stronger responses observed when DC maturation is optimized. Ongoing trials continue to investigate next-generation LNP formulations, DC priming strategies, and personalized neoantigen approaches. Overall, current evidence indicates that both LNP and DC platforms can augment antitumor immunity by broadening T-cell responses and enhancing checkpoint inhibition. Continued refinement of delivery vehicles, neoantigen selection, and scalable manufacturing processes will be essential to realizing the full clinical potential of mRNA vaccines in melanoma.},
}

Humans
*Cancer Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use
*Dendritic Cells/immunology
*Melanoma/immunology/therapy
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*RNA, Messenger/immunology/genetics
*Lipids/chemistry
Animals
Liposomes

@article {pmid41597107,
year = {2026},
author = {Álvarez-Fernández, ML and Rodríguez, C},
title = {Socio-Emotional Wellbeing in Parents of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/children13010099},
pmid = {41597107},
issn = {2227-9067},
support = {PID2021-1244011NB-I00//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation 444 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE)/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) require contextual approaches emphasizing family roles. Parents of children with NDDs face a complex socio-emotional reality. They may experience high levels of stress, fatigue, depression, and feelings of guilt and uncertainty, and they are often left feeling isolated and unsupported. All of these factors increase their socio-emotional vulnerability and affect their children's wellbeing. A significant part of the available evidence has focused on parents of typically developing children or on a single construct. For these reasons, and considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the aim of this study was to review interventions targeting the improvement of the socio-emotional wellbeing of parents of children with NDDs, in order to characterise recent research, the specific constructs addressed, and the effectiveness of interventions. Methods: No prior protocol/registration. ERIC and Web of Science databases (selected for their broad multidisciplinary coverage in psychology and social sciences) were searched from 2020-2025 (last search: 7 September 2025), limited to English/Spanish publications. Inclusion criteria encompassed parents/primary family caregivers of children with NDDs receiving socio-emotional programs. Two independent reviewers screened the titles/abstracts and full texts, resolving disagreements through discussion. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review employed narrative synthesis without risk-of-bias assessment and included 16 studies (approximately, 1100 participants). Results: The analysis indicated a scarce but growing scientific output, with a complex methodological landscape showing promising preliminary convergence in intervention outcomes. Interventions effects appeared mediated by cultural suitability, accessibility, and contextual alignment. Conclusions: Future work should pursue multisystemic approaches engaging diverse societal contexts and agents to optimize child and family wellbeing.},
}

@article {pmid41597083,
year = {2026},
author = {Alhumaid, S and Alkhamees, AA and Al Dossary, N and Almuslim, AA and Majzoub, RA and Alalwan, QM and Alsaeed, MJ and Aljowaisem, FM and Alqahtani, MA and Alamer, AI and ALDuhailan, MI and Al Nasser, DA and Almuhanna, MS and Al-Kamees, MA and Alhadab, HA and Alsultan, AA and Bukhamseen, AN and Alabdullah, AA and Alhaddad, KS and Alhumaid, MA and Almusabeh, HM and Almubarak, YS and AlShayeb, RA and Alnami, DA and Alatiyyah, YY and Al Alawi, Z and Alabdulqader, M},
title = {Long-Term Kidney Outcomes After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Aged 0-12 Years: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/children13010075},
pmid = {41597083},
issn = {2227-9067},
abstract = {Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly recognised in children with acute COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), yet the long-term renal consequences in younger paediatric populations remain unclear. Most studies focus on acute illness or mixed-age cohorts, with limited data specific to children aged 0-12 years. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically identify, evaluate, and synthesise evidence on post-acute (≥30 days) and long-term (≥90 days) kidney outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection or MIS-C in children aged 0-12 years, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), eGFR decline, proteinuria, haematuria, hypertension, and need for kidney replacement therapy. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed (December 2019-30 November 2025), following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a registered PROSPERO protocol (CRD420251241949). Observational studies reporting kidney outcomes ≥30 days post-infection in children aged 0-12 years were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or ROBINS-I. Owing to heterogeneity and absence of ≥3 comparable datasets, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria (five MIS-C cohorts, two acute COVID-19 cohorts). Only a subset provided extractable data specific to children aged 0-12 years. Follow-up ranged from 30 days to 12 months; four studies reported outcomes ≥ 180 days. Across all studies, no incident CKD, sustained eGFR decline, or kidney replacement therapy were reported among children completing long-term follow-up; however, most long-term outcome data were derived from MIS-C cohorts with median ages around 8-11 years that included some adolescents, rather than exclusively children aged 0-12 years. One MIS-C study reported long-term hypertension in 14% of children. A cross-sectional Italian cohort of mild COVID-19 demonstrated hyperfiltration, proteinuria, and microhaematuria at ~3 months, though chronicity could not be assessed due to absence of baseline values. A large US EHR-based cohort identified increased CKD risk after COVID-19 in the broader < 21-year population; however, 0-12-year-specific event counts were not reported, preventing quantitative synthesis for young children. Conclusions: Evidence on long-term kidney outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children aged 0-12 years remains limited, and only a small subset of studies provided extractable, age-specific data. On the other hand, MIS-C cohorts generally show favourable renal recovery, small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and short follow-up restrict confidence in these findings. Large paediatric EHR studies suggest potential long-term renal risk in broader paediatric populations, highlighting the need for age-stratified, prospective cohorts with serial eGFR, urine studies, and blood pressure assessments. Until definitive evidence emerges, structured renal follow-up may be warranted for children with AKI or MIS-C during COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid41596805,
year = {2026},
author = {Głuchowski, A and Czarniecka-Skubina, E and Pielak, M},
title = {Effect of the Sous-Vide Method on the Quality of Vegetables-A Review.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods15020206},
pmid = {41596805},
issn = {2304-8158},
abstract = {Modern gastronomy strives to combine high-quality food with the preservation of nutritional value, microbiological safety, and the sustainable use of raw materials. With the development of culinary technologies, precise heat treatment methods are gaining increasing importance, enabling better process control and more consistent quality results. This analysis aims to present the effects of the sous-vide (SV) method on the quality of vegetables in comparison with conventional heat treatment methods, such as boiling in water, steaming, cooking under increased pressure, cooking in a microwave oven, baking, grilling, and the cook-vide method. Analysis of the scientific literature has shown that the sous-vide method usually allows for the retention of greater amounts of vitamins (especially vitamin C), phenolic compounds and minerals, resulting in products with higher nutritional value and bioavailability of bioactive ingredients. Maintaining a controlled, low temperature in a vacuum environment reduces the loss of water and volatile components, which has a positive impact on the process yield as well as the color, texture, and aroma of vegetables. SV processing enhances product digestibility, preserves natural appearance, and improves food safety. Due to its hermetic packaging and limited oxygen access, this method ensures good microbiological quality and extends product shelf life. In the food service industry, SV allows for repeatable results, high sensory and technological quality, and reduced food waste. In the context of contemporary nutritional challenges and the experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic, sous-vide technology is gaining importance as a method supporting food safety, sustainability, and efficient resource management in the food service industry.},
}

@article {pmid41596677,
year = {2026},
author = {Smith, E and Scholey, J},
title = {The Renin Angiotensin System: Insights into the Role of ACE2 in Glomerular Injury Including SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27021033},
pmid = {41596677},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Humans ; *Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology ; *COVID-19/metabolism/virology/pathology ; *Kidney Glomerulus/pathology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in regulating blood volume and electrolyte levels. While important for the maintenance of intravascular volume systemically, the local activation of tissue RAAS and the generation of angiotensin II contribute to inflammation and fibrosis. In the kidney, angiotensin II plays a key role in the development and progression of glomerular injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme that degrades angiotensin II, is expressed in the glomerulus, focusing attention not only on the complexity of the RAAS but also identifying a potential new determinant of glomerular injury. Accordingly, we performed a narrative review using the search terms ACE2 and glomerulus in PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the current understanding of the role of ACE2 in glomerular injury. We also discuss the role of ACE2 as a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and the potential impact of this function on glomerular injury in the setting of COVID-19.},
}

*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Humans
*Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
*COVID-19/metabolism/virology/pathology
*Kidney Glomerulus/pathology/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2
Animals

@article {pmid41596670,
year = {2026},
author = {Smola-Dmochowska, A and Śmigiel-Gac, N and Jelonek, K and Lewicka-Brzoza, K and Bojdol, J and Dobrzyński, P},
title = {Antithrombotic Polymers: A Narrative Review on Current and Future Strategies for Their Design, Synthesis, and Application.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27021026},
pmid = {41596670},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Polymers/chemistry/chemical synthesis/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Fibrinolytic Agents/chemistry/therapeutic use/chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; *Thrombosis/drug therapy/prevention & control ; Animals ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Drug Design ; },
abstract = {Bleeding and thromboembolism are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Thrombosis encompasses both arterial forms-primarily associated with atherosclerosis and leading to heart attacks or strokes-and venous forms. Microvascular thrombosis typically arises in the context of sepsis or systemic inflammation, and it became particularly prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic, substantially contributing to increased mortality. Given this burden, the rapid development of new therapies using advanced techniques and materials to prevent and treat these conditions is essential. This review summarizes recent advances in the design of antithrombotic polymers, discussing mechanisms of action, surface-modification strategies, and current clinical and preclinical applications. It also outlines criteria for evaluating hemocompatibility, describes in vitro and in vivo testing methods, and highlights key barriers to translating these materials into clinical practice. The review concludes by identifying promising directions for future research, including multifunctional approaches that combine antifouling properties, controlled drug release, and bioresistance strategies with the greatest potential to reduce thromboembolic complications associated with medical materials. It further evaluates the progress made to date in combating thrombotic diseases and identifies remaining gaps in the development and clinical implementation of new antithrombotic materials.},
}

Humans
*Polymers/chemistry/chemical synthesis/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Fibrinolytic Agents/chemistry/therapeutic use/chemical synthesis/pharmacology
*Thrombosis/drug therapy/prevention & control
Animals
COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Drug Design

@article {pmid41596537,
year = {2026},
author = {Muntean, ST and Cozac-Szoke, AR and Tinca, AC and Kosovski, IB and Vultur, S and Vultur, M and Cotoi, OS and Sin, AI},
title = {Molecular Aspects of Viral Pathogenesis in Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Evolving Mechanisms of Infection and Host Response.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27020891},
pmid = {41596537},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity/genetics/immunology/physiology ; *COVID-19/virology/immunology/pathology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/chemistry/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neuropilin-1/metabolism/genetics ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism/genetics ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Virus Internalization ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Although the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic no longer poses a global emergency, the virus continues to diversify and acquire immunoevasive properties. Understanding the molecular pathways that shape SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis has become essential. In this paper, we summarize the most recent current evidence on how the spike protein structurally evolves, on changes in key non-structural proteins, such as nsp14, and on host factors, such as TMPRSS2 and neuropilin-1. These changes, together, shape viral entry, replication fidelity and interferon antagonism. Given the emerging Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, recent articles in the literature, cryo-EM analyses, and artificial intelligence-assisted mutational modeling were analyzed to infer and contextualize mutation-driven mechanisms. It is through these changes that the virus adapts and evolves, such as optimizing angiotensin-converting enzyme binding, modifying antigenic surfaces, and accumulating mutations that affect CD8[+] T-cell recognition. Multi-omics data studies further support SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis through convergent evidence linking viral adaptation to host immune and metabolic reprogramming, as occurs in myocarditis, liver injury, and acute kidney injury. By integrating proteomic, transcriptomic, and structural findings, this work presents how the virus persists and dictates disease severity through interferon antagonism (ORF6, ORF9b, and nsp1), adaptive immune evasion, and metabolic rewiring. All these insights underscore the need for next-generation interventions that provide a multidimensional framework for understanding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and guiding future antiviral strategies.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity/genetics/immunology/physiology
*COVID-19/virology/immunology/pathology
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/chemistry/metabolism
Mutation
Neuropilin-1/metabolism/genetics
Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism/genetics
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
Virus Internalization
Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid41596316,
year = {2026},
author = {Hayashi, H and Kubo, Y and Tanaka, Y},
title = {Host Responses to SARS-CoV-2 with an Emphasis on Cytokines.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms27020664},
pmid = {41596316},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Cytokines/immunology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Interferons/immunology ; Virus Replication ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected societies around the world. Although the emergency phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has ended, the threat it poses remains persistent. This review aims to clarify the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection to support effective management of the disease. A central focus is the host cellular response to the viral infection, with particular emphasis on the role of cytokines. Cytokines play a dual role in antiviral defense: they contribute to the inhibition of viral replication and facilitate the clearance of pathogens, yet dysregulated cytokine responses can result in severe immunopathology. Interferons (type I, type II, and type III) and other cytokines are pivotal in activating intracellular antiviral mechanisms and in orchestrating the recruitment of immune cells through extracellular signaling. Effective immune responses to viral infections are governed not only by primary immune cells-such as dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes-but also by the local cytokine milieu shaped by infected and neighboring cells. Given the presence of endogenous inhibitors and autoantibodies in vivo, it is essential to evaluate the functional activity of cytokines in clinical samples. We propose a novel approach to quantify biologically active cytokine levels.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*Cytokines/immunology/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Interferons/immunology
Virus Replication

@article {pmid41596124,
year = {2026},
author = {Ayyubova, G and Bablu, FE and Rahimli, N and Aghayeva, L and Springer, EM and Alghenaim, FA and Suzuki, YJ},
title = {Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Relationships Between Viral Infections and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antiox15010066},
pmid = {41596124},
issn = {2076-3921},
abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests that viral infections may contribute to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia. Understanding the mechanism of viral involvement in the pathogenesis of AD and related dementia (ADRD) could contribute to reducing the burden caused by these conditions, which affect a large portion of the aging population. Some studies indicate the link between AD and viral infections, notably coronaviruses and herpesviruses. In AD, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) results in the modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, contributing to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Experimental evidence suggests that viral infections linked to ADRD induce the cellular production of ROS, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of these conditions. Despite significant advances in defining the roles of ROS in neurological disorders and viral infections, the specific roles of ROS in virus-associated ADRD have not been thoroughly investigated. The main objective of this review article is to comprehensively provide information on the experimental evidence for the production of ROS by viruses to help the readers investigate the role of ROS in the relationship between viral infections with ADRD.},
}

@article {pmid41596113,
year = {2025},
author = {Țocu, G and Ștefănescu, BI and Stavăr Matei, L and Țocu, L},
title = {Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Antimicrobial Defense: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Therapeutic Potential-A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antiox15010055},
pmid = {41596113},
issn = {2076-3921},
abstract = {ROS derived from NADPH oxidase, particularly NOX2, are central to antimicrobial defense, coupling direct pathogen killing with redox signaling that shapes inflammation. This narrative review integrates recent advances on NOX2 structure, assembly, and spatiotemporal control in phagocytes, and outlines how ROS interact with NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 networks to coordinate microbicidal activity and immune modulation. We summarize evidence that both ROS deficiency, as in chronic granulomatous disease, and uncontrolled excess, as in sepsis and severe COVID-19, drive clinically significant pathology, emphasizing the need for precise redox balance. Emerging therapeutic strategies include selective NOX2 inhibitors that limit pathological oxidative bursts, redox-modulating peptides that disrupt upstream activation cues, and Nrf2 activators that enhance endogenous antioxidant capacity, with attention to dosing challenges that preserve host defense while mitigating tissue injury. Key gaps remain in biomarker standardization, real-time in vivo ROS monitoring, and translation from animal models to patients, motivating personalized, combination approaches to redox medicine in infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41595987,
year = {2025},
author = {Morelli, S and Giansanti, D},
title = {Recent Advances in AI-Driven Mobile Health Enhancing Healthcare-Narrative Insights into Latest Progress.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/bioengineering13010054},
pmid = {41595987},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into mobile health (mHealth) applications has been accelerated by the widespread adoption of smartphones and recent technological advances, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This experience has expanded the role of AI-powered apps in real-time health monitoring, early detection, and personalized treatment pathways.

AIM: This review aims to summarize recent evidence on the use of AI in healthcare-related mobile applications, with a focus on clinical trends, practical implications, and future directions.

METHODS: Studies were prioritized based on methodological rigor, with systematic reviews forming the core of the analysis. Additional literature was considered to capture emerging trends and applications where a relevant rigorous screening and scoring procedure was applied to ensure methodological quality and relevance. Only studies addressing healthcare applications, rather than computational or computer science frameworks, were included to reflect the journal's clinical scope.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fifty-six secondary studies were analyzed in detail. Thematic synthesis revealed a post-pandemic shift toward applications targeting mental health, chronic care management, and preventive services. Additional screening showed that, despite their increasing use in clinical contexts, few AI-based apps were formally classified as medical devices. This highlights a gap between technological innovation and regulatory oversight. Ethical concerns-including algorithm transparency, clinical responsibility, and data protection-were frequently reported across studies.

CONCLUSIONS: This review underscores the growing impact of AI in mobile health, while drawing attention to unresolved challenges related to regulation, safety, and clinical accountability. A more robust integration into health systems will require clearer governance frameworks, validation standards, and interdisciplinary dialogue between developers, clinicians, and regulators.},
}

@article {pmid41595814,
year = {2025},
author = {Lim, L and Mukasheva, A and Alegbe, AO and Emehel, AN and Aubakirova, B and Semenova, Y},
title = {Public Health Communication Challenges in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph23010019},
pmid = {41595814},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *Public Health ; Asia, Central ; Europe, Eastern ; *Health Communication ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Communication ; },
abstract = {This scoping review examines public health communication across nine Eastern European and Central Asian states-Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-highlighting how these systems have transitioned from Soviet-era legacies to contemporary practices. Eligibility criteria included the English- and Russian-language literature published from 1998 onwards, focusing on nine post-Soviet states. Sources of evidence comprised searches in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SSRN, Heliyon, MEDLINE/PubMed, and official government websites. Data were charted by three independent reviewers using a standardized form, with discrepancies resolved by senior reviewers. The review identifies persistent gaps in communication during health crises, with a particular focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, where centralized and hierarchical information flows often undermine transparency and responsiveness, as well as further increased health inequalities between rural and urban health outcomes. Despite ongoing reforms, the communication dimension of healthcare systems remains underdeveloped. Findings reveal that centralized and top-down communication remains a dominant feature across the region, hindering timely dissemination of information and limiting the capacity to counter misinformation, as both misinformation and disinformation sometimes emerge from the government. Ultimately, this review contributes a critical analysis of these systematic communication failures and underscores the need to strengthen public health communication and reduce health inequalities. To do it, governments must prioritize transparency, disclose decision-making processes, and rely on evidence-based messaging to build trust. Effective crisis response requires not only government leadership but also the active engagement of the medical and patient communities, supported by civil society and independent media. This review points out the need for more inclusive, transparent, and trust-oriented communication strategies to enhance public health preparedness and resilience in nine Eastern European and Central Asian contexts.},
}

Humans
*Public Health
Asia, Central
Europe, Eastern
*Health Communication
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Communication

@article {pmid41594835,
year = {2026},
author = {Kostev, K and Konrad, M and Bohlken, J},
title = {Real-World Evidence for Psychiatric Disorders from the German Disease Analyzer Database: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/brainsci16010115},
pmid = {41594835},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {The German IQVIA Disease Analyzer (DA) database has become an increasingly important source of real-world evidence for psychiatric research. Over the past decade, and particularly since 2020, DA-based studies have addressed a broad spectrum of psychiatric outcomes including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, sleep disorders, and the mental health consequences of chronic somatic diseases and of contracting COVID-19. Using large, representative outpatient cohorts, these studies have examined factors associated with the incidence of psychiatric disorders, patterns of psychiatric and somatic comorbidity, treatment trajectories, and long-term outcomes under routine care conditions. The DA database's longitudinal structure, nationwide coverage, and inclusion of multiple medical specialties enable it to capture psychiatric disorders throughout patient lifetimes and across different clinical contexts. This narrative review summarizes psychiatric research using the DA database that has been published since 2020, focusing on study design, main findings, methodological strengths and limitations, and implications for future psychiatric epidemiology and clinical research.},
}

@article {pmid41594661,
year = {2026},
author = {Förster, CY and Shityakov, S},
title = {A Possible Role for the Vagus Nerve in Physical and Mental Health.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom16010121},
pmid = {41594661},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {Fo-315/5-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Vagus Nerve/physiology/physiopathology ; *Vagus Nerve Stimulation/methods ; *Mental Health ; COVID-19/therapy ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Depression/therapy ; },
abstract = {For decades, researchers have explored the therapeutic potential of the vagus nerve through vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Initially developed for epilepsy, VNS has since been applied to treat resistant depression, stroke recovery, and inflammatory conditions. Transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) now offers a noninvasive alternative, fueling clinical trials in disorders ranging from rheumatoid arthritis and migraines to long COVID-19. Mechanistic studies suggest that afferent and efferent vagal fibers modulate immune responses, mood regulation, and neurotransmitter systems. The SPARC initiative has accelerated mapping of vagal circuits, enabling more precise approaches to stimulation. Despite progress, the results remain mixed: while some patients experience lasting symptom relief, others respond no better than to placebo. Depression studies, in particular, highlight both the promise and the complexity of VNS, as inflammation, motivation circuits, and gut-brain signaling emerge as key modulators. Next-generation closed-loop devices and circuit-specific targeting may improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. VNS research thus lies at the intersection of neuromodulation, psychiatry, and immunology-offering hope for hard-to-treat conditions, yet demanding rigorous trials to separate myths from medicine. In this article, we review the current clinical and experimental applications of tVNS, analyze its mixed efficacy across psychiatric, immunological, and neurological disorders, and highlight the mechanistic insights, stimulation parameters, and emerging technologies that may shape next-generation therapies.},
}

Humans
*Vagus Nerve/physiology/physiopathology
*Vagus Nerve Stimulation/methods
*Mental Health
COVID-19/therapy
Animals
SARS-CoV-2
Depression/therapy

@article {pmid41594655,
year = {2026},
author = {Baindara, P and Dinata, R and Kumar, R},
title = {Yeast-Based Vaccine Platforms: Applications and Key Insights from the COVID-19 Era.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom16010116},
pmid = {41594655},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/genetics ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Saccharomycetales/genetics ; Vaccine Development ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated vaccine innovation but also exposed weaknesses in global access and manufacturing. Yeast-based platforms, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, also known as Komagataella phaffii, offer a practical complement to vector systems. These eukaryotic microorganisms combine safety, scalability, and cost-effectiveness with the ability to express complex antigens and assemble virus-like particles. Building on the success of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, recent advances in glycoengineering, CRISPR-based host optimization, and surface display technologies have expanded the utility of yeast-based platforms for the rapid development of vaccines. Yeast-derived SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) subunit vaccines, such as Corbevax and Abdala (CIGB-66), demonstrate that affordable, immunogenic, and thermostable products are feasible at scale. Emerging innovations in glycan humanization, thermostable formulations, and oral or mucosal delivery highlight the potential of yeast-based vaccines for decentralized manufacturing and equitable pandemic preparedness. This review summarizes recent technical and clinical progress in yeast-based vaccine research, positioning these platforms as accessible and adaptable tools for future outbreak responses and global immunization strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/genetics
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Saccharomycetales/genetics
Vaccine Development

@article {pmid41594651,
year = {2026},
author = {Lefebvre, M and Chahinian, H and Yahi, N and Fantini, J},
title = {The Enigmatic Conserved Q134-F135-N137 Triad in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Conformational Transducer?.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom16010111},
pmid = {41594651},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/metabolism/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Protein Conformation ; COVID-19/virology ; Protein Domains ; Gangliosides/metabolism/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Lipid raft-associated gangliosides facilitate the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 entry by triggering the exposure of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) within the trimeric spike protein, which is initially sequestered. A broad range of in silico, cryoelectron microscopy and physicochemical approaches indicate that the RBD becomes accessible after a ganglioside-induced conformational rearrangement originating in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of one protomer and propagating to the neighboring RBD. We previously identified a triad of amino acids, Q134-F135-N137, as a strictly conserved element on the NTD. In the present review, we integrate a series of structural and experimental data revealing that this triad may act as a conformational transducer connected to a chain of residues that are capable of transmitting an internal conformational wave within the NTD. This wave is generated at the triad level after physical interactions with lipid raft gangliosides of the host cell membrane. It propagates inside the NTD and collides with the RBD of a neighboring protomer, triggering its unmasking. We also identify a chain of aromatic residues that are capable of controlling electron transfer through the NTD, leading us to hypothesize the existence of a dual conformational/quantum wave. In conclusion, the complete conservation of the Q134-F135-N137 triad despite six years of extensive NTD remodeling underscores its critical role in the viral life cycle. This triad represents a potential Achilles' heel within the hyper-variable NTD, offering a stable target for therapeutic or vaccinal interventions to disrupt the conformational wave and prevent infection. These possibilities are discussed.},
}

*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/metabolism/genetics
*SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/metabolism
Humans
Protein Conformation
COVID-19/virology
Protein Domains
Gangliosides/metabolism/chemistry

@article {pmid41594447,
year = {2026},
author = {Ortello, C and Pace, L and Farina, D and Manzulli, V and Rondinone, V and Cipolletta, D and Galante, D},
title = {Suidae Coronaviruses: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Molecular Diagnosis.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ani16020257},
pmid = {41594447},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {PE00000007//EU funding within the NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR/ ; },
abstract = {The emergence and spread of swine coronaviruses represent a growing challenge for both veterinary medicine and public health. These viruses exhibit high mutation rates, recombination potential, and the capacity for cross-species transmission. Among the most relevant pathogens are PEDV, TGEV, PRCV, PHEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV, which have caused significant outbreaks in swine production systems worldwide, with severe economic consequences. Recent evidence demonstrates coronavirus circulation in wild boar populations across Europe, including Italy, Spain, and Germany. Although wild boars are not confirmed as primary reservoirs, their ecological behavior and increasing overlap with domestic pigs raise concern over their potential role in maintaining viral circulation. Future research priorities should focus on developing a more integrated and coordinated system for the control of swine coronaviruses, including strengthened surveillance in both domestic pigs and wild boar populations, the use of molecular epidemiology techniques to identify emerging variants, and structured collaboration among veterinary, ecological, health, and regulatory sectors. Finally, investment is needed in the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostic tools to address the considerable genetic variability of swine coronaviruses and to improve the prevention and early detection of and response to future epidemic threats.},
}

@article {pmid41593595,
year = {2026},
author = {Abusbaitan, HA and Gondwe, KW and Pirsch, A and Eyadat, A and Alshakhshir, NS and Vilakazi, N and Nkhoma-Mussa, Y and Hearst, MO and Mkandawire-Valhmu, L and Lopez, AA and Schadewald, DM and Dressel, A},
title = {Food insecurity and gender-based violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12889-026-26253-3},
pmid = {41593595},
issn = {1471-2458},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gender-based violence (GBV) and food insecurity are conditions that affect women and may also exacerbate each other, as women experience disproportionately higher levels of both globally. Both of these conditions also increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe how the association between food insecurity and GBV across multiple global regions during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted women. The review aims to inform equity-driven interventions and policy development in the event for use during future emergency crises.

METHODS: The social-ecological model (SEM) and the intersectionality framework were the frameworks used for this systematic review. The PRISMA guidelines guided this systematic review methodology. The literature search was conducted using the APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases in November 2025. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) studies that assessed the association between food insecurity and GBV among women during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (3) studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals. The exclusion criterion was any study that was not primary research. The Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD) was used for quality appraisal. Thematic analysis, guided by Hennink and colleagues (2020), was used to synthesize the results.

RESULTS: Thirty-two studies were included in the data analysis. At the individual level, food insecurity and GBV during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with a greater likelihood of reporting mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. Additionally, being an immigrant was associated with a high risk of experiencing food insecurity and GBV. At the relationship level, food insecurity and GBV were associated with household instability and family dysfunction. At the community level, the association was influenced by poverty and limited employment opportunities. At the societal level, restrictive COVID-19 policies and prevailing cultural norms contributed to intensifying food insecurity and GBV.

CONCLUSION: This study offers support for strengthening crisis‒response systems across socio-ecological levels that incorporate gender-sensitive food security and violence prevention strategies during public health emergencies. New policies are needed to create effective support systems to promote women's health, especially marginalized groups, who experience the greatest vulnerability.},
}

@article {pmid41593575,
year = {2026},
author = {Güzel, S and Baysal, HY and Türkoğlu, N and Polat, H and Arslan, MA and Kurşun, E},
title = {Factors ınfluencing vaccine refusal in children: an umbrella review on COVID-19 and childhood vaccinations.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12889-026-26365-w},
pmid = {41593575},
issn = {1471-2458},
abstract = {Vaccination is a fundamental public health intervention that saves millions of lives and extends human lifespan. However, vaccine hesitancy and refusal have grown into a global threat due to misinformation. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of vaccines in reducing mortality rates and controlling outbreaks. Parents' attitudes toward vaccines directly affect children's health and vaccination rates in the community. Therefore, understanding the underlying reasons for parents' refusal of childhood vaccines and the COVID-19 vaccine is of great importance for combating epidemics and public health. The umbrella review method was used in this study. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted between January 1, 2020, and December 30, 2024, were examined in this context. The pandemic period and recent history were considered due to the increase in systematic reviews examining the rapidly rising rates of vaccine refusal after the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies published in English in the PubMed, Wos, and Scopus databases were searched. Fifteen studies were included in the research. In conclusion, socio-demographic factors were found to be a major factor in COVID-19 vaccine refusal, whereas factors such as the "information factor," "vaccine-related factors," and "Cognitive Factors" were found to be more prominent in childhood vaccine refusal.},
}

@article {pmid41592860,
year = {2026},
author = {Sullivan, DJ and Reik, R and Prichard, A and Pagan, M and Tobian, AAR and Caturegli, P and Pekosz, A and Klein, SL and Bloch, EM and Shoham, S and Gebo, KA and Joyner, MJ and Senefeld, JW and Franchini, M and Focosi, D and Pandey, S and Lane, K and McBee, NA and Pirofski, LA and Casadevall, A and Hanley, DF},
title = {COVID-19 convalescent plasma safety and efficacy analysis for biologics license application approval.},
journal = {Expert review of anti-infective therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14787210.2026.2623136},
pmid = {41592860},
issn = {1744-8336},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 convalescent plasma with high anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels transfused within 6 months from donor collection was formally approved by the Food and Drug Administration in December 2024 for COVID-19 treatment in immunocompromised patients. Here we summarize the safety and efficacy data submitted for the Biologics License Application.

AREAS COVERED: Safety evaluation in over 100,000 individuals in the expanded access program and 24,000 in randomized controlled trials, showed no serious adverse event increases. Robust randomized controlled trials established efficacy in four distinct disease stages-outpatient, inpatient, newly mechanically ventilated and in those immunocompromised to prevent acute disease progression or eliminate persistent viral carriage. Pharmacokinetics revealed a three-liter distribution volume with viral specific antibody effective dose near 2-50 milligrams. Major SARS-CoV-2 antibody-mediated antiviral actions included direct neutralization by viral binding interference to cell receptors and fragment-crystallizable mediated antiviral effects that reduce virions. Virus neutralization correlated with high anti-Spike antibody levels and antibody levels in the top donor plasma deciles retains therapeutic neutralization against future variants.

EXPERT OPINION: With pandemic progression, the COVID-19 convalescent plasma safety and efficacy evidence quality increased. Ultimate regulatory approval required robust randomized control efficacy data. Future infectious disease outbreaks require randomized controlled trials in the convalescent plasma roadmap.},
}

@article {pmid41592662,
year = {2026},
author = {Dağdeviren, İ and Uygur, MM and Keleş, EÇ},
title = {The impact of thyroid dysfunction on COVID-19 severity and mortality: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {120851},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2026.120851},
pmid = {41592662},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {Thyroid function abnormalities have been increasingly reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the clinical significance of these alterations remains uncertain. Because early identification of individuals at risk for severe illness is essential, this study systematically evaluated the association between thyroid dysfunction and COVID-19 severity. A comprehensive search of major databases identified 4260 records, of which 13 observational studies met the eligibility criteria, yielding a total of 2829 patients from diverse geographical regions. Mild, moderate, and non-ICU patients were categorized as the non-severe group, while the severe-to-critical group included patients classified as severe or critical, those requiring ICU admission, or hospitalized in dedicated COVID-19 wards according to the criteria used in the original studies. The pooled analysis demonstrated that total and free triiodothyronine (TT3 and FT3) levels were consistently lower in patients with more severe disease, and thyroid dysfunction was associated with 4.8-fold higher odds of severe-to-critical COVID-19. Although thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were reduced in patients with COVID-19 compared with non-infected individuals, TSH alone did not predict disease severity. Higher TT3 and FT3 concentrations were consistently associated with a milder clinical course. These findings suggest that thyroid function tests may provide useful prognostic information in patients with COVID-19. The observed hormonal patterns may reflect alterations along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis; however, this interpretation remains hypothetical and requires confirmation through studies incorporating direct pituitary hormone assessment. Low TT3 and FT3 levels appear to be associated with worse clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, suggesting their potential utility as prognostic indicators. However, further prospective studies are needed before recommending routine monitoring for clinical management.},
}

@article {pmid41592552,
year = {2026},
author = {Song, J and Lee, JH and Park, H and Jang, MJ and Yoon, SH},
title = {Long-Term Pulmonary Function and Radiologic Abnormalities Up to 3 Years After COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Korean journal of radiology},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {174-185},
doi = {10.3348/kjr.2025.1272},
pmid = {41592552},
issn = {2005-8330},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging/complications ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods ; Respiratory Function Tests ; *Lung/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the long-term trajectory of pulmonary function test (PFT) and CT findings in COVID-19 survivors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed to identify studies published from January 2020 to June 2024 reporting PFT and/or chest CT outcomes at ≥6 months post-COVID-19, up to 36 months. The reference lists of relevant articles were also manually reviewed. Two investigators independently extracted study characteristics, patient demographics, and PFT and CT outcomes at prespecified follow-up intervals (6, 12, 24, and 36 months). Multivariate meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate temporal trends in lung function and radiological abnormalities. Sensitivity analyses, including stratification by disease severity and pooled analyses of studies with multiple follow-up time points, were performed to confirm the robustness of the findings.

RESULTS: In total, 152 studies (n = 25,766; mean age, 56.7 ± 13.2 years; 14,999 men) were included: 133 reporting PFT outcomes and 80 reporting CT findings. Diffusion capacity (DLCO) impairment was the most common abnormality, showing gradual improvement from 42% at 6 months to 35% at 36 months (P = 0.008) with a corresponding increase in the % predicted DLCO. Similarly, the prevalence of forced vital capacity (FVC) impairment decreased over time, accompanied by an increase in the % predicted FVC. On chest CT, the proportion of patients with no relevant findings remained stable at 30%-40% (P = 0.14). The prevalence of ground-glass opacities (GGO) decreased from 32% at 6 months to 20% at 36 months (P = 0.01), while that of fibrosis persisted at 27%-47% without a significant change (P = 0.28). Subgroup analysis based on disease severity revealed similar temporal trends in both low-severity and high-severity cohorts.

CONCLUSION: DLCO, FVC, and GGO findings improved gradually up to 36 months post-COVID-19; however, over one-third of the patients continued to exhibit reduced DLCO. Fibrosis persists with limited evidence of resolution over a 3-year period, suggesting a stable but nonprogressive pattern.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/physiopathology/diagnostic imaging/complications
*Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
Respiratory Function Tests
*Lung/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
Male
Middle Aged
Female
Time Factors

@article {pmid41591417,
year = {2026},
author = {Faria, C and Daneshi, K and Baser, A and Mauersberger, H and G-Medhin, A and Soneson, E and White, S and Anderson, J and Ford, T},
title = {The global prevalence of eating disorders in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {European child & adolescent psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41591417},
issn = {1435-165X},
support = {(NIHR203312//National Institute for Health and Care Research/ ; },
abstract = {The increase in eating disorder (ED) presentations among children and young people (CYP) during the Covid-19 pandemic represents a global health concern, given the associated morbidity and mortality associated with these conditions. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the worldwide pooled prevalence of EDs in CYP at a population level. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS for all English-language studies reporting population level ED prevalence data between January 2013 to February 27th, 2024. The primary outcome was overall prevalence of EDs. We used a random-effects model for the meta-analysis, I[2] statistics to assess heterogeneity, and the Hoy scale for quality assessment. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42022333223. Sixteen studies including 77,714 children and young people from 12 countries met eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review, whilst twelve studies with 56,758 participants provided data suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Study quality was moderate; ten studies were classified with a low risk of bias, one with moderate and five with high. The global point prevalence for any ED was 5.23% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41 to 10.05, I[2]= 99.95%). The commonest type was Other Specified Feeding or ED (point prevalence of 4.88%, 95% CI 1.46 to 8.30, I[2]= 99.42%), which, like all types of ED was more common among girls (5.25%, 95% CI 0.32 to 10.18, I[2]= 99.69%) than boys (3.97%, 95% CI 0.45 to 7.49, I[2]= 97.77%), although confidence intervals overlapped. Our findings illustrate the urgent need to expand service provision as well as to evaluate and develop strategies for early ED identification in children and young people, given a global prevalence of 1 in 20.},
}

@article {pmid41590554,
year = {2025},
author = {Klimonda, A and Kowalska, I},
title = {From Environmental Threat to Control: A Review of Technologies for Removal of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds from Wastewater.},
journal = {Membranes},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/membranes16010001},
pmid = {41590554},
issn = {2077-0375},
support = {825 305 0501//Wrocław University of Science and Technology/ ; },
abstract = {Cationic surfactants from the group of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used in disinfectants, cosmetics, and household and industrial products. Their strong antimicrobial activity and chemical stability make them valuable in applications but also highly persistent and toxic when released into aquatic environments. This problem has become increasingly relevant during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, when global use of QAC-based disinfectants increased drastically, resulting in their frequent detection in municipal, hospital, and industrial effluents. The concentrations of QACs reported in wastewater range from trace levels to several mg/L, often reaching inhibitory thresholds for biological treatment processes. Although surfactants are not listed in any current European directive, the revised Directive (EU) 2024/1440 classifies micropollutants as a priority group, imposing stricter environmental quality standards and mandatory monitoring requirements. Within this regulatory framework, QACs are recognized as compounds of emerging concern, and their effective removal from wastewater has become a critical challenge. This review summarizes the current knowledge on conventional treatment technologies (coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange, advanced oxidation, and biological processes) and membrane-based methods (ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and hybrid systems) for the removal of cationic surfactants from water and wastewater. Mechanisms of separation, performance, and operational limitations are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid41590208,
year = {2026},
author = {Parikh, RR and Shetty, NU and Singhal, C and Patel, P and Manghani, P and Pillai, AA and Chocontá-Piraquive, LA and Butler, ME},
title = {Telehealth for Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare: Evidence Map of Effectiveness, Patient and Provider Experiences and Preferences, and Patient Engagement Strategies.},
journal = {Clinics and practice},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/clinpract16010014},
pmid = {41590208},
issn = {2039-7275},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically map evidence to inform best practices for sexual and reproductive healthcare delivered via telehealth (TeleSRH) in United States-based Title X-funded clinics.

METHODS: We searched three databases (2017-2025) for studies evaluating effectiveness, harms, patient and provider experiences, barriers/facilitators, and engagement strategies encompassing TeleSRH for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), contraceptive care/family planning (CC/FP), and sexual wellness, in countries with a human development index of ≥0.8.

RESULTS: From 5963 references and 436 articles, we included 142 eligible publications. TeleSRH use declined since the COVID-19 pandemic's peak but remains higher than pre-pandemic. Evidence comes mostly from poor-quality studies. TeleSRH increases access and adherence to STI prevention (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV). Tele-follow-up may safely facilitate HIV care continuity. For CC/FP, TeleSRH is comparable to in-person care for patient satisfaction and uptake; patients are less likely to select long-acting reversible contraception but post-initiation tele-follow-up may increase its continuation rates. Vasectomy completion rates may be similar between pre-procedural counseling via telehealth versus in-person. TeleSRH's potential benefits might include reduced travel time, wait times, no-show rates, and clinic human resource burden (via tele-triaging) and increased preventative screening rates for STIs and non-communicable diseases, prescription refill rates, ability to receive confidential care in preferred settings, and rural/marginalized community outreach. Implementation challenges span technological and capital constraints, provider availability, staff capability building, restrictive policies, language incompatibility, and patient mistrust. Supplementing synchronous TeleSRH with asynchronous communication (e.g., mobile application) may improve continued patient engagement.

CONCLUSIONS: Preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic TeleSRH can be effective, with high patient acceptability; however, effectiveness and adoption hinge on contextual factors outlined in this review.},
}

@article {pmid41589190,
year = {2025},
author = {Alrehaili, RS and Almuzaini, S and Alrajhi, J and Dashti, A and Alsuroor, O and Alzahrani, F and Albishri, A and Almousa, M and Homdi, L and Alshammakhy, R and Alfaifi, F and Alkharfi, A and Aldhafeeri, G and Alzahrani, TM},
title = {Teledentistry in the Era of Digital Dentistry: Clinical Applications, Patient Experience, and Equity-Oriented Policy Implications.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e100137},
pmid = {41589190},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Teledentistry has shifted from small pilot projects and emergency use during the COVID-19 pandemic to a realistic option for delivering parts of routine oral healthcare. However, its role in long-term service models, equity, and health-system performance remains incompletely defined. This narrative review aimed to provide an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence on teledentistry across clinical specialties, populations, and settings, and to discuss implications for practice, policy, and future research. Electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2025 for studies evaluating teledentistry or related digital remote dental services. Eligible sources included observational and interventional studies, reviews, economic evaluations, implementation reports, and key professional or policy documents. Data were organized thematically around clinical effectiveness, patient and provider experience, cost and resource use, equity and access, regulatory frameworks, and emerging technologies. Across settings, teledentistry supports accurate diagnosis and triage for selected indications, particularly in orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, and community-based screening. Most studies report gains in access, reduced need for travel, and high levels of patient satisfaction, especially in rural, institutionalized, and otherwise underserved groups. Evidence for long-term clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and the impact on oral-health inequities is promising but remains heterogeneous and often limited by small samples, short follow-up, and methodological constraints. Successful programs depend on reliable infrastructure, integration with electronic records, clear clinical protocols, appropriate training, and supportive legal and reimbursement frameworks, while concerns persist about data protection, medico-legal responsibility, and the potential for digital services to widen rather than narrow gaps between population groups. Overall, teledentistry should be viewed as a component of planned hybrid oral healthcare models rather than a substitute for in-person care. Future work needs pragmatic comparative studies, robust economic analyses, and equity-focused evaluations. Under these conditions, teledentistry has the potential to contribute meaningfully to more accessible, continuous, and person-centered oral healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid41589019,
year = {2026},
author = {Murugavel, A and Ramakrishnan, J},
title = {Virulence and pathogenicity of secondary fungal infections.},
journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {139-158},
doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2537423},
pmid = {41589019},
issn = {1549-7828},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology/microbiology ; Virulence ; *Mycoses/microbiology/immunology ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Candida/pathogenicity ; *Coinfection/microbiology ; Immunocompromised Host ; Mucorales/pathogenicity ; Aspergillus/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Fungal infections pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals facing life-threatening complications. The severity of secondary fungal infections is driven by the expression of virulence factors in immunocompromised individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the susceptibility of immunocompromised patients to secondary fungal infections, prompting a closer examination of the underlying mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the virulence mechanisms of major fungal pathogens (Aspergillus, Candida, and Mucorales) in COVID-19-associated secondary infections. The review systematically categorizes key virulence factors, including thermotolerance, adhesins, hydrolytic enzymes, mycotoxins, and biofilm formation, and explores their interplay with the host's immune status, particularly under corticosteroid therapy. Focusing on the intersection of fungal pathogenesis and COVID-19, the article examines molecular mechanisms underlying Aspergillus, Mucorales, and Candida pathogenicity, including iron metabolism, spore coat proteins, and immune evasion strategies. Followed by linking the molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology/microbiology
Virulence
*Mycoses/microbiology/immunology
Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
Candida/pathogenicity
*Coinfection/microbiology
Immunocompromised Host
Mucorales/pathogenicity
Aspergillus/pathogenicity

@article {pmid41588352,
year = {2026},
author = {Du, R and Yang, J and Yang, W and Liao, P},
title = {The efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis based on double-blinded parallel-arm randomized placebo-controlled trials.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {147},
pmid = {41588352},
issn = {1471-2334},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/mortality ; *COVID-19 Serotherapy/adverse effects/methods ; Double-Blind Method ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/methods ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma (CP) showed promising benefits in previous coronavirus pandemics regarding efficacy and safety. However, the efficacy of CP from COVID-19 patients remains controversial and uncertain based on current randomized controlled trials (RCTs). There is an urgent need to establish the efficacy and safety of CP for COVID-19 patients as soon as possible.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the efficacy and safety of CP using high-quality, double-blinded, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, and to provide evidence-based support for the clinical application of CP against COVID-19.

METHODS: Electronic databases such as Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched from inception to October 18, 2024. This meta-analysis synthesized dichotomous outcomes, including 28-day mortality, hospitalization rates, invasive mechanical ventilation, adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs, using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4.1, the Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) statistical method, and a random effects (RE) analysis model. Risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as effect measures. Two reviewers independently searched, screened, and included eligible clinical trials, extracted relevant data, and assessed risks of bias (ROB) using the Cochrane ROB tool 1.0 and RevMan 5.4.1. The RRs and 95% CIs in this meta-analysis were computed as dichotomous outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were conducted to explore heterogeneities and their causes. The quality of evidence was evaluated, and recommendations for clinical practice were based on the GRADE approach. The prospective meta-analysis protocol was registered on PROSPERO.

RESULTS: A total of 996 references were identified through database and manual searches. Nine eligible double-blinded, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, involving 1898 subjects in the intervention group and 1696 in the control group, were included in the meta-analysis. Seven, four, three, three, and three trials were judged as low ROB for mortality, hospitalization rates, invasive mechanical ventilation, AEs, and serious AEs, respectively. The remaining trials were deemed high-risk for their respective outcomes. The meta-analysis on hospitalization rates was abandoned due to high heterogeneity (I²=92%) among the included trials. The RRs, 95% CIs, and P-values were as follows: 0.78 [0.62, 0.97], P = 0.03 for mortality; 0.84 [0.50, 1.42], P = 0.51 for invasive mechanical ventilation; 1.01 [0.78, 1.32], P = 0.92 for AEs; and 0.96 [0.73, 1.28], P = 0.80 for serious AEs, all with low or medium levels of heterogeneity. These results suggest that CP infusion in COVID-19 patients reduced mortality by 22% and exhibited excellent safety without reducing the incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation. Sensitivity analysis on mortality, using the combined effect measure (RR 0.83 [0.66, 1.06], I²=0%, Z = 1.46, P = 0.14) after excluding the study by O'Donnell, showed no significant difference between the intervention and control groups, implying that the excluded study might have a stronger effect in reducing mortality. Subgroup analysis based on age indicated that CP therapy in COVID-19 patients aged ≤ 60 years reduced mortality by 36%. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses for other outcomes demonstrated robust pooled results. The PROSPERO registration code is CRD42022324324.

CONCLUSIONS: Administration of CP to COVID-19 patients, especially those aged ≤ 60 years, may reduce mortality with excellent safety without more AEs, and serious AEs, but does not reduce the incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/mortality
*COVID-19 Serotherapy/adverse effects/methods
Double-Blind Method
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/methods
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid41586257,
year = {2025},
author = {Heendeniya, SN and Chen, S and Bhatti, S and Zahra, QUA and Rahimizadeh, K and Poudel, BH and Wilton, SD and Veedu, RN},
title = {Beginning of a new era of synthetic messenger RNA therapeutics: Comprehensive insights on mRNA drug design, development and applications.},
journal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)},
volume = {250},
number = {},
pages = {10784},
pmid = {41586257},
issn = {1535-3699},
mesh = {Humans ; *RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Drug Design ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Drug Development ; },
abstract = {Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have significantly transformed contemporary medicine, particularly through their role as the active component in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This remarkable achievement is the culmination of extensive research conducted over many years by scientists. The widespread administration of the COVID-19 vaccine has further accelerated research into the precise therapeutic potential of mRNA technologies. Since mRNA doesn't integrate with the host genome, the safety and versatility of mRNA-based therapeutics make them an iconic candidate in targeted therapies. Due to a surge in innovation efforts, biomodification of the molecular signatures of mRNAs like the 5'cap, untranslated regions (UTRs), and the poly(A) tail are being developed to increase translation efficacy. Recent advancements in chemical modifications, codon optimization techniques, and targeted delivery methods have significantly enhanced the stability of synthetic mRNAs while concurrently reducing their immunogenicity. Various mRNA manufacturing and synthesizing methods are investigated in this review, focusing on their scalability and limitations. mRNA therapeutic strategies can be divided into protein replacement, immune modulation, and cellular modulation. This review explores mRNA's molecular landscape and comprehensive utility, including applications in both clinical trials and commercial sectors.},
}

Humans
*RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use/genetics
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Drug Design
COVID-19/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Drug Development

@article {pmid41586005,
year = {2025},
author = {Martín-Rodríguez, A and González-Prieto, N},
title = {Influence of physical activity on perceived stress and mental health in university students: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in sports and active living},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1710832},
pmid = {41586005},
issn = {2624-9367},
abstract = {University students are a population particularly vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and reduced wellbeing. Physical activity has been proposed as a protective factor, but existing findings are heterogeneous. This systematic review examined the relationship between physical activity and mental health in university students, focusing on perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological wellbeing. It was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and the study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251179614). A total of 38 studies published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed, involving more than 20,000 participants from various countries. Most studies were cross-sectional, although some longitudinal and quasi-experimental studies were also included. The results showed a consistent association between higher levels of physical activity and lower levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as an increase in subjective wellbeing. In addition, mediators such as sleep quality and resilience, and moderators such as gender or internet use, were identified. The effects were more significant when physical activity was combined with other healthy habits such as good sleep and low sedentary behavior. Although most of the studies were not experimental, the evidence suggested a possible beneficial causal effect of exercise. The need for comprehensive interventions in universities was highlighted, promoting physical activity as a preventive and therapeutic strategy to improve the mental health of students. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251179614, PROSPERO, CRD420251179614.},
}

@article {pmid41585373,
year = {2025},
author = {Koyou, HL and Ramachandran, V and Salleh, MN and Wan Sulaiman, WA and Mohamed, MH and Mohd Badrin, MJQ and Jelemie, CS},
title = {S100 Protein and Interleukin Biomarkers Among COVID-19 Subjects With and Without Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {British journal of biomedical science},
volume = {82},
number = {},
pages = {15355},
pmid = {41585373},
issn = {2474-0896},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; *S100 Proteins/blood ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Interleukins/blood ; Interleukin-10/blood ; Severity of Illness Index ; Interleukin-6/blood ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global spread of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe complications, such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ failure. Identifying effective biomarkers is essential for predicting disease severity and improving patient management.

OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis aims to assess the significance of S100 proteins (S100A4, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, S100B, S100P) and interleukins (IL) (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β) in COVID-19 patients, comparing those with and without pneumonia or organ failure.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted on different databases, yielding 47 relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024. Data on the prevalence of IL and S100 protein levels were extracted and analyzed using pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and heterogeneity (I[2]) to evaluate their associations with disease severity.

RESULTS: IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients suffering from pneumonia or organ failure. IL-6 levels were notably higher in pneumonia patients compared to those without (SMD = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.17, 0.52], I[2] = 29%). Similarly, elevated S100B levels were observed in severe cases (SMD = 0.51 [95% CI: 0.19, 0.83], I[2] = 0%). While IL-10 levels showed high variability (I[2] = 90%), they remained consistently linked with worse outcomes.

CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis underscores the potential of IL-6, IL-10, and S100 proteins as important biomarkers in evaluating COVID-19 severity, offering valuable insights to help clinical management.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/blood
Biomarkers/blood
*S100 Proteins/blood
SARS-CoV-2
*Interleukins/blood
Interleukin-10/blood
Severity of Illness Index
Interleukin-6/blood

@article {pmid41585361,
year = {2025},
author = {Wakai, TN and Yensii, NG and Kernyuy, FB and Bella-Omunagbe, M and Chinedu, SN and Afolabi, IS},
title = {Global research landscape of telomere biology in infectious diseases: mechanistic links between host-pathogen interactions and immune ageing.},
journal = {Frontiers in aging},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {1729868},
pmid = {41585361},
issn = {2673-6217},
abstract = {Telomeres, nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of chromosomes, maintain genomic stability and regulate cellular lifespan, particularly in immune cells. Telomere shortening, driven by cell division and limited telomerase activity, accelerates immune ageing and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases. Chronic infections like HIV and tuberculosis exacerbate telomere attrition through sustained immune activation and oxidative stress. This study presents a bibliometric review of research on telomere length and infectious diseases from 2005 to 2025. Data from the Web of Science Core Collection were analysed using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, software tools for visualising co-authorship, citation, and keyword networks, to assess publication trends, collaborations, and themes. A total of 123 publications were identified, showing steady growth with a 60% increase in publications from 2020 to 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leading journals included Frontiers in Immunology, PLoS ONE, and Scientific Reports. The United States produced the largest share of publications, followed by Canada and Spain, with notable contributions from the University of British Columbia and Université de Montréal. Influential authors such as Côté HCF, Pick N, and Maan EJ have advanced research, particularly in the areas of HIV and tuberculosis. Keyword analysis highlighted two dominant themes: immune ageing and infection-related stress. Malaria research was comparatively scarce, underscoring a gap for future investigation. These findings inform future research on telomere-targeted interventions and epidemiological studies aimed at enhancing infectious disease management. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the field's progress and identifies key areas for future investigation.},
}

@article {pmid41585255,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Liu, X and Cui, W and Hu, Y and Song, W and Zhu, L and Wang, Z and Ji, X and Wang, Y},
title = {Visualization of childhood allergic diseases based on VOSviewer and CiteSpace.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1615154},
pmid = {41585255},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Childhood allergic diseases, such as eczema, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and cough-variant asthma, are a growing health concern around the world. There is a lot of research about these diseases, but a clear and complete study is still needed to better understand them and help guide future research.

METHODS: This study used a bibliometric analysis of research on childhood allergic diseases from 2014 to 2024. The main goal was to find patterns in publications, main researchers, research focuses, teamwork between groups, and new topics. Data were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The study included English-language articles and reviews only. The tools VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used to study publication patterns, where research was done, which authors and journals worked together, how often papers were cited together, which papers were cited the most, and how keywords appeared and formed groups.

RESULTS: The amount of research was different for each disease. Eczema got the most attention and kept growing. Cough-variant asthma had fewer studies. The United States and China were the main countries that did most of the work and had well-known authors. The focus of studies changed from general studies about disease spread to more detailed topics like the microbiome, genetics, special treatments, environmental causes, other health problems that happen together, and the effects of COVID-19. The way researchers worked together was not the same for all diseases. This showed that research was more developed and better connected for some diseases and less developed for others, mainly for cough-variant asthma.

CONCLUSION: This study gives a short look at recent research on childhood allergic diseases. It shows that eczema research is growing fast, but cough-variant asthma is still studied much less, with only 110 papers in 10 years. This big difference shows a clear lack of knowledge. These results can help make better research plans and improve medical care in this field.},
}

@article {pmid41584416,
year = {2025},
author = {Soica, IL and Kupeli, N and Eyitayo-Olonade, K and Davies, N},
title = {A Systematic Review of Advance Care Planning with People Living with Dementia: Learnings from the Covid-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Current health sciences journal},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {299-310},
pmid = {41584416},
issn = {2067-0656},
abstract = {This study focused on exploring the experiences of people with dementia (PD) with advance care planning (ACP) during the pandemic. We analyzed the barriers and facilitators to implementing ACP and made recommendations for research, practice and policy. Regarding the design, the review followed Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO. Three databases (CINAHL, PUBMED, Embase) were searched, and records from 2019-2023 were screened against eligibility criteria. The experiences of PD in various international settings, including care homes, community hospitals, tertiary health settings and research facilities were explored. More precisely, we followed PD and their carers who engaged with ACP tools during the pandemic, while applying qualitative and quantitative measurements. The results were based on nine studies that were included. Themes related to timing of ACP, methods used to conduct ACP during the pandemic and the topics discussed. The pandemic prompted discussions about goals of care and PD found digital interventions to be a viable alternative to in-person ACP. Barriers to this included accessibility issues, difficulty with using technology, and lack of electronic means. In conclusion, digital ACP interventions are a viable method of delivering ACP, but they should be adapted and used alongside in-person consultations.},
}

@article {pmid41584279,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, C and Fan, Y and Li, C and Chang, B and Wang, J and Cao, X and Liang, G and Liang, Y and Sun, K},
title = {The prevalence of orthostatic intolerance, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and orthostatic hypotension in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1679252},
pmid = {41584279},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 776 million confirmed cases worldwide, with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 now recognized as a significant public health concern. Autonomic dysfunction-including orthostatic intolerance (OI), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and orthostatic hypotension (OH)-constitutes a major complication of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. However, reliable epidemiological estimates remain scarce. As a result, we aim to provide the first global prevalence estimates of autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including 21 observational studies. Random-effects models were utilized to estimate pooled prevalence, and sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity. GRADE assessments evaluated evidence certainty.

RESULTS: The pooled prevalence estimates demonstrated 70.6% for OI, 36.2% for POTS, and 18.6% for OH. Advancing age exhibited a significant negative association with POTS and OH. In contrast, prolonged post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 duration and female sex showed no significant association with the incidence rates of these conditions. Subgroup analyses indicated higher POTS and OH incidence in mild vs. moderate or severe COVID-19 cases. Publication bias was minimal for OH but evident for POTS.

CONCLUSION: This study provides the first global prevalence estimates of autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, highlighting its disproportionate burden among younger populations and non-linear temporal trends. The findings advance epidemiological understanding and inform evidence-based public health strategies to address post-COVID complications.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=556546, PROSPERO CRD42024556546.},
}

@article {pmid41584182,
year = {2025},
author = {Efremova, MI and Cho, Y and Miglietta, E and Pinto da Costa, M},
title = {Burnout scales used in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and their psychometric properties: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1661548},
pmid = {41584182},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Psychometrics ; *Burnout, Professional/diagnosis/psychology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Burnout has been assessed by a variety of screening instruments worldwide. This systematic review investigated the characteristics and psychometric properties of these scales used during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess burnout among healthcare workers.

METHODS: A systematic literature search and review was conducted based on four operational criteria: burnout scales, healthcare workers, psychometric properties, and COVID-19. We retrieved records from APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, and EMBASE. All peer reviewed articles that assessed burnout in healthcare workers during COVID-19 were included.

RESULTS: A total of 794 articles met the inclusion criteria, and 27 burnout scales were identified, two of which were developed during the pandemic. The scales varied in number of items, subscales, response options, language, and country of development. At least one psychometric property was reported for 19 of the 27 scales, and 15 scales demonstrated desirable internal consistency in this novel context. For validity, 9 out of 27 scales reported at least one psychometric property. This was predominantly for measures on structural validity.

CONCLUSION: Although a wide range of scales were used to assess burnout in healthcare workers during COVID-19, the psychometric properties reported were predominantly on reliability rather than validity. The findings of this review can be used to guide appropriate instrument selection for burnout in crisis contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

PROSPERO registration database: CRD42023414070.},
}

Humans
*Health Personnel/psychology
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Psychometrics
*Burnout, Professional/diagnosis/psychology
Reproducibility of Results
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid41583464,
year = {2025},
author = {Grunst, MW and Li, W and Mothes, W},
title = {Viral glycoprotein-mediated entry and antibody-mediated immunity in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1733684},
pmid = {41583464},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology ; *HIV-1/immunology/physiology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Virus Internalization ; *HIV Infections/immunology/virology ; *Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Immunity, Humoral ; },
abstract = {Enveloped viruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused some of the deadliest pandemics in human history. These viruses utilize Class 1 viral fusion glycoproteins to bind their host receptor and subsequently fuse the virus and host cell membranes to mediate entry. Viral fusion glycoproteins are prominent antigens on the surface of virions and are essential for the virus life cycle. Therefore, they are a primary target for the humoral immune system and the basis for the design of vaccines. Antibodies which target viral fusion glycoproteins can neutralize viral infectivity and activate the immune system in several distinct ways. In this review, we compare mechanisms of how class 1 viral fusion glycoproteins mediate viral entry and cover diverse ways in which antibodies targeting these glycoproteins can neutralize viruses and activate the immune system to clear virus-infected cells.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology
*HIV-1/immunology/physiology
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*Virus Internalization
*HIV Infections/immunology/virology
*Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Animals
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Immunity, Humoral

@article {pmid41583170,
year = {2025},
author = {Hassan Awaji, HH and Sahli, RN and Albalwi, FB and Albalawi, WS and Muhawish, TA and Albalawi, HM and Alsubiti, AK and Alanazi, JS and Hamdi, A and Alshehri, N and Qarni, FS and Abu Salem, N and Albalawi, FN},
title = {The Impact of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination on COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e99986},
pmid = {41583170},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been hypothesized to confer nonspecific immune protection against viral infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This meta-analysis evaluates the protective role of BCG vaccination in preventing COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported the effect of BCG vaccination for COVID-19 prevention in HCWs compared with placebo. Nine RCTs were included, with a total of 10,295 HCWs. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) were calculated using random- and fixed-effects models to assess the impact on symptomatic COVID-19, severe disease, hospitalization, seropositivity, duration of illness, and serious adverse events. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I[2] statistics. BCG vaccination did not significantly reduce the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.94-1.17, p = 0.43, I[2] = 47%), severe COVID-19 (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.97-1.48, p = 0.09, I[2] = 0%), or hospitalization (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.71-1.50, p = 0.86, I[2] = 0%). There was no significant difference in the duration of symptomatic illness (MD = 0.09 days, 95% CI: -1.41-1.59, p = 0.90, I[2] = 80%) or in rates of COVID-19 seropositivity (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.81-1.98, p = 0.30, I[2] = 76%). The incidence of serious adverse events was not significantly different between groups (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.34-5.97, p = 0.62, I[2] = 81%). This meta-analysis found no significant protective effect of BCG vaccination against any clinical or serological endpoint of COVID-19 in HCWs. The results do not support the use of BCG as a preventive measure against COVID-19 in this population.},
}

@article {pmid40589009,
year = {2025},
author = {Binesh, A and Venkatachalam, K},
title = {IL 6 Cascade in Post COVID Cardiovascular Complications: A Review of Endothelial Injury and Clotting Pathways.},
journal = {Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {149-157},
pmid = {40589009},
issn = {2212-4063},
support = {ICMR-IIRP-0508/2023//Indian Council of Medical Research, Govt of India/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/blood/immunology ; *Interleukin-6/metabolism ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; *Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/metabolism/immunology/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Blood Coagulation ; Thrombosis/etiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed various long-term cardiovascular complications linked to increased inflammatory responses, particularly through Interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity. IL-6 is a major cytokine in the immune system that plays a bimodal role: it supports acute immune defense but contributes to chronic inflammation and tissue damage when dysregulated. High levels of IL-6 during and after COVID-19 are linked with poor outcomes, such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), myocarditis, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombotic events. Chronic IL-6 signaling impairs vascular homeostasis, leading to endothelial dysfunction and increased thrombosis. Viral and cytokine-driven inflammation leads to endothelial damage caused by COVID-19. These include mechanisms that implicate the downregulation of ACE2, oxidative stress, and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide. All these contribute to arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. It is possible to reduce the risk of heart disease by using targeted therapies, such as IL-6 inhibitors, which can help reduce inflammation. Biomarkers of endothelial health and inflammation include EPCs and CECs. Pharmacological strategies, such as RAS inhibitors and statins, may have additive effects on endothelial function, but ACE2 upregulation remains a major question. Rehabilitation and exercise-based approaches are further supportive of vascular recovery. When IL-6 activity stays high after an infection, it causes blood to clot too easily and cause thrombotic problems. This makes patients more likely to experience an ischemic stroke or pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulants and IL-6 inhibitors like tocilizumab reduce these risks. IL-6's long-term effects on the heart need to be studied more, and biomarker screening, lifestyle changes, and personalized therapies must be used to prevent heart disease as much as possible. A holistic management approach that integrates anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation strategies will significantly improve outcomes in survivors of COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/blood/immunology
*Interleukin-6/metabolism
*Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
*Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/metabolism/immunology/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
Blood Coagulation
Thrombosis/etiology

@article {pmid40353409,
year = {2025},
author = {Nguyen, HL and Li, MS},
title = {Coupling of SARS-CoV-2 to Amyloid Fibrils and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.},
journal = {Current protein & peptide science},
volume = {26},
number = {10},
pages = {844-860},
pmid = {40353409},
issn = {1875-5550},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/metabolism/chemistry ; Humans ; *Amyloid/metabolism/chemistry ; *COVID-19/virology/metabolism ; Phase Separation ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but because the receptor protein of this virus can appear not only in the lungs and throat but also in various parts of the host's body, it causes different diseases. Recent observations have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 damages the central nervous system of patients in a manner similar to amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Neurodegenerative diseases are believed to be associated with the self-assembly of amyloid proteins and peptides. On the other hand, whole proteins or parts of them encoded by SARS-CoV-2 can form amyloid fibrils, which may play an important role in amyloid-related diseases. Motivated by this evidence, this mini-review discusses experimental and computational studies of SARS-CoV-2 proteins that can form amyloid aggregates. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) is a dynamic and reversible process leading to the creation of membrane-less organelles within the cytoplasm, which is not bound by a membrane that concentrates specific types of biomolecules. These organelles play pivotal roles in cellular signaling, stress response, and the regulation of biomolecular condensates. Recently, LLPS of the Nucleocapsid (N) protein and SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been disclosed, but many questions about the phase separation mechanism and the formation of the virion core are still unclear. We summarize the results of this phenomenon and suggest potentially intriguing issues for future research.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/metabolism/chemistry
Humans
*Amyloid/metabolism/chemistry
*COVID-19/virology/metabolism
Phase Separation

@article {pmid40122207,
year = {2025},
author = {Tavelli, A and Vergori, A and Cingolani, A and Bai, F and Azzini, AM and Hara, GL and Caponcello, MG and Rinaldi, M and Palacios-Baena, ZR and Gatti, M and Maccarrone, G and Tacconelli, E and Antinori, A and Monforte, AD and , and , },
title = {ORCHESTRA Delphi consensus: clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with HIV.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {31},
number = {8S},
pages = {S14-S25},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2025.03.006},
pmid = {40122207},
issn = {1469-0691},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology ; Delphi Technique ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The interaction between HIV and COVID-19 resulted in a syndemic that showed an excess burden of disease for people with HIV (PWH). Four years of the COVID-19 pandemic have raised many unsolved questions about the optimal care of COVID-19 in PWH.

METHODS: We performed a study using a three-round Delphi methodology involving a panel of physicians with expertise in HIV and COVID-19 infections. The main aim of the study was to provide recommendations on critical clinical issues of COVID-19 among PWH and to inform physicians and policy-makers for improving care and prevention of COVID-19 in PWH. A total of 27 questions were conceived, focusing on four main areas of interest in the management of COVID-19 in PWH; a panel of 34 experts in HIV and COVID-19 care expressed their level of agreement on each item. Questions that received agreement/disagreement ≥79.4% of panellists were identified and statements were generated accordingly.

RESULTS: Consensus was reached on 19/27 items, resulting in 18 final statements. These statements addressed: (a) risk of COVID-19 progression to severe disease among PWH; (b) COVID-19 diagnostics and laboratory procedures; (c) early treatments with antivirals and/or monoclonal antibodies; (d) use of corticosteroids; (e) COVID-19 preventive strategies.

DISCUSSION: This consensus's study guides infectious diseases physicians in making decisions regarding the care of PWH for COVID-19, where results from the scientific literature are limited or conflicting.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology
*HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology
Delphi Technique
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39901671,
year = {2025},
author = {Dri, DA and De Cata, M and Carafa, M and De Paola, E and Maione, R and Aita, P and Gramaglia, D},
title = {Critical Analysis of Non-profit Clinical Trials: Three Years of Activity at the Clinical Trials Office.},
journal = {Reviews on recent clinical trials},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {247-262},
pmid = {39901671},
issn = {1876-1038},
mesh = {*Clinical Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; *Organizations, Nonprofit/statistics & numerical data ; Italy ; COVID-19 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Non-profit clinical trials submitted for authorization over three years to the Clinical Trials Office of the Italian Medicines Agency were reviewed and critically analyzed.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives are to highlight potential trends following the full implementation of Regulation (EU) No. 536/2014 and to reveal the different nuances of non-profit clinical trials, comparing them with the general profile of all clinical trials.

METHODS: Using a multidisciplinary approach, the research navigates public data, official documents and data retrieved from the Italian National Observatory on Clinical Trials and from the European Clinical Trials Information System to reveal shifts in the clinical trials landscape.

RESULTS: A decrease in non-profit applications submitted in the 2020-2022 timeframe is emerging, clearly related to the new regulatory complexities and uncertainties in the adoption of the Clinical Trials Information System platform. Results also show a divergence between nonprofit and overall clinical trials in terms of authorization outcomes, also including studies with a COVID-19 indication. Further comparing non-profit studies with the total number of clinical trials across different characteristics, such as phases, therapeutic areas and study purposes, increases transparency and availability of insight information.

CONCLUSION: Relevant data are provided as a result of the review and analysis of non-profit clinical trials, highlighting specific features. Overall, this critical analysis provides an overview of recent trends and, also promotes insights for further consideration by regulators to adequately support clinical research in a complex and evolving regulatory environment.},
}

*Clinical Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data/legislation & jurisprudence
Humans
*Organizations, Nonprofit/statistics & numerical data
Italy
COVID-19

@article {pmid39844547,
year = {2025},
author = {Almarzooqi, A and Abdalla, J and Elsadeg, MS and Zamani, N and Ginawi, AAG and Alrawi, Z and Namas, R and Aldhaheri, A and Zayat, A and Elbadawi, F and ALDabal, L and Aljaberi, N and Abdullah, S and Hannawi, S and Alnaqbi, KA and Dhaheri, FA and Hameed, B and Al-Saleh, J},
title = {Infection Screening and Vaccination of Adult and Pediatric Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: An Emirati Delphi Consensus.},
journal = {Current rheumatology reviews},
volume = {21},
number = {5},
pages = {545-561},
pmid = {39844547},
issn = {1875-6360},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccination ; *Rheumatic Diseases/complications/immunology ; United Arab Emirates ; *Autoimmune Diseases/complications ; Delphi Technique ; Adult ; Consensus ; Child ; *Mass Screening ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Patients with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) have an increased susceptibility to infections due to their compromised immune systems and the use of immunosuppressive therapies. Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients, emphasizing the need for strategies such as infection control and vaccination to prevent avoidable harm to both patients and healthcare workers. This study aims to provide expert consensus on infection screening and vaccination guidelines for AIIRD patients.

METHODS: A task force of experts from the United Arab Emirates developed a set of statements based on available evidence and expert opinion. The consensus was structured into two main categories: infection screening (9 statements with 23 sub-statements) and vaccination (7 statements).

RESULTS: The infection screening consensus covered nine key areas: tuberculosis (TB) screening (I.1), methods and periodicity of TB screening (I.2), strategies for managing positive IGRA test results (I.3), and infection control for hepatitis B (I.4), hepatitis C (I.5), HIV (I.6), varicella-zoster virus (I.7), and Pneumocystis jirovecii (I.8). The vaccination consensus included recommendations on general vaccination principles (V.0) and specific vaccinations for influenza (V.1), pneumococcal disease (V.2), human papillomavirus (HPV) (V.3), varicella-zoster virus (V.4), tetanus (V.5), and COVID-19 (V.6). Delphi voting showed strong consensus among the task force experts, validating their relevance and applicability for clinicians managing AIIRD patients.

CONCLUSION: This Emirati consensus provides up-to-date guidance and recommendations for clinicians to enhance the care and safety of AIIRD patients.},
}

Humans
*Vaccination
*Rheumatic Diseases/complications/immunology
United Arab Emirates
*Autoimmune Diseases/complications
Delphi Technique
Adult
Consensus
Child
*Mass Screening

@article {pmid39377482,
year = {2026},
author = {Payne, A and Lalonde, M and Vanderspank-Wright, B and Perron, A},
title = {Nursing Professional Identity: A Critical Review of the Concept Amidst COVID-19.},
journal = {ANS. Advances in nursing science},
volume = {49},
number = {1},
pages = {E17-E26},
pmid = {39377482},
issn = {1550-5014},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/nursing/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Nurse's Role/psychology ; Female ; *Social Identification ; Male ; Feminism ; },
abstract = {Heroism is an immutable and quintessential part of what gives rise to the phenomenon that is nurse. This altruistic discourse comes with profound consequences for the nursing profession, particularly in relation to nursing's professional identity. This critical review explores nursing's professional identity against the backdrop of gendered and heroic discourses. Two concept analyses of nursing's professional identity are critically reviewed and juxtaposed with literature on the topic amidst COVID-19. Using poststructural feminism and critical discourse analysis, the review provides valuable insights into the evolutionary significance of the concept and raises key questions around knowledge-power structures and discursive constructions of nurse.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/nursing/psychology
SARS-CoV-2
*Nurse's Role/psychology
Female
*Social Identification
Male
Feminism

@article {pmid39328138,
year = {2025},
author = {Sotoudeheian, MJ and Azarbad, R and Mirahmadi, SM and Pirhayati, M and Moradi, M and Pazoki-Toroudi, H},
title = {Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cardiovascular Injury: Exploring the Potential of Ponatinib in Mitigating Cardiovascular Necroptosis in COVID-19.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology},
volume = {26},
number = {14},
pages = {2222 - 2233},
doi = {10.2174/0113892010324744240916110446},
pmid = {39328138},
issn = {1873-4316},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; *Imidazoles/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Necroptosis/drug effects ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; *Pyridazines/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased dramatically in recent years, affecting millions of people worldwide. The primary cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients is respiratory illness. However, the disease can also significantly impact the cardiovascular system. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, enters cells using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. ACE-2 is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays a crucial role in regulating various pathological processes. The interaction of the virus with ACE-2 in the myocardium can lead to direct heart damage. Several mechanisms may contribute to myocardial damage in COVID-19 patients, including systemic inflammation, myocardial interstitial fibrosis, interferon-mediated immune response, exaggerated cytokine response, T-cell-mediated damage, coronary plaque instability, and hypoxia. There has been concern that ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 by upregulating ACE-2 expression. However, it may be advisable to continue medications for patients with underlying cardiovascular disorders. The precise mechanisms of cardiomyocyte injury in COVID-19 are not fully understood, but necroptosis appears to play a significant role. Current treatments for cardiac damage in COVID-19 patients include IL-6 blockers and antiplatelet therapy. Ponatinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor designed using computational and structural approaches, has shown the potential to affect cell death through its impact on tyrosine kinase activity. By reviewing studies related to ponatinib's effects on necroptosis and cell death, we propose a novel approach to potentially reduce the cardiotoxic effects of COVID-19 on cardiomyocytes. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of cardiac injury in COVID-19 and to develop targeted therapies to protect the heart from the devastating effects of this disease.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/complications
*Imidazoles/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Necroptosis/drug effects
*Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy/virology
*Pyridazines/therapeutic use/pharmacology
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Animals

@article {pmid41581933,
year = {2026},
author = {Malemnganba, T and Baghel, K and Mehrotra, S and Prajapati, VK},
title = {Unlocking the power of antimicrobial peptides to combat infectious agents.},
journal = {Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology},
volume = {149},
number = {},
pages = {203-244},
doi = {10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.11.013},
pmid = {41581933},
issn = {1876-1631},
mesh = {Humans ; *Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/virology ; Animals ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Bacteria/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; },
abstract = {The rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a major clinical challenge, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising candidates in the fight against these resistant pathogens. Naturally produced by a wide variety of organisms, AMPs are a crucial part of the innate immune system, offering a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Unlike traditional antibiotics, AMPs primarily target microbial membranes, which reduces the likelihood of resistance development. Beyond their pathogen-destroying properties, AMPs enhance immune responses, aid in wound healing, and exhibit anticancer properties. Their ability to act swiftly and in synergy with the host immune system offers a distinct advantage over conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, AMPs hold the potential to be developed into novel treatments for infections that have become resistant to all available therapies. However, bacterial resistance mechanisms to AMPs-such as membrane modifications, protease production, and biofilm formation-underscore the complex interactions between hosts and pathogens. Despite these challenges, AMPs present an exciting avenue across multiple sectors, including medicine, agriculture, and food safety. Recent research also highlights their potential in treating viral infections, including COVID-19, showcasing their versatile applications. This chapter discusses the role of AMPs in addressing antibiotic resistance, their mechanisms of action, and their diverse therapeutic applications beyond bacterial infections.},
}

Humans
*Antimicrobial Peptides/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
COVID-19/virology
Animals
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Bacteria/drug effects
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects

@article {pmid41580734,
year = {2026},
author = {Fang, H and Wang, Q},
title = {The silent epidemic within the pandemic: pathophysiology and prediction of post-COVID-19 diabetes.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12967-026-07717-x},
pmid = {41580734},
issn = {1479-5876},
}

@article {pmid41579008,
year = {2026},
author = {Vera-Cáceres, CH and García-Huguet, M and Gil de Genover, A and Sagula, SD and Martín Muñóz, L and López Domínguez, D},
title = {Dysautonomia after COVID-19 infection: A case report.},
journal = {Neurologia},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {101891},
doi = {10.1016/j.nrleng.2025.101891},
pmid = {41579008},
issn = {2173-5808},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/complications ; Female ; Middle Aged ; *Primary Dysautonomias/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Guillain-Barre Syndrome/complications/etiology/diagnosis ; Pandemics ; *Coronavirus Infections/complications ; *Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Betacoronavirus ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/etiology/diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome/etiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This case report discusses a case of a patient who experienced acute autonomic dysfunction during the parainfectious phase of COVID-19, attributed to Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). This is the first well-documented case of such an association.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman, previously infected with COVID-19, was admitted to the emergency department due to altered mental status. Brain computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral occipital diffuse hypodensity. Throughout her hospitalization, she exhibited elevated blood pressure necessitating intravenous treatment. The initial brain MRI revealed T2-weighted image hyperintensity at the parietal and occipital levels, indicative of vasogenic edema. These neuroimaging findings were suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Euvolemic hyponatremia with concurrent low serum osmolality and high urine osmolality and sodium was observed, indicating a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Throughout the patient's stay, her level of consciousness exhibited significant improvement. However, she developed ascending symmetrical limb weakness and progressive loss of reflexes, along with a severe motor deficit and gait disturbance, accompanied by arterial blood pressure fluctuations and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. Clinical manifestations, neurophysiological findings, and laboratory results were indicative of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), leading to a conclusive diagnosis of GBS with dysautonomia triggered by a COVID-19 infection.

CONCLUSION: This case reveals the relevance of diagnosing autonomic dysfunction (including PRES) as the initial manifestation of GBS linked to COVID-19 infection and the importance of early diagnosis to prevent potential complications.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/complications
Female
Middle Aged
*Primary Dysautonomias/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Guillain-Barre Syndrome/complications/etiology/diagnosis
Pandemics
*Coronavirus Infections/complications
*Pneumonia, Viral/complications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
*Betacoronavirus
Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/etiology/diagnostic imaging
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome/etiology

@article {pmid41499907,
year = {2026},
author = {Ruan, T and Li, M},
title = {The inverse relationship between post-traumatic growth and job burnout among medical staff during the COVID-19 normalization period: A systematic review.},
journal = {Asian journal of psychiatry},
volume = {116},
number = {},
pages = {104814},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104814},
pmid = {41499907},
issn = {1876-2026},
mesh = {Humans ; *Burnout, Professional/psychology/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 ; *Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological ; *Medical Staff/psychology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To synthesize empirical evidence on the association between post-traumatic growth (PTG) and job burnout among medical staff across varied healthcare settings during the COVID-19 normalization period (2022 onward).

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a database indexing over 126 million records was searched, yielding 499 records for screening, and 11 studies that measured both PTG and burnout in active healthcare professionals. Data on study design, setting, instruments, sample characteristics, and key findings were extracted.

RESULTS: Nine quantitative (seven cross-sectional, one longitudinal, one unspecified design) and two qualitative studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing nurses, physicians, psychiatrists, paramedics, and medical rescuers in eight countries. Standardized instruments (e.g., Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory variants; Maslach Burnout Inventory variants) were most common. Eight studies reported a significant inverse correlation between PTG and burnout (e.g., odds ratio= 0.653, 95 % CI= 0.525-0.812, p < 0.001; r = -0.276, p = 0.034). Five studies identified PTG as a mediator or moderator of stress-burnout pathways. Qualitative analyses described a trajectory from acute stress through cognitive restructuring to growth, with burnout linked to unresolved trauma.

CONCLUSIONS: Consistent evidence indicates that higher PTG protects against burnout in medical staff post-pandemic peak. Psychological resources-resilience, self-compassion, adaptive coping, meaning in work, and job satisfaction-emerge as key mediators or moderators. Interventions fostering PTG and its correlates may mitigate burnout in healthcare workers.},
}

Humans
*Burnout, Professional/psychology/epidemiology
*COVID-19
*Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological
*Medical Staff/psychology

@article {pmid41578455,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghoshal, UC and Singh, R and Goenka, MK},
title = {Post-Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What We've Learned So Far.},
journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {e70250},
doi = {10.1111/nmo.70250},
pmid = {41578455},
issn = {1365-2982},
mesh = {Humans ; *Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/therapy ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Brain-Gut Axis/physiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has unveiled a hidden epidemic of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), notably post-infection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS), driven by SARS-CoV-2 GI tropism and pandemic stressors.

PURPOSE: This review synthesizes and critically appraises current evidence on the prevalence, clinical spectrum, and predictors of post-COVID-19 IBS, integrating mechanistic insights. Topics discussed in this review will advance understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, identify therapeutic targets, inform phenotype-tailored management and clinical care, and outline research priorities for post-COVID-19 IBS.

METHODS: A narrative review was performed by the authors.

KEY RESULTS: Recent evidence indicates that approximately 7.2% of individuals develop IBS after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 2.6-fold higher odds vs. non-infected controls. At the population level, a nationally representative U.S. survey (> 160,000 adults) showed a pandemic-era surge in IBS prevalence (predominantly IBS-M) and a modest increase in chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), while other Rome IV DGBIs remained stable. Mechanisms are multifactorial, involving ACE2-linked epithelial/neuromuscular effects, persistent low-grade inflammation, microbiota dysbiosis with reduced short-chain fatty acids, altered serotonin signaling, barrier dysfunction, and psychosocial stress acting along the gut-brain axis. Emerging data indicate dyspnea and depression further mediate the COVID-19-to-IBS pathway, underscoring biopsychosocial endotypes.

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: This review indicates that following infection with SARS-CoV-2, DGBI, particularly IBS, occurs in 7.2% patients on follow-up. Clinically, a positive diagnosis framework and phenotype-tailored, multidisciplinary care are recommended. Future studies on post-infection IBS including post-COVID-19 IBS should be undertaken using upcoming Rome V criteria, controlling for confounding factors, and defining mechanistic endotypes to unlock precision therapies.},
}

Humans
*Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/therapy
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Brain-Gut Axis/physiology

@article {pmid41578296,
year = {2026},
author = {Rubini, E and Trentin, M and Maffi, P and Aammar, B and Gaievskyi, S and Bahattab, A and Lamine, H and Kordi-Kaiser, M and Staub, K and Ragazzoni, L},
title = {Challenges in healthcare facilities' response to past outbreaks: a systematic review of reviews.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12913-025-13934-9},
pmid = {41578296},
issn = {1472-6963},
support = {101168124//HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41577930,
year = {2026},
author = {Ochoa-Gutierrez, V and Saiko, G},
title = {Pulse Oximeters: Accuracy and Artifacts.},
journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology},
volume = {1498},
number = {},
pages = {277-283},
pmid = {41577930},
issn = {0065-2598},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oximetry/instrumentation/methods/standards ; *Artifacts ; *COVID-19/blood/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Skin Pigmentation ; Calibration ; Oxygen Saturation ; *Oxygen/blood ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {Oximetry is used to quantify the presence of oxygen in human blood within soft tissues of the human body. Among multiple implementations of this technology, pulsatile oxygen saturation (SpO2) is a core medical technology and is being rapidly adopted in consumer health. However, despite its long history of clinical use, recent findings indicate that the accuracy of pulse oximetry may be affected by various factors and biases. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic showed that pulse oximeters exhibited flaws in accuracy due to the skin pigmentation of patients with darker skin. Thus, the future of this technology, particularly in consumer health devices, needs to be built on foundations that account for such biases. This chapter reviews the principles of pulse oximetry, sources of its artifacts, calibration methods, and the factors that may cause inaccuracy in pulse oximeters, particularly pertinent to two-wavelength pulse oximetry. Drawing upon recent research and clinical insights, we review the multifaceted nature of pulse oximetry biases, including motion artifacts, skin pigmentation, body mass index, environmental variables, device calibration, and nail polish, among others.},
}

Humans
*Oximetry/instrumentation/methods/standards
*Artifacts
*COVID-19/blood/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Skin Pigmentation
Calibration
Oxygen Saturation
*Oxygen/blood
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid41577421,
year = {2026},
author = {Nakimuli-Mpungu, E and Arango, C and Dandona, R and Ford, T and John, A and Jordan, A and Cherop, R and Kola, L and López-Jaramillo, C and Schuster, AM and Knapp, M and Walbaum, M and Opiepie, K and Musoro, F and White, LA and Martsenkovskyi, D and Michael, BD and O'Connor, R and , and Jones, PB},
title = {Policy and public health implications for mental health after the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {162-174},
doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00358-X},
pmid = {41577421},
issn = {2215-0374},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Public Health ; *Health Policy ; *Mental Health ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic revealed essential weaknesses in mental health systems and intensified existing inequities, highlighting the need for a comprehensive assessment of policy responses and strategies for future resilience. Guided by four questions relating to system adaptations, approaches to inequities, financing strategies, and evidence gaps, we synthesised evidence from a structured literature search (2020-24), expert consultation, and lived experience. We found that public health systems embedded infodemic management, expanded digital services, and mobilised community workforces, but responses varied in equity and effectiveness. Although gender, age, socioeconomic, and racial disparities worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, social protection, gender-sensitive policies, school-based services, and culturally adapted interventions showed promise. High-income countries buffered shocks with welfare measures while low-income and middle-income countries faced sharp fiscal constraints. Few studies evaluated cost-effectiveness or equity impacts of psychosocial interventions. Building resilient, equitable mental health systems requires integrated policies spanning communication, digital and community care, gender-responsive and youth-responsive strategies, and sustainable financing, alongside investment in longitudinal and cross-national research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Public Health
*Health Policy
*Mental Health
*Mental Health Services/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41577420,
year = {2026},
author = {Schuster, AM and Alwan, NA and Callard, F and Chen, EYH and Gilbody, S and Graham, BM and Hatch, SL and Jones, E and Jordan, A and Knapp, M and López-Jaramillo, C and Nakimuli-Mpungu, E and Pathare, S and Ressler, KJ and Wessely, S and White, LA and , and Jones, PB},
title = {The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for clinical mental health care.},
journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {140-161},
doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00247-0},
pmid = {41577420},
issn = {2215-0374},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Mental Health Services/organization & administration ; *Mental Disorders/therapy/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mental Health ; },
abstract = {A Position Paper published in The Lancet Psychiatry in 2020 suggested an agenda for research about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, following which an interdisciplinary Lancet Psychiatry standing commission was established in 2022 to examine the emerging evidence and refine recommendations for more research. In this first Series paper from the standing commission, we focus on changes in the delivery of clinical mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The second paper in the Series focuses on public mental health and policy perspectives, and the third will address neuropsychiatric consequences of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Evidence from high-quality longitudinal studies with pre-pandemic baseline data, controlled intervention trials, or systematic reviews took time to accrue. During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, symptoms of anxiety and depression became more prevalent, and many mental health services were compromised by pandemic-related factors; however, whether the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated pre-existing long-term trends of increasing incidence of mental health disorders, especially in children and adolescents, is unclear. Little research has been done in low-income and middle-income countries, or regarding post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID), which emerged as a multisystem condition with mental health implications. Vulnerable populations, including socioeconomically disadvantaged and minoritised groups, faced disproportionate mental health impacts and limited access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting systemic, pre-pandemic inequalities. Bold implementation of existing evidence-based mental health support for vulnerable communities, ambitious trials of novel interventions, and systematic pooling of rapidly accumulating evidence about best healh care should be priorities in future pandemics.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Mental Health Services/organization & administration
*Mental Disorders/therapy/epidemiology
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Mental Health

@article {pmid41577399,
year = {2026},
author = {José Álvarez García, F and Iofrío de Arce, A and Álvarez Aldeán, J and Garrote Llanos, E and López Granados, L and Navarro Gómez, ML and Pineda Solas, V and Rivero Calle, I and Ruiz-Contreras, J and Salamanca de la Cueva, I and Serrano Marchuet, P and , },
title = {Vaccination and immunization schedule of the Pediatric Spanish Association: 2026 recommendations.},
journal = {Anales de pediatria},
volume = {104},
number = {1},
pages = {504051},
doi = {10.1016/j.anpede.2025.504051},
pmid = {41577399},
issn = {2341-2879},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunization Schedule ; Spain ; *Vaccination/standards ; Infant ; Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Pregnancy ; Pediatrics ; Infant, Newborn ; },
abstract = {The 2026 Vaccination and Immunization Schedule recommended by the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP) for children, adolescents and pregnant women residing in Spain includes the following new features: introduction of routine vaccination against hepatitis A with a single-dose schedule at 12-15 months; universal vaccination against influenza in children from 6 months and adolescents up to 17 years of age; catch-up vaccination and reengagement campaigns added to the routine immunization schedule and a new table featuring the vaccinations recommended for specific chronic diseases or risk conditions. The following recommendations from the 2025 schedule, among others, are maintained: immunization with nirsevimab in infants younger than 6 months, or up to 12 months in the case of preterm infants born before 35 weeks of gestation and up to 24 months in children with risk factors; routine vaccination against meningococcal disease (MenB in infancy [starting at 2 months] and at 12 years, plus booster doses for those vaccinated in childhood with 4CMenB; MenACWY at 4 months, 12 months and 12 years); advancing the second doses of MMR and varicella vaccines to 24 months and the Tdap at 10-12 years; and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 for children older than 6 months with risk factors. During pregnancy, vaccination with Tdap and against influenza and COVID-19 is indicated. Vaccination against RSV in pregnant women is available, although not funded, as it is not currently approved as a public health strategy.},
}

Humans
*Immunization Schedule
Spain
*Vaccination/standards
Infant
Adolescent
Child
Female
Child, Preschool
Pregnancy
Pediatrics
Infant, Newborn

@article {pmid41577338,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, Z and Yan, H and Wang, S and Liu, Y and Luo, Y and Tang, Y and Zhang, T},
title = {Moral injury in nurses during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Nursing ethics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {9697330251407217},
doi = {10.1177/09697330251407217},
pmid = {41577338},
issn = {1477-0989},
abstract = {BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges for nurses, including resource shortages, heavier workloads, and ethical decision-making pressures, putting them at high risk for moral injury. This threatens their physical and mental health, job stability, and the quality of care.AimThe aim was to systematically assess the level of moral injury among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted on 12 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, ProQuest, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, CBM, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data) for cross-sectional studies published up to 20 July 2025, that reported the level of moral injury among nurses using the Moral Injury Symptoms Scale-Health Professionals Version. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. The pooled mean score was calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects models, with subgroup analysis to explore heterogeneity.Ethical considerationsEthical approval was not required as the review synthesized publicly available data.ResultsThis study included 16 articles, involving 5824 participants. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled mean total MISS-HP score for nurses was 42.12 (95% CI: 40.70-43.53). Among the dimensions, the pooled mean score for Loss of religion/spiritual faith was the highest at 5.68 (95% CI: 4.61-6.74), while the pooled mean score for religious struggles was the lowest at 2.26 (95% CI: 1.13-3.40). Subgroup analysis results indicated significant differences in moral injury levels among nurses based on Survey year and department (p < .001).ConclusionsUnder the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses experienced moderate to high levels of moral injury, particularly during the early stages of the pandemic in 2020, with emergency department nurses being most affected. To support nurses' well-being and mental health, healthcare institutions should strengthen ethical support systems, improve management, and consider the role of religion/spiritual faith in alleviating moral injury.},
}

@article {pmid41576591,
year = {2026},
author = {Ali, M and Younis, AB and Duru, CI and Sherchan, SP},
title = {A review of AI/ML approaches in wastewater surveillance advancement.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {1015},
number = {},
pages = {181364},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181364},
pmid = {41576591},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a powerful tool for early detection and monitoring of infectious diseases, particularly during pandemics such as COVID-19. This study systematically evaluates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models in WBE over the past five years, focusing on their effectiveness in pathogen detection and disease trend forecasting. Various supervised, unsupervised, deep learning, and time-series models were compared based on their predictive accuracy, scalability, interpretability, computational demands, and real-time feasibility. Comparative analysis showed that Random Forest (RF) achieved R[2] values of 0.80 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) 0.54 for COVID-19 trend forecasting, outperforming linear regression. Support Vector Machines (SVM) improved pathogen classification accuracy by ∼20% compared with traditional analytical techniques. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) estimated pathogen prevalence with R = 0.81-0.92 and mean squared, while Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks achieved R[2] ≈ 0.81 (test) and 0.94 (train) for multi-community forecasting. Time-series machine learning models (TSML) frameworks consistently produced lower RMSE and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values than ARIMAX models, confirming their real-time prediction power. Unsupervised models like K-means clustering supported outbreak pattern identification, when labeled data were limited. Additionally, a decision-support framework was proposed to guide model selection based on prediction objectives, data type, and temporal dependencies. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating hybrid modeling approaches and environmental metadata to enhance WBE systems, and they offer a foundation for real-time, adaptive surveillance strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41573792,
year = {2025},
author = {Kiggundu, R and Waswa, JP and Mwanja, H and Hope, M and Kambugu, A and Kakooza, F and Byonanebye, DM},
title = {Leveraging disease outbreak news to strengthen the global response to antimicrobial resistance: a call for action.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1710596},
pmid = {41573792},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; *Global Health ; World Health Organization ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Public Health ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health threat, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bearing the greatest burden as healthcare facilities become breeding grounds for resistant pathogens, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and straining of already limited resources. The World Health Organization's Disease Outbreak News (DONs) has proven invaluable for early warnings and coordinated responses to infectious disease outbreaks like Ebola and COVID-19, yet AMR events remain largely absent from this system, leading to under-detection, limited global visibility, and ineffective interventions. In this paper, we review the historical evolution of DONs, its supporting frameworks, and the dynamics of AMR outbreaks in LMIC healthcare settings to explore how DONs could be adapted for AMR. We recommend standardizing AMR outbreaks reporting, integrating DONs into response efforts, linking AMR surveillance to DONs workflows, and expanding the definition of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) to include high-morbidity AMR events, steps that would elevate AMR from a "silent pandemic" to a visible priority.},
}

Humans
*Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
*Global Health
World Health Organization
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Drug Resistance, Microbial
Public Health

@article {pmid41573583,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, S and Zhao, Z and Li, Y and Tan, Y and Tian, H and Xie, F},
title = {When viral infections meet the anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1649489},
pmid = {41573583},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dermatomyositis/immunology ; *Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology ; *Autoantibodies/immunology/blood ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/complications ; },
abstract = {Anti-melanoma differentiation-related gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis (anti-MDA5[+] DM) is recognized as a distinct subtype of dermatomyositis, characterized by its frequent association with interstitial lung disease (ILD), particularly rapidly progressive ILD (RP-ILD), which is associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality. MDA5 functions as a cytoplasmic sensor for viral double-stranded RNA. The expression level of anti-MDA5 antibodies is positively correlated with disease severity. Notably, anti-MDA5 antibodies have been detected in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. While the mechanisms underlying the generation of anti-MDA5 antibodies and their pathogenic role remain incompletely understood, accumulating data support the hypothesis that viral infections may trigger the production of these antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between anti-MDA5 antibodies and viral infections in patients with anti-MDA5[+] dermatomyositis (DM), with a focus on the potential mechanisms by which viral infections induce autoantibody formation.},
}

Humans
*Dermatomyositis/immunology
*Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
*Autoantibodies/immunology/blood
*COVID-19/immunology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology
*Virus Diseases/immunology/complications

@article {pmid41573565,
year = {2025},
author = {Chiyyeadu, A and Khan, B and Ehrhardt, K and Büning, H and Morgan, M and Schambach, A},
title = {Therapeutic antibody delivery: vector tools to boost efficacy and affordability.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1714390},
pmid = {41573565},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Genetic Vectors/genetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; *Genetic Therapy/methods ; Animals ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Dependovirus/genetics ; },
abstract = {Antibody (Ab)-based therapeutics have become powerful tools across diverse disease areas, with advances in bioengineering giving rise to next-generation molecules designed to outperform conventional Abs. Yet, large-scale production and purification of such complex proteins remain costly and can restrict patient access. A promising alternative is to improve in vivo expression capabilities, which will reduce manufacturing burdens and improve safety and tolerability. Multiple gene delivery platforms - ranging from mRNA and viral vectors to engineered cell therapies - have matured considerably, as a direct result of years of clinical experience and growing regulatory confidence. The rapid deployment of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the clinical success of adeno-associated virus (AAV)- and lentiviral-based interventions, and the approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies highlight the potential of these technologies to transform how we deliver Ab therapeutics. While these approaches hold the promise to treat genetic aberrations in patients, they may also contribute considerably to advancing conventional Ab therapeutics against viral infections and other diseases through local persistence of the proteins. Looking forward, in situ expression may confer even more benefits for engineered Ab-like molecules, thereby compensating for possibly shorter half-lives and overcoming challenges in in vitro production and purification. Therefore, in this review, we critically evaluate how these established and emerging gene therapy platforms can be harnessed to expand access, and discuss possibilities to improve in situ availability through the choice of transient or stable expression systems to increase the efficacy of Abs and other therapeutic proteins. Furthermore, we explore the current landscape of technological advancements, identify key translational challenges, and project future directions for optimizing these approaches towards widely applicable clinical interventions.},
}

Humans
*Genetic Vectors/genetics
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/therapy
*Genetic Therapy/methods
Animals
*Gene Transfer Techniques
Dependovirus/genetics

@article {pmid41573445,
year = {2025},
author = {Verma, M and Maan, HS and Konatam, S and Verma, Y and Kumar, R and Chaurasia, D and Dave, L and Sharma, S},
title = {Geographical and Ecological Drivers of Zoonotic Viral Spillover: A Review of Emerging and Re-emerging Outbreaks.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e99820},
pmid = {41573445},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Over the past two decades, outbreaks of zoonotic viruses have become increasingly frequent and severe, posing substantial threats to public health systems and the global economy. The viruses responsible for these outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Zika, Ebola, Nipah, avian influenza, and, most recently, SARS-CoV-2, typically originate in wildlife, highlighting the complex relationship between ecological systems and human activities. Human-wildlife interactions have markedly increased due to disruptions in environmental and geographic boundaries, primarily driven by urbanization, deforestation, intensified agricultural practices, and climate change. These factors contribute to an environment that facilitates zoonotic transmission spillover. This narrative review summarizes current research on the ecological, geographic, and human factors influencing zoonotic virus transmissions. It emphasizes how these viruses adapt to human hosts and cross species barriers via direct contact, vector-borne transmission, intermediate carriers, and environmental contamination. Moreover, the review discusses how the genomic plasticity of viruses enhances their transmissibility and facilitates adaptation to new hosts, thereby increasing the risk of epidemics and pandemics. The review further underscores the importance of ecological boundaries in mitigating spillover events and advocates for a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health. This approach is essential for predicting, detecting, and preventing future outbreaks. In conclusion, the review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research, proactive surveillance, habitat preservation, and policy interventions that address the underlying ecological factors contributing to zoonotic outbreaks. Restoring ecological barriers and implementing sustainable practices to minimize the interaction between wildlife and humans, while bolstering global biosecurity, are essential measures to mitigate the risk of future pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid41573202,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Y and Chen, Z and Sun, L and Guo, W},
title = {An overview of hypopituitarism's causes.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1695833},
pmid = {41573202},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hypopituitarism/etiology/diagnosis/therapy ; Pituitary Neoplasms/complications ; COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The widespread application of tumor therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and the emergence of new infectious diseases such as COVID-19 are promoting the continued expansion of the cause spectrum of hypopituitarism, making its scope significantly beyond traditional causes such as pituitary tumors and craniocerebral trauma. Faced with this evolution, a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of its etiology has become a top priority, which has also put forward new requirements for clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This review aims to systematically sort out and deeply explore the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. The content not only covers traditional factors such as pituitary tumors, radiation injury, and pituitary surgery, but also the latest progress in emerging fields such as immunotherapy, new infections, and autoimmunity. It aims to provide reliable reference for clinicians' diagnosis and treatment practice and lay a theoretical foundation for future research in this field.},
}

Humans
*Hypopituitarism/etiology/diagnosis/therapy
Pituitary Neoplasms/complications
COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41572466,
year = {2026},
author = {Kothandan, SV and Basu, S and Singh, S},
title = {Dry Eye Disease After Ocular or Systemic Infection: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Eye & contact lens},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
pages = {83-91},
doi = {10.1097/ICL.0000000000001236},
pmid = {41572466},
issn = {1542-233X},
support = {N/A//Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology/diagnosis ; COVID-19/complications ; *Eye Infections/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Tears/metabolism ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To study the characteristics of dry eye disease (DED) secondary to ocular or systemic infections.

METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were systematically reviewed for DED development after systemic and ocular infections. The severity of DED symptoms and signs, type of infection, and management outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS: Of the 28 included studies, eight were related to HIV infection, five had hepatitis C, four to COVID-19, and 11 studies had DED secondary to herpes keratitis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, viral conjunctivitis, Chlamydia infection, Mycobacterium leprae, and Chikungunya infections. The organisms implicated in conjunctivitis associated with DED were Coxsackie A24virus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma. There were no immunocompromised patients in any of the studies except HIV. Nine studies established DED diagnosis based on symptoms alone, seven on signs alone, and 12 on symptoms and signs (at least abnormal Schirmer or tear break-up time, but not DEWS II criteria). The severity of DED symptoms was usually mild. HIV and hepatitis C showed no difference in tear volume and stability between cases and healthy controls. Advanced stages of hepatitis (stage 4 to stage 6) showed worse tear film parameters than the initial stages. Tear volume and stability were affected in 1/5th of patients post-COVID-19. Absolute tear deficiency (zero Schirmer) was reported in two patients after Epstein-Barr virus and HIV infection that improved with intravenous acyclovir, cyclosporin A, and prednisolone in EBV infection only. Very few studies reported the management of postinfectious DED with artificial tears and had fair outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Bacterial and viral infections can have DED as sequelae, although the infectious agent has not been isolated from the ocular surface in reported studies. DED is usually mild to moderate symptomatically, and tear film parameter levels do not meet DEWS II diagnostic criteria. The nonuniformity in reporting disease duration, tear film changes, and DED symptoms makes it difficult to understand the role of infection in causing DED.},
}

Humans
*Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology/diagnosis
COVID-19/complications
*Eye Infections/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Tears/metabolism

@article {pmid41569821,
year = {2026},
author = {Hesketh, KR and Smith, AD and Amichay, Y and van Sluijs, EMF},
title = {Correlates of Parental Physical Activity: A Quantitative Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of physical activity & health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-21},
doi = {10.1123/jpah.2025-0604},
pmid = {41569821},
issn = {1543-5474},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the benefits of physical activity (PA), evidence suggests around 25% of adults fail to meet PA guidelines, parents, and mothers in particular, and engage in less PA on average than their childless peers. This review sought to determine the correlates of parental PA, stratifying evidence by self-report and device-based measures.

METHODS: Quantitative studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) investigating associations between correlates and parental PA (ie, parents with children aged 0-18 y) were identified across 4 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Scopus) up to October 2024. Correlates (assessed in 3 or more studies) and direction of associations were extracted, described, and synthesized narratively according to the socioecological model (individual, interpersonal, organizational, environmental, societal).

RESULTS: Of 4632 studies identified, 269 full texts were assessed and 105 studies included in the review. A total of 117 correlates were identified across all studies (103 for self-report measures, 55 for device-based). 53 correlates were assessed in 3/+ independent associations (n = 51 self-report, n = 14 device, n = 12 both). Consistently, partner PA was positively associated with parent PA regardless of measure used. Child PA, pet ownership, and environmental aesthetics were positively associated with (mothers') PA, whereas car ownership was negatively associated with PA. Only one policy-level factor (COVID-19 restrictions) was assessed, being negatively associated with parental PA.

CONCLUSIONS: Family-based correlates of PA were positively associated with parental PA, suggesting these may support wider family engagement in PA. Evidence from fathers and from low- and middle-income countries is needed to gain a better understanding of parental PA in these groups.},
}

@article {pmid41569498,
year = {2026},
author = {Killassy, N and Arbuthnot, P and Maepa, MB},
title = {Structural mimics of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41569498},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {Since its first detection in 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected approximately 778 million people and claimed 7.1 million lives globally. A deeper understanding of the biology of SARS-CoV-2 was instrumental in facilitating the development of protective vaccines and new therapeutics, as well as evaluating the impact of drug re-purposing to limit the pandemic. To date, approximately 13.64 billion vaccine doses have been administered; with approximately 67% of the global population having completed their primary series of COVID-19 vaccinations. The FDA has authorised the use of several repurposed drugs to combat the disease and while these developments have been instrumental in curbing the pandemic, the approved therapies have shown poor efficacy in cases of severe disease. Furthermore, several vaccine candidates received FDA approval following clinical trials where they proved to be both safe and efficacious. These vaccines were sanctioned for emergency roll-out to the global population, conferring herd immunity and reducing both infections and related mortalities. However, these vaccines are not without flaws and are limited by short term immune responses and poor efficacy against emerging variants, which has resulted in slip-through infections. Hence, efforts to develop potent drugs and vaccines are continuing. In these efforts, physiologically relevant models of SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical. This review describes available SARS-CoV-2 particle mimics, their contribution to COVID-19 research and the development of new vaccines and therapies.},
}

@article {pmid41569327,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Shbailat, SA and Alqato, S and Alkhalaileh, AY and Suleiman, R and Zein Eddin, S and Karajeh, A and Al-Shbeilat, RG and Hussein, R and Hatamleh, H and Jaradat, JH and Alsagarat, K and Asfour, LK},
title = {Risk Factors and Outcomes of Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and vice versa: A Systematic Review of the current literature.},
journal = {Current gastroenterology reports},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {6},
pmid = {41569327},
issn = {1534-312X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/immunology/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; COVID-19 ; *IgA Vasculitis/immunology/etiology/epidemiology ; *Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This systematic review sought to thoroughly investigate the relationship between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (IgAV), pinpointing both factors that increase risk and those that provide protection, laying the groundwork for future studies on specific treatments approaches to enhance the wellbeing of patients with IgAV and / or IBD.

RECENT FINDINGS: There is a new and quickly expanding body of literature on this subject, indicating a rising interest in it. Recent research has sought to investigate the connection between newly emerged viruses, such as COVID-19, or medications like Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (anti-TNF-α), and the development, progression, and treatment approaches of IgAV in IBD patients, and vice versa. Certain recent research is centered on a particular age groups or the condition of the initial illness. IgAV has been observed for numerous years following the diagnosis of IBD, displaying manifestations in the skin, joints, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. IBD encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and IgAV share immunological overlaps via dysregulated IgA production, genetic loci like HLA-DQA1/DQB1, and environmental triggers such as infections amid gut dysbiosis. IgAV often emerges as an IBD sequela or anti-TNF-α therapy complication, with TNF blockade potentially disrupting B-cell maturation, fostering Gd-IgA1 complexes, and neutrophil-driven inflammation. (31) studies encompassing (83) patients with co-occurring IBD and IgAV, predominantly males (60.2%) and younger individuals with confirmed dual diagnoses (95.2%). Compared to UC, more severe CD phenotypes and extended disease duration correlate with increased IgAV risk. Anti-TNF inhibitors appear to substantially contribute to IgAV onset in IBD patients. Most affected individuals develop IBD initially, followed by IgAV, whereas only a minority experience IBD subsequent to IgAV diagnosis. Ceasing anti-TNF-α therapy post-IgAV diagnosis may lead to IgAV resolution but could also trigger disease recurrence. The study's limited sample size has hindered the researchers from reaching conclusions via a meta-analysis. Additionally, the criteria utilized for IBD diagnosis have displayed inconsistency across all studies. Patients with IBD are at higher risk of developing IgAV, thus a high level of suspicion and prompt diagnostic assessment are crucial. To date, there have been no previous systematic reviews or meta-analyses highlighting a link between IgAV and IBD. Therefore, this systematic review is a pivotal endeavor to elucidate the complex relationship between these conditions, shaping future research in this area.},
}

Humans
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications/immunology/drug therapy
Risk Factors
COVID-19
*IgA Vasculitis/immunology/etiology/epidemiology
*Immunoglobulin A/immunology

@article {pmid41569003,
year = {2026},
author = {Chopra, I and Yang, J and Yehoshua, A and Mendoza, CF and Di Fusco, M},
title = {Incorporating underreporting of epidemiological burden in COVID-19 models: a targeted literature review.},
journal = {Journal of medical economics},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {193-212},
doi = {10.1080/13696998.2026.2613591},
pmid = {41569003},
issn = {1941-837X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/economics/mortality ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data/economics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Cost of Illness ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Underreporting of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths can pose challenges to accurately estimating the true burden of COVID-19. Consequently, health burden assessments and economic evaluations may underestimate the public health impact of interventions such as vaccination.

METHODS: This targeted literature review summarized economic evaluations of COVID-19 that reported having adjusted for underreporting of epidemiological burden. Searches were performed in PubMed through 08/31/2025 with no geographic restrictions. Key study characteristics extracted: country, time period, population, parameters adjusted for underreporting, and the adjustment multipliers used. A high-level quality assessment of evidence was conducted, building on Drummond checklist and CHEERS. Given the qualitative nature of the question and the expected heterogeneity in study designs, the results were summarized qualitatively.

RESULTS: A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 (70%) reported numerical adjustment factors, and the remaining 30% did not report a numerical factor. The studies covered diverse geographic regions and time frames, with adjustments applied to parameters such as infections, hospitalizations, and mortality. The study quality was moderate to high. The multipliers used ranged widely across studies: 1 to 5 for mortality, 1 to 5 for hospitalizations, and 1 to 10 for infections, where a value higher than 1.0 reflects an adjustment factor for underreporting. The methodologies used to estimate underreporting varied, including comparisons to excess mortality data, Monte Carlo simulations, and validation against external datasets.

LIMITATIONS: Most studies used pandemic time horizons.

CONCLUSIONS: This review identified 14 modelling studies reporting numerical adjustment factors. The studies used diverse approaches and adjustment factors, reflecting variability in data availability and estimation methods. Recognizing and standardizing these adjustments is crucial for improving the accuracy and comparability of health economic analyses that inform policy decisions. Further research could refine underreporting estimates and assess their impact on economic model outcomes.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/economics/mortality
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data/economics
SARS-CoV-2
*Cost of Illness

@article {pmid41568029,
year = {2025},
author = {Shao, F and Zhu, X and Yi, M and Gao, H and Wu, J and Fang, R and Xie, Y and Han, J and Lu, H},
title = {TLR agonists as adjuvants for viral vaccines: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1740572},
pmid = {41568029},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby initiating immune responses against viral infections. TLR agonists have emerged as promising adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of viral vaccines by modulating immune responses, improving antigen presentation, and promoting both humoral and cellular immunity. This review comprehensively summarizes the classification, signaling mechanisms, and immunomodulatory functions of cell-surface and intracellular TLRs. It further discusses the application of TLR agonists as adjuvants in vaccines against major viruses, including HBV, HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and flaviviruses. Key findings from preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of TLR agonists to overcome immune tolerance, enhance vaccine immunogenicity, and provide broad-spectrum protection. Finally, it points toward the "integration of precision adjuvants with novel vaccine platforms" as a core future direction, laying a theoretical and applied foundation for TLR agonists to become the next generation of viral vaccine adjuvants.},
}

@article {pmid41567589,
year = {2026},
author = {Safi, D and El Rassi, C and Abou Mansour, M and Sleem, B and El Rassi, I and Arabi, M},
title = {Kawasaki Disease Versus Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Exploring the Complexities of Pediatric Cardiac Inflammatory Disorders.},
journal = {Sage open pediatrics},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {30502225251411149},
pmid = {41567589},
issn = {3050-2225},
abstract = {Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are both pediatric inflammatory conditions that pose significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to their overlapping clinical features and distinct pathophysiological profiles. KD is a well-established acute vasculitis that primarily affects children under 5. In contrast, MIS-C is a recently identified condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, typically affecting older children and adolescents. Reported mortality for MIS-C remains below 2%, compared with less than 0.1% for KD, although both can result in significant cardiac morbidity if untreated. This review highlights the critical differences between KD and MIS-C, including their genetic underpinnings, clinical manifestations, and responses to treatment. While KD has a well-established treatment protocol involving intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin, MIS-C treatment is still evolving. The manuscript underscores the importance of distinguishing between these conditions for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment, which is crucial for improving patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41567412,
year = {2026},
author = {Ssebibubbu, S and Ssekamwa, F and Muhumuza, N and Mulumba, M},
title = {Reforming Uganda's digital health data systems: A policy analysis for inclusive, equitable, and decolonised data governance.},
journal = {Digital health},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {20552076251408532},
pmid = {41567412},
issn = {2055-2076},
abstract = {Uganda has rapidly digitised many health services, but persistent challenges in data governance - including fragmented systems, variable data quality, and the exclusion of vulnerable populations - hinder effective care and equity. This analysis reviews recent developments (2023-2025) in Uganda's digital health policy and practice, drawing on strategy documents, conference reports, and stakeholder input. It highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated innovation while exposing systemic weaknesses. For example, the Ministry of Health's (MoH) 2023 strategy explicitly targets data accessibility and integration, and the 2024 guidelines standardise management across the sector. Yet, execution gaps remain due to resource constraints and organisational silos. This article proposes an inclusive data governance framework with five pillars (inclusive governance, equity, interoperability, privacy, and capacity) and recommends concrete actions. By adopting these reforms, Uganda can transform its digital health systems into people-centred, equitable platforms that build trust, protect rights, and advance universal health coverage.},
}

@article {pmid41567375,
year = {2025},
author = {Bouayad, A},
title = {An overview of HLA variants in COVID-19 vaccine-induced autoimmunity.},
journal = {International journal of molecular epidemiology and genetics},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {16-41},
pmid = {41567375},
issn = {1948-1756},
abstract = {COVID-19 vaccination, both in healthy individuals and those with comorbid medical disorders, has proven highly effective in mitigating critical disease progression and mortality rates. Nevertheless, although rare, induction of autoantibodies and new-onset autoimmune conditions in apparently healthy individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccination have been documented. These autoimmune phenomena can be broadly classified into organ-specific autoimmune disorders (e.g., subacute thyroiditis (SAT)) and systemic autoimmune disorders, with many being generally transient (e.g., vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)) and others causing chronic disability (e.g., systemic vasculitis). Recent studies have highlighted significant associations between COVID-19 vaccine-associated autoimmunity and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. For example, HLA class I alleles such as HLA-B*35 and HLA-C*04 have been associated with COVID-19 vaccine-induced SAT, while HLA class II alleles, including HLA-DRB1*11:04, HLA-DQA1*05:01, HLA-DQB1*02:01, and HLA-DPB1*17:01, have been linked to VITT. This review synthesizes the reported associations between classical HLA loci and COVID-19 vaccine-induced autoimmunity, providing insights into potential mechanisms and clinical implications.},
}

@article {pmid41567360,
year = {2026},
author = {Shahid, F and Farooq, H and Abeer, H and Mahmood, GM and Sheikh, H and Ameer, MZ and Fatima, L and Ameer, F and Amjad, Z and Ahmad, TZ and Rehman, G and Rehman, AU},
title = {The Association of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis With COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {11795441251414673},
pmid = {41567360},
issn = {1179-5441},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) are interrelated inflammatory conditions, and evidence suggests that infection and vaccination might act as a trigger for these conditions. This descriptive systematic review summarizes the published case reports and case series on new-onset PMR and GCA following COVID-19 vaccination, highlighting their clinical features, diagnostic findings, and treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To do a systematic analysis of available literature regarding the association between COVID-19 vaccination and the first onset or flare of PMR and/or GCA.

DESIGN: Systematic review of case reports and case series.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Data on patient demographics, clinical features, outcomes, and latency periods were extracted and analyzed. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool.

RESULTS: A total of 32 articles, documenting 50 new-onset cases (30 PMR and 20 GCA), were identified for inclusion. The mean age for patients with PMR was 71.06 years, and 72.85 years for GCA. A slight female predominance was observed (60%) for both PMR and GCA. Pfizer-BioNTech (48%) and AstraZeneca (38%) vaccines were most frequently associated with disease onset. The mean latency period from vaccination to symptom onset was 11.03 days for PMR and 5.3 days for GCA, indicating a temporal relationship. Most of these studies originated from North America and Europe mimicking the global scale of vaccination. Most patients responded well to symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids.

CONCLUSIONS: There exists a temporal association between COVID-19 mRNA or viral vector-based vaccines and the onset of PMR and GCA. While causality is not proven, this review underscores the need for clinicians to be aware of this potential association to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment, particularly as booster vaccinations continue to be administered. Larger epidemiological studies with long-term follow-up are essential to further explore this association.},
}

@article {pmid41567315,
year = {2025},
author = {Vargas Cornejo, HM and Jiménez Prado, CA and Guillén Galarza, MF},
title = {Glossopharyngeal neuralgia after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {e1550-e1553},
pmid = {41567315},
issn = {1989-5488},
abstract = {Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN) is a rare neuropathic disorder characterized by sudden, unilateral, electric shock-like pain in the areas innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve. Its diagnosis is frequently delayed because of its clinical overlap with odontogenic and otorhinolaryngological conditions. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, different cranial neuropathies have been reported, suggesting possible post-infectious mechanisms. We describe the case of a 54-year-old male dentist, without relevant medical history, who developed recurrent episodes of intense pain in the right pharynx and base of tongue after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms were triggered by swallowing, coughing, and salivary stimulation, reaching maximum intensity on the visual analogue scale (EVA 10/10). Brain and neck magnetic resonance imaging revealed no structural abnormalities. Treatment with carbamazepine (600 mg/day) partially reduced frequency and severity of attacks, while pregabalin (300 mg/day) showed no benefit. This case highlights the need to consider SARS-CoV-2 infection as a potential trigger of GN, underscores the importance of recent infectious history in the differential diagnosis, and emphasizes the relevance of early pharmacological management in clinical improvement.},
}

@article {pmid41567206,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, K and Chen, Y and Pang, J and Zhang, J and Lu, J},
title = {The endothelial-immunothrombotic storm in viral sepsis: lessons from COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1681764},
pmid = {41567206},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Sepsis/immunology/virology ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; *Endothelial Cells/immunology/virology/pathology ; *Thrombosis/immunology ; Extracellular Traps/immunology ; *Endothelium, Vascular/immunology/pathology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Taking COVID-19 as an illustrative example, this review systematically elucidates the central pathological mechanism of viral sepsis, termed the endothelial-immunothrombotic storm. This mechanism is initiated by the direct viral infection of endothelial cells, which provokes excessive immune activation and disrupts coagulation through immunothrombosis, including cytokine storms, NETosis, and complement activation. Meanwhile, these processes establish a vicious cycle leading to multiple organ failure. Compared with classical bacterial sepsis, viral sepsis exhibits distinctive features such as interferon dysregulation, direct endothelial damage, a hypercoagulable state, and T-cell exhaustion. This review integrates the latest research findings, contrasts the pathophysiological differences between viral and bacterial sepsis, and proposes precision strategies focused on endothelial protection, immune modulation, and anticoagulation. Finally, we discuss the clinical translational prospects of these approaches and suggests directions for future research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Sepsis/immunology/virology
*Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
*Endothelial Cells/immunology/virology/pathology
*Thrombosis/immunology
Extracellular Traps/immunology
*Endothelium, Vascular/immunology/pathology
Animals

@article {pmid41566983,
year = {2026},
author = {Rahmadina, F and Ahmad, RA and Ramadona, AL},
title = {Association of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) With COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Low-and Middle-income Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3961/jpmph.25.499},
pmid = {41566983},
issn = {2233-4521},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Low-and middle-income countries in Asia bear a disproportionate burden of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) pollution, yet data remain scarce. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the association between PM2.5 exposure and the risks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and mortality in this vulnerable region.

METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and other major databases for studies published up to December 31, 2024. We included observational studies reporting associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 outcomes in low- and middle-income Asian countries. Pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022316008).

RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Separate analyses demonstrated statistically significant positive associations between PM2.5 exposure and COVID-19 infection for both short-term exposure (pooled risk ratio [RR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.18) and long-term exposure (pooled RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.56). For mortality, the analysis identified a statistically non-significant positive association with short-term exposure (pooled RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.80 to 2.33). Substantial heterogeneity was observed across all analyses (I² > 85%); however, sensitivity analyses confirmed that the findings for infection were robust.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide robust evidence that PM2.5 exposure is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 infection in low- and middle-income Asian countries. The available evidence was insufficient to establish a clear association with mortality. These results underscore the urgent need for strengthened air quality control policies as a critical component of public health strategies to mitigate the burden of respiratory pandemics..},
}

@article {pmid41566283,
year = {2026},
author = {Jiang, ZJ and Jin, PF and Zhang, MR and Jiang, GL and Hu, L and Niu, Q and Zhang, ZJ and Li, JX},
title = {[Progress in research of influence of gene polymorphisms on vaccine immune response].},
journal = {Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {180-186},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250709-00473},
pmid = {41566283},
issn = {0254-6450},
support = {2023YFC2307601//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; *HLA Antigens/genetics ; COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {To introduce the recent progress in the research of gene polymorphisms and differences in vaccine immune responses, this paper systematically summarizes current findings of the associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and other key immunoregulatory gene variations with vaccine responses across different domains, including COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of different genotypes on antibody production, immune protection, and the risk for breakthrough infections. To address the challenges posed by genetic polymorphisms, this paper further summarizes several key strategies for vaccine optimization, including conserved epitope targeting, multivalent vaccine design, and peptide-carrier conjugation approaches. Although genomics has laid a theoretical foundation for precise vaccine design, multiple challenges still persist in current research, such as the complexity of gene-environment interactions and ethical concerns regarding data sharing and privacy protection. Future investigations should further evaluate the effects of specific gene polymorphisms, such as detailed HLA subtypes, on the variations in vaccine immune responses, and elucidate underlying mechanisms by integrating functional studies Exploring and establishing genomics and multi-omics-based precise immunization strategies will provide more effective solutions for vaccine-preventable diseases.},
}

Humans
*Polymorphism, Genetic
*HLA Antigens/genetics
COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Influenza Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid41565938,
year = {2026},
author = {Bingham-Hendricks, C and Peters-Mosquera, A and Aronowitz, SV and Woods, C and Aronowitz, T},
title = {Narrative Review of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Impact on American Indian/Alaska Native Communities.},
journal = {Nursing open},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {e70437},
pmid = {41565938},
issn = {2054-1058},
mesh = {Humans ; *American Indian or Alaska Native/statistics & numerical data ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Drug Overdose ; Health Services Accessibility ; *Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods ; *Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/ethnology/therapy ; Pandemics ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The United States (US) declared drug overdose a public health emergency in 2017. Despite this, two million people reported having an opioid use disorder (OUD) in 2018. However, following the beginning of COVID-19 there was a 53% increase in overdose deaths, with American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) individuals experiencing the highest rates of all racial groups. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and OUD treatment access challenges, OUD treatment policies were changed to improving access to care.

PURPOSE: This review examines how the state- and federal-level policies impacted access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the devastating impact of overdose and COVID-19 on AI/AN communities, as a secondary aim, we examined the inclusion of these populations in the samples of the included studies.

METHODS: We completed a narrative review using a data-based convergent synthesis design.

RESULTS: Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were quantitative descriptive studies (n = 25). Only two studies offer AI/AN as a category for ethnicity and both had less that 4% of the sample that identified as an AI/AN individual.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Telehealth OUD treatment increased initiation and retention for patients taking buprenorphine. No increase in overdose rates was associated with allowing for additional take-home doses of methadone. However, access to treatment, even telehealth, remains difficult for individuals due to a lack of OUD treatment providers and access to the internet. More needs to be done to address the opioid overdose crisis, especially among AI/AN communities. Research focused on cultural strategies to address this health disparity is desperately needed. We included nursing implications in response to this health disparity among AI/AN individuals.},
}

Humans
*American Indian or Alaska Native/statistics & numerical data
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Drug Overdose
Health Services Accessibility
*Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods
*Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy/ethnology/therapy
Pandemics
United States/epidemiology

@article {pmid41564895,
year = {2026},
author = {Gray, GC and Vlasova, AN and Lednicky, JA and Nguyen-Tien, T and Shittu, I and Li, F},
title = {Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats from Influenza D and Canine Coronavirus HuPn-2018.},
journal = {Emerging infectious diseases},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3201/eid3201.251764},
pmid = {41564895},
issn = {1080-6059},
abstract = {In 2009 and again in 2019, public health warnings were confirmed by the emergence, rapid widespread transmission, and lethality of novel influenza and coronaviruses. The world continues to suffer disease from these respiratory viruses. Two newly recognized emergent respiratory viruses, influenza D and canine coronavirus HuPn-2018, have been shown to have considerable potential for causing future human epidemics, but diagnostics and surveillance for the viruses are lacking. We reviewed data regarding influenza D virus and coronavirus canine coronavirus HuPn-2018. Those data strongly indicate that these viruses are major newly recognized threats. However, little is being done to respond to or prevent disease associated with these viruses, warranting the question of whether we will learn from previous pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid41564840,
year = {2026},
author = {Faijue, DD and Bouaddi, O and Mackey, K and Deal, A and Cinar, EN and Morais, B and Bojang, S and Al-Sharabi, I and Seale, H and Ssali, A and Le Doare, K and Hargreaves, S},
title = {Strategies, interventions, and uptake of catch-up vaccination among adolescent and adult migrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): A systematic review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {75},
number = {},
pages = {128249},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128249},
pmid = {41564840},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Catch-up vaccination helps close immunity gaps among migrants, refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite immunisation life-course policies and global guidelines promoting catch-up vaccination of arriving migrants, vaccination strategies for adolescent and adult populations are poorly described. We synthesised evidence on catch-up vaccination strategies and interventions, delivery platforms, uptake and coverage, and contextual barriers and enablers in LMICs.

METHODS: We searched Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science and grey literature sources (including websites of international and national public health organisations and agencies) for primary studies and reports on catch-up vaccination strategies and interventions, delivery platforms, uptake and coverage, and contextual barriers and enablers targeting adolescents (9-18 years) and, or adults (≥19 years) in migrants (foreign-born, including refugees) and internally displaced people (IDPs; displaced within national borders) across 136 LMICs, (from January 1st 2000 to February 1st 2025; all languages). Study quality was accessed using ROBINS-I, CASP, AACODS and, AGREE II tools.

RESULTS: Thirty-seven records met the inclusion criteria (13 peer-reviewed, 24 grey literature), reporting catch-up vaccination activities across 16 LMICs. Most studies were conducted in Uganda (n = 6), Bangladesh (n = 4), Lebanon (n = 3), and Kenya (n = 3). Interventions reached ≥48,000 migrants, refugees, and IDPs (primarily Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh during COVID-19 catch-up campaigns). Populations targeted included mostly refugees (n = 16 studies; 43.2%), general migrants (n = 14; 37.8%), and IDPs (n = 5; 13.5%), with a smaller number involving mixed or other migrant groups (n = 4; 10.8%). The most frequently delivered vaccines were measles-rubella (n = 12; 32.4%), COVID-19 primary-series catch-up (n = 9; 24.3%), HPV (n = 6; 16.2%), polio OPV/IPV (n = 5; 13.5%), and Hepatitis B (n = 3; 8.1%). Catch-up vaccine delivery most commonly occurred through primary care via opportunistic offers (n = 11) and mobile/outreach delivery (n = 11), with additional implementation in fixed posts in camps/settlements (n = 7), supplemental immunisation activities (SIAs) (n = 6), school-linked delivery (n = 5), and hospital/outpatient opportunistic vaccination (n = 4). High uptake (≥85%) was reported where access barriers were minimised (e.g., walk-in availability, extended hours) was paired with community or peer engagement and simple recall systems (SMS or e-booking). Reported barriers included documentation/entitlement checks, language barriers, and fragmented or non-interoperable vaccination records.

CONCLUSIONS: Migrants remain at risk of under-immunisation, and greater emphasis must be placed on promotion of vaccination across the life-course for missed vaccines, doses, and boosters. Strengthening catch-up vaccination in adolescents and adults, and improving migration-disaggregated data and delivery systems, are urgently needed.},
}

@article {pmid41564655,
year = {2026},
author = {Joseph, SS and Al-Jarrah, L and Ahmed, MH and El-Menyar, A and Khan, NA and Abdelrahman, H and Consunji, R and Abdulrahman, Y and Rizoli, S and Al-Thani, H},
title = {Scoping review on motorcycle crashes patterns, risk factors, and potential in setting policy priorities in the gulf cooperation council countries (GCC).},
journal = {Injury},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {113017},
doi = {10.1016/j.injury.2026.113017},
pmid = {41564655},
issn = {1879-0267},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although road traffic injuries (RTIs) pose a significant public health burden in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC), the true extent of motorcycle crash injuries (MCCIs) remains unclear because of limited published data from this region. Emerging evidence suggests that MCCIs are on the rise because of the growing use of motorcycles for transport and delivery services, even though road safety overall has improved. We sought to review regional evidence on MCCIs' patterns, key risk factors, and temporal trends to inform policy interventions and research priorities for effective prevention.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles on GCC MCCIs published from July 2008 to October 2025, examining injury patterns, mortality, and safety practices, were included in the review. Search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and grey literature sources. The GCC consists of six countries: Saudi Arabia (KSA), Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, and Oman.

RESULTS: Of 1344 studies identified, 9 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The GCC has seen an increase in the number of motorcycles registered, resulting in higher MCC rates over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these rates surged again as the delivery sector grew. MCCI victims were mainly young males (mean age of 29 years). Extremity injuries were the most frequent (two-thirds), followed by head injuries (20-41%), often associated with poor helmet use compliance (range 13-17%). Delivery riders represented a high-risk subgroup, reflecting occupational exposure, fatigue, and time pressure. Despite advances in trauma care, geographic gaps persist. Helmet use non-compliance, alcohol use, and inadequate documentation remain significant risk factors. Extremity injuries were the most common in the GCC.

CONCLUSION: MCCIs in the GCC are on the rise with high rates of extremity and head trauma. Poor helmet use compliance is a significant factor. Therefore, we suggest strengthening helmet use laws and safety standards, increasing community efforts, and establishing motorcycle lanes with lower speed limits. Protection for riders at work should be enhanced. Road infrastructure and robust data systems also need improvement.},
}

@article {pmid41564537,
year = {2026},
author = {Asokan, S and Damilare, II and Kumar, S and Pandey, RK and Verma, G and Banerjee, N and Radhamanalan, G and Vijayan, S and Jacob, T and Rajeswary, D},
title = {From pandemic influenza to novel coronaviruses: emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century.},
journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease},
volume = {114},
number = {4},
pages = {117277},
doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117277},
pmid = {41564537},
issn = {1879-0070},
abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases have risen significantly in the twenty-first century as ecological disruption, climate change, expanding human-animal interfaces, and global mobility intensify opportunities for pathogen transmission. This review synthesizes historical and contemporary evidence across viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic threats to characterize how diverse pathogens emerge and spread. Foundational events such as the 1918 influenza pandemic, mid-century influenza pandemics, the emergence of HIV/AIDS, and the eradication of smallpox provide context for understanding modern disease dynamics. In recent decades, coronaviruses including SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, pandemic H1N1, avian influenza subtypes, and major arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and yellow fever have demonstrated the rapidity with which zoonotic pathogens can disseminate globally. Viral hemorrhagic fevers including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever remain critical threats, especially in regions with limited health-care capacity. Concurrently, antimicrobial resistance, the emergence of Candida auris, and the climate-driven expansion of endemic mycoses involving Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces highlight the increasing importance of fungal pathogens. Parasitic diseases such as artemisinin-resistant malaria, zoonotic trypanosomiasis, and expanding Leishmania transmission reflect shifting ecological conditions. These patterns are shaped by intersecting drivers including deforestation, wildlife trade, agricultural intensification, urban crowding, conflict, and rapid microbial evolution that enable spillover and sustained transmission. Although advances in genomic surveillance, metagenomic diagnostics, mRNA vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and broad-spectrum antivirals have strengthened global response capacity, substantial gaps persist in equity, surveillance, and access to countermeasures. Strengthening One Health systems and resilient public health infrastructures is essential to anticipate and mitigate emerging infectious threats.},
}

@article {pmid41563924,
year = {2026},
author = {Taylor, FE and Guo, H and Patel, T and Burns, F},
title = {A mixed methods systematic review on the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes and practices of infection prevention and control in the UK.},
journal = {The Journal of hospital infection},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {124-136},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.10.011},
pmid = {41563924},
issn = {1532-2939},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Health Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; *Infection Control/methods ; Personal Protective Equipment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in the UK. It is important to understand if infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines are being followed to prevent future outbreaks and improve preparedness for the emergence of infectious disease. This mixed-methods systematic review aimed to explore the COVID-19 IPC knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of healthcare workers (HCWs) within the UK. Database searches carried out during April 2023 and July 2024 revealed 24 eligible papers (12 quantitative, eight qualitative, four mixed methods). A convergent integrated approach was used during qualitative synthesis. Doctors were most represented, followed by nurses then pharmacists. Personal protective equipment (PPE) was the most reported IPC measure. In terms of knowledge, articles reported moderate-to-poor knowledge of correct aerosol-generating procedures (range 33-35%), and donning and doffing procedures (range 3-82%). Intensive care workers and doctors tended to have better knowledge compared with other settings or HCWs. Regarding attitudes, PPE and gatekeeping visitation caused strain, and some HCWs felt that guidance lacked relevance to their setting. Finally, regarding practices, this review found that HCWs would risk assess what PPE to wear. An enhanced level of PPE than advised was worn when patients were symptomatic. However, HCWs would remove PPE when they felt it reduced effective communication or patient safety was at risk. Clearer communication of the evidence behind IPC guidance and tailored guidance for each setting may improve HCWs' KAP and thus reduce HCAIs. Future research should determine KAP of other IPC apart from PPE. Non-medical HCWs should also be included as they constitute a significant proportion of patient-facing staff.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Health Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
United Kingdom/epidemiology
*Infection Control/methods
Personal Protective Equipment
SARS-CoV-2
*Attitude of Health Personnel
Cross Infection/prevention & control

@article {pmid41563477,
year = {2026},
author = {Giesen, N and Mellinghoff, SC and Khatamzas, E and Korell, F and Hentrich, M and Einsele, H and Henze, L and Heußel, CP and Hohmann, C and Jensen, BO and Monin, MB and Schafhausen, P and Schalk, E and Spiekermann, K and Voigt, S and von Lilienfeld-Toal, M and Teschner, D and Cornely, OA and Rieger, C and Busch, E},
title = {Prevention, diagnosis and management of community acquired respiratory virus infections including COVID-19 in patients with cancer: 2025 updated evidence-based guideline of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German society for hematology and medical oncology (DGHO).},
journal = {Annals of hematology},
volume = {105},
number = {2},
pages = {46},
pmid = {41563477},
issn = {1432-0584},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology/complications ; *Neoplasms/complications/therapy ; *Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; Medical Oncology/standards ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Germany/epidemiology ; Societies, Medical ; Hematology/standards ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Immunocompromised Host ; },
abstract = {Community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARV), such as influenza-, parainfluenza- or respiratory syncytial virus, pose a significant threat to immunocompromised patients with cancer. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has now joined the ranks of endemic respiratory viruses and continues to be a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Strategies to protect this vulnerable patient population both by prevention of infection and by early therapeutic intervention in case of infectious disease are therefore of utmost importance. This guideline provides updated evidence-based recommendations on diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of CARV infections including COVID-19 in patients with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies to support clinicians in offering optimal care. The guideline is based on a systematic review of currently available data and was developed until the beginning of 2025 by an expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO).},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology/complications
*Neoplasms/complications/therapy
*Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy
*Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy
Medical Oncology/standards
SARS-CoV-2
Germany/epidemiology
Societies, Medical
Hematology/standards
Evidence-Based Medicine
Immunocompromised Host

@article {pmid41562814,
year = {2025},
author = {Hattori, T},
title = {Neutrophil-Galectin-9 Axis Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity in ATL, Sézary Syndrome, COVID-19, and Psoriasis: An AI-Assisted Integrative Review.},
journal = {Reports (MDPI)},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41562814},
issn = {2571-841X},
abstract = {Beyond their traditional role as short-lived antimicrobial cells, neutrophils are increasingly recognized as key regulators of adaptive immunity and tumor progression. This AI-assisted integrative review investigated the neutrophil-T-cell axis, particularly the role of Galectin-9 (Gal-9), across adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), Sézary syndrome (SS), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and psoriasis. Leveraging AI tools (GPT-5 and Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant) for literature synthesis (2000-2025) and expert validation, we aimed to identify common immunological mechanisms. Across all conditions, neutrophils displayed persistent activation, elevated Gal-9 expression, and modulated T-cell interactions. In ATL and SS, neutrophilia correlated with poor survival and TCR signaling dysregulation, suggesting Gal-9-mediated immune modulation. In COVID-19 and psoriasis, neutrophil-derived Gal-9-linked innate hyperactivation to T-cell exhaustion and IL-17-driven inflammation. These findings define a recurring neutrophil-Gal-9 regulatory module connecting innate and adaptive immune responses. This study underscores the feasibility of combining AI-driven literature synthesis with expert review to identify unifying immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets across malignancy and inflammation.},
}

@article {pmid41562685,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghibu, AM and Maniu, I and Birlutiu, V},
title = {Severity Scores in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-A Comprehensive Bibliometric Review and Visualization Analysis.},
journal = {Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41562685},
issn = {2673-3986},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Discovered in 2019, COVID-19 spread rapidly worldwide, leading from mild forms of the disease to critical forms or death, predominantly among vulnerable patients. Severity scores help clinicians in stratifying the risk of complications and death among patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: This study aims to identify the severity scores used in this type of infection, while bibliometric analysis carried out provided a comprehensive overview of global research patterns, trends, and cooperation in scientific literature on the chosen topic.

RESULTS: We conducted a literature screening to identify severity scores used in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scores including CURB-54, COVID-GRAM, NEWS, APACHE II, SOFA, qSOFA, CALL, MuLBSTA, ISARIC 4C, and PADUA were identified with different performance indices.

CONCLUSIONS: There were different results obtained depending on the geographical area of applicability, patient groups analyzed, and individual patient characteristics.},
}

@article {pmid41562595,
year = {2026},
author = {Kotsias-Konopelska, S and Thielecke, M},
title = {Infections After International Travel: Relevant Diagnoses in Children and Adolescents.},
journal = {Deutsches Arzteblatt international},
volume = {},
number = {Forthcoming},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3238/arztebl.m2025.0201},
pmid = {41562595},
issn = {1866-0452},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Families can acquire infections that are rare or nonexistent in Germany by international travel for business or private reasons and by migration between countries. Children and adolescents have special risk profiles, and their course of illness may be nonspecific and/or severe. A structured travel history is essential so that regionally specific infections will not be overlooked.

METHODS: This narrative review is based on publications of the last 25 years that were retrieved by a PubMed search on infections after international travel, with an emphasis on retrospective and prospective studies and on articles with separate data on minors. Further information from books, guidelines, surveillance studies, reports of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, meta-analyses, reviews, and position statements was considered as well.

RESULTS: Reported case numbers of infectious diseases imported from abroad fell during the COVID-19 pandemic and have since risen again. Among diseases that are usually or exclusively acquired abroad, those most commonly affecting children and adolescents were giardiasis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A and malaria, with 695, 372, 344, and 128 cases in 2024. Less common ones included dengue fever (81 cases) and typhoid fever/paratyphoid fever (45 cases).

CONCLUSION: Regionally specific infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever, gastrointestinal disturbances, and skin conditions in children and adolescents after international travel. It is critical that relevant diseases including malaria and typhoid fever/paratyphoid fever must be promptly diagnosed or ruled out. Because resistance patterns differ across regions of the globe, targeted determination of the pathogenic organism including a resistogram is important. The possibility of chronic infection should be considered in particular after long stays abroad.},
}

@article {pmid41561870,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, W and Xing, Y and Zhao, F and Wang, Y},
title = {Mobile apps, AI, and teletherapy: a comprehensive review of digital mental health tools for nurses.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1686766},
pmid = {41561870},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mobile Applications ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Burnout, Professional/prevention & control/therapy ; *Telemedicine ; *Nurses/psychology ; Mental Health ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Mental Health Teletherapy ; },
abstract = {Chronic understaffing, workplace violence, moral distress, rotating shifts, and administrative burdens have created a global mental health crisis for nurses. Around half to two-thirds of nurses report symptoms of burnout, and large surveys have found high levels of depression and anxiety among nursing staff. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these issues, increasing absenteeism, turnover, and error rates. Barriers to care-such as stigma, cost, and limited access in rural areas-mean that many nurses remain untreated. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) offer scalable, flexible, and often anonymous support tailored to nurses' schedules and risks. These include teletherapy platforms, AI-driven chatbots and support systems, mobile mental health apps, and hybrid digital-human models. Recent studies (2020-2025) suggest DMHIs can reduce anxiety, depression, and burnout while improving resilience, job satisfaction, and retention. However, obstacles such as unequal access, variable digital literacy, privacy concerns, and limited long-term evidence slow adoption. This review synthesizes current research on DMHI types and efficacy, and examines factors affecting their accessibility and integration into nursing practice. We also discuss cultural and ethical considerations and strategies for involving nurses in designing these tools. Our analysis identifies gaps and opportunities for developing nurse-centered digital mental health solutions that strengthen the workforce and improve patient care.},
}

Humans
*Mobile Applications
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Burnout, Professional/prevention & control/therapy
*Telemedicine
*Nurses/psychology
Mental Health
*Artificial Intelligence
Mental Health Teletherapy

@article {pmid41561654,
year = {2026},
author = {Bakare, IS and Olaiya, VO and Badero, OJ and Okirie, CF},
title = {Neurological Complications Associated With COVID-19 Compared to Other Viral Infections: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e101817},
pmid = {41561654},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Neurological complications have become one of the most concerning features of COVID-19, yet clinicians still lack a clear comparison between these findings and what is seen in other viral infections. Understanding where SARS-CoV-2 fits, whether it behaves like influenza and dengue or follows an entirely different pattern, is essential for diagnosis, management, and planning long-term care. We conducted a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251064831). Searches across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000-2025) identified 24 eligible studies, including observational cohorts, clinical trials, case series, autopsy work, and national surveillance data. Because of the wide variation in study design and reporting, a narrative synthesis was used. Across the 24 studies, COVID-19 exhibited the widest and most severe spectrum of neurological involvement. Reported central nervous system complications included ischemic stroke, encephalopathy or encephalitis, seizures, and extensive microglial and white-matter injury in fatal cases. Peripheral complications were also prominent, such as anosmia, demyelinating neuropathies, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, functional movement disorders, and persistent abnormalities on nerve conduction testing long after recovery. In contrast, neurological complications from influenza were less frequent and mostly involved encephalitis/encephalopathy, seizures, meningitis, GBS, or myelitis, with generally low mortality. Dengue virus has been associated with a spectrum of direct neurotropic effects and immune-mediated syndromes, including encephalitis, GBS, myelitis, brachial neuritis, and myositis. Most patients recovered, and mortality remained low. Compared with influenza and dengue, COVID-19 stands out for both the breadth and severity of its neurological manifestations, as well as the persistence of symptoms in many survivors. These findings highlight the need for early neurological evaluation in COVID-19, structured follow-up after recovery, and more consistent research methods to allow better comparisons across viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid41561503,
year = {2025},
author = {Bravo-Valenzuela, NJM and Panizzi, TT and de Souza, KA and Stutz, GB and Aurelio, RVM and Rodrigues, MCF and de Almeida, RG and Lemos, FMCF and Araújo, AL and Sztajnbok, FR and Fonseca, AR},
title = {Cardiovascular abnormalities in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1635723},
pmid = {41561503},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic began with the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019. Although children usually have milder acute symptoms, they can develop severe systemic symptoms termed pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). This study reviews research in children and adolescents diagnosed with MIS-C, focusing on cardiovascular abnormalities.

METHODOLOGY: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was prospectively registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number: CDR420251232497). A search strategy was constructed to identify the studies focusing on cardiovascular abnormalities in children and adolescents with MIS-C published in Portuguese and English at PubMed and Scielo from January 2020 to February 2025. The eligibility criteria and data extraction strategy were guided by the PICO framework.

CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial dysfunction and coronary abnormalities are the most frequent cardiovascular features in patients with MIS-C. Strain technology in echocardiography identifies early myocardial dysfunction, with studies showing persistent subclinical injuries. Despite ejection fraction and coronary anomalies returning to normal short to medium term, long-term cardiovascular effects of MIS-C remain uncertain, necessitating ongoing cardiology monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41560849,
year = {2026},
author = {McKeague, S and Seymour, JF},
title = {Triplet regimens for frontline treatment of CLL-Great company or just a crowd?.},
journal = {HemaSphere},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {e70303},
pmid = {41560849},
issn = {2572-9241},
abstract = {Standard frontline treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is with fixed-duration venetoclax-based doublets or indefinite covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKI). Although these approaches achieve excellent results, venetoclax doublets have diminished efficacy in high-risk biological subgroups, and indefinite covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (cBTKI) is associated with cumulative cardiovascular and infectious toxicity. Triplet regimens for treatment of CLL involve simultaneous use of cBTKI, venetoclax, and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Three major frontline Phase 3 trials (CLL-13/GAIA, AMPLIFY, and A041702) have demonstrated higher rates of undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD) and longer remissions with triplets than doublets, particularly in patients with IGHV-unmutated (IGHV-U) disease. However, this comes at the cost of increased infectious toxicity, particularly with COVID-19, and thus has translated into a variable impact on progression-free survival (PFS) and, to-date, no overall survival (OS) benefit. Although there are promising Phase 2 data for triplets in patients with TP53 aberrant or relapsed disease, the heterogeneity of treatment duration/MRD definition, lack of control arm, and potential increased toxicity make it premature to use triplets in these groups. We recommend considering triplets in treatment naïve CLL patients with IGHV-U, TP53 wild type, anticipated low incidence/good tolerance of Gr ≥ 3 infection (<70 years old, no major comorbidity and fully immunized) who are well informed and prioritize maximal time off therapy at the expense of increased short-term logistical complexity. Future triplet research should focus on randomized trials in specific genomic subgroups, incorporating novel agents (e.g., non-covalent BTKI, BTK degrader, and next-generation BCL2 inhibitors) and new ways of adapting treatment duration to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity.},
}